Seismic Rehabilitation of Structures

Durgesh C. Rai
Assistant Professor

Department of Earthquake Engineering University of Roorkee Roorkee 247 667

Rehabilitation Strategies & Measures

Recover Original Performance
Repair damage and deterioration

Stiffen existing structure

Seismic Rehabilitation

Upgrade original performance Structural Enhancements

Strengthen existing structure Reduce irregularity and Using supplemental damping devices

Reduce seismic response

Reduce masses Isolate existing structure

Repair Methods
Cosmetic Repairs
Surface Coating, Repointing

Repairs
Crack injection with epoxy

Structural Repair
Crack injection with grout

Cosmetic repairs only improve the visual appearance of component damage and may restore non-structural properties (weather protection) but any structural benefit is negligible. Structural repairs intends to restore structural properties.

Spall repair Rebar replacement Wall replacement

Repair Methods
Cosmetic Repairs
Surface Coating, Repointing

Repairs
Crack injection with epoxy

Structural Repair
Crack injection with grout

Cosmetic repairs only improve the visual appearance of component damage and may restore non-structural properties (weather protection) but any structural benefit is negligible. Structural repairs intends to restore structural properties.

Spall repair Rebar replacement Wall replacement

Seismic Strengthening
Increase strength
Backup structure Infill existing frames Brace existing frames Install shear walls Jacket existing members Peripheral frames Buttresses Cast-in-situ concrete Precast concrete panels Brick/block infills Comp. / tens. Braces Comp. And tens. Braces Steel or concrete Cast-in-situ concrete Precast concrete panel Steel encasement Steel straps Concrete or mortar Carbon fibre

Seismic Strengthening

Increase strength & ductility Increase ductility

Choice of a Seismic Strengthening Scheme

The strengthening solution

must correct known seismic deficiencies of the system must be structurally compatible with the existing system must be functionally and aesthetically compatible must meet the expected performance goal such as lifesafety or limited damage. must minimize the disruption to occupants must be cost-effective and use available materials and equipment

Adding New Shear Walls

Applications

For strengthening RC frames, especially open storeys Complete shear walls with boundary elements and foundation Adds significant strength and stiffness to framed structures Add considerable mass to the structure New footings are required and can be a major problem on soft soils and in pile-supported structures Locate so that they align full height of the building, minimize torsion and can be easily tied with existing frame Maximize the dead weight that wall can mobilize to resist overturning uplift.
FEMA-172

Advantages Disadvantages

Design Guidelines

Adding New Shear Walls

Design Guidelines

It is economical to locate shear walls along

existing framing lines in order to provide boundary members, collectors and dead load to help resist overturning forces. the slab and it should be cast in 2 pours 48 hours apart to avoid sagging away of concrete from the underside of the concrete slab. slab soffit to allow enough space to form shear keys and prepare the surface for next pour up to the top of the slab. they break up the interior space

On the interior the shear wall continues through

The initial pour is stopped at 450 mm from the

Functional consideration dictate the location as

FEMA-172

Adding Infill Walls

Applications For strengthening RC frames, especially open storeys Most applicable for upto 5 storeyed buildings Advantages Adds significant strength and stiffness to framed structures Disadvantages Add considerable mass to the structure and need new footings between existing spread footings Existing columns may become weak link Design Guidelines Locate so that they align full height of the building, minimize torsion and can be easily tied with existing frame Maximize the dead weight that wall can mobilize to resist overturning uplift. Insure concrete/mortar is placed tight to overhead beam else column shearing my result.

Filling Openings
Applications For URM buildings significantly weak in in-plane shear strength due to openings Most applicable for upto 5 storeyed buildings Advantages Adds significant strength and stiffness Disadvantages Add considerable mass to the structure and need new footings between existing spread footings over the increased shear wall Design Guidelines Fill in openings with RC or masonry The technique is very economical if no foundation enhancement is required. Concrete overlay (shotcrete) on the entire wall may be necessary after filling the opening
FEMA-172

Adding Shotcrete to Existing Masonry

Applications

Ideal for URM when masonry is not strong or its in-plane shear strength is weakened by large openings Comparable stiffness to existing URM walls With epoxied dowels at about 600 mm each way, shotcrete and URM will work compositely enhancing its out-of-plane stability as well Messy with rebound on the inside face and transferring through floor system is difficult and may require review of foundation details
FEMA-172

Advantages

Disadvantages

Design Guidelines

Provide enough shotcrete so that failure of unreinforced section can be prevented Design shotcrete (thickness and reinforcement) for shear demand ignoring masonry contribution

Adding Jackets to RC Frame Members

Applications

For strengthening non-ductile RC frame members where functional use prohibits new shear walls Minimum loss to floor area Wide variety of choices for jacketing materials Easy procedure for columns, but cumbersome for beams and joints No significant increase in building stiffness Correcting one deficiency may cause other components vulnerable A narrow gap at the end column jacket ensures undesired increase of shear forces resulting from increase flexural capacity.
Hagio et al 2000 JBDPA, 1990

Advantages

Disadvantages

Design Issues

Adding Jackets to RC Beams

Design Issues

Flexural capacity of frame is increased with jacket and long. And transverse reinforcement Beam jackets provide confinement, enhance shear capacity and provide for missing long. Bars Difficult to jacket the top of beam and slab may have to be drilled

FEMA-172

Adding Jackets to RC Columns

Design Issues

Flexural capacity of

frame is increased with jacket and long. And transverse reinforcement provide confinement and can remedy short lap splices of existing column reinforcement.

Column jackets

FEMA-172

Adding Wing (Side) Walls

For strengthening columns of non-ductile RC frames Characteristics similar to new shear wall

JBDPA, 1990

Roach & Jirsa, 1986

Adding Buttresses
Applications For strengthening non-ductile RC and URM structures weak in shear strength Advantages Exterior work results in minimal disruption to functional use Disadvantages Need large vacant space adjacent to building Significantly affect the aesthetics Large resistance from the piles or foundation of the buttress as it will not be able to mobilize the dead weight Design Issues A load path to transfer shear forces from the building to buttress is required such as collectors on the interior of the building Capacity required to resist overturning forces is small for buttresses away from the building

FEMA-172

Adding Braces
Applications For strengthening almost all types of RC, URM and steel structures Advantages Lightweight causing minimum influence on foundation and structures mass Many configurations possible which can allow for openings, passages, services, etc. Disadvantages Steel bracing is usually less stiff than masonry or concrete buildings, therefore, they have to crack significantly before steel braces are effective Design Issues Place braces where significant dead weight can be mobilized to overcome overturning forces Bracing bays will require columns as well horizontal members as collectors to form complete truss Avoid tension only braces

FEMA-172

Steel Structures

Concentric Braced Frames

Bracing Configuration CBFs are most efficient system for resisting lateral loads as they provide complete truss action Many configuration to choose from Popular chevron bracing impose large flexural demand on floor beams after buckling of the compression brace. K bracing is not suitable for resisting seismic loads because buckled braces cause column to deform horizontally leading to buckling and collapse. Effects of Brace Buckling Rapid loss of strength and tension brace overload Excessive rotation of brace ends and local connection failure Local or torsional buckling at near mid span Out-of-plane deformation (bowing) Non-symmetrical deformation induce large torsional response Energy dissipation is deficient

Steel Structures

CBFs and Connections

Design Objectives Hysteretic behaviour of CBFs is characterized with severely pinched loops. However, reasonable stable deformation can be achieved to protect against brittle failures. Braces Stockier braces dissipate more energy than slender ones. Use Kl/r less than 1900/ fy Use compact sections to avoid local instability Brace Connections Connection should be adequate against out-of-plane failure of gusset plate and brittle fracture Gusset Plate is most critical component of connection: Enough strength when brace buckles in plane of the frame Provide for formation of hinge line if brace buckles out-of-plane

Underpinning the Footing

Applications Increase bearing capacity of the footing Advantages Most effective procedure for excessive soil pressure due to overturning forces Many configurations possible which can allow for openings, passages, services, etc. Disadvantages Expensive and disruptive Cost effective to change strengthening scheme so that foundation strengthening is not required Design Issues The new footing is constructed in staggered increments each increment should be preloaded by jacking prior to transfer of load from the existing footing
FEMA-172

Adding Drilled Piers

Applications

Increase vertical capacity of footing when soil bearing pressure and uplift is excessive Most effective procedure for excessive soil pressure due to overturning forces Expensive and disruptive RC piers should be cast-in-situ in uncased holes so as to develop both tension or compression else use under-rimmed piles Each RC pier extend above the existing footing and connected by RC beam through the existing wall

Advantages

Disadvantages Design Issues

FEMA-172

Upgrading Pile Foundation

Applications

For excessive tensile and compressive loads due to lateral and gravity loads Expensive and disruptive Large footing overlay will be required to create new pile cap so that forces can be transferred to new piles

Disadvantages Design Issues

FEMA-172

Efficacy of Shear Enhancements

Qualitatative indication of improvement in strength and ductility

Sugano 1989

Compared with original bare frame, cast-in-situ wall provides higher strength and the framed steel brace contributes to both strength and ductility

Efficacy of Column Enhancements

Qualitatative indication of improvement in strength and ductility

Sugano 1996

Any jacketing technique significantly increased strength and ductility Jacketing without end gaps resulted in decrease of strength after a higher peak

Selected References
1. CEB (1995). Fastenings for Seismic Retrofitting: State-of-the-Report, ComiteEuroInternational Du Beton, Thomas Telford, London 2. BSSC(1992). NEHRP handbook for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, FEMA-172, Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C. 3. FEMA 308 (1999). Repair of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA. 4. BIS (1993). IS:13935-1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of BuildingsGuidelines, Bureau of Inidan Standards, New Delhi 5. Sugano S. (1996). State-of-the-Art in Techniques for Rehabilitation of Buildings, 11 WCEE, Acapulco, Mexico, Paper no. 2179 on CD-ROM, Elsevier. 6. Wyllie, L.A.(1996). Strengthening Strategies for Improved Seismic Performance, 11 WCEE, Acapulco, Mexico, Paper no. 1424 on CD-ROM, Elsevier.