!!

QPtJL,AR PUBLICATIONS
In a buck converter u the duty
1•7 ~) increases b) decraae
cycle--.., .............
C

POWER CONVERTERS ) increases at no load and..__._ •full lcllll IIIDDEi.GIIESnolll

:) decreases at no load and incraa. •filll lcllll
Answer: (a}
<:rChapter at a Glance
In recent years power electronic. devic~ ha.vc great importanc~ due •~ incr~ in . ProductJon,
efficiency and control in lndustnal apphcatio.n. P~wc! . clcctrontcs devices ~ phcd in clectnca.1
In a voltage source inverters,
1·8~) Load voltage waveform Vo depends
but load current lo does not depends z
IN!._.....__
IN! IIIIIIIEl.GLElmaNJ
Z
cLrCu.its arc also called power converter ':"'h1ch s1gm fi~ to convert elcctncal powa- at high b) Both Vo and lo dependa on z
frequency through a matrix of power sem:ccnductcr ~tch. The c-0nverter system CufisiSIS of c) Vo does not depend on Z but lo dipiniji ... z
switch (mainly diode or thyristor or transistor etc) ~cu~e ':°mponc~t L._C ~ d transfonner. This d) None of these
chapter desaibcs basically various types of chopper c1rcu1t, inverter c1rcu1t which are useful in °'8'
Apswer: ( c)

q--- . , .,_._.
daily appliances.
1 _9 . A s i ngle phase full bridge YSI ha lnmaar L • . . ..._ ,._ • -
! Multiple Choice Type Questions source voltage, the c u ~ through Iha indooclaria llllllllEl.a
a) Square wave b) triangular-
1.1. The ratio of output voltage to input voltage of a boost converter operating at a Answ er: (b)
duty cycle 'D' is given by [WBUT 2018]
a) D b) 1-D
1
_!_ 1.10. The advantage of 180° conduction..,. af tine,_....___._
c) -
1-D
- d)
D 120• conduction mode Is IIIDIIELTElaDII
a) It needs less number of swil!cba
An.,.·er: (c) b) the re is no paralleli ng of swil!cba
c) devices i n series.,. notsimultaneouatJ....,..
1.2. If a DC-DC buck converter of input voltage V has chopping frequency of 'f and d) load termi nals are not left~ during---.
TON as the on time of the switch, then the output voltage is [WBUT 2019) Ans,,"er. ( d)
a) VfTo.,· b) VJ IT0 .v c) V I fTo., d) VTa.d
Ans"·er: (a} Short Answer Type, Q st

1.3. A device that converts a DC s ource i nto AC is called [WBUT2019) 2.1. What i s Inverter? Discms the waning prillciple .,.,. llllillllllllll_r..,
. ._
a) Chopper b) Rectifier c) Inverter d) Cyclo-converter circuit d i agram and wa- forms. .......
Answer: (c) Answer.
l" Psn:
1.4. In a de chopper per unit ripple is maximum, when the duty cycle is !n,'ater converts a fi.xed de ,~ --e ., • ac ~ a f - - , k ~ _._....•
[MODEL QUESTION] variable ~'llitude.
a) O b) 0.5 c) 1 d ) none of these
Ans..-er : (b)

1.5. A step up chopper has V, as source vo ltage and a as duty cycle, the output
voltage for this chopper is given by [MODEL QUESTION]
•J v,.(1+aJ b) v,.(1-<>J c) V,/(1+a) d) V,/(1-<>J
Answrr: (d}

1.6. Chopper control of a de motor provides variation on [MODEL QUESTION]

•J frequency b) current c) Input v oltage d) All of U...
Ans..·rr: (d)

BEE-1 78 BI.[-l...
 roe•v--uAAJJONS
\\t ~.an write
••nr:r veam G
. . -
r., =1.,- 1... ,- ' .:St_rlsanl-)-si
. •
-
...~ \" • , •
n11'•-.. )l
a%' \ ...- •
~ , ~ u'lllr,..,omi Qf\'.. . Ill&) l'<C 111n11e11as

I•" ' ., : K
F.,. f sin .,w-sin(,,r -,f "liE.,
l j ll
O'J6'•
~
•' . •
:-, \SIii-
1llt n• h,tm1,.,m, t\'lffll','lllffll ,,,' \" AB Ill&)' ~ simi~ l •
• J •Tib

---
:E r . )l 'if f \
N r.,. .. -•-L •
s.m ....r - sin"("• - • " ~'15"' • -• ,. ,..

.
Fig l•l A 1-riw,. full•lnl,,'<' \-SI 11r • u ( , •-
lllt nns nut=niiu.!c ,,fthe ~ c,.~.._ \lfi..~ ..i..:.. .
The ~-le'~"' \'..\O of the full mJ~ in, ~ m£~ l"C " rinro ss
r = , :E"'sin(- ) (1"...,L =o..i£.,,sinI '--~
•' ~u- . "'""
Sumllrl~ the~*, ~ \'80 of the full m.ig,c, in,-cncr nu\~ wrinm :is
1llt nns n\.1,!!niti.k ,,f "u.! ,,"1-4-e c.an ~ ~ fn~ mo
111 1 , -
lt.if,. . ~ i:--.u. kuJ w l~-e ~-ru:u.ic ~~ ID #-= l911' N .,,,-:::;:-- .t
1~, = ~ ~sin11(11 1'-,)\\~('M .< cshitl~te , = -;
.....u .· • u
Herc ,• is the ti~ t,~· "hi.:h the tWI.) r,.'k ,,-.ir.s,,'CS =
;:ra~~--J mi -r is the time
"'II t..... zm., 1,v • =ll'. F,..- , =t~. the
..
\\-S\"C ,'1 Um<" r<'f''"
·'T .
I.-.!"-..._~.
W l nsurtant,.,us ~ £ As - ~ •t IS-..,.._
ll\"11 ll' 1,, l $l1' , the \\ iJth -'l\\.>lu.i.-e l'lbc 111 lhe ~\~•a. di · - , I t ~
~

pcri,."J ,)(the~ WS\"C p.>le \'\'1~-.:S. l'I~ lllC funJsn><'llttl ,,,lta~ ~-nit ~ is .:..'Cllr\>I~ ~ f'llbt-•>Mt ....::._ -. n.
T~ T :T JT~
v.. u . a) What do you mean by dtoppw? lll00a,
llll-
l r-7 T= bl Classify ditfeRnt pow con--, c:itQIII anc1111w
c) What is duty ratio?
,,r -., -•-.
A■S1'ff:
al A di,.'1'!'(1' c,.,n, -ots ihcJ J.: i(l'UI "~~ 10 s ,-.riaNr .tc o.q,. .__ nit«
OOlf'UI ~\.•11~-e nu~ ~ dt!1"= in ~ (tu.x than the !l<'Ultt q-.. ~ l a -
~ ~ lS.nN ~,ns. Sffllt.:,.-..nJu,:11.~ IX\1'.'CS sudt as l'('IIIU ~ 11.'lBT• .,._
~IOSFET. l~TI$t-'!' :t."'-1 GT()&.
bl l'\.,\\tt c,.,n, = dn:uit t>s..<ic.tll~ c,.,n,uu the de,.~ ~ - a .... ~

3T
*
du\'U~ s m£tri., ,,f l''" tt !><ffli...,'IIIJu..'11...- s111il\.il. h csn ~ clas:sil'lo1
til AC'-OC ron,~m-r lPb.~ roatnilltd m.-nfitt\: Thi$ ~'Wl\fflllr -.ns bN at
M~
" "~~ , llm'fll 1,, a , -;ui3.N,e "-" ' ri('fl,e J.: ''-"1-4-e : ~ It is ~ as ~
~-er dn:uit. IX' ITh.'l,~dri,c. ~"UIMN DC ~'"'tt~ ~~
I (ill l11wr1er tilC' 1,, AC' c,.,awn,erl: .-\n m,fflcr .:,.,n~ms a fi\l\l ,i: ~ II> a a.:
OST
""~~ .,f ,--sn:tNc lre\;um:~ mi (If l\:\'t\i (If ,llrisN-e ~"!li11ta. It i s ~ -.t •
Fig. (ii): P<ik an.! line ,ro~= OU!fU b~ 1-fh full briJ~ im=cr ~'11,'S.r.irh~ C31llt'r.l. l 'nim~ l''"tt ~ tU'S\ ln.b."ti..-. w ~"'.__,,_
m-.'lw driw& His.h Wl(¾--e DC lr.U\$mi..~,n s~Slnn CCI:.
In full brid~ im-=ncr the single~ lood is c,.wie,:1~ ~ ,=
r,.,ints ·A· anJ ·a·an! {iii) Cyc"l('(m~mr (AC to AC' roa,fl'tff): This ci11."llit .:..'111\ffl!i q,,a I " - a . -
die line or ii-.c load wltl~ , ,.,. C3II ~ obuined by T:ik.ing difreren<.-e ,,f the ,ul~-e V,..,
~=~ I,) ,,utrtll l'-"''<'f :ll a J ilrett!ll ~um.:~ . It is ~i(J~- -.tn-•.
IIIIIVeo, (MAC Yoll-s~ C'ontn,11,er lAC Rtgal:ttor): U-.is C\JII\- c..-.ffl!i &ic.i at 'llQlaet
di~tly ta :l ,--sn:tbk :te \\.' 1~-e SI the - ~~- II is • ~ -.t ia i.....,
C\."Cltrol, sr--,.-.J ,,'llll\ll ,,fl~-e fu\.s :mi rum~~
BEE-180
BEE-UH
l'Ql'!M'! PVftt!MDONI
voltage to 170 -
verier) : A choppe r conver ts fixed de input condu ction period , TON =~=
used mainly electri c tractio n. switch mode
power su • Ysf 220x 2x 10' -0.386ma
(v) Cllopp en (DC to DC ,~n 15 PP1y
variable de output voltage. t . d T I I
0.Sms
(SMPS ). battery driven vehicles etc. chopp ingpen o • =7=~=
er circuit is constan
'od Of Onc cycle of output wavefo rm of a chopp of the choppe r TL~
tional to the on time =0.l l ms
c) The total time pen ol is directly propor • • •oe Blocki ng period , Ta,,- = T-To.v =0.S- 0.J86 4
The average output v tage eye1c.
ratio of ON lime to total time is defined as duty rter la uaed to deliver • load
2_5• A boost conve
- ~)
(TT,.,) -( where T0 vis the ON time and T is lhc tolal
li,n thyristor 111 ~oltag a Of SOov fraon •
• e. aupply. If th• blocki ng period of the 118• ComllUle the ,..,.,: :,, de
The duty cycle = To,,+ °[oFF
width. !MO DEL ~
2.3. a) Whal la an Inverter?
b) Cla"lf y th• different Inverter circuit
?
I f . bl ,
[MODE L QUESTION)

of
Answe r:

We know 1hat for boos! conver ter, V,, = ys

( T: )
Answe r: 10 an ac vo tagc o vana c ,requen cy and
a) An inverter conven s a fixed de voltage TON +80x IO""
fixed or variable magnit ude. 500 = 220 80 x l0_.
µS
Equating we get, TON = IO 1.6 x I 0 .. = IO 1.6
b) Depending upon:
(i) The numbe r of phases inverte r arc two types:
rter has a resistive load of 15ohm nd
(a) Single phase inverte r 2_6 _ A buck conve Input Voltage 200V de
supply . When the chopp er remain ■
ON Its Voltage :
(b) Three phase inverter Nip la 2.SV. Tha c11oppa.,
freque ncy is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle I■
50% find (I)
(ii) The circuit configu ration ncy (Iv) . , , ~ ~ output VOitage (II) RIIS
output voltag e (iii) conve rter efficie np~ -i.tan c. of the
(a) Half bridge
(b) Full bridge
conver ter. •""'DEL QUesnotcJ
Answe r:
(iii) Waveform of output voltage = 0.S(20 0-2.5) =9S.7SV
(a) square wave inverte r (i) Averag e output voltag e, Y0 = K(Ys -Y,)
(b) quasi square wave inverte r (ii) RMS outpul voltag e = (Vs -Y, ) K
✓ = (200- 2.S),ro .s =13 _
9 653
(c) sine wave inverte r (iii) Conve rter efficie ncy:
(iv) Types of source Output Power, P.
(a) Voltage source inverte r (VS!)
(b) Curren t source inverte r (CS!)
(V..1)
K Ys= KVs' = K(Ys -Y,)'
KY. _ ✓
=✓ 0.5(20 0-2.S)'
- =1300 11wm
(v) Method ofswitch ing and control 0 0
- s R R R - IS
(a) swi1ched mode PWM Input Power, P,
(b) rcsonanl inverte r
(vi) Method of commu tation of conduc ting
device s
.!_'fv. . .d - _!_ 1Y.s· (Vs R- V, )d - Ys.(YsTR-V, r~J dt
'~
(a) Linc commu tated thyrist or Inverte r T • s' s t - T o I -
(b) Forced commu tated thyrist or Inverte r
at a Vs.(Ys- Y,) /tj'•• Ys.(V5 - Y,)(T. -O) V,.(;s -V,)
2.4. A chopper circuit ia operating
on time ratio contro l (TRC) principal TR KT
the
. If the load voltag e is 170 V, compu te TR ON
TR o
frequency of 2KHz on a 220V d .c supply [MODE L QUESTION]
or in each cycle. 200 (200 - 2 .5)0.5
conduc tion and blocki ng period of thyrist Vs.(Vs -Y,)K
1316.6 7watt
Answer: R 15

We know that, V,, = V,.TON ..!.. =V..To.v. f . P 1300.2 1

Effic1cncy = 17 = ......_ = - -- = 0 .9874 =
98.74%
T P, 131 6.67
/=2kH z, Ys =220V , V,, =170V

BEE- 182 BEE- 183

PONH PW,JCAJ)ONS
'
-~--"rr----~ -- .......-
2.7. A ~
...... half bridge Inwrter ha ■ rwi■tlve load of 10 ohni
I~ volt■ge I■ NV. Comput■ ■lld Ille ,._-er: ~
cenllr t■p of the output volt■g•. MS value of phase voltage, V_,_ = .fi. y _ .Ji.
(I) RIIS Y■lue of fundamental component of th• output voltage wavetonn·
(II) RIIS v■lue •l Ill 3 • -3xS00:23s.7y
(Ill) Flr■t nv. harmonica
ndlrn ntal power consumed by the load. ••S value ofline vohage, V..,._ = ~ _ fi ~
t':. ~ c:onaumed by the load. [MODEL QUEST10tq
bl ll,.. fi •-6"--•4111.lsv
Auwer: E llMS value ofload current, 1-i- = v,. =~,. 15 ..,
e) R IS •11 A
(i) RMS Yllue ofthe output voltage, V. ( rms) = { ·= 96 V
""S val ue of current through switch, f = 1..._ 15.71
(ii) RMS Yllue of fundamental frequency component of output voltage d) "'" _,_ -ri-=1r=IIJIA
V (rms) = .fiE,,,
••• ,r
=0.9 x96 = 86.40V
•
f,,V
crage value of switch current, r_,_ =..!._2Jr (lwd•=G.22!!.-o-»{SGO)
I- - =7JlA
(iii) First five harmonics are given by, • ~
e)Power dclivered to the 1oad, P, =Jr:..i,.R=3-JIS.71f xlS=ll.lGrilW
V (rms) 56.4
Third harmonics = - •--' - - = - = 28·8 V 0 Average Source current, I_ = !l_ =----=2UtA
l l.106xtOOQ
3 3 v, soo
(Assuming lossless invencr)
Fifth harmonics= Y..,(rms) = 86.4 =17.28V
5 5
2.1. Repeat the problem 6 for 120° mode of CClllduc:llon.
Seventh harmonics = Y..,(rms) = 86.4 = 12.34 V Answer:
7 7
Ninth harmonics= V..,(rms) = 86'4 =9.6 V
a) RMS value of phase voltage, V- i - ='1i='76=204.l2V
9 9 1 V, SOO
• V
86 b) RMS value oflme vo t.age, - ii. =72=72=353.SSV
· =-V.,·,-
Eleventh harmonics - = - .4 = 7.85 V
(rms)
11 II
V 20412
c) RMS value of load current, 1-i- =~=-·-=l3.6IA
v, (nns) = -(86.o)'
(iv) Fundamental Power, P. (fund) =~ - = 746.5 wan . R 15
10 . I,_,_ 1..,_
d) RMS value of current through switch,
1161
=7i=J[=9.62A
V. (rms ) ' ( 96)2 = 921.6 wan
(v) RMS power, P. (rms) = - - R - =
10 Average value of switch current, r_ ,_ =~ rlwd•= :~ =5.56A
2.1. A three ph- bridge inverter i■ fed from 500V DC source. The Inverter Is
operated In 180" conduction mode and It i■ supplying a purely re1i1tiv1, lllr
e) Power delivered to the load, P, =3I!.,,.R =lx{13.61}2xlS=U35ltW
connected load with Rs1S ohm per ph■H. Determine the P, 8335x 1000 _
1) RMS value of ph■H voltage f) Average Source current, I._=~= -16.67A
b) RMS value of line voltage s 500
c) RMS value of load current (Assuming lossless inverter)
d) RMS and average value of switch current
•) Poww dellver9d to the load and
f) The average source current [MODEL QUESTION)
Lon& AnnerTJp a--
3.1. Explain the working principle of I buck - - - wllll _ lW9UT2012I
. , clrclllt
diagram and waveforms.
BEE-184 BEE-185
 .l!OPu

Answer•
A bu •

in
Veeum IC/\Dotm

ck convener
frec wttc eJin
turn ed fl) g IS
.0
.
and ind
(de- de)
UScd lo alis shown m
.
diod e, the ~th . whic h i u~v
low
.
Fi (
a11 C:: .With the l=~ ~n< :·l~ the Joa g. a) consists
0
load. 1: :0'; :"t to flow !~~
:t~h 11 , a diOd
e(
tfl'!:i
ti
- is p051t1VC a
:1l1rl it (Joad current) dcc,_.
.....s the 1~ t the end of the time
;aite,..t,UI
,_id!• neat circuit diag ram , th
,..,-
peno d, T .
-
-·•'" " in the oFF peri od.
.
• lple of a eoost convert
• pone
er.
as it flow s in

[WB UT 2008, 2011)

~
ca115e dam h1gh indu ced s e). Due to the cases,_a batte sJ .~
profVJded by the d "odload indu ry (o • when the ~ 11
. F. (a) whe re a diode is
~
c· . age lo th em of the ind ctan ce back emf) is 'Witch is ___.. can.ertef c1c..d ) is show n . s with
used in sene . the
. •rcu ,t is calle d ,
e swit chin g dev · ucta nce, e; otherwi . • e load c "'!'°...4 ( . c "d d whe '" re,g.
as the loa se, In the •bsence the indu ctance is sma ll. An · d
Inpu t volt age as a step -dow n cho ice. If the swit chingddcw:n,n lllrent lllust be ,n ucta nce, L ,s
·
. L toad ,s cons

r =-.~-.J'-- .§ ,
~i,,-.-
~- pper , as the ev,c e tused
tends to decor the Ibo.. .-A '(be tt- ·es with th• • ere
+ outp ut volta
.
ge is no IS a thYris rease, input supply.
: s: ro, " ' .,...__,,tittSCO
v nnally lower••-•- this
,,_-- - 0 +~ lo

·· ~
... 111.
•-lh e

\·'2~~ [7 F le
L
0
A

~ ,I ~ ! !I r =:n
0
5v.1tch (b)
:: -- -- -L(ja)~ -- -~ l
T~
! flbCII the s,Nitch is(a)ON durin g the
perio d Ta,, 2 1 2 0 , the outp 0
ut :,10J1age V '.s zero . If no
The outp ut volt age and curr e
vT,o tage V. is sam
I e as the .mpuntt wav
ON :2: ;?. 0 · The swit
volt efor
r-- Y 7 t: Y
a ms of the c1rcu. .,t are Cbl
show
: :
-
k emt) is connected in serie
the source is flows in the
s with the load , the load indu
indu ctan ce L . The value of
ctan ce 1s s".'a ll. T he
curr ent incr ease s
ch · ge Vs· Whe n the switch · n F"
O N peri1 od. Dur in
,s tu':" ed on at t = 0 • and then o ,g. ~). The OUlp, ll ---• wt"th time in this interval
with !!.!_ bein g posi tive. As
the current thto ugh L
-_,...f
emf is~cons idere d as pasitive.
diod g the next time inter val T 2 turne d ,s N, dunng the period, ... the p0Jarity of the induced •
e, D F star t2 off at t = T.,., • this is called
T = T,ON + T,OFT t to condUCL The OFF . . To.v . The outp ul voltage
Dur ing ON peri od
pen od ,s r,OIT = T-T . V. is
G\Y WI"th the time
. • periozero.d as lhc
being i =/is o; ~ = V:,
n,er,v
I dt S is putdtOFF durin
iich, L g the period, T 2 r 2 Ta.,. The
wi1h the induced emf reverses and current thro ugh L decr ease
The a verage val ue o f the outp ut volta s,0
ge is V, =..!..
T J,r' v• dt =..!..
T J,r'~ V, dt =V, ( .2!.
r, ) =KV d,aelSCS linearly in the
added with the supp ly volt
age. The current ls=/
. time interval, T , , , as the
whe re, K =r~) =( 1:-~ ) T.
T ..,,unl
0 outp ut voltage assu med
nearly
'_' !Ming OFF period,
K is kno wn as the
duty ON
rat io
• and
OFT ,ts
• rang e 1.0 2 K 2 0 Y,= Y, +L di, or di_, = Vs -V•
The a verage valu e of the The source dtcurre nt waveform dt is L
outp ut curr ent is 4, =~ = shown in Fig. (b), the curr
KVs
R R l,{I_) to I, (I_ ) during the time ent varie s linea rly from
The RM S valu e of the outp interval, To., and simi larly 1
ut volt age is v,._,. =Jvf from / 2 (I.,..) to / (Im~ )
Du: _to tum -on delay of = v,..fK
the devi ce used , the duty <bing the time interval, T,,,-,
posi tive valu e and due to ratio (k) is not zero but has
requirem ent o f tum- off time some
of the device, the duty ratio (k)
!ess than 1.0. So the outp
mci :ase d, the aver age outp
ut volt age is lowe r than the
~t volt age increases. So,
inpu
is
t voltage. If the duty ratio is
!Ming ON period, I, - 1, = I,_ -
1.,,. =('i'. )TG\'I
obta ined from a cons tant a varia ble de output voltage is
de mpu t volt age. The load IMing0FFperiod / -/ : /
as show n in Fig. (b). The current is assumed to be contin
load curr ent increases in the uous
'l I inP -/n,u, =(v.-Vs
I: Ir,
)OFF
ON period, as the input voltag
e

BEE-186 BEE-187
pgpuw P\JlblQATIQND BASJC ELf.CTRJCAk f.NCMEBJNG

Operation
(LV,) TOH = (V,-V,)r. . • • • •
· u,,. 'able Frequency ( I)
Equating above two equations we gel, --l- I =_ or time pcnod T ts vaned, keepina either
(ll) Van he frequency T
lh' control strategy, t
The average value of the output vol1agc is,
In FF ti me constant. This is also called as. ilYfllDICJ
.
is ume Tu.v or the O
To,-F

,. ·•,(L l···(,-',J ·•·[, _~~] ···C'.,l

the ON
,-dulot/on contro:: L__,

'The duty ratio= X =(T,w ) = ( ~ ) w i t h the range 1.0 K 0 ~ ~

D
'1:-=:1 k•025

T TON+T0 ,-,
In this case, the output vollagc is higher than the input voltage, as contrasted with buck
convener (dc-<lc). So, this is called boost converter (dc-<lc). vi@w D D r-rn
3.3. Explain the Ume nrtlo c o ntrol atrateglea of cho pper circuit I'-- ----1 (ui) Contrast TON

Auwer: [MODEL QUESTION)

The average value of the output voltage of chopper circuit can be controlled by periodic
opening and closing of the switches. In time ratio control the duty ratio K= ( T';) can
v, ~
l ....2::....____T""
t-- T---1
n n □ -· k•02S

Load vohap:
be controlled in two ways. ,c.
(i) Constant frequency operation,

(I) Coutant Frequency Operation

(ii) Variable frequency operation.
v, \
l Ton
I T
T.,.
I :o"
(iv)ConstantT..,. with Ylriable
In this control strategy, the ON time T0 N is varied, keeping the frequency(/ = i ) or time
Two cases with the ON lime
. r,.
constant.
and. the("')
OFFand (iv)r_comlld.
time respectively. The OUlpll
period Tconstant This is also called as pulse width modulation co11tro/ (PWM). . 'od T shownthem change
Fig. 111in duty l'IIIO,
•

!::!,='::;;-
frequency or II me pen are . th
Two cases with duty ratios, as (a) 0.25 (25%), (b) 0.75 (75%) are shown in Fig. (i) & (ii) voltage can be varied in both cases w1

..,
respectively. Hence, the output voltage can be varied by varying ON time T .v.
0
.........Load vol<agc ........ 3.4. a) What la Voltage aourc• lnverter:nvertw dlflen fl.- •
b) How a alngle phaH full bridge ,~-•
T,., acco rding to the prlnclple. variable fi:equellC)' and of
Vo k • 025
Answer: lta e to an ac voltage of l(IUl'Ce. the~
a) An inverter converts a fixed dc_vo gfaconvertcri1adcwl~aclffllll,oun:ll,the
,
fixed or variable magmtu• d c. If the mput
(VSI) O
If the input of • -wrw II
is called a voltage source inverter . · (CSI)
inverter is called a currcnt 50urcc inverter • • wrlS pcoduCCI lfPl'e sblped and
vol111ge tc,ulCC m the ~ cacinecdaD
b) A single-phase sq~ wa~'Yfc,ed. Depelldi_ na ' : '
for 8 Smg~e-~e phase VSI is cllsSilied
output voltage
commutating component s,, VSI
(i) Single phase halfbn_ ge VSI
( ii) Single phase full bridge
BEE-1119
BEE-188
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS BASIC ELECl]UCAL ENGlNEE)UNG

(I) Slagle -phas e VSI .

The circuit for single phase half bndge . . . . . Circuit Analy sis: • · (R) load
VSI 1s shown m Fig. Assum ing ideal circuit Al With purel y res1st1ve. The avera ge value . .
condition, input de voltage is constant and (. JU,1S of the output voltage IS given by
the switches are lossless. Outp ut Volta ge.

C
FWlda.mc:ntal
compona11
3rd harmonw:
\ (i)

•
1 [2' I )d(J)I
V (avg) = - .I, v,,(J)I
I ';; the outpu t voltag e is given by
RrllS va ue

C \ v.(rms)= i ~v~((J)l)d(J)I

A ~phax hal(b<odge VSI

-05E•
I ~
2 rr
C'' v~ ((J)l)d(J)I (due to square wave symmetry)

Sqiwe wave load voltage output by hal(-bnd

W ge mven,,
M
in half bridge circuit the input de voltag
e is split in two equal pans through an
loss-less capacitive potential divider. The ideal and
half bridge circui t consis ts of one leg (one E«
of switches whereas the full bridge circui pole) =-
t has two such legs. Each leg of the . • anal is the instantaneOU"
consists of two series connected electr inverter 2 d) voltage· Using Founc
onic switch es shown within doned lines (,··,) Instan taneo us outpu t (loa r scncs ys
Figures. Each of these switches consists in the .d
of an IGBT type contro lled switch across
which output voltage wave forrn may be exprcsse as
an uncontrolled diode is put in anti-p
conducting bi-directional current but they
arallel mann er. These switch es are
capable of
need to block only one polari ty of voltag
e. The
_
VL,o,:iJ -Vo\
1{l)() =
~
'° iE., sin( n<lt)
ntr
junction point of the switches in each leg ,.. ,,] .).1 ~ o
of the inverter serves as one outpu t point
load. In half bridge circuit the single-phase for the =0 forn
load is conne cted betwe en the mid-point - 2 4 6 for even values of n . The
the input de voltage and the juncti on point of
The switches Sw I and Sw2 may be assum
(marked as ' O' and ' A') of the two switch
es. - ' '
where " is harrno nic d f · witching frequency O f thc inVCIU
order an . is ~ all the •
I' ,,.,tchcs-
gnitudeS arc
ed to be controlled mecha nical switch odd harmonics and their ma
open and close in response to the switch es that square wave load voltag e consists o
control signal. If the switch es Swl and . rd
turned on alternately with duty ratio of Sw2 arc inversely proportional to their harmonic
each switch kept equal to 0.5, the load o er. 2£.,
v,._. will be square wave with a peak-to-peak magnitude equal volt'l&e
to input de voltage E,... The fundamenta l frequency component of output voltag e=--;-
shown in Fig. (b). V,_, acquires a
magnitude of +0.5£• when Sw I is
on and the
lE _-E!s.
RMS value of fundamental frequency compo nent of ouiput voltage = ~ - ,c
magnitude reverses to-0.5£.,,, when
Sw2 is turned on. The fundamenta
component of the square wave voltag l frequency
e is also shown in this Figure, its peak-t 2£
o-peak al< magnitude of= ~
magnitude being equal to ~ £..,. The two . odd integer) haS • pc
The n1h ham,onic voltng c (n being
switches of the invert er leg are turned
,r on in a ./2£
c~mplcmcntary manner. For a genera •
l load, the switch es should neithe r be . ncnt of output volt age" ~ . . lffllll
s1multan,:ously. Simultaneous tum-o n on or off RMS value of nth hnm,omc compo In mast
of both the switch es will amou nt to .
. order harmonic voltag voltage it of practic ~ and die
acros~ t~e de bus and will cause the switch short circuit cs bcColllC ncghgibi~
currents to rise rapidl y. For an inductive T he mngniludcs of very high ,tal compo tl
con~m~ng an inductance in series, one load, nent in I~
of the switch es must always condu ct applications. only the fundnmc•
continuity of load current. In case of to mai ntain •-•irablc distortloRS-
inductive load, the load curren t may other highe r order I,nrrnon ics at<: um..., .,
not change
a~pt ly even though the switching freque . - k ..iueof !!JI.
2B
b1d1rcct1onal current carrying capability. ncy is very high, for which switches must have ,,,.ve,.,th•...-
(iii) Outp ut current: The average c
urrcnt ofa square

BEE-190
sEE-191
.4
P9f'IA,AR PUBLICATIONS
• BASK; ElJ!C'JJUCN, BNGJtiRBING

I (""B)=-I ("E E,.

--Ldt=- The nth harmonic component of load current is expressed by,
• T 2R 4R 2
/
.(mu)= TI r"Il2RE,.)' dt _ E,.
- 2Ji.R
(J ) 0•
=; (t) = £« sin ( ntut - ;, )
'°"" ,. ntrZ,.
from above equations it may be ~~ that the contrib~on !O 1-_1 cumnt limn ~ -
h' her order harmonics become neghg1ble and hence the tnfimte series bued exprasaon
(B) Wit• R-L Load /g load current may be terminated beyond certain values of hannollic order 'n'. Far UR
With an inductive load, the output voltage waveform is similar to that with a resistive ~~io = 2T, the individual harmonic components of load current nonnaliucl against a bme
load. However the load current caMot change immediately with the output voltage
Under ~ y state the load current waveform in a pa'.1icular output cycle will repeat i~ current of O.SEdc have been calculated as:
successive cycles and hence only one square wave penod has been considered. Let, 1 = R
0
be the instant when the positive half cycle of the square wave starts and let J,_, be the (/ ) = ~sin(tut-1an·1 4,r) =0.lsin(u-1.491)
load current at this instanL The negative half cycle of square wave starts at 1 = o.sr and
lood 1,, - - l,ffd ,r \ + \ 6,rl
extends up to T.
( / ,_, ) ,.,.....,.,., 3,r~sin(3tut-tan·'t2,r) =0.0llsin(3u-t.S44)
(I) luta■ta■eous Output Current:
4
With R-L load the load impedance Z may be represented as (I ) sin(su - 1an·1 20,r) =0.004sin{Su-l.SSS)
,_, • · -''"" 51r✓1 + 400,r'
Z=R+ jo,L =JR' +(tuL)' and ,=tan· ' tuL
R (I ) 4
= sin(7u-1an· 1 28,r) =0.002sin(7u-1.SS9)
7,r✓I + 784,r'
2
Putting, OJ= ; , we get, z= R' +( 2
;L )'
(1
,_, '·-'""'
) 11 4 sin(l tait-tan· ' 44,r) =0.000Bsin(IIIW-1.564)
For the fundamental harmonic frequency the load impedance (21) and load power factor ,_, I 11r✓1 + 193,r'
,.,,..,,,,.., •

r
angle (,-)can be calculated as It may be conc luded that for L/R = 2T, the contribution to load Clll1'CIII from 13 and
higher order harmonics are less than I% of the fundamental i:omponeal and hence they
z, =JR' +( 2
;L and phase angle, '1 = tan· ' 2; : may be neglected without any significant loss of accuracy.
Fig.(c) shows the load voltage and normalized the load CWfflll
waveli,nn, wberea lbe

The load i"?pedan':"

and _load power factor angle for the nth harmonic component (Z. and superimposed load current waveform is shown In Fig.(d)
'•) respectively will similarly be given by, 10 , - - -1 0IS
08 I 1Vt-1

z• = , -T-
R + (2,rnL)'
and phase angle, ,. = tan · 1 ~
2 i: :
f
r: 1
J!
;
0.1
005

As the square shape load voltage may be tak

voltages. The load curre t . .
TR
.. .
0

-02
-ii
lTfl
'-' Time
l 0L~;...J~-f-+-""T--
en as superposition of different harmonic
n may s1m1 1arly be taken as s
produced by the different harm .
of these harmonic currents.
.. fh .
uperpos1t1on o armomc currents
omc vo1tages. The load current may be expressed in terms
-0 4
-06
_,
--0 8
•
'
:
~
l --0os
--0.I
--015
Instantaneous load current (c) Normalized load voltage and
4(1)= L 2E,,, sin(nu-;.),.
•••,.,,,~ • n,rz.
load current for l/R = 2T
(ii) Fundamental Oulput Power: ,._ _,.,, (n-1 ) IS w, P.,._ .. jj..J,_
. gt· - ,.. •~
____,_,_
The fundamental component 0 f I0 ad . The output power at fundamental .,,..u.,-, ....,11111_.._....,.
/ ) _
( ,_, ,- 1.,(,) =2£ . current 1s expressed by, where E / are the rrns value of fundamCIIW ouq,ut VO
~sm(u-,.) 1,-, '""'
,,z, I, = 2E., . I
BEE-192 ~ ,,..fi. .JR' +(o,L)'
eEE-193
 POPULAR Pl/lLIQATIQNS BASIC EJ1£JJYCN, J!t«iJMreBJt&

. (b) There are six combinations of conducting switches during ID Olllputl:)l:le: (SwS
2£., I ' 2£.,,'R ~!6, 5;_,1 ), (Sw6, Swl , Sw2), (Swl, S"'.2, ~w3), (Sw2, SwJ, Sw4). (Sw3, Sw4, swsi
[ ]
P,_ = ;Ji JR' +(ml)' .R ir'(R' +m'L') (Sw4, Sw5, Sw6). Each of these combmallons of switches conduct1 for 60" la the
sequence mentioned above to produce ou_tput phase of A, B, C. 111d Ille sc,uence
fundamental component of the three output line-voltages wdl be balanced.
4
(ii) Single phase FuU bridge VSI: Refer to Question No. 2.1(2" Part).

3.5. Explain briefly the three phase voltage source Inverter with necessary circuit Circuit Analysis
[WBUT 2009]
diagram & output waveforms with purely resistive load.
) F'g (a) shows a star connected balanced 3-phase load. The three !Old terminals n
Answer: ~n-n ected to the three output points (A, B, C) of the invencr. The neutral point 'N' oflbe
With 3-phase balanced load. Fig. (a) shows the power circuit of the three-phase invener. ~oad is left open. The load side phase voltages V..,., YBH. V"" can be determined fi'am Ibo
This circuit may be identified as three single-phase half-bridge invener circuits put across conduction pattern of the inverter switches.
the same de bus. The individual pole voltages of the 3-phase bridge circuit are identical to
the square pole voltages output by single phase half bridge or full bridge ·circuits. The
three pole voltages of the 3-phase square wave invener are shifted in time by one third of
the output time period. These pole voltages along with some other relevant waveforms
v,.. ll
t+-- Swl ~
o~e. II
,..-Swl --t
have been plotted in Fig. (b). The horizontal axis of the waveforms in Fig. (b) has been ,...... Sw< ,... , - - Sw4 t-0
represented in terms of 'mt', where 'a,' is the angular frequency (in radians per second)
ofthe fundamental component of square pole voltage and •,• stands for time in second. In
-0.5 ~
•
Fig. (b) the phase sequence of the pole voltages is taken as Y, 0 , Y80 and Yeo The Yoo o.s~
io-- Swl - - t - SwJ--<
numbering of the switches in Fig. (b) has some special significance for the output phase
- ·-
0
sequence.
p ..
Y oo
-
Sw6 - t io-- S"6 ---<

op;.
-0 ~
-Sw6

SwS t--Sw5-< ,... Swl

v ,..
-
-

~
S""2 ~ -0.
..-sw2 -
·-
C
0

r--
- - F.o -- --
- -- IL

--
Fig: (a) A 3-phase Voltage Source Invener (VSI) feeding a balanced load •
r-
v.,. 1/JE. t--
From the conduction pattern of the switches marked in Fig. (b) s hown that with the 0
r--
chosen numbering the switches tum on in the sequence: Swl, Sw2, SwJ, Sw4, Sw5, Sw6, 1/JJ ~

- -
-
r--
Swl, Sw2, ....and so_on. Identifying the switching cycle time as 360° (271" radians), it can r--

~· - --
E.
be seen that each switch conducts for I80° and the turning on of the adjace nt switch is V 1/3 1,.
~ggered by 60°. The upper and lower switches of each pole (leg) of the inverter conduct ""0
ID a complem~ntary manner. To reverse the output phase sequence, the
sequence may simply be reversed.
switching
r--
,-- -1/JF---
. -,.., Jo la..l 11.0 Jo
C?onsidering ~e symmetry in the switch conduction pattern, it may be found that at any .__._ . . . .-Ylf
bme three switches conduct. It could be two from the upper group of switches which arc
O .n 2.n • ,.,, S<IJ :z,, 7,/J
-ourputl,yl.r ,,--
COMected to positive de bus, and one from lower group or vice-versa (i.e.: one from fig: (b) Some voltage wavcfi
upper group and two from lower group). According to the conduction pattern indicated in
BEE-1'5
BEE-194
 BASK: ELECTJIJCAJ, 'fNGiNHWNG
P0PVl.Aft PUBUCATIQNS
, I 2 I .
Equating we get, VAN = E..,, VBN =- E.., and VCN = E..,
With reference to Fig. (b), it may be seen that for Os ait s ,r/3, switches SwS, Sw6 and 3 3 3
Sw! condu~ Under the assumption of ideal switches Fig. (c) will represent he The equivalent circuit during the time interval ,r/3 S a,t s 2,r/3 when the switches Sw6,
equivalent 1nvener and load circuit during the time interval os a,t s -/J th Swl and Sw2 conduct. The instantaneous load phase voltages may be found to be
"val · · " · In t e
equa ent ~•rc~,t representation the non-conducting switches have been omitted and 2 I
~ss (X) sign 1s used to represent a cond~cting switch. For a balanced 3-phase load~ VAN =3E..,, VIIN =VCN =- 3E"'
•~taneous phase voltage for the fbllowmg two cases are considered.
(1) when the 3-phase load is purely resistive and The load phase voltage waveforms for other switching combinations may be found in a
(ii) when the load, in each phase, consists of a resistor in series with an induct d similar manner. T wo of the phase voltages VAN , V11N along with line voltage I'., have
bac:k e.m.f.. In both the cases the equivalent circuit of Fig. 11 has been ref. d or an . a been plotted over two output cycles in Fig. (b). It may be seen that voltage l'.,is similar
the expression for load-phase voltage. en-e to dcnve
to V,.. but lags it by one third of the output cycle period. Further, it can be verified that
Swl
A the load phase voltage VCN also has a waveform identical to the two other phase voltages
but time displaced by one third of the output time period. I'°' waveform leads I'...,by 120°
SwS C in the time a,t frame. It should be obvious that the fundamental oflbc pbue component
+ voltage waveforms will constitute a balanced 3-phasc voltage having a phase scquenc:c A,
E., B, C. It may also be recalled that by suitably changing the switching sequence lbc Olllpul
S'"5 B phase sequence can be changed.
The pole voltage V, 0 and line voltage V,. is written as
Fig: (c) Schematic load circuit during 2
conduction ofSw5, Sw6 and Sw l V"" = L, E"' sin(na,t)
11• \,l ,S.l o n,r
(A) ':Vitia purely resistive (R) toad
The instantaneous phase voltages of b I ced
0 $ ait $ ,r/3 is
. . v., = L, 2E.., f sin(na,t)-sinJ ait- 2" 11
a a an res1st1ve load during the time interval a n ,r
n• l 15 l ~ l3) J
I 2 Accordi~~iy the expressions for pole voltage V10and line voltage l'.,mewritten by
V...,=- £.., "IIN =--E and
3 3 ..,
V"" = L, iE.., sin n( (1)/ - 2 " l
(B) With R-L Load

V...,=Rl,+ldl,+E
dt A
V - R"1 ldi,
.,,- ,+ - + E,
di
vrN= Rle+ L-..!:..+£ .
I Vac =
11• \,).S,1

L,
a n ,r

2
2
~
rL 4
E.., sinn( aJt- "1 - sinn(ait- :))
3 J
From Fig (c), it can be written, V -V - E dt
h .
-
• ' VAN = VCN
dt ,
\
. .,., .,., • n,r \. 3) .
andcanbewrilllll&I:

l (
Accordingly the fundamental magnitude ofhne vottages,
AN IJN -
w ere, ,,,I, and le are the instantan I d h
res,_..· I d
,...••ave Y an E E and E a th ·
eous oa -p ase currents entering phase, A B and C
and L are the per.;~ load e. re e inStantaneous magnitudes of load phase-emfs. R
' I V
AIU
2E sinlUl - sin
=--!!<.
,r
ait -2,rJJ
-
J=.
1./JE., ·
-s,n (ot+!!.)
•6
the . resistance and inductance th t . . .
corresponding phase-emf. Since the loa . a _are_connected in senes with 2
the algebraic sum of the instantaneo h d IS balanced (with ,ts neutral point floating) VllC .., = ~E.., sin(lUl-~J
Accordingly, us P ase currents and the phase emfs will be zero.
i, +I, +le =O and V, +V, +Ve =O V. = 2✓3E"'sin(llll - 7 "l ,.___,_, ___..__. ..
<A ,\ ,r \ 6 (hl¥9 - J
~-- .,._
V....,+VCN = R(l,+ic )+Lf(i,+lc )+E +E
I A C
="-(R1,+
· ldi, )
~ +E, =-VIIN
T he three fundamental line voltages.,.ailOpontalnl~ .._.. '111111111
phase apart by 120•. The inverter~ tB,tOllloD of die
harmonic voltages that cause undel
sEE-1"7
BEE-196
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ◄
llASJC ELf&lJICALJ!NCilNPIRfj
voltages are free from 3"' order and
multiples of 3"' order harmonics. The
voltages may be expressed in terms of load-phase
its harmonic contents
VAN=

v... =
L
"91.S.l .ll.lJ

L
•
!&si n(nc .x)
n,r

2E .s,nn
. ( a i l2,rj
\ M~
--!!<
c.Y .
I
--
.-1., .1,11.1, • n,r 3
VrN= ~
.t... 2E,.. nn
--s, . ( ail+
2,rj
-
••u .111.1> • n,r 3 s,gnal
For a balanced three-phase load, the instan
taneous magnitude of any phase curre
determined by superposition of differ nt can be
ent harmonic currents of the phase .
three-phase R-L load, the phase-A curre For a simple
nt iAthrough R-L load is
'• = L
. .1.,,1,11. u
2E,,,
1
sin( nai1 - tan-•
.n1r JR +0:lL
1
nwL'\ \ Fig: (i) A schematic circuit for comparison
T-(11 111" ">--
of
R) Modulating and Cartier signals
\
1= •••~.&.,,
1 . n , r ~ s i n( n(
ail -
2
;)- 1an-•n~LJ I The comparator output signal 'Q' is
of the inverter pole. When ' Q' is high, to t~n ~ hi~ side 11111 low ~ide ~
used
up"'.'r ~1gh side) switch of thl: pllllCUllr
turned on and when ' Q' is low the lowe pole
le = L 2E,.. sin( n( ai1 + 2ir'\ _ tan_, nwL '\ When 'Q'= +Vcc, the pole voltage is
r switch 1s turned on.
ll• IJ,7,11,1) a n,r✓ R1 + oi L1
3 R J J When 'Q'= - Vcc, the pole voltage is--0
-+-0.5£., and
Due to the reduction in harmonic for The harmonic contents in the comparato.5£., pol wlllF wavef
very close to sinusoidal shape.
a purely inductive load, load current
wave form is r outp~t vo~tagc ~d the c widl die filllowCIIIIII
arc identical as E." is constant.
A slowly varying smusoulal voltag in&
constraints considered as the mod~latin~ e,
3.8. Writ • ehort not • on th• follo si~: ual IO die peatllllfUIUde of
wlng: The peak magnitude of the sinusoidal
■I Thrf f phe■- voltage SI~ 15 less than o r ~ ofdlel
■ourc• Inverter the carrier signal. This ensures that the lQdulllml sipll
b) Buck converter [WBUT 2018} 1ns1a11_1anc_ous magnt
[WBUT 2018} neve r exceeds the peak magnitude of
Answer: ~e ~e r sign al~ \c,wu lbm die flelPD
2. The frequency of the modulating C1 of
•I Rt/t r to Qutstion No. 3.5 of Long Answ signal 15 ~ul alin & sipl 1111120 KllaM
er type Questions. the carrier signal. A typical value of IIZ
SO Hz for th~ tho ma&Pillideorlftllllullllal lllr
b) Rt/t r to Qutstion No. 3.1 of Long the carrier signal. Under such high f~uc slpal
Answer type Questions. ncy ~05 , ·pi tllDepcriad,
\ will be virtually constant over any partic
3.7. Wh■t do you m-■ n by ■lnu■olda ular carriCf-Sl

Answer:
l pulH width modulation?
[MODEL QUESTION] I
I
In Sine-PWM invener the widths of
the pole-voltage pulses, over the outp
in a sinusoidal manner. The scheme ut cycle, vary
carrier voltage with a sinusoidal
involves comparison of a high frequ
modulating signal that rcprc, cnts
ency triangular \
fundamental component of the pole the desired
voltage waveform . The peak magn
modulating signal should remain limit itude of the
ed lo the peak magnitude of the carri
(i) shows an op-amp based comparato er signal. Fig.
r output along with sinusoidal and trian
as inputs. In the comparator the trian gular signals
gular and sinusoidal signals are fed
and the non-inverting input terminals 10 the inverting
respectively and the comparator outpu
for high and low levels are assumed t magnitudes
to be +Vcc and -Vcc

BEE-198
 •

Modulltln1
lfplror
Pole-8
I
01,-.,,._LI
0.6
04
O.~ U..-L-L...U.'-U--~--,.-1-- l~i::-f....,.H!"'-'I-"".,-.~
•..,,.,
C1trier

--0.2
--0.4
--0 6
--0 8
-1

ors:-'--.....--U---l--l~P---f.--1-,...+ --f--f--'11-t--+t--t
V1,.o 2.2 4 3 .2 3. 3.6 .8 4

--0.SE.i.

ors:l---,ll.--&-+l-&--1--4--1--1--f.~...-lf--+-t---trf-
Veo

Angular freq. fo~

fundamental component
in rad_/sec

- F..ic

· Fig: (ii) Sine-PWM waveform for single-phase H-bridge inverter

BEE-200