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formulas1STANDALONE (1) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
formulas1STANDALONE (1) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
2 tan A 1tan2 A A cos A = 1+cos 2 2 1 sin2 A = 2 1 cos 2A 2 1 (A + B ) cos 1 (A B ) sin A + sin B = 2 sin 2 2 1 (A + B ) cos 1 (A B ) cos A + cos B = 2 cos 2 2 1 sin A sin B = 2 {cos(A B ) cos(A + B )} 1 sin A cos B = 2 {sin(A B ) + sin(A + B )}
sin(A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B Atan B tan(A B ) = 1tan tan A tan B cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A sin A = 2
1cos A 2 sin A tan A = 1+cos 2 A 1 cos2 A = 2 +1 cos 2A 2 1 1 sin A sin B = 2 cos 2 (A + B ) sin 2 (A B ) 1 1 cos A cos B = 2 sin 2 (A + B ) sin 2 (B A) 1 cos A cos B = 2 {cos(A B ) + cos(A + B )}
Dierentiation Formulas: dv d (uv ) = u dx + du v dx dx dy dy du Chain rule: dx = du dx d du cos u = sin u dx dx 1 du d 1 sin u = , < sin1 u < 2 dx 2 2 1u dx d 1 du 1 1 tan u = , < tan u < 2 dx 1+u dx 2 2 d 1 du ln u = dx u dx Integration Formulas:
Integration by parts: u dv = uv v du
u(dv/dx) d u = v(du/dx)v 2 dx v d du sin u = cos u dx dx d 2 du tan u = sec u dx dx d 1 1 du , (0 < cos1 cos u = dx 1u2 dx d u u du e = e dx dx d a e du loga u = log , a = 0, 1 dx u dx
u < )
sin 2u 4 sin 2u 4
tan2 u du = tan u u du 1 =a tan1 u a + a2 du = sin1 u a a2 u2 du = ln(u + u2 a2 ) u2 a2 ax bx+b sin bx) eax cos bx dx = e (a cos a2 +b2 u2 x2 sin ax dx = x cos ax dx =
2x a2
du u a = 21 a ln u+a a2 du = ln(u + u2 + a2 ) u2 + a2 ax bxb cos bx) eax sin bx dx = e (a sin a2 +b2 x sin ax dx = sin2 ax dx =
sin ax a2 x 2
x cos ax a
sin ax + +
2 a3
x2 a
cos ax
2x a2
sin 2ax 4a
cos ax a2 x 2
x sin ax a
x2 cos ax dx = tan2 ax dx =
cos ax + x
x2 a
2 a3
sin ax
cos2 ax dx = xeax dx = x ln x dx =
sin 2ax 4a 1 a 1 2
tan ax a
eax a x2 2
ln x dx = x ln x x
ln x
Summation Formulas:
N2 k = N1
N1 N2 +1 = , 1
k k
=1
k=0 n
ak =
k
1 , 1a
a ka = , (1 a)2 k=0
n
|a| < 1
1 an+1 , a = 1a k=0
kak =
k=0
Signals:
(t) =
d u(t) dt
x1 (t), x2 (t) =
x1 (t)x 2 (t) dt
x1 [n], x2 [n] =
n=
x 1 [n ]x 2 [n ]
Systems: System H is linear if H {ax1 (t) + bx2 (t)} = aH {x1 (t)} + bH {x2 (t)}. System H is time invariant if H {x(t t0 )} = y (t t0 ). System H is memoryless if the current output does not depend on future or past inputs. System H is invertible if distinct inputs produce distinct outputs. System H is invertible if an inverse system G exists which undoes the action of H . System H is causal if the current output does not depend on future inputs. LTI system H is causal i h(t) = 0 t < 0. Bounded: x(t) is bounded if B R, B > 0, such that |x(t)| B t R. System H is BIBO stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output.
|h(t)| dt < .
x( )h(t ) d =
x[k ]h[n k ] =
k= t
s(t) =
n
h( ) d h[k ]
k=
h(t) =
d s(t) dt
s [n ] =