1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
A Comparative Analysis of Non-Isolated
Bi-directional DC-DC Converters
B. Mallikarjuna Reddy' and Paulson Samuel2
'MNNIT Allahabad
2IEEE Member, MNNIT Allahabad
E-mail: .ree1505@mnnit.ac.in. 2paul@mnnit.ac.in
Abstract-In this paper, five non-isolated bi-directional
dc-dc converter topologies are analylized, demonstrated and
design for the purpose of the renewable energy generation
plants. These converters are: non-isolated bi-directional buck
converter (NBBC), non-isolated bi-directional boost
converter (NBOC), non-isolated bi-directional fly back
converter (NBFC), non-isolated bi-directional CUI(
converter (NBCC) and non-isolated bi-directional SEPIC
converter (NBSC).ln the renewable energy sources like PV
and wind, wide input voltage variation due to the
temperature and environmental conditions. Besides,
production of renewable has been very less since it came in
the field of power generation. Non-isolated dc-dc converters
are suitable for low voltage range and it's fit for the dc micro
grid voltage level. Moreover, either load side or source side
get sporadic current in the primitive dc-dc converters and
output voltage is negative with respect to the ground in CUI(
converter. Aforementioned problems are rectified by the
non-isolated bi-directional SEPIC converter (NBSC). Items
such as ideal efficiency, ripple factor of voltage, ripple factor
of current, size and sophistication are calculated for them.
On the other hand, their output current and voltages are
obtained by the simulation with PSCAD software. A
comprehensive comparison is done among these converter
topologies on the basics of above mentioned items. It is found
that non-isolated bi-directional SEPIC converter is best
suited for the non-conventional energy generation plants.
Keywords-Non-Isolated Hi-directional CUK Converter
(NHCq; Renewable Energy Generation; Coupling Capacitor;
Ripple Factor
I. INTROD UCTION
One of the professor in California institute of
technology (Slobodan chook) invented new device in the
dc-dc converter topologies. The name of that device is
called CUK converter based on professor title name. This
device gives better relief to the power electronics society.
CUK converter provides both input and output are
continues and get less ripple in output voltage. Besides,
we have to kept high value of coupling capacitor for
stiffuess of voltage. Due to this capacitor only transfer of
energy from input port to output port [1].
In our practical cases, we have to establish bi-
directional DC-DC converters for the continuity of supply
for the consumers [2]. Bi-directional dc-dc converters
came into picture due application requirement and
978-1 -4673-8587-9/16/$31 .00 ©2016 IEEE
customer satisfaction [3-4]. one of austere drawback in
CUK converter is negative output voltage with respect to
the ground. SEPIC converter contributes remedies for the
all above mention problem and gives good results in the
way of efficiency, ripple and power density [5-6].
Bi-directional DC-DC converters are come into
picture due to renewable energy generation [7]. This
energy generation required backup for the continuity of
supply to the consumer. Energy storage system is must for
the renewable energy generation plants [8]. Bi-directional
DC- DC converters are required for the Bi-directional
power flow between the energy storage system and dc-bus
bar. Bi-Directional SEPIC converter is better performance
than the other Bi-Directional DC-DC converters in the
way of ripples in output voltage and power density [9].
II. ANALYSIS
Non-Isolated Bi-directional Buck DC-DC Converter
(NBBC)
The relation between input voltage (Vs) and output
voltage (Vo) is derived by the volt- second balance in the
output inductor of the bi-directional dc-dc converter.
Because, the voltage wave is periodic and symmetrical
wave in the inductor as well as voltage across inductor has
been zero over a cycle and duty ratio is given as 50% of
the total time period. Furthermore, the converter operation
is buck in forward mode (left to right) and also, it has
operate in boost mode in backward mode (right to left).In
forward mode, switches (SI and D2) are active and
backward mode, switches (S2 and Dl) are active.
J
h
SI
c R ~Vo
v,
D2
'-----_~<:~~>~----''---'' 1
p
Fig. I: Topology of a Non-isolated Bi-directional
DC-DC Buck Converter
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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

Vo = D (1)
Vs
Applying power balance to the whole circuit, current
ratio is exactly opposite to the voltage ratio.
~
lin
I
D
(2) J
1< ......\"

Due to inductor voltage, there is a current ripple in the

output side, current ripple will be derived by the sub cycle
t
~ I I
1
of inductor voltage and then integrated the voltage
Fig. 2: Topology ofa Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Boost
waveform and then get the ripple in the current. Converter
Mo (1- D)Ts
L Applying power balance to the whole circuit, current
10
R ratio is exactly opposite to the voltage ratio.
Ts «-RL (3) Vo 1 1
V. (1- D) a
Due to capacitor current, there is a ripple in the output s 1 + (1- D)2
voltage. This ripple will be derived by the sub cycle of the Is (1- D)
capacitor current and then integrate that waveform, at last 10 1
get the ripple in the output voltage. efficiency = Vo X 10 = (I-D)2 (8)
LWo (1 - D)Ts 2 Vs Is (I-D)2+a
Vo 8LC Due to inductor voltage (VL ) , there is a current ripple
T/ = 8LC (4) (ML ) in the output side, current ripple will be derived by
The ripple in the output voltage should be less only the sub cycle of inductor voltage and then integrate the
voltage waveform and then get the ripple in the current.
when the switching frequency is higher than the circuit
LlVo DTs (9)
frequency. The circuit frequency (fc) is reciprocal of the Vo Rc
time constant of the filter inductor and load resistance. It The ripple in the output voltage must lesser only
should be always less than the switching frequency. The when the switching frequency is greater than the circuit
Analysis of dc-dc converter has not consider the frequency. The Analysis of dc-dc converter has not
switch(Vr ), inductor(Rd and source non-ideal (Rs) for consider the switch (VT), inductor(RL) and source non-
calculating the voltage ratio as well as efficieny. These are ideal (RS) for calculating the voltage ratio as well as
also considerable effect while operating in the bi-direction efficieny. These are also considerable effect while
operating in the bi-direction mode of the dc-dc converter
mode of the dc-dc converter with voltage range
with voltage range applications like dc microgrid.
applications like dc microgrid.
(VS - VT)Ton = (VS - VD - VO)TOFF
(Vs - ILRs -ILRL - Va) = (Va + ILRL)ToFF
Vo = D(l _ VT _ (I-D)VD) (5) Vo = 1 (1 _ DVT _ (1 - D)VD)
Vs Vs DVs Vs (1 - D) Vs Vs
V 1- VT _ (1- D)VD VT « Vs
~=D[ Vs DVS] VD « Vo
Vs l+ DRs+RL ' .
e ff lClency VoIo =
= -- (1
- -DVT --(I-D)VD)
- - (10)
R R VsIs Vs Vs
Vo
Vs
= D("" 1) (6) Bi-directional dc-dc converter is having one stern
drawback in the operating range of duty cycle. The
Non-Isolated Bi-Directional Boost DC-DC Converter efficiency of the boost converter is severally falls when it
(NBOC) cross the maximum operating range of the duty cycle. The
efficiency is falls below 50% in the out of the operating
The relation between input voltage (Vs ) and output

i
range of the duty cycle.
voltage (Va) is derived by the volt- second balance in the
output inductor of the bi-directional dc-dc converter. o 5, D 5, (1 - ~); a =
Because, the voltage wave is periodic and symmetrical efficiency 5, 0.5; D 2:: (1- ..Ja) (11)
wave in the inductor as well as voltage across inductor has
been zero over a cycle and duty ratio is given as 50% of Non-Isolated Bi-Directional Fly-Back DC-DC Converter
the total time period. (NBFC)
Vs x Ton = (VS - VO)TOFF The relation between input voltage (Vs ) and output
Vo...:!L I
(7)
Vs TOFF (I-D) voltage (Va ) is derived by the volt- second balance in the
output inductor of the bi-directional dc-dc converter and

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

duty ratio is given as 50% of the total time period. The Coupling capacitor is transfer energy from the input
Analysis of dc-dc converter has not consider the port to the output port through electro-magnetic
switch(VT), inductor(RL) and source non-ideal (RS) for conversation.
calculating the voltage ratio as well as efficieny. These are Ll11.
ESR <_0
also considerable effect while operating in the bi-direction - Me
mode of the dc-dc converter with voltage range C »!::.IL2_1_ (15)
applications like dc microgrid. o !::.Vo 8Fs
Vo Ton D In CUK converter, apply KVL in the outer loop of the
--- --- circuit and then find out the voltage across coupling
Vs TOFF (1 - D)
10 (1- D) capacitor.
Is D
-Vs + 0 + Vee - 0 - Vo = 0
efficiency = Vola =1 (12) Vee = Vs + Vo (16)
1>1
Vs l s This capacitor can bare the large ripple voltage.
02
Because, its voltage is internal change of the operation and

c
r-
:\'0
it' s not affect the output voltage ripple. Equivalent series
resistance (ESR) of coupling capacitor is high. On the
other hand, practically, film capacitor is having high ESR
value and it is suitable for the coupling capacitor for the
CUK converter.
I ::> > T'11+ IoDTs
< Ll Ve e =----c;-
Fig. 3: Topology ofa Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Fly-back Ce>-- loDTs
(17)
Converter !::.vee
Consider off-period of the CUK converter for the
(Vs - iLRL)Ton = -(Vo + ILRL)ToFF design of the input inductor based on the volt-seconds
Vo D 1
balance.
V. (1- D) a
s 1 + (1- D)2 LlILI
LI (1 _ IJ)Ts = i/o
efficiency = Vola = (I-D)2 (13)
Vs l s a+(I-D)2 Vo
LI = t;;J(1- D)Ts
L[
Non-Isolated Bi-Directional CUK DC-DC Converter
(NBCC) i = 1(Or)2 (18)

Non-isolated Bi-directional CUK converter having bi-
directional power flow and consists of linear and non-
linear elements for the energy transfer from the input port
to the output port.it is better converter than the fly back in
the way of output current waveform and ripple voltage and
duty ratio is given as 50% of the total time period.
Non-Isolated Bi-Directional SEPIC DC-DC Converter
(NBSC)
Non-isolated bi-directional SEPIC converter is
basically derived from the primitive converters. SEPIC
converter is derived from the boost converter with extra
inductor and capacitor by physical view of the circuit.

r- SEPIC converter is derived from the buck-boost circuit by

the understood of operation. RMS current of inductor (Ll)
is calculated by the integration of voltage across that
inductor. Current through the inductor (Ll) is equation is

L=__~____~~~ ) 1
1 +
mentioned below.
2
ILlrms = v'3 Is (19)
< ::> RMS current of inductor (L2) is calculated by the
integration of voltage across that inductor.
Fig. 4: Topology ofa Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Cuk Converter 2
IL2rms = v'3 10 (20)
VsDTs + (Vs - (Vs - Vec ))(1- D)Ts =0 Output capacitor current can be derived by the charge
va -D
(14) balance in the output capacitor and then find out the
Vs (I-D)
It is very complex circuit design and output voltage is values by sub-cycle of the operation. Output capacitor
negative with respect to the ground. Voltage-second current(lc) is given below and duty ratio is given as 50%
balance and charge balance are the key concepts for the of the total time period.
calculating of steady state parameters. Ierms =maxC3Is,Io) (21)

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

• Dutl::!ut vGKage
28.0
x 23.336
27.0

j 26.0
25.0
1'1
\ I I
I\. A II II
\
1\ 1\
\
II
IT
026.669
l:. 3.3>4

T+
\I \ I I : \ \ I \
V: rv
Min 23.279
y
"'-
24.0
~ V V V V
23.0 Max 26.67 1
~

g
Co
22.0
R c?V u
21.0
: :

'-----'"--'-_--1.-1.1- (c)

<====>
Fig. 5: Topology ofa Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Sepic
Converter
Coupling capacitor current can be derived by the
charge balance in the coupling capacitor and then find out
the values by sub-cycle of the operation. Coupling
capacitor current (Icc) is given below.
lccrms = max C3151 :310) (22)
Due to output capacitor current (Icc), there is a ripple
I'
Fig. 6: Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Buck Converter: (a) Input
Current, (b) Output Current and (c) Output Voltage
The above Figures are pertaining to the NBBC. The
Figures (a), (b), and (c) are represent the input and output
current and output voltage respectively. The output current
ripple and voltage ripple are indicates 0.463 and 3.334 in
the respective figures in right side of the Fig.
Non-Isolated Bi-Directional Boost DC-DC Converter
(NBOC)

fHI I i""~~~~
(Va ) in the output voltage. This ripple is derived by the
sub-cycle of the capacitor current and then integrates that
waveform, at foregoing get the ripple in the output
~
"- II
voltage.
~
<3 Iii I · •
LlV: = I1Q = lout XT = l out
-30

(23)

"
:"- I
o Co Co Cf (a)

f ::H -f-HlH+ ~~:

Non-isolated Bi-directional dc-dc SEPIC converter
should provide better results than the non-isolated
primitive dc-dc converters and non-isolated dc-dc CUK
converter. This converter is works better in the renewable 0.0 , Max 10.1 97
energy production. SEPIC converter effectively work on ~

-5.0 j I:
o
the environment of the photo voltaic generation. Thus, the
SEPIC converter can sweep the entire I-V curve of a solar (b)
panel. 56.0
• oulputvolage
J==r:::=
III. PSCAD SIMULATION RESULTS
The converters are distinguishing based on the
continuous or dis-continuous input current and inductor 42.0

current. The converters are individual based on ripple (c)

factor, power density, and output voltage with same Fig. 7: Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Boost Converter: (a) Input
switching and circuit frequency and same duty ratio and Current, (b) Output Current and (c) Output Voltage
input voltage.

_
The above Figures are relating to NBOC. The Figures
Non-Isolated Bi-Directional Buck DC-DC Converter (a), (b), and (c) are represent the input and output current
(NBBC) and output voltage correspondingly. The output current
ripple and voltage ripple are indicates 0.621 and 3.177 in

~
6 .0

:: - -
.

~- -
'

- - -- ,
-' . _ _

-- -- -
_ _

- - -- -
..

- - - - ==- ..~~D~:D
04.929
'"
the individual figures in right side of the Fig.

Non-Isolated Bi-Directional Fly-Back DC-DC Converter

§ ~: -: -- --:: i ----- ----- - == (NBFC)
<.> 1.0 -- -- -t ----- ---- Max 5.381

0 .0
15.0 • nput
i curren I

r;-. :1'1
(a) 10.0 X 0.000

J <f 5.0 b h h h 0 7.882

L

[j-
:<r
x 4.743
0 5.206
~ 0.0 LJ L , L L L 11 7.882

i
6. 0.463 Q)
:::l -5.0 Min 0000
Min 4.656
U -10.0 : : 1018)(8.060
Max 5.334
~

o
-15.0 : :
0.0

(b) (a)

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

0.50
• output cu rrent I The above Figures are concerning to the NBCC. The
x -4.159
0.00 Figures (a), (b), and (c) are represent the input and output
-0.50 0 -3.791
-1.00 '; 0.368 current and output voltage correspondingly. The output
~
c -1.50 Min -4.179 current ripple and voltage ripple are indicates 0.220 and
~ -2.00 loIax-3.n5 l.781 in the individual graphs in right side of the Figures.
"
u
"5
c.
-2.50
-3.00
"5 -3.50 Non-Isolated B i-Directional SEPIC DC-DC Converter
o
-4.00 1 A JA h A A IA A:.A_..d.._A
, "'I"
IA
(NBSC)
-4.50

(b)
The below Figures are regarding to the NBSC. The
graphs (a), (b), and (c) are represent the input and output
-18.00 • out~ut volag e current and output voltage individually. The output current
x -20.680
~ -18.50 ' , ripple and voltage ripple are indicates 0.368 and 2.067 in
-19.00 IA A :" A IA A A A IA 0 -18.613
the individual figures in right side of the Fig.
E /
Q)

-19.50 J I: : 11 J 1 1/\
1 £:, 2.067

~ 1 / : .:/ If / / / 1 T Min -20.725

,
-2000
"[
~
-2050 \I \/ : H \I \I \I \1
"T "T ,
II IT
T -y-
101"'-18.598

~:: X 22.713

H
-2toO '1 : , 0 22.019

~ 150 '; -0.694

(c) c 10.0 : :
Min 21.689
~ Max 22.959
Fig. 8: Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Fl y-back Converter: (a) Input 8 5.0
Current, (b) Output Current and (c) Output Voltage
0.0

The above figures are concerning to the NBOC. The (a)

Figures (a), (b), and (c) are represent the input and output
:- output current
current and output voltage correspondingly. The output X 9.429
current ripple and voltage ripple are indicates 0.368 and 30

~~ 1 I :: I I 1
~ 0 9.268
2.067 in the individual figures in right side of the Fig. c '; -0.161
~

"
Min 9.263
u
Non-Isolated Bi-Directional CUK D C-DC Converter Max 9.425
:~~ ~ I ii I I I I
"5
c.
(NBCC) "5
o -30

~~ r~i"i----i-----i-----i----i----- ~~~:~ (b)

~ j~j==t=1±±=
,; 1.083 76 .00

~ :::: ~ IJ /tI )I • )I
~ 1~ ~
i Ii Ffl1=+=1±=I IJ /J fI fI n'~
Min 21.854

~ ~::::
~ \t~ (V~\(I~V{~V(~V{~VI~1V
Max 23.080 J
Min ;4283
\I V
7450
~ . Max 75.765
c... 74 .00
(a) :;
o 73.50

40 • out put cu rrent I

X-14.7n
(c)
30 1---+---~~~_1~~--_+--~--~---
~ 0 -14.997
20 1---+---+---~--+-~+---+---+---+---- Fig. 10: Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC Sepic Con verter: (a) Input
~ 101---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---- '; -0.220
C urrent, (b) Output C urrent and (c) Output Voltage
a 0+---+---~~~_1--~--_+--~--~--- Min - 15.074

"[ -1 0 1-t:::::~$*$:a:=$~~=
Max -14.748
In this paper, especially compare of input current,
-20
~ -30 output current, output voltage and their ripple values to the
afore mention converter topologies are shown in the
(b)
graphs. The result of the all converter topologies are given
25
• out~ ut volage J X -150.736
in the table as shown below .
0 TABLE I: COMPARISON OFALL NON-ISOLATED B I-
-25
TABLE !.
~ 0-148.955
DIRECTIONA L DC-DC C ONVERTERS
Q) -50
£:. 1.781
'"'" -75 [nput Current Output Current Output Voltage

I~
,.
"0 -100
-125
Min -150.748
Ripple Ripple Ripple
:; 1,1"' -148.937
-150 Topolo .
"- (~ [s) (~ 10) (~ Vol
:; -175
0 -200 I. NBBC discontinuous 0.463 3.310
2. NBOC 0.09 0.621 3.177
(c) 3. NBFC discontinuous 0.393 2.067
Fig. 9: Non-isolated Bi-directional D C-DC Cuk Converter: (a) Input 4. NBCC 1.083 0.220 1.781
C urrent, (b) Output Current and (c) Output Voltage 5. NBSC 0.694 0.161 1.325

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
IV. CONCLUSION
The non-isolated bi-directional SEPIC dc-dc
converter (NBSC) gives better performance than the non-
isolated bi-directional CUK dc-dc converter (NBCC) in
the way of less ripple voltage (1.325) and high output
voltage (75.653). The input and output current are
continuous and less output current ripple (0.161% of
average output current) and output voltage ripple (l.325%
of the output voltage) compare to the non-isolated
bi-directional dc-dc cuk converters. Coupling capacitor
value is independent on the output voltage ripple.
Because, it' s internal change of operation and coupling of
input port and output port. The value of internal capacitor
(coupling capacitor) is 20 times lower than the output
capacitor value and its ESR value is not considering for
calculating the value .. because, its value completely
depends on the internal operation of the coupling
capacitor. The non-isolated bi-directional SEPIC converter
(NBSC) would perform better than the above mention dc-
dc converters in the way of ripple factor range of voltage
capability and power density.
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