1

Importance of trade, Transport and communication Q.1 Explain the importance of trade Tran!port and "o##$ni"ation% An!. i. The& lin' the area! of prod$"tion (ith area! of "on!$#ption. ii. The& red$"e di!tan"e )et(een pla"e! of nat$ral re!o$r"e! #an$fa"t$rin* and #ar'et. iii. The& fa"ilitate the #o+e#ent and ex"han*e of *ood! and !er+i"e! and people. iv. Toda&,! (orld e"ono#& hea+il& depend! on effi"ient trade tran!port and "o##$ni"ation. v. Hi*h li+in* !tandard and -$alit& of life depend on effi"ient tran!port "o##$ni"ation and trade. vi. It pro#ote "ooperation and $nit& a#on* !"attered people! Q.. /hat i! the #eanin* of ter# transport% An!. It i! a !er+i"e for the "arria*e of *ood! and pa!!en*er! fro# one pla"e to other $!in* different #ode! !$"h a! h$#an! ani#al! and +ehi"le!. Thi! #o+e#ent of *ood! and pa!!en*er! ta'e pla"e thro$*h land (ater and air therefore it ha! fo$r #ode! na#el& road(a&! and rail(a&! (ater(a&! pipeline! and air(a&!. Q.0 /hat i! the #eanin* of ter# communication% An!. It #ean! "on+e&an"e of infor#ation fro# the pla"e of ori*in to the pla"e of de!tination. Co##$ni"ation "an )e done thro$*h po!tal !er+i"e! telephone and fax !er+i"e! internet and !atellite!. The infor#ation i! "on+e&ed thro$*h a "hannel !$"h a! (ire! radio (a+e! and other fre-$en"ie!. Q.1 /hat i! the #eanin* of trade% An!. Trade #ean! ex"han*e of *ood! and !er+i"e! thro$*h #ar'et "hannel! a#on* pla"e! in re!pon!e to differen"e! in pri"e! or de#and and !$ppl&. It refer! to flo( of *ood! and !er+i"e! )ein* ex"han*ed )et(een pla"e!. Factors affecting mode of TRANSPORTATION Q.2 Explain the three fa"tor! on (hi"h the !i*nifi"an"e of a #ode of tran!port depend!. An!. The three fa"tor! on (hi"h the !i*nifi"an"e of a #ode of tran!port depend! are3 4 i. T&pe of *ood! to )e tran!ported3 4 if the *ood! (hi"h are to )e "arried are )$l'& and hea+& the& "an )e tran!ported ea!il& )& the (ater (a&!. If the *ood! are of hi*h +al$e and peri!ha)le the& are tran!ported )& air(a&!. 5i-$id! and *a!!e! are tran!ported ea!il& )& pipeline!. ii. Tran!portation "o!t3 4 road tran!portation i! "heaper for !hort di!tan"e! (hile rail(a&! are $!ed (hen the di!tan"e i! lon*. Inter national trade i! done thro$*h (ater(a&! a! it i! "heaper. iii. Mean! of tran!port a+aila)le3 4 re#ote and hill& area! "an )e rea"hed )& air(a&! a! no other tran!portation i! a+aila)le. 6or tran!port of *ood! fro# port! road(a&! are $!ed. LAND TRANSPORT

CHAPTER

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

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Q.7 De!"ri)e the de+elop#ent! (hi"h )ro$*ht re+ol$tion in land tran!port in the (orld. An!. In earl& da&! the h$#an! and ani#al! (ere the "arrier!. Re+ol$tion in land tran!portation "a#e after3 i. In+ention of !tea# en*ine in the ei*hteenth "ent$r&. It re!$lted in the introd$"tion of p$)li" rail(a& line! (hi"h )e"a#e the #o!t pop$lar and fa!te!t for# of tran!port in the nineteenth "ent$r&. It opened $p "ontinental interior! for "o##er"ial *rain far#in* #inin* and #an$fa"t$rin*. ii. The in+ention of the internal "o#)$!tion en*ine. The road -$alit& and +ehi"le! 8#otor "ar! and tr$"'!9 pl&in* o+er the# in"rea!ed #an& fold!. iii. A#on* the ne(er de+elop#ent! in land tran!portation are pipeline! rope(a&! and "a)le(a&!. i+. 5i-$id! li'e #ineral oil (ater !l$d*e and !e(er! are tran!ported )& pipeline!. Q.: An!. /hat are the re"ent;late!t de+elop#ent! in land tran!port%

Rope(a&! and "a)le(a&! ha+e )een de+eloped in hill& and diffi"$lt terrain. Pipeline! are $!ed to tran!port li-$id! and *a!!e! !$"h a! #ineral oil (ater !l$d*e and !e(er!. Roadways Q.< Explain (h& frei*ht tran!port )& road i! *ainin* i#portan"e. An!. i. Road tran!port i! the #o!t e"ono#i"al for !hort di!tan"e! a! "o#pared to rail(a&!. ii. Road! are i#portant than other #ode! of tran!port )e"a$!e it offer! door to door !er+i"e!. iii. The& pro+ide lon* di!tan"e lin'! thro$*h hi*h(a&! #otor(a&! and a$to)ahn. iv. D$e to in"rea!e in the !i=e of 5orrie! and it! po(er road(a&! "an no( "arr& lar*e and hea+& *ood!. Q.> An!. /hat are the pro)le#!?li#itation! of road tran!port% Road tran!port !$ffer! fro# !o#e li#itation! !$"h a!3 i. Un#etalled road! are not effe"ti+e and !er+i"ea)le d$rin* the rain& !ea!on. The!e )e"o#e $n#otora)le. ii. E+en the #etalled one! are !erio$!l& handi"apped d$rin* hea+& rain! and flood!. iii. The -$alit& of road! +arie! *reatl& )et(een "o$ntrie! )e"a$!e the "on!tr$"tion and #aintenan"e i! +er& hi*h. i+. Man& "itie! !$ffer fro# traffi" "on*e!tion d$rin* pea' ho$r!.

i. ii.

Hig ways Q.1@ /hat are hi*h(a&!% An!. Hi*h(a&! are #etalled road! "onne"tin* di!tant pla"e!. S$"h road! are "on!tr$"ted in a #anner that +ehi"le! "o$ld pl& in an $no)!tr$"ted #anner. The!e road! are (ide a! #$"h a! <@ #eter! !#ooth and d$el4"arria*e.

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Q.11 An!. Se+eral )rid*e! and traffi" lane! are "on!tr$"ted for the !#ooth flo( of traffi". De!"ri)e !o#e of i#portant hi*h(a&! of the (orld. I#portant hi*h(a&! of the (orld3 1. E$ropean port! are "onne"ted (ith ea"h "it& thro$*h hi*h(a&!. 2. In R$!!ia Mo!"o( i! "onne"ted )& road! to the "it& of Aladi+o!ta'. 0. North A#eri"an hi*h(a&! lin' "itie! of ea!t "oa!t! (ith that of (e!t "oa!t!. 4. Tran! Canadian hi*h(a& lin'! Aan"o$+er (ith St.Bohn "it&. 5. Pan CA#eri"an hi*h(a& lin'! "itie! of So$th A#eri"a Central A#eri"a and the United State! of A#eri"a. 7. Dolden Q$adran*le in India lin'! #etropolitan "itie!.

Q.1. An!.

/hat are )order road!% /h& the& are )$ilt% Road! laid alon* international )o$ndarie! are "alled )order road!. The& are )$ilt for3 Inte*ratin* people in re#ote area! (ith #aEor "itie! Pro+idin* defen"e )& !$ppl&in* *ood! to #ilitar& "a#p! in )order area!. RAIL!A"S Q.10 State the i#portan"e of rail(a&! )& *i+in* exa#ple!. An!. The i#portan"e! are3 1. Rail(a&! are "heaper than road(a&! in "arr&in* hea+& *ood!. 2. The& "arr& lar*e n$#)er of pa!!en*er! o+er a lon* di!tan"e. 6or e.*. in E$ropean "o$ntrie! rail(a&! are i#portant #ode of tra+el $!e )& the people. 0. The& lin' area! of prod$"tion (ith area! of "on!$#ption for exa#ple rail(a& net(or' i! den!e in "offee *ro(in* area! of Fra=il. 4. Rail(a&! lin' "oa!tal port! "itie! to #inin* area! and inland "itie!. 6or e.*. in Chile rail(a&! lin'! "oa!tal port! and #inin* area!. 5. Co##$ter train! ha+e )e"o#e +er& pop$lar in lar*e "itie!. S$"h a! Metro !er+i"e! in Delhi "it&. Q.11 An!. Explain the fa"tor! infl$en"in* the den!it& of rail net(or'. Al!o de!"ri)e the #aEor re*ion! of den!e rail net(or' in the (orld. MaEor Rail net(or' i! fo$nd in follo(in* re*ion! of the (orld3 The ind$!trial re*ion! ha+e the hi*he!t den!itie! of rail net(or' in the (orld. E$rope ha! one of the #o!t den!e rail net(or'! in the (orld. Fel*i$# ha! the hi*he!t den!it&. In R$!!ia rail(a&! a""o$nt for a)o$t >@ per "ent of the "o$ntr&,! total tran!port (ith a +er& den!e net(or' in E$ropean (e!t. Mo!"o( i! the #o!t i#portant !tation. The #o!t den!e rail net(or' i! fo$nd in the hi*hl& ind$!triali!ed and $r)ani!ed re*ion of Ea!t Central U.S.A. and adEoinin* Canada. North A#eri"a ha! one of the #o!t exten!i+e rail net(or'! a""o$ntin* for nearl& 1@ per "ent of the (orld,! total. A$!tralia ha! den!e net(or' in Ne( So$th /ale!. Ne( Gealand,! rail(a&! are #ainl& in the North I!land to !er+e the far#in* area!. In So$th A#eri"a the rail net(or' i! the #o!t den!e in t(o re*ion! na#el& the Pa#pa! of Ar*entina and the "offee *ro(in* re*ion of Fra=il (hi"h

i. ii. iii.

iv. v.

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to*ether a""o$nt for 1@ per "ent of So$th A#eri"a,! total ro$te len*th. Rail(a&! lin' "oa!tal "entre! (ith the #inin* !ite! in the interior. In A!ia rail net(or' i! the den!e!t in the thi"'l& pop$lated area! of Bapan China and India. /e!t A!ia i! the lea!t de+eloped in rail fa"ilitie! )e"a$!e of +a!t de!ert! and !par!el& pop$lated re*ion!. In Afri"a "ontinent So$th Afri"a ha! den!e net(or' d$e to the "on"entration of *old dia#ond and "opper #inin* a"ti+itie!.

vi. vii.

Trans#$ontinenta% Rai%ways Q.12 /hat are Tran!4Continental Rail(a&!% Na#e an& fi+e i#portant tran!"ontinental rail(a&! in the (orld. Di+e i#portant feat$re! of ea"h. An!. Tran!C"ontinental rail(a&! r$n a"ro!! the "ontinent and lin' it! t(o end!. The& (ere "on!tr$"ted for e"ono#i" and politi"al rea!on! to fa"ilitate lon* r$n! in different dire"tion!. The follo(in* are the #o!t i#portant of the!e3 1. Trans#Si&erian Rai%way %ine4 a. It i! in R$!!ia fro# St. Peter!)$r* in the (e!t to Aladi+o!ta' on the Pa"ifi" O"ean in the ea!t pa!!in* thro$*h Mo!"o(. b. The total len*th of thi! line i! a)o$t >00. '# lon*e!t in A!ia. ". It i! do$)le tra"' ro$te and ele"trified rail(a&. d. It "onne"t! R$!!ian a*ro4"entre! f$r "entre!. e. It ha! "onne"tin* lin'! (ith #an& other "o$ntrie!. Therefore it i! re*ionall& +er& i#portant. 2. Trans#$anadian Pacific Rai%way4 a. It i! in Canada fro# Halifax in the ea!t to Aan"o$+er on the (e!t on Pa"ifi" O"ean. b. It (a! "on!tr$"ted in 1<<7 H it! total len*th i! a)o$t :@2@ '#. c. It *ained !i*nifi"an"e )e"a$!e it "onne"t ind$!trial re*ion of Q$e)e"4Montreal (ith !oft(ood fore!t re*ion and (heat )elt of the Prairie!. d. A loop line fro# it "onne"t! the i#portant (ater(a& of Dreat 5a'e!. Thi! i! the e"ono#i" arter& of Canada. e. /heat and #eat are the i#portant export! on thi! ro$te. 3. Austra%ian Trans#$ontinenta% Rai%way C a. It "onne"t! S&dne& on the ea!t (ith Perth on the (e!t "oa!t. b. It r$n! ea!t4(e!t thro$*h the !o$thern part of the A$!tralia. ". It (a! "on!tr$"ted for the e"ono#i" de+elop#ent of the re*ion. 4. Tran!4A!iati" Rail(a& line C thi! rail(a& line i! propo!ed to )e )$ild "onne"tin* I!tan)$l (ith India and M&an#ar. 5. T e 'nion and Pacific Rai%way( a. Thi! rail4line "onne"t! Ne( Ior' on the Atlanti" Coa!t to San 6ran"i!"o on the Pa"ifi" Coa!t. ). The #o!t +al$a)le export! on thi! ro$te are ore! *rain paper "he#i"al! and #a"hiner&. 6. T e Orient )*press( a. Thi! line r$n! fro# Pari! to I!tan)$l. ). The Eo$rne& ti#e fro# 5ondon to I!tan)$l )& thi! Expre!! i! no( red$"ed to >7 ho$r! a! a*ain!t 1@ da&! )& the !ea4ro$te. ". The "hief export! on thi! rail4ro$te are "hee!e )a"on oat! (ine fr$it! and #a"hiner&. !AT)R!A"S Q.17 /hat are the fo$r ad+anta*e! of (ater tran!port%

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1. It doe! not re-$ire ro$te "on!tr$"tion. 2. The o"ean! are lin'ed (ith ea"h other and are open (ith !hip! of +ario$! !i=e!. 0. It i! the "heape!t #ode of tran!port a! the fri"tion of (ater i! le!! than the fri"tion of air and land. 1. It !a+e! ener*& "o!t of tran!portation. 2. Hea+& "ar*o "an )e ea!il& tran!ported )& the (ater(a&!. O$)AN TRANSPORT Q.1: /hat are the fo$r ad+anta*e! of o"ean tran!port in the (orld% An!. IMPORTANCE3 1. It i! the "heaper #ean! of tran!portin* *ood!. .. O"ean! offer free hi*h(a& (ith no #aintenan"e "o!t and "an )e tra+eled in all dire"tion!. 0. The !hip! are "apa)le of "arr&in* lar*e load! to lon*er di!tan"e!. 1. /ith i#pro+e#ent in it! fa"ilitie! !$"h a! refri*eration the effi"ien"& of o"ean tran!port ha! i#pro+ed. 2. U!e of "ontainer! ha! #ade "ar*o handlin* ea!ier. Q.1< An!. /hi"h three fa"tor! ha! i#pro+ed the effi"ien"& of o"ean tran!port in the (orld% The three fa"tor! are3 i. Introd$"tion of refri*erated "ha#)er! for tran!portin* peri!ha)le *ood! !$"h a! fr$it! +e*eta)le! #eat. ii. De+elop#ent of !pe"iali=ed !hip! !$"h a! tan'er! for #o+in* #ineral oil and *a!. iii. De+elop#ent of pa!!en*er liner! e-$ipped (ith radar (irele!! and na+i*ation aid!. i+. U!e of "ontainer! ha! #ade "ar*o handlin* at port! ea!ier.

I+PORTANT RO'T)S of ocean transport Q.1> Na#e the )$!ie!t o"ean tran!port in the (orld. /h& it i! the #o!t i#portant and )$!ie!t ro$te in the (orld% De!"ri)e i#portant o"ean tran!port ro$te in the (orld. An!. IMPORTANT ROUTES ,- Nort At%antic route# It "onne"t! the t(o #o!t de+eloped "ontinent! of the (orld na#el& USA and E$rope. It i! the )$!ie!t ro$te of the (orld )e"a$!e forei*n trade o+er thi! ro$te i! *reater than that of the re!t of the (orld. Al!o "alled Fi* Tr$n' Ro$te. I#portant port! are Ne( Ior' 5ondon 5i!)on and A#!terda# Foth the "oa!t! ha+e hi*hl& ad+an"ed port! and har)o$r fa"ilitie!. 2. t e +editerranean and t e Indian ocean route4 a. Ind$!triall& de+eloped "o$ntrie! of E$rope are "onne"ted (ith "o##er"ial a*ri"$lt$re re*ion! of !o$th A!ian H A$!tralia thro$*h the ro$te. ). E$rope export! #a"hiner& and ind$!trial *ood! to A!ian "o$ntrie! and A!ian "o$ntrie! export a*ri"$lt$ral prod$"t! and ra( #aterial to E$rope. ". I#portant "enter! are M$#)ai Jo"hin and Aden.

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d. The +ol$#e of trade and traffi" )et(een )oth Ea!t and /e!t Afri"a i! on the in"rea!e d$e to the de+elop#ent of the ri"h nat$ral re!o$r"e! !$"h a! *old dia#ond "opper tin *ro$ndn$t oil pal# "offee and fr$it!. T e $ape of .ood Hope4 a. It pro+ide! lin' )et(een /e!t E$rope and Afri"an "o$ntrie! (ith Fra=il Ar*entina in So$th A#eri"a. ). The ri"h nat$ral re!o$r"e! are exported to the E$rope and ind$!trial prod$"t! are i#ported )& Afri"an "o$ntrie!. c. The traffi" i! far le!! on thi! ro$te )e"a$!e of the li#ited de+elop#ent and lo( pop$lation in So$th A#eri"a and Afri"a. T e Nort Pacific Route4 a. It lin'! the (e!tern "oa!t! of North A#eri"a !$"h a! Aan"o$+er Seattle and Portland (ith the port! of A!ia !$"h a! To'&o !han*hai Hon* Jon*. ). All the trade "on+er*e! at Honol$l$. ". 6ood prod$"t! and #an$fa"t$red *ood! are exported to A!ia and A!ia in t$rn export! textile! r$))er ra( #aterial!.

3.

4.

SHIPPIN. $ANALS Q..@ Na#e t(o !hippin* "anal! in the (orld. State fo$r feat$re! of )oth. An!. The t(o #an#ade na+i*ation?!hippin* "anal! in the (orld are3 i. T e Sue/ $ana% route4 a. It i! #an4#ade (ater(a& in E*&pt (hi"h "onne"t! Port Said on Mediterranean Sea (ith Port S$e= on the Red Sea. b. It i! the !ea le+el "anal (itho$t lo"'! H a)o$t 17@ '# lon* and 11 to 12 # deep. c. It (a! "on!tr$"ted in 1<7>. d. It i! a *ate(a& to the Indian O"ean and red$"e! the di!tan"e )et(een /e!tern E$rope and So$th Ea!t A!ian "o$ntrie! )& 71@@ '#. e. It ha! helped in the de+elop#ent of !$rro$ndin* "o$ntrie! !$"h a! India. f. A)o$t 1@@ !hip! tra+el dail& and ea"h !hip ta'e! 1@41. ho$r! to "ro!! thi! "anal. The toll! are !o hea+& that !o#e find it "heaper to *o )& the lon*er Cape Ro$te ii. T e Panama $ana%4 a. It i! #an4#ade (ater(a& in Pana#a I!th#$!. b. It "onne"t! Colon "it& on Atlanti" O"ean in the ea!t (ith Pana#a "it& on Pa"ifi" O"ean in the (e!t. ". It !eparate! the land #a!! of North A#eri"a fro# So$th A#eri"a. d. It pro+ide! !horter ro$te )et(een ea!t and 6ar Ea!t A!ia and /e!tern E$rope. e. It ha! !ix lo"' !&!te#!. Ship! "ro!! the "anal thro$*h the!e lo"'!. f. The e"ono#i" i#portan"e of thi! "anal i! le!! than that of S$e= Canal. Ho(e+er it i! +ital to the e"ono#ie! of 5atin A#eri"a. g. The Canal i! a)o$t :. '#. lon*. h. It !horten! the di!tan"e )et(een Ne( Ior' and San 6ran"i!"o )& 10 @@@ '# )& !ea. INLAND !AT)R!A"S Q..1 Explain the three fa"tor! on (hi"h the de+elop#ent of inland tran!port depend!.

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An!. The inland tran!port depend! on three fa"tor! for it! de+elop#ent. The& are3 i. /idth and depth of "hannel3 !ilt 8!and9 depo!ited in the ri+er?"hannel )ed o)!tr$"t! #o+e#ent of )oat! therefore "hannel! ha+in* lar*e (idth and deep )ed i! !$ita)le for inland tran!port. ii. Contin$it& in the flo( of (ater3 la"' of (ater d$e to di+er*en"e for irri*ation hinder! the de+elop#ent of inland tran!port. iii. Tran!port te"hnolo*& in $!e3 poor #aintenan"e of inland (ater(a&! and ineffi"ient tran!port re!tri"t! it! de+elop#ent.

Q... An!.

/h& ri+er(a&! ha+e lo!t it! ad+anta*e! in #an& part! of the (orld% Ri+er(a&! ha+e lo!t it! ad+anta*e! d$e to3 1. Co#petition fro# rail(a&!. 2. Pro)le# of !ilt in ri+er! and "anal!. 3. 5a"' of (ater in the ri+er d$e to di+er!ion for irri*ation. 4. Poor #aintenan"e of ri+er "hannel!. Mention three #ea!$re! ta'en to i#pro+e the na+i*a)ilit& of ri+er "hannel. De!pite inherent li#itation! #an& ri+er! ha+e )een #odified to enhan"e their na+i*a)ilit& )&3 Dred*in* re#o+in* the !ilt )& #a"hine! fro# the ri+er )ed. Sta)ili!in* ri+er )an'! )& "on"rete. F$ildin* da#! and )arra*e! for re*$latin* the flo( of (ater.

Q..0 An!.

a. b. c.

Important in%and waterways Q..1 De!"ri)e i#portant inland (ater(a&! of the (orld. An!. I#portant inland (ater(a&! of the (orld are3 i. T e R ine !aterways( a. The Rhine Ri+er flo(! thro$*h Der#an& and the Netherland!. b. It i! na+i*a)le for :@@ '# fro# Rotterda# Netherland! to 0ase% in S(it=erland. ". It flo(! thro$*h a ri"h "oalfield and the (hole )a!in ha! )e"o#e a pro!pero$! #an$fa"t$rin* area. d. Thi! (ater(a& i! the (orld,! #o!t hea+il& $!ed. e. It "onne"t! the ind$!trial area! of S(it=erland Der#an& 6ran"e Fel*i$# and the Netherland! (ith the North Atlanti" Sea Ro$te. ii. The Danube Waterway: a. Thi! i#portant inland (ater(a& !er+e! Ea!tern E$rope. ). The Dan$)e ri+er ri!e! in the Fla"' 6ore!t and flo(! ea!t(ard! thro$*h #an& "o$ntrie!. iii. The Volga Waterway: a. The Aol*a i! one of the #o!t i#portant (ater(a&! in R$!!ia. b. It pro+ide! a na+i*a)le (ater(a& of 11 .@@ '# $p to the Ca!pian Sea. iv. The Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway: a. The Dreat 5a'e! of North A#eri"a S$perior H$ron Erie and Ontario are "onne"ted )& Canal to for# an inland (ater(a&. ). The e!t$ar& of St. 5a(ren"e Ri+er alon* (ith the Dreat 5a'e! for#! a $ni-$e "o##er"ial (ater(a& in the northern part of North A#eri"a.

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". The port! on thi! ro$te li'e D$l$th and F$ffalo are e-$ipped (ith all fa"ilitie! of o"ean port!. d. A! !$"h lar*e o"ean*oin* +e!!el! are a)le to na+i*ate $p the ri+er deep in!ide the "ontinent to Montreale. F$t her *ood! ha+e to )e tran!4!hipped to !#aller +e!!el! d$e to the pre!en"e of rapid!. Canal! ha+e )een "on!tr$"ted $p to 0.2 # deep to a+oid the!e. f. Thi! ha! helped in the ind$!trial and e"ono#i" de+elop#ent of thi! re*ion. AIR!A"S Q..2 Explain the !i*nifi"an"e of air tran!port. An!. Air tran!port ha! )ro$*ht a)o$t a "onne"ti+it& re+ol$tion in the (orld in follo(in* (a&!3 1. It i! the fa!te!t #ode of tran!port. 2. Air tran!port i! $!ed onl& for hi*h +al$e *ood! and pa!!en*er!. 3. Aal$a)le *ood! "an )e #o+ed rapidl&. 4. It i! preferred for lon* di!tan"e tra+el. 5. It i! the ea!& (a& to rea"h ina""e!!i)le area! !$"h a! #o$ntaino$! !no( field! or inho!pita)le de!ert!. In the Hi#ala&an re*ion the ro$te! are often o)!tr$"ted d$e to land!lide! a+alan"he! or hea+& !no( fall. At !$"h ti#e! air tra+el i! the onl& alternati+e to rea"h a pla"e. 7. Air(a&! al!o ha+e *reat !trate*i" i#portan"e. REQUIREMENTS 6OR THE DEAE5OPMENT O6 AIR TRANSPORT 1. Airport! (ith (ide fa"ilitie! ha+e to )e )$ild. 2. The "on!tr$"tion of airport! and fa"ilitie! i! +er& "o!tl& therefore airport! are )$ilt in pla"e! (here the traffi" i! lar*e. 3. It re-$ire! lar*e arran*e#ent! !$"h a! han*er f$elin* landin* fa"ilitie!. Q..7 An!. Na#e the three #aEor re*ion! ha+in* hi*h?den!e net(or' of air(a&!% The three re*ion! are3 a. /e!tern E$rope3 i#portant airport! are Ro#e 5ondon Ferlin. b. Ea!tern United State! of A#eri"a3 airport! are Ne( Ior' c. So$thea!t A!ia3 airport! are Sin*apore Fan*'o'.

PIP)LIN)S Q..: Na#e the lon*e!t pipeline in the (orld. Di+e fo$r ad+anta*e! of pipeline!. /h& pipeline! are exten!i+el& $!ed in the (orld to tran!port oil and *a!% An!. PIPE5INES 1. Pipeline! are $!ed to tran!port li-$id! and *a!!e! !$"h a! (ater #ineral oil and nat$ral *a! for $ninterr$pted flo(. 2. Coo'in* *a! or 5PD and #il' 8in Ne( Gealand9 i! !$pplied thro$*h it. 3. The& are $!ed to tran!port "oal #ixed (ith (ater. 4. Pipeline! "arr& #ineral oil fro# oil field! to refinerie!. 5. The (orld,! lon*e!t pipeline i! KCOMECON, (hi"h i! 1<@@ '#. lon*. It "onne"t! oil field! of Ural and Aol*a to the Ea!t E$rope. 6. The fa#o$! pipeline of USA i! KFi* In"h, (hi"h "arrie! #ineral oil fro# D$lf of Mexi"o to ea!tern part of USA.

Suryaveer Singh

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:. The propo!ed Iran4India +ia Pa'i!tan international oil and nat$ral *a! pipeline (ill )e the lon*e!t in the (orld. $O++'NI$ATION4 IMPORTANCE Q..< De!"ri)e the i#portan"e of "o##$ni"ation!. An!. 1. Tele*raph ha! helped in the pa!t to "oloni=e A#eri"an /e!t. 2. Telephone ha! pro#oted $r)ani=ation of A#eri"a 3. It ha! helped in !pread of the ind$!trie! in !#aller to(n!. 4. No( d$e to telephone #an& fir#! ha+e their offi"e! and )ran"he! in !#aller to(n!. 2. In de+elopin* "o$ntrie! the $!e of "ell phone! #ade po!!i)le )& !atellite! i! i#portant for r$ral "onne"ti+it&. 6. The (orld ha! "on+erted into a g%o&a% 1i%%age )e"a$!e of fa!t and relia)le #ean! of "o##$ni"ation.

Q..> An!.

/hat i! internet% State fo$r #erit! of internet. It i! an ele"troni" net(or' of "o#p$ter (hi"h "onne"t! #illion of people a"ro!! the (orld. It i! the re!$lt of di*itali=ation of infor#ation in (hi"h the tele"o##$ni"ation i! #er*ed (ith "o#p$ter!. MERITS a. It i! the lar*e!t ele"troni" net(or' of the (orld. ). It help! in "onne"tin* to the (orld of 'no(led*e fro# an&(here in the (orld. ". Ele"troni" "o##er"e i! done thro$*h internet (itho$t *oin* to )an'!. d. It *i+e! a""e!! to per!onal "o##$ni"ation thro$*h e4#ail. SAT)LLIT) $O++'NI$ATION4 IMPORTANCE3 a. Satellite! ha! )ro$*ht "han*e! in the area! of "o##$ni"ation )& red$"in* the ti#e and "o!t of it. b. It "o!t !a#e to "o##$ni"ate o+er 2@@ '# a! it doe! o+er 2@@@ '#. it ha! #ade lon* di!tan"e "o##$ni"ation +er& effi"ient and effe"t. c. Thro$*h it infor#ation on (eather (eather fore"a!tin* a)o$t !tor# and ne(! i! "olle"ted effetel&. $y&er Space 2 Internet Q.0@ /hat i! "&)er!pa"e% An!. C&)er!pa"e i! the (orld of ele"troni" "o#p$teri!ed !pa"e. In !i#ple (ord! it i! the ele"troni" di*ital (orld for "o##$ni"atin*. It i! al!o referred to a! the Internet. C&)er!pa"e exi!t! e+er&(here. It #a& )e in an offi"e !ailin* )oat fl&in* plane and +irt$all& an&(here. Q.0@ An!. De!"ri)e ho( the #odern "o##$ni"ation! ha! "on+erted the (orld into *lo)al +illa*e. The #odern "o##$ni"ation! !$"h a! internet ha! expanded. Fillion! of people $!e the Internet ea"h &ear. C&)er!pa"e ha! expanded the "onte#porar& e"ono#i" and !o"ial !pa"e of h$#an! thro$*h e4#ail e4 "o##er"e e4learnin* and e4*o+ernan"e. Internet to*ether (ith fax tele+i!ion and radio (ill )e a""e!!i)le to #ore and #ore people "$ttin* a"ro!! pla"e and ti#e. It i! the!e #odern "o##$ni"ation !&!te#! that ha+e #ade the "on"ept of *lo)al +illa*e a realit&.

Suryaveer Singh

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