Chemistry SCORE A+ 2011

GUIDELINES ON ANSWERING QUESTIONS IN CHEMISTRY A ER 2 AND A ER !

GUIDELINES ON ANSWERING QUESTIONS IN CHEMISTRY PAPER 2

GUIDELINES ON ANSWERING STRUCTURED QUESTION 1. General (a) As with other subjects, you should read all questions carefully and circle all important key words. (b) Answers can be s !r" but they must be #rec$se and c!%#le"e. (c) The space provided for your answer gives an indication as to how long! the answer should be. (d) Always look at the marks allotted for each question as a guide to how many points you should give. 2. Ans&ers %'s" be PRECISE. "eed not write in complete sentence but your answer must be PRECISE. #$ample% &tate the conversion of energy that occurs during the electrolysis. Answer%

The energy conversion that occurs during electrolysis is from electrical energy to chemical energy.

To chemical energy. 'Answer incomplete. ( mark)* +rom electrical energy to chemical energy.
(. Ans&ers %'s" rela"e "! " e nee)s !* " e +'es"$!n. ,o not give answers that are not related to the need of the question. -ead the question carefully and 'n)erl$ne,c$rcle important information or keywords. #$ample .% &tate the !bser-a"$!n(s). &tate what you e$perienced with your five senses only. 'see, hear, smell, touch, taste*.

Inc!rrec" !bser-a"$!n
/hlorine gas released. /opper formed. ,eflection of the galvanometer

/!rrec" !bser-a"$!n
E**er-escence01as bubbles released0 2ight green gas given out. .r!&n s!l$) deposited. /.r!&n )e#!s$"s0 ,eflection of the galvanometer nee)le.

#$ample 3 4rite the *!r%'la for the product formed between sodium and o$ygen. Answer%

"a 5 63

"a36

"a36

or 7

8"a 5 63 3"a36

#$ample 9 4rite the $!n$c e+'a"$!n for the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydro$ide. Answer%

:/l 5 "a6: "a/l 5 :36

:5 5 6:; :36

3:5 5 36:; 3:36

#$ample 8 1iven equation of reaction% 8"a 5 63 3"a36 "ame the product formed.

"a36

sodium o$ide.
3

(. Use " e c!rrec" "er%$n!l!12. <ust use the correct terminology. =f name of a person is used as unit or a chemical process, it must be in capital letter. ,o not use abbreviation such as #./.& , -A< or -<<. The followings are some of the common inaccurate0incomplete answers given by students. .. 3. 9. 8. ?. A. B. C. D. 4rong >urple solution disappears. No reaction. /olour of water is clear/white -ate of reaction is faster/slower. Zinc donates two electrons. /opper molecule Bromine ion. H+ ion increase.

#lectrons flow from Einc metal to copper metal. .(. Forces of attraction are weak. ... Soap consists of two parts. .3. #nergy unit% j (joule) .9. Position of Einc is above copper. .8. -eagent to verify iodine. starch

/orrect >urple solution becomes c!l!'rless N! c an1e C!l!'rless0no colour -ate of reaction is $1 er,l!&er @inc a"!% donates two electrons /opper a"!% .r!%$)e ion C!ncen"ra"$!n , N'%ber !* %!les of hydrogen ion, :5 increases. #lectrons flow from Einc metal to copper metal " r!'1 " e &$re. In"er%!lec'lar forces of attraction are weak. &oap an$!n consists of two parts. Fnit joule % 3 >osition of Einc is above copper in the elec"r!c e%$cal ser$es. !r Einc is %!re elec"r!#!s$"$-e than copper &tarch s!l'"$!n.

4. Descr$b$n1 c e%$cal "es"5 Descr$#"$!n %'s" a-e 617 c!rrec" rea1en"8 627 #r!ce)'re8 an) 6(7 e9#ec"e) !bser-a"$!n. ,o not give the reagent only. Gou must state how you would carry out the test using the reagent and what is the observation to verify the identity of the substance. #$ample% "ame gas G and describe a method to verify its identity. Answer%

:ydrogen. Test with wooden splinter :ydrogen. >lace a lighted splinter into the test tube. :ydrogen. Place, P'",Near a l$1 "e) &!!)en s#l$n"er into the test tube. A :#!#; s!'n) is heard
verifying the gas is hydrogen. <. Wr$"$n1 balance) c e%$cal e+'a"$!n. &tep .% 4rite the correct formula and symbol for the reactants and products. &tep 3% Halance the equation. <ole ratio in the equation must be in simple ratio.

@n 5 3:/l @n/l3 5 :3

3@n 5 8:/l 3@n/l3 5 3:3

=. S"a"$n1 c!rrec"l2 " e CHANGES $n !bser-a"$!n !r s"a"e. . Gou must state the change from the INITIAL colour0state to the >INAL colour0state. 9

The following are some of the common mistakes made by students.

4rong
. 3 9 <oist litmus paper turns red. Acidified potassium manganate(I==) turns colourless 6$idation number changes to +2

/orrect
<oist litmus paper turns from bl'e "! re) Acidified potassium manganate(I==) turns from #'r#le "! c!l!'rless. 6$idation number changes from ? "! @2

A. Wr$"$n1 clearl2 " e &!rB$n1 !* " e calc'la"$!n. &paces provided is to be used for writing the workings0steps clearly and not to be used for rough calculation. <arks are also given for workings and hence they must be written clearly. Fnit must be correct. #$ample%

4rong working and answer

.A A8

/orrect working and answer

"umber of mole sodiumJ .A J (.3? A8 <ass of o$ygen gas J (.3? $ 93 J C g

J (.3?

(.3? $ 93 J C g

C. Pl!""$n1 " e 1ra# Hoth a$es must be labelled with the correct variable and unit (if any) must be written. =f no scale is given, use the appropriate scale so that the graph drawn covers at least half of the page. >oints plotted must be correct. ,raw the best straight line 0curve. =f value of the variable needs to be obtained form the graph, you must show how this value is obtained. D. Dra&$n1 " e se" '# !* a##ara"'s. &et up of apparatus drawn must be functional. <aterials and main apparatus must be labelled. Areas representing solids, liquids and solutions must be shaded. A two dimensional diagram should be drawn.

.el!& are s!%e )$a1ra%s !* " e se" '# !* a##ara"'s *!r cer"a$n e9#er$%en"s. Can 2!' $)en"$*2 " e %$s"aBes $n eac )$a1ra%sE

GUIDELINES ON ANSWERING PAPER 2 ESSAY QUESTION A. General -ead all questions carefully. Always note the marks allotted for each part of the question. This will an indication as to how many points0facts you need to answer. 4herever possible, substantiate your answer with labelled diagrams or equations. Answer according to the needs0instructions of the question. <arks are allotted for each instruction. .. W 2 s"')en"s l!se %arBs .. ,id not give enough facts0points or incomplete facts. 3. ,id not give the correct conditions of the e$periment. 9. ,id not write chemical equation. 8. 4rong words or terms used. SUGGESTED >ORMAT TO USE WHEN ANSWERING PAPER 2 ESSAY QUESTION 6ESSAY INFOLFING CARRYING OUT AN EGPERIMENT7 Descr$#"$!n =t would be good if you can write a "$"le !r a$% of the e$periment. This would enable you to stay focused and hopefully you will not write out of point) 1. T$"le ,A$% Just read the question and write a statement ased on the need instruction of the question! 2. A##ara"'s an) 2ist all the apparatus and material se#ara"el2. "f #ou are una le to do so$ #ou %a"er$al can group all under one heading % &'pparatus and materialK "ormally "&! %arBs are allotted (. Se"H'# !* .st mark% The a##ara"'s set up is *'nc"$!nal. a##ara"'s )$a1ra% 3nd mark% All chemical substance and main apparatus are labelle). (solutions, solids must be s a)e)) 4. Pr!ce)'re Gou need to briefly e$plain how to set up the apparatus for the e$periment. Y!' %'s" )escr$be !& 2!' :%eas're an) #!'r; " e c e%$cal s'bs"ances $n"! a##r!#r$a"e c!n"a$ners. Fal'es !* c!ncen"ra"$!n an) -!l'%e of the solution and0or other data must be statedL especially for e$periment which include calculation. S"e#s taken while carrying out the e$periment must be written in the c!rrec" !r)er. '(he correct order of the steps will ena le #ou to carr# out the experiment successfully.* 4rite% M-eadings or0 and measurements are rec!r)e)K. ,o not write Mbeing read, observed, etcK Gou must ensure that the chemical substances you choose are correct and will react accordingly to give the desired result;giving the c!rrec" #r!)'c"s. /hemical substances can be written in &!r)s !r c e%$cal *!r%'lae. =f ? I"e%

I"e%

4. Obser-a"$!n , " e!r2 , e9#lana"$!n

<. Tab'la"$!n !* )a"a , res'l"

Descr$#"$!n chemical formulae are used, they must be c!rrec". The physical state of the chemical substances must also be stated. #$ample% s!l'"$!n !r s!l$) !r 1as, #!&)ere) or #$eces or ribbon, acidified or neutral, etc. .. Ans&er acc!r)$n1 "! " e nee)s !* " e e9#er$%en". =f certain facts are not asked, you can write br$e*l2. 3. =nclude chemical equation 0 half equation or graph in your answer. These will make your answer more easily understood. The readings normally need to be presented in a table. Gour table must have the correct headings and units. Ialues must be given for the manipulated variable. &ymbols can be used for the responding variable. T$%e 6sec!n)7 9( A( D( .3( ? Te%#era"'re 6 C7 t. t3 t9 t8 =f real values are not given, you can 'se 'nBn!&n s'c as 98 2 !r I in your calculations. All steps must be clearly shown. Un$"s %'s" be &r$""en. A c!ncl's$!n must be written based on the aim of the e$periment.

=. Calc'la"$!n A. C!ncl's$!n

SAMPLE ANSWERS >OR PAPER 2 ESSAY QUESTION Sa%#le 1 (a) ,escribe an e$periment to investigate the effect temperature on rate of reaction. '.3 marks* (b) 4ith reference to the collision theory, e$plain how this affects the rate of reaction. '8 marks* Sa%#le Ans&er 6a7 E**ec" !* "e%#era"'re !n ra"e !* reac"$!n.

'"ote% (a) The set up of apparatus drawn is functional. (b) All the materials are labelled* Apparatus and material% <easuring cylinder ?( cm9, measuring cylinder ? cm9, stopwatch, thermometer, ? conical flask of the same siEe, Hunsen burner, wire gauEe, match bo$, cloth, sodium thiosulphate (.. mol dm;9, dilute hydrochloric acid 3 mol dm;9, water, paper >rocedure% .. <?.? c%( of sodium thiosulphate ?.1 %!l )%H( is measured using a measuring cylinder. 3. The solution is then poured into a clean conical flask. 9. The "e%#era"'re of the solution is measured using the thermometer and the rea)$n1 rec!r)e). 8. <.? c%( of dilute hydrochloric acid 2 %!l )%J( is measured using another measuring cylinder. ?. The acid is then #!'re) into the flask and the s"!#&a"c $s s"ar"e) $%%e)$a"el2. A

A. B.

The flask is swirled and placed on a piece of paper with mark N! drawn. The mark N! is observed through the solution vertically and the "$%e "aBen *!r " e %arB :G; "! )$sa##ear *r!% s$1 " $s rec!r)e). C. &tep . to step B of the e$periment is repeated using solutions of sodium thiosulphate heated to different temperatures as shown in the table. D. The solution is heated as shown in the diagram .(. +or each of the e$periment, the other variables are fi$ed. They are% (a) volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate. (b) volume and concentration of dilute acid. (c) &iEe of the conical flask. ... To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of equation, two graphs are drawn, i.e. (a) 1raph of temperature against time, (b) 1raph of temperature against .0time Tabulation of data E9#er$%en" Te%# 6 C7 T$%e , 6s7 1,"$%e 6s 7
J1 !

. 3C t. a.

3 9C t3 a3

9 8C t9 a9

8 ?C t8 a8

1raph (i)

1raph (ii)

+rom graph (i), it is shown that the higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate, the shorter the time for the mark N! to disappear from sight. +rom graph (ii), it is shown that as the temperature of sodium thiosulphate increases, the rate of reaction given by .0time increases. /hemical equation "a3&369 5 3:/l 3"a/l 5 :36 5 &63 5 &(p) /onclusion 4hen the temperature of the reactant (sodium thiosulphate) increases, the rate of reaction increases. (b) C!ll$s$!n " e!r2 .. The reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute hydrochloric acid to form solid sulphur is represented by the following ionic equation% &3693O 5 3:5 &635 :36 5 & 3. 4hen the "e%#era"'re $ncreases, the B$ne"$c ener12 of &3693O ions and :5 ions $ncreases and the ions %!-es *as"er. B

9. :ence the *re+'enc2 !* c!ll$s$!n between &3693O ions and :5 ions will $ncrease. 8. The increase in temperature also increases the #ercen"a1e !* $!ns with energy more than or equal to the ac"$-a"$!n ener12. ?. Therefore the *re+'enc2 !* e**ec"$-e c!ll$s$!n between the particles will also increase. A. &ubsequently the rate of reaction will increase,

Sa%#le 2 )a* +h# late, does not coagulates when it is inside the ru er tree- ./ mar0s1 ) * 2,plain how coagulation of late, occurs when it is e,posed to air! .3 mar0s1 Sa%#le ans&er )a* [Drawing of diagrams will help you and increases your chances to score higher marks] .. 2ate$ is a c!ll!$)al s!l'"$!n. =t consists of r'bber #ar"$cles dispersed in water. 3. #ach rubber #ar"$cle is made up !* %an2 l!n1Jc a$n r'bber %!lec'les enclosed by a proteinO like %e%brane & $c $s ne1a"$-el2 c ar1e).

9. The ne1a"$-e c ar1es around the rubber particles cause re#'ls$!n be"&een " ese #ar"$cles to occur when they are near each other. 8. :ence the re#'ls$!n be"&een " e ne1a"$-el2Jc ar1e) #ar"$cles prevents the rubber particles from coming close to each other. ?. :ence late$ could not coagulate.

6b7 Sa%#le ans&er .. #ach rubber #ar"$cle is made up !* %an2 l!n1Jc a$n r'bber %!lec'les enclosed by a proteinO like %e%brane & $c $s ne1a"$-el2 c ar1e).

3. The ne1a"$-e c ar1es around the rubber particles cause re#'ls$!n be"&een " ese #ar"$cles to occur when they near each other. 9. :ence the re#'ls$!n be"&een " e ne1a"$-el2Jc ar1e) #ar"$cles prevents the rubber particles from coming close to each other. 8. /oagulation of late$ can occur when it is e9#!se) "! a$r for a few days. C

?. /oagulation is caused by bac"er$a $n " e a$r which enter the late$. A. The growth and spread of the bac"er$a #r!)'ce ac$) that causes the coagulation of the late$. B. Acid contain 2)r!1en H@ $!ns & $c ne'"ral$Ie " e ne1a"$-e c ar1es on the protein membrane of the rubber particles.

C. 4ith the absence of the repulsive negative charges, the rubber particles can now come close together.

D. This enables them to c!ll$)e &$" !ne an!" er res'l"$n1 $n " e breaBa1e !* " e #r!"e$n %e%brane.

.(. The rubber molecules c!%b$ne &$" !ne an!" er an) en"an1le and thus causing the late$ to coagulate.

GUIDELINE ON ANSWERING QUESTIONS IN CHEMISTRY PAPER (

1. Pa#er ( >!r%a" Time Type of instrument &tructure item 6pen response item -eport item "umber of question 3 or 9 /ompulsory /onstruct Question . R 3 #valuate Aspect of &cientific >rocess &kills Question 9 #valuate Aspect of #$perimenting <arks 99 .B

.P jam

2. All!ca"$!n !* %arBs Sc!re Descr$#"$!n ( E9cellen"% /andidate gave the bes" response. 2 Sa"$s*ac"!r2 % /andidate gave an a-era1e response 1 WeaB% /andidate gave an $nacc'ra"e response. ( /andidate gave n! response or &r!n1 response (. Sc$en"$*$c sB$lls 6Assese) $n s"r'c"'re) +'es"$!n. T!"al %arBs5 ((7 D

.. 6bserving SS?(. 3. /lassifying SS?(3 9. <easuring and using numbers SS?(9 8. =nferring SS?(8 ?. >redicting SS?(? A. /ommunicating SS?(A B. Fsing spaceOtime relationship SS?(B C. =nterpreting ,ata SS?(C D. ,efining operationally SS?(D .(. /ontrolling variables SS?.( ... :ypothesiEing SS?.. 4. Tec n$+'es !n ans&er$n1 +'es"$!n 6a7 Class$*2$n1 ,raw a table with a ruler. #very column must have a correct heading and units <F&T be written (if any) 6b7 6c7 Obser-$n1 4rite what you will see8 ear8 *eel8 "as"e !r s%ell. MaB$n1 $n*erence &tate the appropriate inference that e$plains the observation. Gou must give an inference that corresponds with the observation. Pre)$c"$n1% Gou need to analyse all the information given (observations, previous e$periences or data that can be trusted) and hence make a forecast (prediction) according to the need of the question. Meas'r$n1 an) 's$n1 n'%bers Gou must write the value of the measurement according to the accuracy of the apparatus used. All the values written must be uniform and have the correct unit. #$ample of reading Apparatus Accuracy of reading and its unit -uler 6ne decimal place D.A c% #lectronic balance 6ne decimal place .(.?1 9?.( s &top watch 3A.? s 9 <easuring cylinder ?( cm 3?.( c%( 6ne decimal place. The decimal 9 >ipette 3? cm place must end with ( or ?. 3?.( c%( Thermometer ( ; ..( (/ 9?.( ?C Ioltmeter ( ; 9I 3.? F Two decimal places. The second .3. 3( c%( Hurette ?( cm9 decimal place must end with a ( .3. (( c%( or ?. .3. 9? c%(

6)7

6e7

Q'es"$!n ( /1A MarBs0 =nvolves KPlann$n1 !n carr2$n1 !'" an e9#er$%en".L Answer according to the need of the question. 4rite the report according to the headings required in the question. Gou must write the headings and not the question number or part question. .(

Tec n$+'e !n ans&er$n1 +'es"$!n ( 6a7 A$% !* e9#er$%en" -ead the question carefully and the aim for the e$periment is clearly stated in the question) The aim must be written accurately. 6b7 Pr!ble% s"a"e%en" The problem statement must be a question ending with a question mark 7!. The problem statement should use certain key word such as% M4hat ........KL M:ow ....K "eed to be accurate and complete. 6c7 H2#!" es$s The statement correlates the %an$#'la"e) -ar$able with the res#!n)$n1 -ar$able. The %an$#'la"e) -ar$able must be written $n *r!n" of the statement and followed by the responding variable. "eed to state the :)$rec"$!n; !* c an1e for b!" " e -ar$able. (the direction may be right or wrong) 6)7 All -ar$ables Man$#'la"e) -ar$able5 Ma"er$als that we use and change in the e$periment. Res#!n)$n1 -ar$able% Meas're%en" (using apparatus, through observation or product of the reaction) that is recorded for each material that we change in the e$periment. 6e7 L$s" !* a##ara"'s an) %a"er$als &tate the name of all materials (including its concentration) and all apparatus. A labelled diagram of the setOup of apparatus may complement the list. 6*7 Pr!ce)'re F!l'%e an) c!ncen"ra"$!n must be written. S"a"e " e +'an"$"2 of the material used. ,o not write about three gramK. The steps in the procedure must be $n !r)er. Fse #ass$-e sentences. 617 Tab'la"$!n !* )a"a <ust draw table using a ruler. #very column must have a heading and its unit (if any) <anipulated variable must be on the left side of the table and responding variable on the right side. SAMPLE ESSAY >OR PAPER ( T!#$c5 Ra"e !* reac"$!n <arble (/alcium carbonate) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, water and carbon dio$ide gas. ,ifferent siEes of calcium carbonate will give different rate of reaction. >lan an e$periment to investigate the effect of total surface area of calcium carbonate on the rate of reaction. Gour planning should include the following headings. (a) Aim of e$periment (b) >roblem statement (c) :ypothesis (d) Iariables (e) Apparatus and materials (f) >rocedure (g) Table of data ..

Sa%#le Ans&er (a) Aim of e$periment To investigate the effect of total surface area of marble on the rate of reaction. (b) >roblem statement :ow does the total surface area of marble affect the rate of reaction7 (c) :ypothesis The bigger the total surface area of marble, the higher is the rate of reaction. (d) Iariables (i) <anipulated variable% Total surface area (ii) -esponding variable% Iolume of carbon dio$ide given off (iii) +i$ed variable% <ass of marble, concentration of hydrochloric acid, volume of hydrochloric acid, temperature of reactants. Apparatus% Hurette ?( cm9, measuring cylinder, ?( cm9, electronic balance, conical flask, delivery tube with stopper, retort stand with clamp, basin, stopwatch <aterial% ?.( g large marble chips, ?.( g small marble chips, dilute hydrochloric acid (.3 mol dm;9, water.

>rocedure% .. Wa"er $s a))e) $n"! " e b're""e and inverted as shown in the diagram. The water level is adjusted to " e <? c%( %arB. 3. The water used is saturated with carbon dio$ide gas before the e$periment. 9. Fsing a %eas'r$n1 c2l$n)er, <?.? c%( of dilute hydrochloric ac$) ?.2 %!l )%H( is %eas're) and #!'re) into a conical flask. 8. <.? 1 of small marble is weighted and added into the conical flask and the stopwatch is started $%%e)$a"el2. '(he conical flas0 is stopped immediatel# 1 ?. The volume of carbon dio$ide gas collected at intervals of 9( seconds is rec!r)e) until the reaction stopped. 'or until ?( cm9 of gas* A. S"e# 1 "! s"e# < $s re#ea"e) by using lar1e %arble "! re#lace " e s%all %arble c $#s. Tabulation of data Time (s) Hurette reading (cm9) Iolume of /63 evolved (cm9) ( 9( A( D( .3 ( .? ( .C ( 3.(

.3