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4.4

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

"$7C:343 DS@J3" 'CA9C3?V

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4.6

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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"$7C:343 DS@J3" 'CA9C3?V

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1. /NLDN>J> FOPBAFeFKFV ?>jH> ?FN jBU U>VAgNgK. 2. /NLDN>Jg ?FNABK C>VI> O>PgN U>V>@>H jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFK. 3. /NLDN>JgK ?>jH> UBNIBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFHIBN U>MgK RB ABNIBJBUB _>IgjgK; bNKBeFK XSJUFMO O>PgNgKgK OLKQKA>HF KLHP>Ig RFNDcI LIJ>AgegKA> ABNIBJB E>P>I>NgUI> H>NjgI>jPgegKgVg DbNcK. ... QRKS?>7C

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

11

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XSJUFMO C3 XSJUF
!QKA>K bK@BHF ABNOPB, U>VAgNgIJ>H FOPBKBK AFVDFKFK XSJUFMO 'B M>N>KPBV F_FKAB RBNFIAFeFKF DbNAcH. /NLDN>JA> XSJUFMO DF?F Fj U>M>K ?FNFJIBNB ;X>7G, L FjIBRIBNFK FjIBNFKF U>M>NHBK HQII>K>@>HI>Ng ?FIDFIBNB AB B3C3?7EC7 >Ag RBNFIFN. />N>JBPNBIBN FjIBRIBNB M>N>KPBV F_FKAB RBNFIFNIBN. XSJUFMO O>PgN> U>VAgNJ>H F_FK ?FN OBCBNAB ?FNABK C>VI> M>N>JBPNB >I>?FIFN. />N>JBPNBIBNFK ?FN?FNIBNFUIB H>NgjJ>I>NgKg bKIBJBH F_FK >N>I>NgKA> RFNDcI HQII>KgIgN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(".FSIBCB EfOZB!", ".FSIBCB CBMjLMBS!"); ^ !>VBK, >UKg O>PgN> U>VAgNgI>@>H LI>K ?cPcK ?FIDF XSJUFMO 'B EBM ?FNABK M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DB_FNFIB?FIB@BH jBHFIAB E>VgN ?QIQKJ>U>?FIFN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> O>PgNgK ?>j P>N>CI>Ng XSJUF FIB M>N_> M>N_> LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN RB O>PgNA>HF BK OLKQK@Q ?FIDF XSJUFMO FIB U>VAgNgI>?FIFN. XSJUFMO U>VAgHI>NgKgK OLKQKA> UBKF ?FN O>PgN> DB_BN, XSJUF >UKg O>PgNA> H>IgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // aODF FMJNJ[EF IB[jS CVMVOBO CJMHJZJ ZB[EjSjZPS PMBMjN: XSJUF(".FSIBCB"); // ... BSBEB CBlLB JlMFNMFSJO ZBQjMEjhjOj WBSTBZBMjN ... XSJUF("EfOZB!"); // WF FO TPOVOEB: XSJUFMO();

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

12

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6.3

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!Q DF?F AFIIBNAB U>VgI>K MNLDN>JgK _>IgjPgNgIgN E>IB DBIJBABK bK@B ABNIBKJBOF DBNBHFN. !Q UbKPBJ _LH EgVIg _>Igj>K MNLDN>JI>N cNBPFN; >J> MNLDN>Jg U>VJ>KgK U>KgKA> ?FN AB ABNIBJBH DBNBHPFeF F_FK, MNLDN>J DBIFjPFNJB >j>J>Og A>E> HcICBPIFAFN. #, ABNIBJBIF ?FN AFIAFN.

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6.5

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6.6

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

14

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

16

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*7?7> *SC>7C

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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20

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21

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22

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11

G7?7RA3< B7:57 A:;/9

&FNFIBK ?FIDFKFK A>E> OLKN>A>K HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK ?FN ABeFjHBKAB O>HI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK LHQIA> H>_ P>KB beNBK@F ?QIQKAQeQ ?FIDFOFKF >I>K ?FN MNLDN>J, ?Q ?FIDFUF JOU PcNcKAB ?FN ABeFjHBKAB PQP>?FIFN. 7>VAgNJ> FjIBJF OgN>OgKA> ALI>UIg LI>N>H TUEPVU >HgJgKgK HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNAcH. !Q, ?FIDFKFK KBNBUB DFAB@BeFKF >_gHI>J>U> UBPFULNAQ; _cKHc TUEPVU , DE3@63CE QV=VX ABJBHPFN. ZgHgj> KB U>VAgNgI>@>egKg A> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFULNAQH. [NKBeFK XSJUF(fiSFODJ@TBZkTk); U>VJ>H, _gHgj> fiSFODJ@TBZkTk ABeFjHBKFKFK 67T7C;@;@ U>VAgNgI>@>egKg ObUIBJBUB UBPFULNAQ. [VBPIBNOBH: BLjN: JlMFN: ZB[EjSjMBO: IFEFG: TUEPVU XSJUF ehSFODJ@TBZjTj EFhJlLFOJOJO EFhFSJ OPSNBMEF FLSBO

XSJUF 'gK H>NjgIgeg SFBEG 'PFN. fOJFKABHF "C", "?BIFNIF ?FN AcVBKAB"KFK fKDFIFV@BOF LI>K "CLNJ>PPBA"A>K DBIFN. 1P>KA>NP DFNFjFK AB TUEJO LIAQeQKQ DbNJcjPcH. .HQJ> AQNQJQKA> ?QKA>K ?>jH>@> bKBJIF ?FN >UNgKPg R>NAgN: LHQK>K ?FIDFKFK KBNBAB ABMLI>K>@>egKgK A> ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHFN. .HQJ> FjIBJFKF AB bVBPIBNOBH: BLjN: JlMFN: PLVOBO: IFEFG: TUEJO SFBEG CJS CJMHJ

!FIDFKFK ABMLI>K>@>eg EBABC ?BIFNPFIFNHBK ?FN ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOF HQII>KgIgN. #'AB FOFJIBNABK bK@B HQII>KgI>K & H>N>HPBNF, L FOFJIB ?BIFNPFIBK jBUFK 36C7D; >KI>JgK> DBIFN. SFBEG 'B LHQAQeQ ?FIDFUF UBNIBjPFNB@BeF UBN ?Q jBHFIAB ?FIAFNFIFN: &fiSFODJ@TBZkTk . !QN>A> &fiSFODJ@TBZkTk , "beNBK@F<O>UgOg ABeFjHBKFKB" AFUB LHQK>?FIFN. !Q HQII>KgJ, UQH>NgA>HF OLNQ Fj>NBPFKF LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN: BLjN: JlMFN: PLVOBO: IFEFG: EJO SFBEG CJS CJMHJ ehSFODJ@TBZjTj EFhJlLFOJ

fOFJIBNFK ?>jgK> & H>N>HPBNF HLUJ>H L FOJFK ?BIFNPPFeF jBUFK 9RDE7C;>?7D; >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !Q DbOPBNJB H>RN>Jg, OLKN>HF ABNOIBNAB H>NjgI>j>@>egJgV NBCBN>KOI>NgK RB DbOPBNDBIBNFK AB bVcKc LIQjPQNQN. SFBEG HLKQOQKA> ?FN KLHP>Ug FIBNFABHF ABNOIBNB ?gN>H>@>egV RB jFJAFIFH FIH M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H "%T" HQII>KJ>H DBNBHPFeFKF H>?QI BAB@BeFV: SFBEG("%T", &ehSFODJ@TBZjTj); (%AE: MATF 6FCF?63 3D>V@63 4AX>F= =3C3=E7C; ;>7 " %T" J3K?3= 97C7=757T;@; 3X3TV63 9RDE7C;JACF?.) "%T", RBNFKFK ABeFjHBKB QUDQK LI>K AcVBKAB AbKcjPcNcIB@BeFKF ?BIFNPFN. [NKBeFK DFNFjPBK DBIBK '4' RB '2' H>N>HPBNIBNF, ?FN JOU 'B LHQKAQHI>NgKA> 42 P>JO>Ug ABeBNFKF LIQjPQN>@>H jBHFIAB LHQKQNI>N.

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23

G;C;XE7@ B;>9; A>?3=

!Q >KI>PgI>KI>Ng DbOPBNBK MNLDN>JA> bK@B OFVABK beNBK@F O>UgOgKg ?FIAFNJBKFV FOPBKFULN. fOPBAFeFKFV ABeBNF U>VAgHP>K OLKN> $KPBN'> ?>OJ>KgV DBNBHFN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("0LVMEB LBd ehSFODJ WBS

");

// ahSFODJ TBZjTjOjO UVUVMBDBhj EFhJlLFOJO UBOjNMBONBTj JOU ehSFODJ@TBZjTj; /* (JSJlUFO HFMFO CJMHJOJO ehSFODJ@TBZjTj EFhJlLFOJOF BUBONBTj */ SFBEG("%T", &ehSFODJ@TBZjTj); XSJUFMO( ""OMBEjN: PLVMEB ", ehSFODJ@TBZjTj, " ehSFODJ WBSNjl.");

11.1

B=R:B9:/?P< 5LF/?2P 327:;3:3?7<7< 53?39;3@7

7QH>NgA>HF DF?F MNLDN>JI>NA> ABeBNIBNF U>VAgHP>K OLKN> $KPBN PQjQK> ?>OgIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF ?FIFULNOQKQV. *QII>Kg@gKgK $KPBN PQjQK> ?>OJgj LIJ>Og A> bVBI ?FN HLA LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIFN RB L ?FIB MNLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP DFNFjFKAB ?BIFNFN. /NLDN>JI>N ?bUIB@B ?FIDFIBNFK PBH O>PgN LI>N>H Jg ULHO> C>NHIg O>PgNI>NA> Jg DFNFIAFHIBNFKF >IDgI>U>?FIFNIBN. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB DFNFjPB ?BHIBUBK L bVBI HLAI>NgK EF_?FN bKBJF ULHPQN; OcVcIcM DbV>NAg BAFIJBIBNF DBNBHFN. 7LHO> OP>KA>NP DFNFjF EV=3C>3C RB ?>jH> ?FIDFIBNFK DFNFIJBOFKF BKDBIIBNIBN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> >UNg@> beNBPJBK O>UgOgKgK A> DFNFIJBOFKF FOPBUBIFJ. /NLDN>J AcVBKFKF ?FN>V ABeFjPFNBNBH RB >_gHI>J>I>Ng H>IAgN>N>H: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("0LVMEB LBd ehSFODJ WBS JOU ehSFODJ@TBZjTj; SFBEG("%T", &ehSFODJ@TBZjTj); XSJUF(",Bd ehSFUNFO WBS "); JOU ehSFUNFO@TBZjTj; SFBEG("%T", &ehSFUNFO@TBZjTj); XSJUFMO(""OMBEjN: PLVMEB ", ehSFODJ@TBZjTj, " ehSFODJ", " WF ", ehSFUNFO@TBZjTj, " ehSFUNFO WBSNjl.");

");

-B U>VgH HF L MNLDN>J FHFK@F JOU 'FK LHQKAQeQ KLHP>A> P>HgIgN: 0LVMEB LBe fiSFODJ WBS 100 ,Be fiSFUNFO WBS 20 p 1SPHSBN CVSBEB UBLkMkS [eNBPJBK O>UgOg LI>N>H 20 U>VgIJgj LIO> A> 4;C R@57=; 100'S@ OLKQKA> ?>OgIJgj LI>K $KPBN'gK HLAI>Ng DFNFjF PgH>JgjPgN RB L UcVABK fiSFUNFO@TBZkTk ABeFjHBKFKFK ABeBNF LI>K 20 LHQK>J>J>HP>AgN. /NLDN>JgK DFNFjFKB DBIBK HLAI>Ng jQ jBHFIAB FC>AB BAB?FIFNFV: 100<&OUFS,PEV>20<&OUFS,PEV>

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24

G;C;XE7@ B;>9; A>?3=

&FNFjFK PgH>KAgeg KLHP>Ug HgNJgVgUI> ?BIFNPPFJ. !Q AQNQJA> _bVcJ, beNBPJBK O>UgOgKA>K bK@B DBIBK $KPBN HLAQKQK bKBJIF LIJ>AgegKg ?BIFNPJBH F_FK %T ?BIFNPB@FKABK bK@B ?FN ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF HQII>KJ>HPgN: " %T". #cVBK AFVDFOF F_FKAB DB_BK ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNIBNF DV8VC G7J3 63:3 83K>3 D3JV63=; 9RCS@?7K =A6F LHQUQM DbV>NAg BPJBUB U>N>NI>N. . PBH ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF ?cPcK DbNcKJBV H>N>HPBN HLAI>NgKg LHQUQM DbV>NAg BABN: KLNJ>I ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF, $KPBN'I> DFNFIBK O>PgN OLKQ H>N>HPBNF, 2>? H>N>HPBNF RO. &BKBI ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, LHQK>K EBN ABeBN F_FK " %T" HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J L ABeFjFHIFHIB >NPgH FOPBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjgN. 7>IKgV@> ABeFjBK O>PgNI>NgKg DbOPBNBNBH: // ... SFBEG(" %T", &ehSFODJ@TBZjTj); // ... SFBEG(" %T", &ehSFUNFO@TBZjTj); // ... ZgHPgOg: 0LVMEB LBe fiSFODJ WBS 100 ,Be fiSFUNFO WBS 20 "OMBEkN: PLVMEB 100 fiSFODJ WF 20 fiSFUNFO WBSNkm.

11.2

E9 07:57:3?
x #>E> bK@B DbNAcecJcV // H>N>HPBNIBNF PBH ?FN O>PgN >_gHI>J> U>VJ>U> BIRBNFjIFAFN. !FNABK C>VI> O>PgNA> ?ILH E>IFKAB >_gHI>J> U>VJ>H F_FK >_gHI>J>Ug /* RB */ ?BIFNPB_IBNF >N>OgK> >I>?FIFNOFKFV. !>jH> >_gHI>J> ?BIFNPB_IBNFKF AB F_BNB?FIJBH F_FK /+ RB +/ ?BIFNPB_IBNF HQII>KgIgN: /+ // 5FL TBUjSMjL BdjLMBNB /* #JSEFO GB[MB TBUjSMjL BdjLMBNB */

:VLBSjEBLJ CFMJSUFdMFSJ CJMF JdFSFCJMFO BdjLMBNB CMPhV +/ x *>UK>H HLAI>NA>HF ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK _LeQ bKBJOFVAFN. . UcVABK C>VI> QV>U>K O>PgNI>Ng ?bIB?FIFNFV RBU> A>E> >KI>jgIgN LI>@>egKg AcjcKAcecJcV ?LjIQHI>N BHIBUB?FIFNFV. '>PP> U>VgJ E>P>OgK> ULI >_J>Ageg OcNB@B EF_ ?LjIQH HQII>KJ>U>?FIFNFV ?FIB: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP;WPJE NBJO()\XSJUFMO("0LVNBTj [PS!");^ %>VI> OgHgjgH HLAQ LHQJ>H Dc_PcN.

11.3

&?=0:3;
x &FNFjPBK O>Ug ?BHIBKBK AQNQJA> E>NCIBN DFNFK RB MNLDN>JgK U>KIgj _>IgjPgegKg DbVIBJIBUFK. ... QRKS?

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$3@EV=D3> U8367>7C

12

#/<AP9@/: O4/23:3?
/NLDN>JA> >OgI FjIBNF ;8367>7C U>M>NI>N. /NLDN>JA> ABeBN RBU> U>K BPHF cNBPBK EBN jBUB FC>AB ABKFN. OIgKA> LIAQH_> DBKFj ?FN H>RN>JAgN, _cKHc 42 DF?F ?FN P>JO>Ug O>?FPF ?FIB 42 ABeBNFKF cNBPPFeF F_FK ?FN FC>ABAFN. "NFSIBCB" DF?F ?FN AFVDF AB ?FN FC>ABAFN, _cKHc "NFSIBCB" O>?FP AFVDFOFKF cNBPFN. (-LP: !QN>A>HF SC7E?7 H>RN>JgKg ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J> FIB H>NgjPgNJ>UgK. !QN>A> U>IKgV@> 67T7C cNBPJBHPBK ObV BAFIFULN; ABeFjHBK cNBPJBHPBK ABeFI. 'BN ABeBNFK ?FN ABeFjHBKB >FP LIJ>Og DBNBHJBV.) XSJUFMO DF?F HQII>KgJI>N A> FC>ABAFNIBN, _cKHc U>K BPHFIBNF R>NAgN: _gHgj >HgJgK> H>N>HPBN UBNIBjPFNAFHIBNF F_FK _gHgj >HgJgKg BPHFIBJFj LIQNI>N. iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcHIBNFKFV >N>OgKA>K >P>J> FjIB@FKF AB ?FN FC>AB bNKBeF LI>N>H RBNB?FIFNFV. fC>ABIBNFK ABeBN cNBPFULN LIJ>I>Ng, LKI>NgK ?>jH> FC>ABIBNAB ABeBN LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>N. !bUIB@B ?>OFP FC>ABIBN HQII>KgI>N>H A>E> H>NJ>jgH FC>ABIBN BIAB BAFIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK E>R> Og@>HIgegKg RBNBK ?FN IBWB@TkDBLMkik() FjIBRF LIAQeQKQ AcjcKcNOBH, LKQ HQII>K>N>H jbUIB ?FN _gHPg LIQjPQN>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO("kV BOEB IBWB ", IBWB@TjDBLMjhj(), " EFSFDF"); . O>PgN PLMI>J AbNP FC>ABABK LIQjQN: 1. 2. 3. 4. "lV BOEB IBWB " FC>ABOF IBWB@TkDBLMkik() FC>ABOF " EFSFDF" FC>ABOF RB L c_ FC>ABUF HQII>K>K XSJUFMO 'IF FC>AB

!Q ?bIcJAB J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNF DbNB@BeFV >J> A>E> FIBNF DFPJBABK bK@B BK PBJBI FjIBJIBNABK LI>K >P>J> FjIB@FKF E>PgNI>U>IgJ. = ($6$0$ ,C/(&,): 1>e P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKF OLI P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABUB (bNKBeFK ?FN ABeFjHBKB) >P>N. IBWB@TjDBLMjhj = 23 // IBWB@TjDBLMjhj'OjO EFhFSJ 23 PMVS

12.1

#/<AP9@/: O4/23:3?
,>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBN !LLI >NFPJBPFeFKAB DB_BK FC>ABIBNAFN. *>N>N RBNJB AcVBKBeFKFK M>N_>Og LIAQHI>Ng F_FK ?FIDFO>U>NI>Ng >HgIIg DbOPBNBK A>RN>KgjI>NgK A> PBJBIFAFNIBN. [NKBeFK ?FN MNLDN>JgK "BeBN DFNFIBK U>KgP $RBP FOB ALOU>Ug H>UABAB@BeFJ" DF?F ?FN H>N>NgKA> ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>AB HQII>KgIgN. ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB U>IKgV@> FHF ABeBN R>NAgN: "ALeNQ LIJ>J>" >KI>JgKg P>jgU>K GBMTF RB "ALeNQIQH" >KI>JgKg P>jgU>K USVF . [NKBeFK 2cNH_B "?>jHBKP fOP>K?QI'AQN" FC>ABOFKFK ABeBNF GBMTF , "?>jHBKP KH>N>'AgN" FC>ABOFKFK ABeBNF USVF 'AQN. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNAB ?FN OLNQ FIB HQII>KgI>K XSJUFMO FC>ABIBNFKF jbUIB >KI>J>KgV DBNBHFULN: $eBN OLNQKQK H>NjgOgK> "PNQB" U>VgIJgjO> 7G7E, "C>IOB" U>VgIJgjO> :3JVC... [NKBeFK MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg 5BUMk WBS: USVF LIAQeQKA> "BRBP, P>PIg R>N" ABJBHPFN. 5BUMk WBS: GBMTF UKg jBHFIAB

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$3@EV=D3> U8367>7C

LIAQeQKA> "E>UgN, P>PIg ULH" ABJBHPFN. 7>KF _gHPgA> "R>N" DbNcKAcec F_FK "R>N LIAQeQKQ" AcjcKJBUFK; _gHPgA>HF "... R>N: C>IOB", "ULH" >KI>JgK> DBIFULN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J M>N_>I>NgKg EBM bUIB LHQJ>KgV DBNBHFULN. ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNF A>E> FIBNFAB DbNB@BeFJFV =AXF>>3C63, 6R@9S>7C67, B3C3?7EC7>7C67, RO. _LH HQII>K>@>egV. /NLDN>JI>NA> ?Q H>A>N _LH HQII>KgIAgHI>Ng F_FK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNF _LH FUF >KI>J>H DBNBHFN. 2>KgJI>Ng OLK ABNB@B HgO> LIAQeQ F_FK _LH A> HLI>UAgNI>N. ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB HQII>KgI>K J>KPgHO>I FjIB_IBN jQKI>NAgN: x == "$jFP JFAFN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. fHF P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF H>NjgI>jPgNgN RB BjFP LIAQHI>NgKA> "ALeNQIQH" >KI>JgK> DBIBK USVF ABeBNFKF, BjFP LIJ>AgHI>NgKA> A> "ALeNQ LIJ>J>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK GBMTF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. \NBPPFeF ABeBNFK PcNc AB ALe>I LI>N>H CPPM 'AQN. [NKBeFK jbUIB FHF ABeFjHBKFJFV LIOQK: JOU IBGUBEBLJ@HfO@TBZjTj = 7; JOU ZjMEBLJ@BZ@TBZjTj = 12; .KI>Ng HQII>K>K FHF BjFPIFH FjIB@F FC>ABOF RB OLKQ_I>Ng jbUIB DbOPBNFIB?FIFN: IBGUBEBLJ@HfO@TBZjTj == 7 ZjMEBLJ@BZ@TBZjTj == 11 // USVF // GBMTF

x != "$jFP ABeFI JFAFN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. fHF P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABIBNF H>NjgI>jPgNgN RB == FjIB@FKFK PBNOF OLKQ_ cNBPFN. IBGUBEBLJ@HfO@TBZjTj != 7 ZjMEBLJ@BZ@TBZjTj != 11 // GBMTF // USVF

x ]] "4BU>" >KI>JgKA>AgN. 1LI P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABKFK ABeBNF USVF FOB EF_ O>e P>N>CP>HF FC>ABUF FjIBPJBABK USVF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. 1LI P>N>C GBMTF FOB O>e P>N>CP>HFKFK ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. !Q FjIBJ 2cNH_B G7J3 FC>ABOFKB ?BKVBN: ?FNFK@FOF, FHFK@FOF, RBU> FHFOF ?FNABK USVF LIAQeQKA> USVF cNBPFN. !Q FjIB@B RBNFIBK FHF FC>ABKFK >I>?FIB@BeF LI>Og ABeBNIBN RB OLKQ_I>Ng jbUIBAFN: 4PM JGBEF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF GBMTF USVF GBMTF (CBLjMNB[) USVF (CBLjMNB[) 4Bi JGBEF 4POVe GBMTF USVF USVF USVF

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ /* GBMTF, "EPhSV PMNBNB" BOMBNjOB HFMEJhJ JdJO CVSBEB "ZPL"V UFNTJM FUTJO USVF, "EPhSV PMNB" BOMBNjOB HFMEJhJ JdJO CVSBEB "WBS"j UFNTJM FUTJO */ CPPM CBLMBWB@WBS = GBMTF; CPPM LBEBZjG@WBS = USVF; ^ XSJUFMO("5BUMj WBS: ", CBLMBWB@WBS ]] LBEBZjG@WBS);

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$3@EV=D3> U8367>7C

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF ]] FjIB@FKF HQII>K>K FC>AB, BK >V ?FN USVF ABeBN LIAQeQ F_FK USVF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. x && "4B" >KI>JgKA>AgN. 1LI P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABKFK ABeBNF GBMTF FOB EF_ O>e P>N>CP>HF FC>ABUF FjIBPJBABK GBMTF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. 1LI P>N>C USVF FOB O>e P>N>CP>HFKFK ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. !Q FjIBJ 2cNH_B G7 FC>ABOFKB ?BKVBN: ?FNFK@FOF RB FHFK@FOF USVF LIAQeQKA> USVF cNBPFN. 4PM JGBEF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF 4Bi JGBEF GBMTF (CBLjMNB[) USVF (CBLjMNB[) GBMTF USVF 4POVe GBMTF GBMTF GBMTF USVF

XSJUFMO("#BLMBWB ZJZFDFhJN: ", CBLMBWB@ZFNFL@JTUJZPSVN && CBLMBWB@WBS);

Not: EE G7 && ;X>7Q>7C;@;@ 4F "D3T E3C38V 3@53= 97C7=E;T;@67" ;X>7E?7 63GC3@VX>3CV ;X>7Q>7C 3C3DV@63 QA= @36;C6;C, G7 4;C 67 X;?6;>;= DA@C3J3 4VC3=353TV?VK ?: ;X>75;@67 G3C6VC. D;T7C ;X>7Q>7C 4SES@ ;8367>7C;@;@ 67T7C>7C;@; :7C K3?3@ ;Q;@ :7D3B>3C>3C G7 =F>>3@VC>3C. x ? "7>IKgV@> ?FNFOF JF" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. fHF FC>ABABK U> ?FNF U> b?cNc USVF LIAQeQKA> (>J> FHFOF ?FNABK ABeFI) USVF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. 4PM JGBEF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF 4Bi JGBEF GBMTF USVF GBMTF USVF 4POVe GBMTF USVF USVF GBMTF

[NKBeFK >K@>H RB >K@>H ?FN >NH>A>jgJgK DBIAFeFKAB P>RI> LUK>U>@>egJg, >HOF P>HPFNAB LKI>NI> ?>jH> ?FN jBU U>M>@>egJg AcjcKcNOBH; LKI>NgK DBIFM DBIJBJB AQNQJI>NgK> DbNB P>RI> LUK>UgM LUK>J>U>@>egJg jbUIB EBO>MI>U>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO("5BWMB PZOBZBDBhjN: ", BINFU@CVSBEB ? CBSjl@CVSBEB); x < "*c_cH JcAcN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. 1LI P>N>C O>e P>N>CP>K Hc_cHOB (RBU> OgN>I>J>A> R@57JD7) USVF , ABeFIOB GBMTF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(":FOEJL: ", ZFEJhJNJ[@HPM < BUUjhjNj[@HPM); x > "!cUcH JcAcN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. 1LI P>N>C O>e P>N>CP>K ?cUcHOB (RBU> OgN>I>J>A> DA@C3JD3) USVF , ABeFIOB GBMTF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(":FOJMEJL: ", ZFEJhJNJ[@HPM > BUUjhjNj[@HPM); x <= "*c_cH RBU> BjFP JFAFN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. 1LI P>N>C O>e P>N>CP>K Hc_cH (RBU> OgN>I>J>A> A>E> bK@B) RBU> LK> BjFP LIAQeQKA> USVF cNBPFN. > FjIB@FKFK PBNOFAFN. XSJUFMO(":FOJMNFEJL: ", ZFEJhJNJ[@HPM <= BUUjhjNj[@HPM); x >= "!cUcH RBU> BjFP JFAFN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. 1LI P>N>C O>e P>N>CP>K ?cUcH (RBU> OgN>I>J>A> A>E> OLKN>) RBU> LK> BjFP LIAQeQKA> USVF cNBPFN. < FjIB@FKFK PBNOFAFN.

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28

$3@EV=D3> U8367>7C

XSJUFMO(":FONFEJL: ", ZFEJhJNJ[@HPM >= BUUjhjNj[@HPM); x ! "2BNOF" >KI>JgKA>AgN. #FeBN J>KPgHO>I FjIB_IBNABK C>NHIg LI>N>H PBH ?FN FC>AB FIB _>IgjgN RB O>e P>N>CgKA>HF FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKFK PBNOFKF cNBPFN: USVF FOB GBMTF , GBMTF FOB USVF . XSJUFMO("#BLLBMB HJEFDFhJN: ", !FLNFL@WBS);

12.2

O4/23:3?7 G?B>:/;/9
fC>ABIBNFK E>KDF OgN>A> FjIBPFIB@BHIBNF, DBNBHPFeFKAB M>N>KPBVIBNIB ?BIFNPFIFN. *>NJ>jgH FC>ABIBNAB bK@B M>N>KPBV F_FKABHF FC>ABIBN FjIBPFIFN RB LKI>NgK ABeBNF AgjP>HF FjIB_IB HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK "H>ERB RBU> _>U R>NO> RB U>KgKA> A> ?>HI>R> RBU> H>A>UgC R>NO> HBUCFJ UBNFKAB" DF?F ?FN FC>ABUF jbUIB EBO>MI>U>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(",FZGJN ZFSJOEF: ", (LBIWF@WBS ]] dBZ@WBS) && (CBLMBWB@WBS ]] LBEBZjG@WBS)); *BKAFJFV M>N>KPBVIBNIB DNQMI>J>VO>H, FC>ABIBN # AFIFKFK HQN>II>Ng FIB ?BIFNIBKJFj LI>K bK@BIFHIBNB QUDQK LI>N>H FjIBPFIFNIBN. && FjIB@FKFK bK@BIFeF AB ]] FjIB@FKABK A>E> UcHOBH LIAQeQ F_FK, UQH>NgA>HF J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUF DNQMI>J>A>K jbUIB U>V>NO>H XSJUFMO(",FZGJN ZFSJOEF: ", LBIWF@WBS ]] dBZ@WBS && CBLMBWB@WBS ]] LBEBZjG@WBS); FjIBJ bK@BIFHIBNF KBABKFUIB jQKQK BjABeBNF LI>N>H FjIBPFIFN XSJUFMO(",FZGJN ZFSJOEF: ", LBIWF@WBS ]] (dBZ@WBS && CBLMBWB@WBS) ]] LBEBZjG@WBS); RB P>J>JBK C>NHIg >KI>JA> ?FN FC>ABUB AbKcjcN: "H>ERB R>NO>, RBU> _>U RB ?>HI>R> R>NO>, RBU> H>A>UgC R>NO>; HBUCFJ UBNFKAB". !cPcK FjIB_IBNFK FjIBJ bK@BIFHIBNFKF EBJBK EBJBK EF_?FN MNLDN>J@g BV?BNB ?FIJBV. . UcVABK, DBNBHJBOB ?FIB M>N>KPBVIBN HQII>K>N>H E>KDF FC>ABUF HQNJ>H FOPBAFeFKFVF >_gH_> ?BIFNPJBH HLAQK >KI>jgIgNIgeg >_gOgKA>K _LH U>N>NIgAgN.

12.3

G7?7RA3< CPPM %9B;/9

7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNABHF ?cPcK CPPM FC>ABIBN _gHgj> "C>IOB" RBU> "PNQB" AFVDFIBNF LI>N>H U>VAgNgIgNI>N. !QKQK H>NjgPg ALeNQ ABeFIAFN: DFNFjPBK LHQK>K "C>IOB" RB "PNQB" AFVDFIBNF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H GBMTF RB USVF ABeBNIBNFKB AbKcjPcNcIJBVIBN. . UcVABK, DFNFjPBK DBIBK HBIFJBUF bK@B ?FN AFVDF LI>N>H LHQJ>JgV, RB OLKN> LK> ?>H>N>H ?FN CPPM ABeBNB AbKcjPcNJBJFV DBNBHFN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>Jg ABKBNHBK DFNFjPBK "C>IOB" RB "PNQB" DFNB?FIJBKFVF FOPFULNQJ. !bUIB@B ?Q ABNOPB >KI>PgI>KI>Ng >UKBK ABKBUB?FIB@BHOFKFV. !QKQK LI>?FIJBOF F_FK, ABNOIBNFK ?>jgKA> MI>KI>AgegJ ULIA>K O>M>@>H RB FOPBJBUBNBH EBKcV >KI>PJ>AgegJ HLAI>N DbOPBNB@BeFJ. &FNFjPBK DBIBK "C>IOB" AFVDFOFKF GBMTF ABeBNFKB, "PNQB" AFVDFOFKF AB USVF ABeBNFKB AbKcjPcNBK ?FN FjIBR HQII>K>@>egJ. !Q FjIBR, TUE.DPOW JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K UP 'A>K U>N>NI>K>@>H. ("C>IOB" RBU> "PNQB"A>K ?>jH> ?FN AFVDF DFNAFeFKFVAB $POW&YDFQUJPO E>P>Og >PgIgN.) j>egA>HF MNLDN>JI>NA>HF NBJO 'IBN F_FKAB >KI>jgIJ>V ?FN P>N>C LIJ>AgegKg QJQULNQJ. J> HJSJmUFO@CPPM@PLV() FjIBRFKAB EBKcV DbNJBAFeFKFV LI>K>HI>N HQII>KgIgULN; F_FKB >_gHI>J>I>N HLUAQJ >J> FOPBNOBKFV L FjIBRF jFJAFIFH P>J>JBK DbV>NAg A> BAB?FIFNOFKFV.

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12.4

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 1>UgI>NgK ?cUcHIcec RB Hc_cHIcec FIB FIDFIF LI>K < , > RO. FjIB_IBNF ?Q ABNOPB P>KgAgH. !Q FjIB_IBN F_FKAB ">N>OgKA> JgAgN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>U>K FjIB_ ?QIQKJ>V. 7>KF RBNFIBK ?FN O>UgKgK FHF ABeBN >N>OgKA> LIQM LIJ>AgegKg EBO>MI>U>K FjIB_ ULHPQN. !FN >NH>A>jgKgV ?QKQK cOPBOFKABK DBIJBH F_FK jbUIB ?FN MNLDN>J U>VJgj LIOQK. !Q MNLDN>Jg ABNIBJBUB _>IgjgK RB ABNIBKBJBAFeFKF DbNcK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = 15; ^ XSJUFMO(""SBTjOEB: ", 10 < TBZj < 20); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BNIBJB E>P>OgKg DFABNJBH F_FK ?cPcK FC>ABKFK BPN>CgKA> M>N>KPBV HQII>KJ>Ug ABKBUFK: XSJUFMO(""SBTjOEB: ", (10 < TBZj < 20)); 7FKB ABNIBKBJBAFeFKF DbNcK. 2. UKg >NH>A>jgKgV E>P>Ug DFABNJBH F_FK 4;C X7J>7C 67@7C=7@ ABNIBJB E>P>OgKgK DNQMI>J> FIB DFABNFIAFeFKF C>NHBPOFK: XSJUFMO(""SBTjOEB: ", (10 < TBZj) < 20); !Q OBCBN MNLDN>JgK ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjPgegKg RB "PNQB" U>VAgegKg DbVIBJIBUFK. -B U>VgH HF L _gHPg U>KgIPg@gAgN _cKHc MNLDN>JA> DFVIF ?FN E>P> ?QIQKQULN. '>P>KgK BPHFOFKF DbNJBH F_FK 15 UBNFKB ?Q OBCBN 20'ABK ?cUcH ?FN ABeBN HQII>KgK: JOU TBZj = 21; . ABeBN 20'ABK Hc_cH LIJ>Ageg E>IAB MNLDN>JgK UFKB AB "PNQB" U>VAgNAgegKg DbNcK. A37&7: ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKFK CPPM PcNcKAB LIAQHI>NgKg E>PgNI>UgK. !FIAFeFKFV CPPM ABeBNIBNFK 20 DF?F ?FN O>UgA>K Hc_cH LIJ>Og DF?F ?FN H>RN>J P>KgJ>AgH. 3. #'AB ">N>OgKA> JgAgN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>U>K J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUF jQ jBHFIAB HLAI>J>JgV DBNBHFN: >IP OgKgNA>K ?cUcHPcN RB cOP OgKgNA>K Hc_cHPcN. /NLDN>JA>HF FC>ABUF L jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFK RB >NPgH _gHPgKgK ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F "PNQB" LIAQeQKQ DbNcK. UNg@>, U>VAgegKgV FC>ABKFK TBZk 'KgK ?>jH> ABeBNIBNF F_FK AB ALeNQ _>IgjPgegKg ABKBPIBUFK. [NKBeFK, TBZk 50 RBU> 1 LIAQeQKA> OLKQ_ "C>IOB" _gHOgK; 12 LIAQeQKA> "PNQB" _gHOgK. 4. /I>G> >K@>H FHF HLjQIA>K ?FNFOF DBN_BHIBjPFeFKAB DFAFULN LI>IgJ: { ,BO>CB 10'A>K >V (HFILJBPNB R>NO>U>IgJ) RB UBPBNFK@B ?FOFHIBP R>N { *FjF O>UgOg 5 RBU> A>E> >V, >N>?>JgV R>N, RB BEIFUBPIF ?FNFOF R>N j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUF ?Q HLjQII>N O>eI>KAgegKA> "PNQB" U>VAgN>@>H jBHFIAB HQNQK. /NLDN>Jg ABKBNHBK "... R>N Jg?" OLNQI>NgK> "C>IOB" RBU> "PNQB" AFUB U>KgP RBNFK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH;

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$3@EV=D3> U8367>7C

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(",Bd LJlJZJ[ "); JOU LJlJ@TBZjTj; SFBEG(" %T", &LJlJ@TBZjTj); XSJUF(",Bd CJTJLMFU WBS "); JOU CJTJLMFU@TBZjTj; SFBEG(" %T", &CJTJLMFU@TBZjTj); XSJUF(".FTBGF "); JOU NFTBGF; SFBEG(" %T", &NFTBGF); CPPM BSBCB@WBS = HJSJlUFO@CPPM@PLV(""SBCB WBS Nj "); CPPM FIMJZFU@WBS = HJSJlUFO@CPPM@PLV("&IMJZFU WBS Nj "); /* #VSBEBLJ USVF'ZV TJMJO WF ZFSJOF TPSVEBLJ LPlVMMBSEBO CJSJTJ HFSdFLMFlUJhJOEF USVF fSFUFO CJS NBOUjLTBM JGBEF ZB[jO: */ XSJUFMO("1MBKB HJEJZPSV[: ", USVF);

^ /*

#V JlMFWEF IFOf[ HeTUFSNFEJhJN PMBOBLMBS LVMMBOjMjZPS. #V Zf[EFO, BTMjOEB HFSFLNFZFO BdjLMBNBMBS EB FLMFEJN. */ CPPM HJSJlUFO@CPPM@PLV(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ // .FTBKj ZB[EjS XSJUF(NFTBK, "(GBMTF WFZB USVF) "); // (JSJMFO TBUjSj CJS EJ[HJZF PLV TUSJOH HJSJl; XIJMF (HJSJl.MFOHUI == 0) \ HJSJl = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); ^ // 0 EJ[HJEFO CJS CPPM EFhFS fSFU CPPM EeOflUfSfMFO@EFhFS = UP!CPPM(HJSJl); // bSFUJMFO EFhFSJ JlMFWJ dBhjSBOB EeOEfS SFUVSO EeOflUfSfMFO@EFhFS;

ZBjFPIF ABeBNIBN DFNFK, RB U>VAgegKgV FC>ABKFK EBN AQNQJA> ALeNQ _>IgjPgegKg ABKBPIBUFK: HLjQII>N> QUAQeQKA> "PNQB", QUJ>AgegKA> "C>IOB" U>VOgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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;8 "AXF>F

13

JG "=RB:B
/NLDN>JA> >OgI FjIBNFK FC>ABIBN P>N>CgKA>K U>MgIAgegKg beNBKAFH. iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV MNLDN>JI>NA> FjIBJIBN NBJO FOFJIF FjIBR F_FKAB ?>jP>K OLK> ALeNQ RB U>VgIAgHI>Ng OgN>A> FjIBPFIFULNI>NAg. #'AB ABUFJIBN, FC>ABIBNFK FjIBPFIJB H>N>NI>NgKg RBNBK RB FC>ABIBNFK FjIBPFIJB OgN>I>NgKg BPHFIBUBK MNLDN>J U>MgI>NgAgN. *BKAFIBNF ABeBN cNBPJBVIBN RB U>K BPHFIBNF ULHPQN. #BUFJIBN, FC>ABIBNFK FjIBPFIFM FjIBPFIJBUB@BHIBNFKF RB ?Q FC>ABIBNFK E>KDF OgN>A> FjIBPFIB@BHIBNFKF ?BIFNIBNIBN. !Q H>N>NI>Ng RBNFNHBK AB UFKB FC>ABIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKABK U>N>NI>KgNI>N. Not: U8367 G7 67J;? =3GC3?>3CV@V@ 4FC363 RTC7@6;T;@;K E3@V?>3CV D 6;>;@67=; E3@V?>3CV6VC. B3X=3 6;>>7C67=; E3@V?>3CV 83C=>V>V=>3C 9RDE7C;C G7 :3EE3 43KV 6;>>7C67 4RJ>7 4;C 3JCV? JA=EFC.

13.1

JG 0:=NB C3 9/>@/;P
JG ABUFJF, FC>ABIBNFK FjIBPFIFM FjIBPFIJBUB@BeFKB ?BIFNIF ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK OLKQ@QK> ?>H>N>H H>N>N RBNBK U>MgAgN. "FC", fKDFIFV@B'AB "BeBN" >KI>JgKA>AgN; "BeBN P>PIg R>NO>" HQII>KgJgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F... />N>KPBV F_FKAB ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>AB >IgN, BeBN L FC>AB ALeNQUO> (U>KF ABeBNF USVF FOB), HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF F_FKABHF FC>ABIBNF FjIBPFN. !QKQK PBNOF LI>N>H, J>KPgHO>I FC>AB ALeNQ ABeFIOB HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF F_FKABHF FC>ABIBNF FjIBPJBV. 1bV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: JG (CJS@NBOUjLTBM@JGBEF) \ // JlMFUJMFDFL CJS JGBEF // JlMFUJMFDFL CBlLB CJS JGBEF // WT. ^ [NKBeFK "BeBN ?>HI>R> R>NO> ?>HI>R> UB RB OLKN> P>?>eg H>IAgN" DF?F ?FN MNLDN>J U>MgOgKg jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ CPPM CBLMBWB@WBS = USVF; JG (CBLMBWB@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("#BLMBWB ZJZPSVN..."); XSJUFMO("5BCBhj LBMEjSjZPSVN..."); ^

. MNLDN>JA> CBLMBWB@WBS 'gK ABeBNF GBMTF U>MgIgNO> _gHgj> EF_?FN jBU U>VAgNgIJ>V, _cKHc JG ABUFJF HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK J>KPgHO>I FC>AB GBMTF LIAQeQKA> HcJB M>N>KPBVF F_FKABHF FC>ABIBNF FjIBPJBV. *cJB M>N>KPBVIBNFUIB DNQMI>KJgj FC>ABIBNFK PcJcKB 4>A=, L ?bIDBUB AB =3BD3? >Ag RBNFIFN. 7>VgJ U>KIgjI>NgK> ULI >_J>Ageg OcNB@B, LHQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK MNLDN>JA> FOPBAFeFKFV DF?F ?LjIQHI>N HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. !BK HcJB >_J> M>N>KPBVFKF, U>KF \ H>N>HPBNFKF, JG 'IB >UKg O>PgN> U>VJ>Ug OBRFULNQJ; OFV >IP O>PgN> A> U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. fHFOF AB LIAQH_> U>UDgK HQII>KgJI>NAgN.

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;8 "AXF>F

13.2

FMTF 0:=NB C3 9/>@/;P

ZLeQ V>J>K JG 'B RBNFIBK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK ALeNQ LIJ>Ageg AQNQJA> A> ?>Vg FjIBJIBN U>MJ>H FOPBNFV. [NKBeFK "BeBN BHJBH R>NO> UBJBH UB, ULHO> ?>HH>I> DFP" DF?F ?FN H>N>NA> BHJBH LIO> A> LIJ>O> A> ?FN BUIBJ R>NAgN. #'AB FC>AB GBMTF LIAQeQKA> U>MgI>@>H FjIBN FMTF >K>EP>N ObV@cecKABK OLKN>HF HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF F_FKAB ?BIFNPFIFN. "BIOB", "ABeFIOB" ABJBHPFN. 1bV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: JG (CJS@NBOUjLTBM@JGBEF) \ // EPhSV PMEVhVOEB JlMFUJMFO JGBEFMFS ^ FMTF \ // EPhSV PM."EjhjOEB JlMFUJMFO JGBEFMFS ^ [NKBH LI>N>H: JG (FLNFL@WBS) \ XSJUFMO(":FNFL ZJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("#BLLBMB ZfSfZPSVN"); ^ . bNKBHPB FLNFL@WBS 'gK ABeBNFKB DbNB U> ?FNFK@F AFVDF U> A> FHFK@F AFVDF U>VAgNgIgN. *cJB M>N>KPBVIBNFKFK UBNIBNFKFK UFKB PBN@FEB ?>eIg LIAQeQKQ DbNcULNOQKQV. FMTF HBKAFOF ?FN ABUFJ ABeFIAFN, JG ABUFJFKFK OB_FJB ?>eIg ?FN M>N_>OgAgN; PBH ?>jgK> HQII>KgI>J>V.

13.3

"/>@/; >/?/<A3F:3?7<7 63> 9B::/<P<

'F_ P>ROFUB BAFIJBV >J> ?QKQ ?FIJBKFVAB U>N>N R>N: $eBN JG 'FK RBU> FMTF 'FK >IPgKA>HF FC>AB PBHOB, HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF DBNBHJBV. 7QH>NgA>HF FC>AB HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF HQII>KgIJ>A>K >j>egA>HF DF?F AB U>VgI>?FIFN: JG (FLNFL@WBS) XSJUFMO(":FNFL ZJZPSVN"); FMTF XSJUFMO("#BLLBMB ZfSfZPSVN"); ZLeQ ABKBUFJIF MNLDN>J@g PBH FC>ABIBNAB ?FIB HcJB M>N>KPBVF HQII>KgN. (!QKQKI> FIDFIF ?FN E>P>Ug MNL?IBJIBN ?bIcJcKAB DbNB@BHOFKFV.) ,QPI>H> HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF HQII>KJ>KgVg ?Q KLHP>A> bKBNJBJFK ?FN KBABKF R>N: !Q bKBNFUB EBJBK EBJBK EF_?FN V>J>K QUQIJ>U>K PBH AQNQJQ A> jFJAF >KI>P>@>egJ.

13.4

"74, 3:@3 74, 3:@3" F7<17?7

#FIFK ?FVB RBNAFeF Dc_IBNABK ?FNFOF, FC>AB RB ABUFJIBNF OBN?BOP_B H>NgjPgN>N>H HQII>KJ> FJH>KgAgN. fC>AB RB ABUFJIBNF H>MO>JI>N F_FKAB AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK ?FN FMTF H>MO>JgKA> ?FIB JG ABUFJF ?QIQK>?FIFN. /NLDN>JI>NgK 3=V>>V LI>N>H >IDgI>KJ>I>Ng, EBM ?FVFJ FC>AB RB ABUFJIBNF ALeNQ OLKQ_I>N RBNB@BH jBHFIAB ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eI>J>JgVA>K ALe>N. !FOFHIBPB ?FKJBUF UcNcJBHPBK A>E> _LH OBRAFeFJFVF R>NO>U>NO>H:

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;8 "AXF>F

JG (FLNFL@WBS) \ XSJUFMO(":FNFL ZJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF \ JG (CJTJLMFU@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("6[BLUBLJ GjSjOB HJEJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(":BLjOEBLJ CBLLBMB ZfSfZPSVN"); ^ ^ .N>A>HF JG ABUFJIBNFKFK >KI>Jg jQAQN: "BeBN BHJBH R>NO>: UBJBH UFULNQJ; BeBN BHJBH ULHO>: ?FOFHIBP R>NO> CgNgK> DFAFULNQJ, ULHO> ?>HH>I> UcNcULNQJ". !FN>V A>E> FIBNF DFABIFJ RB ?FOFHIBP LIJ>AgegKA> EBJBK ?>HH>I> UcNcJBH UBNFKB, HLJjQKQK BRAB LIQM LIJ>J>OgK> DbNB A>RN>K>IgJ: JG (FLNFL@WBS) \ XSJUFMO(":FNFL ZJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF \ JG (CJTJLMFU@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("6[BLUBLJ GjSjOB HJEJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF \ JG (LPNlV@FWEF) \ XSJUFMO(",PNlVEBO JTUJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF\ XSJUFMO(":BLjOEBLJ CBLLBMB ZfSfZPSVN"); ^

!QN>A> DbNcIAcec DF?F "BeBN ?bUIBUOB ?QKQ U>M, ABeFIOB >J> bUIBUOB LKQ U>M, L A> ABeFIOB >J> jbUIBUOB jQKQ U>M, RO." DF?F U>MgI>N MNLDN>J@gIgHP> _LH HQII>KgIgN. -B U>VgH HF ?bUIB U>VgK@> HLAA> C>VI> ?LjIQHI>N LIQjQN: ?QN>A>HF 3 JG ABUFJF RB 4 XSJUFMO FC>ABOF F_FK PLMI>J 13 O>PgN U>VJgj LIAQH (?Lj O>PgNI>Ng O>UJ>A>K). 1gH H>NjgI>jgI>K ?Q U>MgUg A>E> AcVBKIF LI>N>H U>VJ>H F_FK, ?bUIB VFK@FNIBJB H>N>NI>NA> ?FN FOPFOK> LI>N>H ;Q>7C;@67 E7= 4;C 30 67J;?; 4F>F@3@ FMTF 'IBNFK H>MO>J M>N>KPBVIBNFKF U>VJ>UgV. 'F_?FN V>J>K HLAQ >j>egA>HF DF?F _FNHFK ?gN>HJ>UgK! !BK ?FN OLKN>HF >AgJ> DB_JB >j>J>Og LI>N>H DbOPBNFULNQJ (L UcVABK AB NBKHOFV ?gN>HPgJ). f_IBNFKAB PBH ?FN JG LI>K FMTF 'IBNFK HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNFKF H>IAgNgK@>: JG (FLNFL@WBS) \ XSJUFMO(":FNFL ZJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF JG (CJTJLMFU@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("6[BLUBLJ GjSjOB HJEJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF JG (LPNlV@FWEF) \ XSJUFMO(",PNlVEBO JTUJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF\ XSJUFMO(":BLjOEBLJ CBLLBMB ZfSfZPSVN"); ^

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;8 "AXF>F

!FN >AgJ A>E> FIBNF DFABNBH JG >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNFKF AB cOPIBNFKABHF FMTF O>PgNI>NgK> _BHBN RB ?FN>V A> EFV>I>NO>H, OLK ABNB@B LHQK>HIg ?FN U>Mg LIQjQN: JG (FLNFL@WBS) \ XSJUFMO(":FNFL ZJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF JG (CJTJLMFU@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("6[BLUBLJ GjSjOB HJEJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF JG (LPNlV@FWEF) \ XSJUFMO(",PNlVEBO JTUJZPSVN"); ^ FMTF\ XSJUFMO(":BLjOEBLJ CBLLBMB ZfSfZPSVN"); ^ !bUIB@B EBJ O>PgN O>UgOg >V>IJgj LIQN, EBJ AB H>N>NI>N> DbNB FjIBPFIB@BH LI>K ?cPcK FC>ABIBN >IP >IP> DBIJFj LIQNI>N. #bNP HLjQIQK E>KDF OgN>A> ABKBPIBKAFeF RB EBN HLjQIA> KB U>MgIAgeg ?FN ?>HgjP> >KI>jgIgN. ZLH OgH H>NjgI>jgI>K ?Q HLA U>MgOgK> "FC, BIOB FC, BIOB" ABKFN.

13.5

&?=0:3;:3?
1. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK USVF LIAQeQKQ DbNcULNQV. #LI>UgOgUI> MNLDN>JgK >;?A@3E3 ;Q;B 43C63TV JV=3?3DV@V ?BHIBNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ CPPM MJNPOBUB@WBS = USVF; JG (MJNPOBUB@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("-JNPOBUB JdJZPSVN"); XSJUFMO("#BSEBhj ZjLjZPSVN"); ^ FMTF XSJUFMO("#BLMBWB ZJZPSVN"); XSJUFMO("5BCBhj LBMEjSjZPSVN");

.UO> MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgNgNO>KgV, _gHPgOgKA> ?FN AB E343= =3>6VCV>6VTV@V DbNB@BHOFKFV: -JNPOBUB JeJZPSVN #BSEBik ZkLkZPSVN 5BCBik LBMEkSkZPSVN -BABK? /NLDN>Jg AcVBIPBNBH ?BHIBKBK _gHPgUg RBNJBOFKF O>eI>UgK. 2. *QII>Kg@gUI> LUQK LUK>U>K (RB LK> C>VI>OgUI> DcRBKBK) ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK. *QII>Kg@g >PPgeg V>NgK ABeBNFKF DFNOFK. 8>NgK ABeBNFKB DbNB U> HQII>Kg@g H>V>KOgK, U> A> MNLDN>J: ;BS %FiFSJ 1 2 3 4 5 6 #BlLB CJS EFhFS 1SPHSBN akLUkTk 4J[ LB[BOEjOj[ 4J[ LB[BOEjOj[ 4J[ LB[BOEjOj[ #FO LB[BOEjN #FO LB[BOEjN #FO LB[BOEjN )"5": (FdFSTJ[ EFhFS

$H MQ>K: '>P>Ig DFNFj LIQjPQeQKA> ABeBNF AB U>VOgK. [NKBeFK:

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;8 "AXF>F

)"5": (FeFSTJ[ EFiFS: 7 3. UKg LUQKQ jbUIB ABeFjPFNBIFJ: *QII>Kg@g 1'ABK 1000'B H>A>N ?FN O>Ug DFNOFK RB 1-500 >N>IgegKA> OFV H>V>KgK, 501-1000 >N>IgegKA> ?FIDFO>U>N H>V>KOgK. '^I^ ?FN bK@BHF MNL?IBJABHF _bVcJIBNF QUDQI>U>?FIFN JFOFKFV?

... QRKS?>7C

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H:;>7 DR@9SDS

14

XIJMF DL<5M@M
XIJMF AbKDcOc JG HLjQIQK> _LH ?BKVBN RB LKQK PBHN>N PBHN>N FjIBPFIJBOFAFN. ,>KPgHO>I ?FN FC>AB >IgN, ?Q FC>AB ALeNQ FOB H>MO>JA>HF FC>ABIBNF FjIBPFN. *>MO>JA>HF FjIBJIBN P>J>JI>KgK@> J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUB PBHN>N ?>H>N RB ALeNQ LIAQeQ OcNB@B ?Q AbKDcAB ABR>J BABN. "SEFIB", "LIAQeQ OcNB@B" ABJBHPFN. 1bV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: XIJMF (CJS@NBOUjLTBM@JGBEF) \ // JlMFUJMFDFL CJS JGBEF // JlMFUJMFDFL CBlLB CJS JGBEF // WT... ^ [NKBeFK "?>HI>R> LIAQeQ OcNB@B ?>HI>R> UB" DF?F ?FN FC>AB jbUIB MNLDN>JI>K>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ CPPM IcMc@CBLMBWB@WBS = USVF; XIJMF (IcMc@CBLMBWB@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("5BCBhB CBLMBWB LPZVZPSVN"); XSJUFMO("#BLMBWB ZJZPSVN"); ^

. MNLDN>J OLKOQV> H>A>N L AbKDc F_FKAB H>I>@>HPgN, _cKHc IdMd@CBLMBWB@WBS ABeFjHBKFKFK ABeBNF EF_ ABeFjJBJBHPB RB EBM USVF LI>N>H H>IJ>HP>AgN. XIJMF 'gK Dc@c, J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> ABeFjPFeF AQNQJI>NA> A>E> FUF >KI>jgIgN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK HQII>Kg@gA>K ?FN O>Ug >I>K RB ?Q O>Ug "0 RBU> A>E> ?cUcH" LIAQeQ OcNB@B AbKDcAB H>I>K ?FN MNLDN>J AcjcKBIFJ. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, JOU PcNcKABHF ABeFjHBKIBNFK FIH ABeBNF 0 LIAQeQ F_FK ?Q MNLDN>JA> A> TBZk 'KgK FIH ABeBNF 0'AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj; XIJMF (TBZj >= 0) \ XSJUF("#JS TBZj HJSJO: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); ^ ^ XSJUFMO(TBZj, " JdJO UFlFLLfSMFS!");

XSJUFMO("%eOHfEFO djLUjN");

. MNLDN>J DFNFIBK O>Ug F_FK PBjBHHcN BABN RB BHOF ?FN O>Ug DFNFIAFeFKAB AbKDcABK _gH>N.

14.1

DPOUJOVF 23E7;7
"@LKPFKQB", "ABR>J BP" ABJBHPFN. !Q ABUFJ, AbKDcKcK DBNF H>I>KgKA>HF FC>ABIBNFK FjIBPFIJBIBNF UBNFKB, EBJBK AbKDcKcK ?>jgK> AbKcIJBOFKF O>eI>N.

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H:;>7 DR@9SDS

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> DFNFIBK EBN O>Ug F_FK PBjBHHcN BPJBH UBNFKB, ?FN>V OB_F@F LI>IgJ RB 13 ABeBNF DFNFIAFeFKAB ?BeBKJBUFM PBHN>N AbKDcKcK ?>jgK> AbKBIFJ. !Q MNLDN>JA> 13'B PBjBHHcN BAFIJBV, _cKHc O>Ug 13 LIAQeQKA> DPOUJOVF FIB EBJBK AbKDcKcK ?>jgK> DFAFIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj; XIJMF (TBZj >= 0) \ XSJUF("#JS TBZj HJSJO: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); JG (TBZj == 13) \ XSJUFMO("6hVSTV[ TBZj LBCVM FUNJZPSVN..."); DPOUJOVF; ^ ^ ^ XSJUFMO(TBZj, " JdJO UFlFLLfSMFS!");

XSJUFMO("%eOHfEFO djLUjN");

. MNLDN>JgK A>RN>KgjgKg jbUIB bVBPIBUB?FIFNFV: DFNFIBK O>Ug 0 RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LIAQeQ OcNB@B O>Ug >I, >J> 13 ABeBNFKF HQII>KJ>.

14.2

CSFBL 23E7;7
!FN _LH ObVIcH >KI>Jg LI>K "?NB>H" #'AB "AbKDcUc HgN" >KI>JgKA>AgN. !>VBK >NPgH AbKDcUIB FjFJFV H>IJ>AgegKg >KI>AgegJgVA> AbKDcABK EBJBK _gHJ>H FOPBNFV; CSFBL ?QKQ O>eI>N. !Q MNLDN>JgK >N>Ageg bVBI O>UgKgK 42 LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ RB L O>UgUg ?QIAQeQ >K AbKDcUIB FjF ?FPOFK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj; XIJMF (TBZj >= 0) \ XSJUF("#JS TBZj HJSJO: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); JG (TBZj == 42) \ XSJUFMO(""3"%*g*.* #6-%6.!"); CSFBL; ^ ^ ^ XSJUFMO(TBZj, " JdJO UFlFLLfSMFS!");

XSJUFMO("%eOHfEFO djLUjN");

iFJAFHF A>RN>KgjgKg A> jbUIB bVBPIBUB?FIFNFV: DFNFIBK O>Ug 0 RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LIAQeQ OcNB@B O>Ug >I, 42 DBIFNOB EBJBK _gH.

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H:;>7 DR@9SDS

14.3

(=<@BF 2L<5M
CSFBL ABUFJFKFK HQII>KgIAgeg ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> ?FIBNBH OLKOQV AbKDc LIQjPQNQIQN RB CSFBL ABUFJF L AbKDcKcK PBH _gHgjg LIQN. 1LKOQV AbKDc LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK XIJMF '> O>?FP USVF ABeBNF RBNFIFN. [NKBeFK HQII>Kg@gU> ?FN JBKc DbOPBNBNBH LKA>K ?FN HLJQP ?BHIBUBK >j>egA>HF MNLDN>J, >K@>H HQII>Kg@g bVBIIFHIB FOPBAFeFKAB ?Q AbKDcABK _gHJ>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // 4POTV[ EeOHf, dfOLf NBOUjLTBM JGBEF IFQ USVF: XIJMF (USVF) \ XSJUF("0:`jL, 1:5fSLdF, 2:iOHJMJ[DF - 4FdJNJOJ[ JOU TFdJN; SFBEG(" %T", &TFdJN); JG (TFdJN == 0) \ XSJUFMO("5BNBN, TPOSB HeSflfSf[..."); CSFBL; // #V EeOHfOfO UFL djLjlj ^ FMTF JG (TFdJN == 1) \ XSJUFMO(".FSIBCB!"); ^ FMTF JG (TFdJN == 2) \ XSJUFMO(")FMMP!"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("0OV CJMNJZPSVN... :/"); ^

");

(%AE: )A@DFK 6R@9S>7C67@ :3E3 3EV>3C3= 63 QV=V>34;>;C. 4R>S?67 9RC757T;K.)

3E3 3E?3 6SK7@7T;@; 63:3 DA@C3=; 4;C

14.4

&?=0:3;:3?
1. iQ MNLDN>J DFNFjPBK 3 DBIAFeF OcNB@B AbKDcAB H>IJ>H F_FK MNLDN>JI>KJgj >J> ?FN E>P> R>N: HQII>Kg@gA>K ?FN HBNB ?FIB O>Ug FOPBJFULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj; XIJMF (TBZj == 3) \ XSJUF("4BZj "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); ^

-BABK? . MNLDN>JA>HF E>P>Ug DFABNFK RB ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjJ>OgKg O>eI>UgK: HQII>Kg@gA>K O>Ug >IOgK RB O>Ug 3 LIAQeQ OcNB@B AbKDcAB H>IOgK. 2. !FIDFO>U>N FHF HFjFUB ( UjB RB !>Ngj) jbUIB ?FN LUQK LUK>POgK: BK ?>jP> UjB'ABK 1-10 >N>IgegKA> ?FN O>Ug >IOgK. UjB'KFK ?Q >N>IgH AgjgKA> O>Ug DFNJBOFKF H>?QI BPJBOFK RB ALeNQ O>Ug DFNBKB H>A>N UjB'ABK O>Ug >IJ>U> ABR>J BPOFK. .KA>K OLKN> !>Ngj'P>K PBHBN PBHBN O>Ug >IJ>U> ?>jI>OgK RB !>Ngj'gK DFNAFeF O>Ug UjB'KFK ?>jP>K DFNAFeF O>UgU> BjFP LIQK@> LUQKQ OLKI>KAgNOgK.

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H:;>7 DR@9SDS

N26:

UjB'KFK DFNAFeF O>Ug BHN>KA> DbNcKAcec F_FK P>?FF HF !>Ngj P>N>CgKA>K EBJBK

?FIFKFN. :L) !Q >j>J>A> ?QKQK ?FN bKBJF ULH; ?QN>A> >J>@gJgV AbKDcIBNF beNBKJBH... ... QRKS?>7C

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

15

)/;@/EP:/? C3 A?7A;3A79 OR:3;:3?

#'KFK H>N>N RBNJB FIB FIDFIF U>MgI>NgKA>K JG 'F RB XIJMF 'g DbNAcH. !Q ?bIcJAB PBJBI PcNIBNFK O>UgO>I LI>KI>NgUI> U>MgI>K >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNB ?>H>@>egV. !bUIB@B ?QKA>K OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNAB _LH A>E> ?B@BNFHIF RB FIDFK_ MNLDN>JI>N U>V>?FIB@BHOFKFV. NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBN >OIgKA> OLK ABNB@B ?>OFPPFNIBN _cKHc V>PBK DcKIcH E>U>PgJgVA> EBN V>J>K H>NjgJgV> _gH>NI>N. !QK> N>eJBK, PBJBI PcNIBNIB FIDFIBKFNHBK JQPI>H> ?FIFKJBOF DBNBHBK _LH bKBJIF H>RN>JI>N A> R>NAgN. *SC FKF@>FTF, E3X?3, RB =VCBV>?3 H>RN>JI>NgKg >KIgULNO>KgV ?cPcK HLKQUQ ?Q P>?ILU> ?>H>N>H DB_B?FIFNOFKFV: jmMFe ++ -+ * / % ?? &ULJTJ EFhFSJOJ CJS BSUUjSjS EFhFSJOJ CJS B[BMUjS JLJ EFhFSJO UPQMBNj CJSJODJEFO JLJODJOJO djLBSjMNjlj JLJ EFhFSJO dBSQjNj CJSJODJOJO JLJODJZF CeMfNf CJSJODJOJO JLJODJZF CeMfNfOfOEFO LBMBO CJSJODJOJO JLJODJ'OJO EFhFSJ LBEBS fTTf (CJSJODJOJO JLJODJ LFSF LFOEJTJZMF dBSQjNj) bSOFL LVMMBOkN ++EFhJlLFO --EFhJlLFO CJSJODJ + JLJODJ CJSJODJ - JLJODJ CJSJODJ * JLJODJ CJSJODJ / JLJODJ CJSJODJ % JLJODJ CJSJODJ ?? JLJODJ

2>?ILA>HF FHFIF FjIB_IBNFK U>KgK> = H>N>HPBNF DBIBKIBNF AB R>NAgN: += , -= , *= , /= , %= , RB ??= . !QKI>N FjIBJFK OLKQ@QKQ OLIA>HF ABeFjHBKB >P>NI>N: TBZj += 10; . FC>AB TBZk 'U> 10 BHIBN RB OLKQ@Q UFKB TBZk 'U> >P>N; OLKQ_P> ABeBNFKF 10 >NPPgNJgj LIQN. iQ FC>ABKFK BjABeBNFAFN: TBZj = TBZj + 10; T$C0$: 'BN ABeBN EBN PcNB OgeJ>V RB P>j>?FIFN. [NKBeFK 0 FIB 255 >N>OgKA> ABeBNIBN PQP>?FIBK VCZUF '> 260 ABeBNF RBNFIJBUB H>IHgjgIgNO> ABeBNF 4 LIQN. KB43B/0$: 2>JO>UgI>N RFNDcIABK OLKN>OgKg PQP>J>VI>N. [NKBeFK 3/2 FC>ABOFKFK ABeBNF 1 LIQN. $eBN ?Q H>RN>JI>Ng bNKBeFK ?>jH> AFIIBNABK ?FIFULNO>KgV, ?Q H>A>Ng UBPB?FIFN. fOPBNOBKFV DBNF H>I>KgKg LHQJ>U>?FIFNOFKFV, >J> UFKB AB OLKA>HF MNL?IBJIBNF >PI>J>UgK.

15.1

AE?P<AP:P B7:57
!Q ?bIcJ FIDFOFV ?FIDFIBN RBNFULN DF?F DBIB?FIFN; _cKHc >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBN EBMFJFVFK DcKIcH E>U>PP> OcNBHIF LI>N>H H>NjgI>jPgegJgV H>RN>JI>NAgN: 2>KBOF 10 IFN> LI>K ?FN jBUABK FHF P>KB >IgNO>H 20 IFN> RBNFNFV, RBU> c_c 45 IFN> LI>K jBUIBNFK P>KBOF 15 IFN>AgN... -B U>VgH HF FjIBN ?FIDFO>U>NA> ?Q H>A>N ?>OFP LIJ>U>?FIFN. 1>UgI>NgK ?FIDFO>U>NA> K>OgI O>HI>KAgHI>NgKg ?FIJBVOBH, bNKBeFK 3 JFIU>N ?LN@Q LI>K ?FN CFNJ>KgK 3 JFIU>N A>E> ?LN_ >IJ>Og OLKQ@QKA> ?LN@QKQK 1.7 JFIU>N> 6SXESTS@S DbNB?FIFNFV. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, 1 HQPQOQ 4 _L@Qe> UBPBK ALKAQNJ>A>K 11 _L@QH F_FK 2 P>KB UBPB@BH AFUB EBO>MI>U>?FIFNFV. !Q ?bIcJ OFVB bK@BHFIBNABK A>E> PBHKFH DBIB?FIFN >J> P>JO>UgI>NgK ?FIDFO>U>NA> K>OgI FC>AB BAFIAFHIBNFKFK ?FN MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K JQPI>H> ?FIFKJBOF DBNBHFN.

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15.1.1

)/;@/EP:/?
2>JO>UgI>N >K@>H P>J ABeBNIBN >I>?FIBK PcNIBNAFN: -2, 0, 10, RO. !Q PcNIBN 2.5 DF?F HBOFNIF ABeBNIBN PQP>J>VI>N. #>E> bK@B PBJBI PcNIBN P>?ILOQKA> A> DbNAcecKcV P>JO>Ug PcNIBNF jQKI>NAgN: #JU 6[VOMViV 8 8 16 16 32 32 64 64 jML %FiFSJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 00-

5gS CZUF VCZUF TIPSU VTIPSU JOU VJOU MPOH VMPOH

'>PgNI>NO>KgV, PcN FOFJIBNFKFK ?>jgKA>HF V H>N>HPBNF "QKOFDKBA"A>K DBIFULNAQ RB "Fj>NBPOFV" ABJBHPF. . PcNIBN 7=D; ;X3C7E; A>?3J3@ PcNIBNAFN RB U>IKgV@> OgCgN RB A>E> ?cUcH ABeBNIBN >I>?FIFNIBN.
15.1.2

B7A:3? C3 AM? BFB<:B9:/?P

&cKcJcVABHF ?FIDFO>U>N OFOPBJIBNFKAB BK Hc_cH ?FIDF M>N_>Og ?FPPFN. !FP, BIBHPNLKFH AcVBUAB RB ABRNBIBNFK ?BIFNIF KLHP>I>NgKA> 7>7=EC;= 97C;>;?;@;@ G3C A>FB A>?3?3DV H>RN>JgUI> ?BIFNIBKAFeF F_FK, >K@>H FHF AQNQJA>K ?FNFOFKAB ?QIQK>?FIFN. !Q AQNQJI>N 0 RB 1 ABeBNIBNF LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJFjIBNAFN. 7>KF OLKQ_P> ?FN ?FP, FHF ABeFjFH ABeBN O>HI>U>?FIFN. 7>IKgV@> FHF AQNQJI> FC>AB BAFIB?FIBK H>RN>JI>NI> C>VI> H>NjgI>jJ>AgegJgV F_FK ?FPFK HQII>KgjIgIgeg A> >VAgN: U>Vg RBU> PQN>, LA>A> gjgHI>NgK >_gH LIQM LIJ>Ageg, RO. DF?F FHF AQNQJQ LI>K H>RN>JI>N... !FN>V FIBNF DFABNBH FHF ?FPF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFNOBH, FHFOFKFK ?FNIFHPB O>HI>U>?FIB@BHIBNF PLMI>J ABeBN >ABAF >NP>N. fHFOFKFK >UNg >UNg 0 RBU> 1 AQNQJQKA> LIJ>I>NgK> DbNB PLMI>J 4 LI>OgIgH R>NAgN. 1LIA>HF N>H>J ?FNFK@F ?FPF, O>eA>HF N>H>J A> FHFK@F ?FPF DbOPBNFULN LIOQK: 00, 01, 10, RB 11. 7>KF ?FN ?FP BHIBJBUIB PLMI>J AQNQJ O>UgOg FHFUB H>PI>KJgj LIQN. !FP BHIBJBKFK BPHFOFKF A>E> FUF DbNB?FIJBH F_FK ?FN >AgJ A>E> >P>?FIFNFV: \_ ?FP, PLMI>J 8 ABeFjFH AQNQJA> ?QIQK>?FIFN: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111. !Q OBHFV AQNQJQK E>KDF P>JO>Ug ABeBNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIB@BHIBNF P>J>JBK >KI>jJ>I>N> RB DBIBKBHIBNB H>IJgjPgN. 7LHO> bNKBeFK 000 AQNQJQ 42 ABeBNFKF, 001 AQNQJQ 123 ABeBNFKF, RO. DbOPBNFULN A> LI>?FIFNAF. 2>?FF ?Q H>A>N FIDFOFV ABeBNIBN HQII>KgjIg LIJ>U>@>HI>NgKA>K, 3 ?FPIFH ?FN PcNc bNKBH >IgNO>H, ?Q 8 AQNQJQK Fj>NBPIF RB Fj>NBPOFV LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>OgKA> >IAgeg ABeBNIBN jQ P>?ILA>HFKB ?BKVBN:

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#JUMFSJO %VSVNV 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

jmBSFUTJ[ %FiFS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

jmBSFUMJ %FiFS 0 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -1

!QN>A> DbNJBKFVF FOPBAFeFJ, 3 ?FPPBK K>OgI 8 C>NHIg ABeBN BIAB BAFIB?FIAFeFAFN. &bNcIAcec DF?F, BHIBKBK EBN ?FP, O>HI>K>?FIB@BH ?FIDF JFHP>NgKg FHF H>PgK> _gH>NPJ>HP>AgN. !QKQ ABR>J BPPFNFNOBH; ?FPIBNFK ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFIJBIBNFKABK LIQjPQNQI>K ABeFjFH QVQKIQHP>HF PcNIBNFK O>HI>U>?FIAFHIBNF C>NHIg ABeBN JFHP>NI>NgKg, ?FN bK@BHF ?FP QVQKIQeQKQK O>HI>U>?FIB@BeF ABeBN JFHP>NgKg 2 FIB _>NM>N>H jbUIB DbNB?FIFNFV: #JU "EFEJ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... 16 ... 32 ... 4BLMBOBCJMFDFL 'BSLMk %FiFS "EFEJ % 5gSg 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 ... 65,536 TIPSU VTIPSU ... 4,294,967,296 ... MPOH -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807 VMPOH 0 18446744073709551615 JOU VJOU -2147483648 0 2147483647 4294967295 -32768 0 32767 65535 CZUF VCZUF -128 0 127 255 &O ,gegL %FiFSJ &O #gZgL %FiFSJ

64 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 ... ...

!>Vg P>?IL O>PgNI>NgKg >PI>AgJ RB >UKg O>UgA> ?FPPBK LIQj>K # PcNIBNFKFK Fj>NBPIF RB Fj>NBPOFV LI>KI>NgKg >UKg O>PgNA> DbOPBNAFJ (bNKBeFK JOU RB VJOU 32 ?FPIFH O>PgNA>I>N).
15.1.3

/<57 2B?B;2/ 6/<57 AM?

\_ ?FPIFH ?FN PcN PLMI>J 8 ABeBN P>jgU>?FIAFeF F_FK bNKBeFK >K@>H 3EV>3@ K3CV@ DA@F5F RBU> :38E3@V@ 9S@ D3JVDV DF?F H>RN>JI>Ng FC>AB BPJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. (#'AB 3 ?FPIFH PcN ULHPQN; bNKBH LI>N>H HQII>KgULNQJ.) [PB U>KA>K, VJOU _LH ?cUcH ?FN PcN LIO> A>, AcKU>A>HF ?cPcK FKO>KI>Ng H>MO>U>@>H ?FN HFJIFH H>NPg KQJ>N>Og DF?F ?FN H>RN>J F_FK HQII>KgI>J>V, _cKHc VJOU AcKU>A>HF FKO>K KcCQOQ LI>K 7

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43

*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

JFIU>NA>K A>E> >V O>UgA> ABeBN O>HI>U>?FIFN. MPOH RB VMPOH 'QK 2cNH_B'AB K>OgI LHQKAQeQKQ ?FIB ?FIBJBUB@BeFJ PLMI>J ABeBN >ABAF FOB _LeQ H>RN>J F_FK C>VI>OgUI> UBPBNIFAFN. 2BJBI ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, bVBI ?FN KBABK ULHO>, P>JO>UgI>N F_FK bK@BIFHIB JOU 'F AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV.
15.1.4

)/R;/
2cNIBNFK ?FP O>UgI>NgUI> ?BIFNIBKBK ?Q HgOgPI>J>I>Ng, LKI>NI> U>MgI>K FjIBJIBNAB D>NFM OLKQ_I>N> KBABK LIQN. [NKBeFK ABeBNIBNF 3 JFIU>N LI>K FHF VJOU 'FK PLMI>Jg DBN_BHPB 6 JFIU>N LIO> A>, BK C>VI> 4 JFIU>N H>A>N ABeBN O>HI>U>?FIBK VJOU 'B OgeJ>V. !Q AQNQJA> OLKQ_ VJOU 'PBK E3X?VX LIQN; MNLDN>JA> EF_?FN QU>Ng RBNFIJBABK 6 JFIU>NgK >K@>H 4 JFIU>NA>K DBNF H>I>Kg, U>KF 2 JFIU>N H>A>Ng OLKQ_ ABeFjHBKFKAB H>IgN. ( OIgKA> 6 JFIU>N BHOF 4.3 JFIU>N, U>KF U>HI>jgH LI>N>H 1.7 JFIU>N...)

15.1.5

"P?>P:;/
2>JO>UgI>N HBOFNIF ABeBNIBN PQP>J>AgHI>Ng F_FK KB H>A>N bKBJIF LIO> A>, RFNDcIABK OLKN>HF ?FIDFUF H>U?BABNIBN. [NKBeFK 1 HQPQOQ 4 _L@Qe> UBPBK ALKAQNJ>A>K 11 _L@QH F_FK 2.75 HQPQ DBNBHFULN LIO> ?FIB, ?Q ABeBN ?FN P>JO>Ug PcN F_FKAB >K@>H 2 LI>N>H O>HI>K>?FIFN. 2>jJ>U> RB HgNMgIJ>U> H>Njg >I>?FIB@BeFKFV ?>Vg bKIBJIBNF FjIBJIBNFK P>KgPgJgKA>K OLKN> RBNB@BeFJ. [K@B >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNF P>KgU>IgJ.

15.1.6

)M? <7A3:79:3?7 6/AP?:/A;/@P

2BJBI PcNIBNFK P>KgPgIAgeg ABNOPB PcN KFPBIFHIBNFKF DbNJcjPcH: .NJO , PcNcK >I>?FIB@BeF BK Hc_cH ABeBNF; .NBY A> BK ?cUcH ABeBNF RBNFULNAQ.

15.1.7

A?AAP?;/: ++
2BH ?FN ABeFjHBKIB HQII>KgIgN. #BeFjHBKFK FOJFKABK bK@B U>VgIgN RB L ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF 1 >NPPgNgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = 10; ++TBZj; XSJUFMO(":FOJ EFhFSJ: ", TBZj); ^

:FOJ EFiFSJ: 11 NPPgNJ> FjIB@F, ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFKFV 3E3?3>V EAB>3?3 FjIB@FKFK 1 ABeBNF FIB HQII>KgIJ>OgKgK BjABeBNFAFN: TBZj += 1; // ++TBZj JGBEFTJOJO BZOjTj

NPPgNJ> FjIBJFKFK OLKQ@Q; BeBN PcNcK P>jgU>?FIB@BeF BK UcHOBH ABeBNF >jgULNO>, L V>J>K E3X3C RB PcNcK >I>?FIAFeF BK AcjcH ABeBNB AbKcjcN. !QKQ ABKBJBH F_FK bK@BHF ABeBNF JOU.NBY LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKF >NPPgNgNO>H, UBKF ABeBNFKFK JOU.NJO LIAQeQKQ DbNcNcV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

XSJUFMO("FO EflfL JOU EFhFSJ XSJUFMO("FO ZfLTFL JOU EFhFSJ

: ", JOU.NJO); : ", JOU.NBY);

JOU TBZj = JOU.NBY; XSJUFMO("TBZjOjO eODFLJ EFhFSJ : ", TBZj); ++TBZj; XSJUFMO("TBZjOjO TPOSBLJ EFhFSJ: ", TBZj);

FO EgmgL JOU EFiFSJ : FO ZgLTFL JOU EFiFSJ : TBZkOkO fODFLJ EFiFSJ : TBZkOkO TPOSBLJ EFiFSJ:

-2147483648 2147483647 2147483647 -2147483648

!Q _LH bKBJIF ?FN HLKQAQN; _cKHc O>Ug EF_?FN QU>Ng RBNFIJBABK, BK UcHOBH ABeBNFKABK BK AcjcH ABeBNFKB DB_JBHPBAFN; EBJ AB 3CEEVC?3 FjIBJF OLKQ@QKA>! !QK> SDEE7@ E3X?3 ABKFN. !BKVBN P>jJ> A>RN>KgjI>NgKg >V>IPJ>, PLMI>J>, RB _gH>NJ> FjIBJIBNFKAB AB DbNB@BeFV.
15.1.8

AF/:A;/: -2BH ?FN ABeFjHBKIB HQII>KgIgN. #BeFjHBKFK FOJFKABK bK@B U>VgIgN RB L ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF 1 >V>IPgN: --TBZj; // EFhFSJ CJS B[BMjS

V>IPJ> FjIB@F, ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFKFV 3E3?3>V QV=3C?3 FjIB@FKFK 1 ABeBNF FIB HQII>KgIJ>OgKgK BjABeBNFAFN: TBZj -= 1; // --TBZj JGBEFTJOJO BZOjTj

++ FjIB@FKB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, BeBN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF ?>jP>K L PcNcK BK AcjcH ABeBNFKABUOB, UBKF ABeBNF L PcNcK BK UcHOBH ABeBNF LIQN. !QK> A> 3>EE3@ E3X?3 >Ag RBNFIFN.
15.1.9

)=>:/;/: +
fHF FC>ABUIB HQII>KgIgN RB >N>I>NgK> U>VgIAgeg FHF FC>ABKFK PLMI>JgKg RBNFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CJSJODJ = 12; JOU JLJODJ = 100; XSJUFMO("4POVd: ", CJSJODJ + JLJODJ); XSJUFMO("4BCJU JGBEFZMF: ", 1000 + JLJODJ);

4POVe: 112 4BCJU JGBEFZMF: 1100 $eBN FHF FC>ABKFK PLMI>Jg L PcNAB O>HI>K>?FIB@BH BK UcHOBH ABeBNABK C>VI>UO>, UFKB E3X?3 LIQjQN RB ABeBNIBNFK FHFOFKABK AB A>E> Hc_cH ?FN OLKQ_ BIAB BAFIFN:

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // iLJ UBOF 3 NJMZBS VJOU CJSJODJ = 3000000000; VJOU JLJODJ = 3000000000; XSJUFMO("VJOU'JO FO ZfLTFL EFhFSJ: ", VJOU.NBY); XSJUFMO(" CJSJODJ: ", CJSJODJ); XSJUFMO(" JLJODJ: ", JLJODJ); XSJUFMO(" UPQMBN: ", CJSJODJ + JLJODJ); XSJUFMO("5"k."! 4POVd 6 NJMZBS PMNBEj!");

VJOU'JO FO ZgLTFL EFiFSJ: 4294967295 CJSJODJ: 3000000000 JLJODJ: 3000000000 UPQMBN: 1705032704 5"l."! 4POVe 6 NJMZBS PMNBEk!

15.1.10

HP9/?;/: fHF FC>ABUIB HQII>KgIgN RB ?FNFK@F FIB FHFK@FKFK C>NHgKg RBNFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj@1 = 10; JOU TBZj@2 = 20; XSJUFMO(TBZj@1 - TBZj@2); XSJUFMO(TBZj@2 - TBZj@1);

-10 10 $eBN OLKQ@Q PQP>K ABeFjHBK Fj>NBPOFVOB RB OLKQ_ BHOF ?FN ABeBN >IgNO>, UFKB D>NFM OLKQ_I>N ALe>N. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>Jg VJOU F_FK PBHN>N U>V>NO>H: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ VJOU TBZj@1 = 10; VJOU TBZj@2 = 20; XSJUFMO("4036/! VJOU FLTJ EFhFS UVUBNB[:"); XSJUFMO(TBZj@1 - TBZj@2); XSJUFMO(TBZj@2 - TBZj@1);

4036/! VJOU FLTJ EFiFS UVUBNB[: 4294967286 10 $KFKAB OLKQKA> C>NHI>Ng >IgK>@>H H>RN>JI>N F_FK EBM Fj>NBPIF PcNIBNABK OB_JBH FUF ?FN H>N>NAgN. 7FKB, bVBI ?FN KBABK ULHO> KLNJ>IAB JOU 'F OB_B?FIFNOFKFV.

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

15.1.11

H/?>;/: *
fHF FC>ABKFK ABeBNIBNFKF _>NM>N. 7FKB P>jJ>U> J>NQVAQN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ VJOU TBZj@1 = 6; VJOU TBZj@2 = 7; ^ XSJUFMO(TBZj@1 * TBZj@2);

42

15.1.12

BL:;3: /
!FNFK@F FC>ABUF FHFK@F FC>ABUB ?bIBN. 2>JO>UgI>N HBOFNIF O>Ug PQP>J>U>@>HI>Ng F_FK, BeBN R>NO> OLKQ@QK HBOFNIF HgOJg >PgIgN. !QK> =VCBV>?3 ABKFN. [NKBeFK ?Q UcVABK >j>egA>HF MNLDN>J 3.5 ABeFI, 3 U>VJ>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(7 / 2); ^

3 4FNDcIABK OLKN>OgKgK bKBJIF LIAQeQ EBO>MI>NA> P>JO>Ug PcNIBNF ABeFI, =7D;C>; D3JV ESC>7C; HQII>KgIgN. *BOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKF ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.
15.1.13

"/:/<: %
!FNFK@F FC>ABUF FHFK@F FC>ABUB ?bIBN RB H>I>KgKg RBNFN. [NKBeFK 10'QK 6'U> ?bIcJcKABK H>I>K 4'PcN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(10 % 6); ^

4 !Q FjIB_ ?FN O>UgKgK PBH RBU> _FCP LIAQeQKQ >KI>J>A> HQII>KgIgN. 2BH O>UgI>NgK FHFUB ?bIcJcKABK H>I>K EBN V>J>K F_FK 1 LIAQeQKA>K, H>I>KgK 0 LIQM LIJ>AgegK> ?>H>N>H O>UgKgK PBH RBU> _FCP LIAQeQ HLI>U@> >KI>jgIgN: JG ((TBZj % 2) == 0) \ XSJUFMO("dJGU TBZj"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("UFL TBZj"); ^

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15.1.14

J@ /:;/: ..
!FNFK@F FC>ABKFK FHFK@F FC>AB FIB ?BIFNPFIBK cOOcKc >IgN. [NKBeFK 3 cOOc 4, 3'cK 4 HBNB HBKAFOFUIB _>NMgJgAgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(3 ?? 4); ^

81

15.1.15

AA/;/:P /?7A;3A79 7R:3K:3?7

7QH>NgA> DbOPBNFIBK RB FHF FC>AB >I>K >NFPJBPFH FjIB_IBNFK >P>J>Ig LI>KI>Ng A> R>NAgN. !QKI>N FjIBJF DBN_BHIBjPFNAFHPBK OLKN> BH LI>N>H OLKQ@Q OLI P>N>CP>HF ABeFjHBKB >P>NI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = 10; TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj ^ += 20; -= 5; *= 2; /= 3; %= 7; ??= 6; // // // // // // TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj = = = = = = TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj TBZj + 20 - 5 * 2 / 3 % 7 ?? 6 JMF JMF JMF JMF JMF JMF BZOj BZOj BZOj BZOj BZOj BZOj lFZ; lFZ; lFZ; lFZ; lFZ; lFZ; lJNEJ lJNEJ lJNEJ lJNEJ lJNEJ lJNEJ 30 25 50 16 2 64

XSJUFMO(TBZj);

64

15.1.16

E9@7 7R/?3A7: [KcKB U>VgIAgeg FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKF >NPgUO> BHOF, BHOFUOB >NPg U>M>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj@1 = 1; JOU TBZj@2 = -2; XSJUFMO(-TBZj@1); XSJUFMO(-TBZj@2);

-1 2 !Q FjIB@FK OLKQ@QKQK PcNc, ABeFjHBKFK PcNc FIB >UKgAgN. VJOU DF?F Fj>NBPOFV PcNIBN BHOF ABeBNIBN PQP>J>AgHI>Ng F_FK, ?Q FjIB@FK LKI>NI> HQII>KgIJ>Og j>jgNPg@g OLKQ_I>N ALeQN>?FIFN: VJOU TBZj = 1; XSJUFMO("FLTJ JlBSFUMJTJ: ", -TBZj);

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

-TBZk FC>ABOFKFK PcNc AB VJOU 'PFN RB L UcVABK BHOF ABeBN >I>J>V: FLTJ JmBSFUMJTJ: 4294967295

15.1.17

A?AP 7R/?3A7: +
,>PBJ>PFHPB O>UgI>NgK bKcKB U>VgI>K + Fj>NBPF DF?F ?QKQK A> EF_?FN BPHFOF ULHPQN. fC>ABKFK ABeBNF BHOFUOB UFKB BHOF, >NPgUO> UFKB >NPg H>IgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj@1 = 1; JOU TBZj@2 = -2; XSJUFMO(+TBZj@1); XSJUFMO(+TBZj@2);

1 -2

15.1.18

I<1397 23N3?:7 /?AAP?;/: ++

%AE: NK7> 4;C @767@; JA=D3 @AC?3> 3CEEVC?3 ;X>75;@; =F>>3@?3@VKV R@7C;C;?. -LNJ>I >NPPgNJ> FjIB@FKABK C>NHIg LI>N>H FC>ABABK OLKN> U>VgIgN. 7QH>NgA> >KI>PgI>K ++ FjIB@FKAB LIAQeQ DF?F FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKF ?FN >NPPgNgN, >J> F_FKAB DB_PFeF FC>ABAB R@57=; 67T7C; LI>N>H HQII>KgIgN. !QKQK BPHFOFKF DbNJBH F_FK KLNJ>I ++ FjIB@FUIB H>NjgI>jPgN>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU OPSNBM@BSUUjSjMBO = 1; XSJUFMO(++OPSNBM@BSUUjSjMBO); XSJUFMO(OPSNBM@BSUUjSjMBO); JOU eODFLJ@EFhFSMJ@BSUUjSjMBO = 1; // %FhFSJ BSUUjSjMjS BNB JGBEFEF eODFLJ EFhFSJ LVMMBOjMjS: XSJUFMO(eODFLJ@EFhFSMJ@BSUUjSjMBO++); // 1 ZB[jMjS XSJUFMO(eODFLJ@EFhFSMJ@BSUUjSjMBO); // 2 ZB[jMjS

// 2 ZB[jMjS // 2 ZB[jMjS

2 2 1 2 7QH>NgA>HF >NPPgNJ> FjIBJFKFK LIAQeQ O>PgN jQKQK BjABeBNFAFN: JOU eODFLJ@EFhFSJ = eODFLJ@EFhFSMJ@BSUUjSjMBO; ++eODFLJ@EFhFSMJ@BSUUjSjMBO; XSJUFMO(eODFLJ@EFhFSJ); // 1 ZB[jMjS 7>KF ?FN >KI>JA>, O>Ug >NPPgNgIJgjPgN, >J> F_FKAB ?QIQKAQeQ FC>ABAB R@57=; 67T7C; HQII>KgIJgjPgN.

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15.1.19

I<1397 23N3?:7 /F/:A;/: -%AE: NK7> 4;C @767@; JA=D3 @AC?3> 3K3>E?3 ;X>75;@; =F>>3@?3@VKV R@7C;C;?. [K@BHF ABeBNIF >NPPgNJ> ++ FIB >UKg jBHFIAB A>RN>KgN >J> >NPPgNJ>H UBNFKB >V>IPgN.

15.1.20

OR:3; L<13:79:3?7
7QH>NgA>HF FjIBJIBNF EBM PBH ?>jI>NgK> RB ?FN RBU> FHF FC>AB FIB DbNAcH. .UO> J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ?FNABK C>VI> >NFPJBPFH FjIBJF ?FN >N>A> HQII>K>N>H A>E> H>NJ>jgH FjIBJIBN LIQjPQN>?FIFNFV: JOU TBZj = 77; JOU TPOVd = (((TBZj + 8) * 3) / (TBZj - 1)) % 5; ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ?Q FjIB_IBNFK AB # P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKJFj LI>K bK@BIFHIBNF R>NAgN. [NKBeFK * FjIB@FKFK bK@BIFeF + FjIB@FKFKHFKABK UcHOBH LIAQeQ F_FK, M>N>KPBVIBN HQII>KgIJ>AgegKA>, TBZk + 8 * 3 FC>ABOF, bK@B * FjIBJF QUDQI>K>@>eg F_FK TBZk + 24 LI>N>H EBO>MI>KgN. !Q A> UQH>NgA>HFKABK C>NHIg ?FN FjIBJAFN. . UcVABK, M>N>KPBVIBN HQII>K>N>H EBJ FjIBJIBNF ALeNQ OgN>A> QUDQI>PJgj LIQNOQKQV, EBJ AB HLAQ LHQU>K HFjFIBNB HLAQ >KI>J>I>NgKA> U>NAgJ@g LIJQj LIQNOQKQV.

15.1.21

)/R;/E/ 9/?RP L<:3;:3?

$eBN ?FN FjIBJFK OLKQ@Q OB_FIBK PcNB OgeJgULNO>, V>PBK U>MgI>@>H ?FN jBU ULHPQN. J> ?>VBK OLKQ_ Oge>@>H LIO> A> >N> FjIBJIBN OgN>OgKA> LIQj>?FIB@BH P>jJ>I>N KBABKFUIB U>KIgj OLKQ_I>N BIAB BAFIB?FIFN. !FN bNKBeB ?>H>IgJ: HBK>NI>Ng 40'> 60 HFILJBPNB LI>K ?FN >I>KgK EBN 1000 JBPNB H>NBOFKB ?FN BIJ> >e>@g AFHJBH FOPFULNQV. *>_ >e>_ DBNBHFN? !Q MNL?IBJF H>egP H>IBJIB _bVcK@B OLKQ@QK 40000 _>NMg 60000 ?bIc 1000 LI>N>H 2.4 JFIULK LIAQeQKQ DbNcNcV. !QKQ EBO>MI>U>K ?FN MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU FO = 40000; JOU CPZ = 60000; JOU BhBd@CBljOB@ZFS = 1000; JOU HFSFLFO@BhBd = FO * CPZ / BhBd@CBljOB@ZFS; ^ XSJUFMO("(FSFLFO FMNB BhBDj: ", HFSFLFO@BhBd);

(FSFLFO FMNB BiBDk: -1894967 !gN>HgK U>HgK LIJ>Ug, ?Q OLKQ_ OgCgNA>K ?FIB Hc_cHPcN! !Q OLNQKQK KBABKF, MNLDN>JA>HF FO * CPZ >IP FjIBJFKFK ?FN JOU 'B Oge>J>U>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH LIAQeQ F_FK P>jJ>Og, RB ?Q UcVABK AB DBNF H>I>K / BiBe@CBmkOB@ZFS FjIBJFKFK AB U>KIgj _gHJ>OgAgN. !QN>A>HF >N> FjIBJ OgN>OgKA> LIQj>K P>jJ>Ug ABeFjHBK OgN>I>NgKg ABeFjPFNBNBH DFABNB?FIFNFV: JOU HFSFLFO@BhBd = FO / BhBd@CBljOB@ZFS * CPZ; iFJAF EBO>M ALeNQ _gH>N:

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

(FSFLFO FMNB BiBDk: 2400000 !Q FC>ABKFK ALeNQ _>IgjJ>OgKgK KBABKF, jFJAFHF >N> FjIBJ LI>K FO / BiBe@CBmkOB@ZFS FC>ABOFKFK ABeBNFKFK 40 LIAQeQ F_FK >NPgH JOU 'PBK P>jJ>J>OgAgN. OIgKA> ?bUIB ?FN AQNQJA> BK ALeNQ _bVcJ; ?FN P>JO>Ug PcNc ABeFI, HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKABK ?FNFOFKF HQII>KJ>HPgN: GMPBU , EPVCMF , RBU> SFBM .
15.1.22

"P?>P:;/E/ 9/?RP L<:3;:3?

!BKVBN jBHFIAB, >N> FjIBJIBNFK OgN>OgKg ABeFjPFNBNBH HgNMgIJ>KgK A> BPHFOFKF >V>IP>?FIFNFV. !QKQK FIDFK_ ?FN bNKBeFKF, >UKg O>UgU> ?bIcM UFKB >UKg O>UgUI> _>NMPgegJgVA> DbNB?FIFNFV: 10/9*9 FjIBJFKFK OLKQ@QKQK 10 _gHJ>OgKg ?BHIBNFV. .UO>: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(10 / 9 * 9); ^

9 7FKB, FjIBJIBNFK OgN>OgKg ABeFjPFNFK@B HgNMgIJ> LIJ>U>@>eg F_FK OLKQ_ ALeNQ _gH>N: XSJUFMO(10 * 9 / 9);

10 !QN>A> A> BK FUF _bVcJ ?BIHF AB ?FN HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNc HQII>KJ>HPgN.

15.2

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 7>V>@>egKgV MNLDN>J HQII>Kg@gA>K FHF P>JO>Ug >IOgK RB ?FNFK@FKFK F_FKAB FHFK@FABK H>_ P>KB ?QIQKAQeQKQ RB >NP>KgKg RBNOFK. [NKBeFK 7 RB 3 ABeBNIBNF DFNFIFK@B _gHgj> jQKQ U>VOgK: 7 = 3 * 2 + 1 2. UKg MNLDN>Jg, H>I>K 0 LIAQeQKA> A>E> HgO> OLKQ_ RBNB@BH jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFK. [NKBeFK 10 RB 5 RBNFK@B DBNBHOFV@B "10 = 5 * 2 + 0" U>VJ>H UBNFKB, U>IKgV@> UBPBNIF ?FIDFUF RBNOFK: 10 = 5 * 2 3. #bNP FjIBJF ABOPBHIBUBK ?>OFP ?FN EBO>M J>HFKBOF U>VgK. fjIBJF ?FN JBKcABK OB_PFNOFK RB DFNFIBK FHF ABeBNB L FjIBJF QUDQI>OgK. !Q MNLDN>JA> P>jJ> RB HgNMgIJ> OLNQKI>NgKg DbV>NAg BAB?FIFNOFKFV. 4. 7>V>@>egKgV MNLDN>J 1'ABK 10'> H>A>N ?cPcK O>UgI>Ng >UNg O>PgNI>NA> LI>@>H jBHFIAB U>VAgNOgK. J>, ?FN FOPFOK> LI>N>H 7 ABeBNFKF U>VAgNJ>OgK. /NLDN>JA> jQ jBHFIAB PBHN>NI>K>K XSJUFMO FC>ABIBNF HQII>K0$UgK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // #eZMF ZBQNBZjO!

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*3?D3JV>3C G7 AC;E?7E;= UX>7?>7C

XSJUFMO(1); XSJUFMO(2); XSJUFMO(3); XSJUFMO(4); XSJUFMO(5); XSJUFMO(6); XSJUFMO(8); XSJUFMO(9); XSJUFMO(10);

.KQK UBNFKB, ?FN AbKDc F_FKAB ABeBNF >NPPgNgI>K ?FN ABeFjHBK AcjcKcK RB 7'UF U>VAgNJ>J> HLjQIQK> A> AFHH>P BAFK. !QN>A> EBNE>IAB 7X;E A>?3?3 HLjQIQKQ ABKBPIBUBK != FjIB@FKF HQII>KJ>H VLNQKA> H>I>@>HOgKgV. ... QRKS?>7C

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52

"7D;C>; )3JV>3C

16

"3@7?:7 (/EP:/?
2>JO>UgI>NgK RB >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNFK LIAQH_> HLI>U LIAQHI>NgKg, ?QK> N>eJBK U>MgI>NgKA>K H>UK>HI>K>K P>jJ> RB HgNMgIJ> DF?F bVBIIFHIBNF LIAQeQKQ DbNAcH. !Q ?bIcJAB AB ?FN>V >UNgKPgU> DFNJBH VLNQKA>UgV. $eBN >j>egA>HF IFOPBABHF EBNjBUF ?FIAFeFKFVF AcjcKcULNO>KgV, >UNgKPgIg ?FIDFIBNF LHQJ>UgM ALeNQA>K MNL?IBJIBNB DB_B?FIFNOFKFV: x !FK HBNB 0.001 BHIBJBH 1 BHIBJBHIB >UKg jBU ABeFIAFN x == RBU> != J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNFKF HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFUIB HQII>KJ>H _LeQ AQNQJA> E>P>IgAgN x *BOFNIF O>UgI>NgK FIH ABeBNIBNF 0 ABeFI, .OBO 'AgN; .OBO ABeBNFUIB FjIBJ U>MgI>J>V; ?>jH> ?FN ABeBNIB H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgegKA> .OBO KB Hc_cHPcN KB AB ?cUcH x \OPPBK P>jJ> ABeBNF .JOGJOJUZ , >IPP>K P>jJ> ABeBNF -.JOGJOJUZ 'AFN *BOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNF _LH A>E> HQII>KgjIgAgNI>N >J> LKI>NgK A> JQPI>H> ?FIFKJBOF DBNBHBK bVBIIFHIBNF R>NAgN. *gNMgIJ> HLKQOQKA> _LH FUFAFNIBN, _cKHc V>PBK bVBIIFHIB RFNDcIABK OLKN>Og F_FK P>O>NI>KJgjI>NAgN. !BIFNIF O>UgA> ?FPIB OgKgNIg LIAQHI>Ng F_FK P>jJ> ?Q PcNIBNAB AB R>NAgN >K@>H >I>?FIAFHIBNF ABeBN >N>Igeg P>JO>UgI>NI> H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgegKA> LI>e>KcOPc DBKFjPFN. $H LI>N>H, P>JO>Ug PcNIBNFKFK P>jJ> AQNQJQKA> OBOOFV H>IJ>I>NgKgK >HOFKB, HBOFNIF O>UgI>N "OLKOQVIQH" ABeBNFKF >IgNI>N. [K@B HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKF E>PgNI>U>IgJ: 5gS GMPBU EPVCMF SFBM #JU 6[VOMViV 32 64 FO B[ 64, WFZB EPOBOjN TBhMjZPSTB EBIB GB[MB (eSOFhJO 80) jML %FiFSJ GMPBU.OBO EPVCMF.OBO SFBM.OBO

16.1

"3@7?:7 AM? <7A3:79:3?7

*BOFNIF PcNIBNFK KFPBIFHIBNF P>JO>UgI>NA>K A>E> C>VI>AgN: x .TUSJOHPG PcNcK LHQK>HIg FOJFAFN x .TJ[FPG PcNcK ?>UP LI>N>H QVQKIQeQAQN; PcNcK H>_ ?FPPBK LIQjPQeQKQ EBO>MI>J>H F_FK ?Q ABeBNF ?FN ?>UPP>HF ?FP O>UgOg LI>K 8 FIB _>NMJ>H DBNBHFN x .NBY "BK _LH" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "J>TFJQJ"QK HgO>IPJ>OgAgN; PcNcK >I>?FIB@BeF BK ?cUcH ABeBNAFN; ?Q ABeBNFK BHOF Fj>NBPIFOF AB PcNcK >I>?FIB@BeF BK AcjcH ABeBN LIQN x .NJO@OPSNBM "FC>AB BAB?FIAFeF OgCgN> BK U>HgK KLNJ>IFVB ABeBN" >KI>JgKA>AgN (PcN >OIgKA> ?QKA>K A>E> Hc_cH ABeBNIBN AB FC>AB BAB?FIFN >J> L ABeBNIBNFK AQU>NIgeg PcNcK KLNJ>I AQU>NIgegKgK >IPgKA>AgN) x .EJH "?>O>J>H O>UgOg" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "AFDFPO"FK HgO>IPJ>OgAgN; PcNcK H>_ ?>O>J>H AQU>NIgeg LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNPFN x .JOGJOJUZ "OLKOQV" >KI>JgK> DBIFN; P>jJ> AQNQJQKA> HQII>KgI>K ABeBNAFN %AE: "*SCS@ 3>34;>757T; 7@ =SQS= 67T7C", .738 67T;>6;C; .7+A 'V@ 7=D; ;X3C7E>;D;6;C: RC@7T;@ .9>,6/.7+A . #FeBN KFPBIFHIBNB ?Q >j>J>A> DBNBH LIAQeQKQ AcjcKJcULNQJ; ?cPcK KFPBIFHIBNF /NLMBNPFBO CLN %IL>PFKD /LFKP 2UMBO ?>jIgeg >IPgKA> ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. 7QH>NgA>HF KFPBIFHIBNF, ?FN?FNIBNFUIB LI>K FIFjHFIBNFKF DbNJBH F_FK ?FN O>Ug _FVDFOFKB jbUIB UBNIBjPFNB?FIFNFV:

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"7D;C>; )3JV>3C

+ +-----------+------------+ .... ] -NBY -1 ] -JOGJOJUZ -NJO@OPSNBM

+ 0

....

+----------+----------+ + ] 1 NBY ] NJO@OPSNBM JOGJOJUZ

7QH>NgA>HF HBOFHIF _FVDFKFK bI_BeFKFK ALeNQ LIAQeQKQ RQNDQI>J>H FOPFULNQJ: NJO@OPSNBM FIB 1 >N>OgKA> KB H>A>N ABeBN FC>AB BAFIB?FIFULNO>, 1 FIB NBY >N>OgKA> A> >UKg O>UgA> ABeBN FC>AB BAFIFN. !Q A> NJO@OPSNBM FIB 1 >N>OgKA>HF ABeBNIBNFK OLK ABNB@B UcHOBH ALeNQIQHP> LIAQHI>Ng >KI>JgK> DBIFN. ( UKg AQNQJ BHOF P>N>C F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN.)

16.2

.</<
_gH_> FIH ABeBNF RBNFIJBUBK HBOFNIF O>UgI>NgK FIH ABeBNIBNFKFK .OBO LIAQeQKQ DbNAcH. .OBO ABeBNF ?>Vg >KI>JOgV FjIBJIBN OLKQ@QKA> A> LNP>U> _gH>?FIFN. [NKBeFK jQ MNLDN>JA>HF FC>ABIBNFK EBMOF .OBO OLKQ@QKQ RBNFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF TjGjS = 0; EPVCMF TPOTV[ = EPVCMF.JOGJOJUZ; XSJUFMO("OBO LVMMBOBO IFS JlMFN: XSJUFMO("TjGjS CeMf TjGjS : XSJUFMO("TjGjS LFSF TPOTV[ : XSJUFMO("TPOTV[ CeMf TPOTV[ : XSJUFMO("TPOTV[ FLTJ TPOTV[ : ", ", ", ", ", EPVCMF.OBO + 1); TjGjS / TjGjS); TjGjS * TPOTV[); TPOTV[ / TPOTV[); TPOTV[ - TPOTV[);

16.3

"3@7?:7 @/EP:/?P< E/FP;:/?P

!Q c_ PcNcK KFPBIFHIBNFKB ?>HJ>A>K bK@B HBOFNIF O>UgI>NgK K>OgI U>VgIAgHI>NgKg DbNBIFJ. *BOFNIF O>UgI>Ng 123 DF?F P>JO>Ug jBHIFKAB RBU> 12.3 DF?F KLHP>Ig LI>N>H U>V>?FIFNFV. $H LI>N>H, 1.23F+4 DF?F ?FN U>VgJA>HF F+ , "_>NMg 10 cVBNF" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. 7>KF ?Q bNKBH 1.23T104'PcN, ?FN ?>jH> ABUFjIB "1.23 _>NMg 10000"AFN RB FC>ABKFK ABeBNF 12300'AcN. $eBN F 'ABK OLKN> DBIBK ABeBN BHOF FOB, U>KF bNKBeFK 5.67F-3 DF?F U>VgIJgjO>, L V>J>K "10 cVBNF L H>A>N ABeBNB ?bIcKB@BH" ABJBHPFN. 7>KF ?Q bNKBH 5.67/103'PcN, ?FN ?>jH> ABUFjIB "5.67 ?bIc 1000"AFN RB FC>ABKFK ABeBNF 0.00567'AFN. *BOFNIF O>UgI>NgK ?Q DbOPBNFJIBNFKF, PcNIBNFK KFPBIFHIBNFKF U>VAgN>K jQ MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOgKA> DbNB@BHOFKFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("5fS JTNJ XSJUFMO("%VZBSMjL XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL XSJUFMO("&O CfZfL XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL XSJUFMO(); XSJUFMO("5fS JTNJ XSJUFMO("%VZBSMjL XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL XSJUFMO("&O CfZfL XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL XSJUFMO(); XSJUFMO("5fS JTNJ

: : OPSNBMJ[F EFhFSJ: EFhFSJ : EFhFSJ : : : OPSNBMJ[F EFhFSJ: EFhFSJ : EFhFSJ :

", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ",

GMPBU.TUSJOHPG); GMPBU.EJH); GMPBU.NJO@OPSNBM); GMPBU.NBY); -GMPBU.NBY); EPVCMF.TUSJOHPG); EPVCMF.EJH); EPVCMF.NJO@OPSNBM); EPVCMF.NBY); -EPVCMF.NBY);

: ", SFBM.TUSJOHPG);

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"7D;C>; )3JV>3C

XSJUFMO("%VZBSMjL : ", SFBM.EJH); XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL OPSNBMJ[F EFhFSJ: ", SFBM.NJO@OPSNBM); XSJUFMO("&O CfZfL EFhFSJ : ", SFBM.NBY); XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL EFhFSJ : ", -SFBM.NBY);

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg ?BKFJ LNP>JgJA> >j>egA>HF DF?F LIQULN. SFBM PcNc ALK>KgJ> ?>eIg LIAQeQ F_FK ?Q _gHPg OFVFK LNP>JgKgVA> C>NHIg LI>?FIFN: 5gS JTNJ : GMPBU %VZBSMkL : 6 &O LgegL OPSNBMJ[F EFiFSJ: 1.17549F-38 &O CgZgL EFiFSJ : 3.40282F+38 &O LgegL EFiFSJ : -3.40282F+38 5gS JTNJ : EPVCMF %VZBSMkL : 15 &O LgegL OPSNBMJ[F EFiFSJ: 2.22507F-308 &O CgZgL EFiFSJ : 1.79769F+308 &O LgegL EFiFSJ : -1.79769F+308 5gS JTNJ : SFBM %VZBSMkL : 18 &O LgegL OPSNBMJ[F EFiFSJ: 3.3621F-4932 &O CgZgL EFiFSJ : 1.18973F+4932 &O LgegL EFiFSJ : -1.18973F+4932

16.3.1

GLF:3;:3?
VMPOH PcNcKcK PQP>?FIB@BeF BK UcHOBH ABeBNFK KB H>A>N _LH ?>O>J>eg LIAQeQKQ E>PgNIgULN JQOQKQV: 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 O>UgOg 20 ?>O>J>HP>K LIQjQN. !QK> H>NjgK, BK Hc_cH HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNc LI>K GMPBU 'QK ?FIB PQP>?FIB@BeF BK UcHOBH ABeBN 1038 JBNPB?BOFKABAFN. 7>KF jQKQK DF?F ?FN ABeBN: 340,282,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. SFBM 'FK BK ?cUcH ABeBNF FOB 104932 JBNPB?BOFKAB. 7>KF 4900'ABK C>VI> ?>O>J>eg LI>K ?FN O>Ug! !>jH> ?FN DbVIBJ LI>N>H EPVCMF 'gK 15 AQU>NIgHI> FC>AB BAB?FIB@BeF BK AcjcH ABeBNB ?>H>IgJ: 0.000...4FC363 300 E3@7 63:3 0 G3C...0000222507. (#>E> ALeNQ LI>N>H, OLK ?bIcJc jbUIBAFN: ...222507385850720.)

16.4

)/R;/ 5LF/?2P 327:;3F

-B H>A>N ?cUcH ABeBNIBN PQPQULN LIO>I>N A> HBOFNIF O>UgI>NA> A> P>jJ> LI>?FIFN. *BOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKFK FUF P>N>Cg, P>jJ> LIQjPQeQKA> P>JO>UgI>NA>HF P>jJ>KgK PBNOFKB ?QKA>K E>?BNFJFVFK LI>?FIJBOFAFN: P>j>K O>UgKgK ABeBNF ">NPg OLKOQV" F_FK .JOGJOJUZ , "BHOF OLKOQV" F_FK .JOGJOJUZ E>IFKB DBIFN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK jQ MNLDN>JA> .NBY 'gK ABeBNFKF %10 >NPPgNJ>U> _>Igj>IgJ. 1>Ug V>PBK BK ?cUcH ABeBNFKAB LIAQeQ F_FK, %10 >NPPgNgK@> P>j>@>H RB U>NgU> ?bIcKOB ?FIB ABeBNF "OLKOQV" LI>@>HPgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ SFBM TBZj = SFBM.NBY;

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"7D;C>; )3JV>3C

XSJUFMO("aODF: ", TBZj); // 1.1 JMF dBSQNBL, %110 IBMJOF HFUJSNFLUJS: TBZj *= 1.1; XSJUFMO("%10 BSUUjSjODB: ", TBZj); // iLJZF CeMFSFL LfdfMUNFZF dBMjlBMjN: TBZj /= 2; XSJUFMO(":BSjZB CeMfODF: ", TBZj);

. MNLDN>JA> TBZk ?FN HBNB SFBM.JOGJOJUZ ABeBNFKF >IgK@> U>NgU> ?bIcKOB ?FIB OLKOQV ABeBNFKAB H>IgN: bODF: 1.18973F+4932 %10 BSUUkSkODB: JOG :BSkZB CfMgODF: JOG

16.5

DBE/?:P9 ( /@@/@7E3A)
#QU>NIgH, UFKB DcKIcH E>U>PP> _LH H>NjgI>jPgegJgV >J> C>VI> ObVcKc BPJBAFeFJFV ?FN H>RN>JAgN. #QU>NIgH, ?FN ABeBNF ?BIFNPFNHBK HQII>KAgegJgV ?>O>J>H O>UgOgAgN. [NKBeFK 100 IFN>KgK c_PB ?FNFKFK 33 IFN> LIAQeQKQ ObUIBNOBH, AQU>NIgH 2 ?>O>J>HPgN. ZcKHc 33 ABeBNF O>AB@B FHF ?>O>J>HP>K F?>NBPPFN. #>E> E>OO>O ABeBNIBN DBNBHBK ?FN AQNQJA> 33.33 ABNOBH, ?Q OBCBN AbNP ?>O>J>H HQII>KJgj LIAQeQJQV F_FK AQU>NIgH 4 ?>O>J>HPgN. *BOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKFK ?FP LI>N>H QVQKIQHI>Ng U>IKgV@> >I>?FIB@BHIBNF BK UcHOBH ABeBNIBNF ABeFI; ABeBNIBNFK AQU>NIgHI>NgKg A> BPHFIBN. !FP LI>N>H QVQKIQHI>Ng KB H>A>N C>VI>UO>, AQU>NIgHI>Ng A> L H>A>N C>VI>AgN.

16.6

BL:;323 9P?>P:;/ E=9AB?

[K@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, P>JO>Ug ?bIJB FjIBJIBNFKAB OLKQ@QK RFNDcIABK OLKN>Og H>U?BAFIFN: JOU CJSJODJ = 3; JOU JLJODJ = 2; XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ / JLJODJ); ZgHPgOg: 1 *BOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKAB FOB RFNDcIABK OLKN>OgKg H>U?BPJBH >KI>JgKA> HgNMgIJ> ULHPQN: EPVCMF CJSJODJ = 3; EPVCMF JLJODJ = 2; XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ / JLJODJ); ZgHPgOg: 1.5 4FNDcIABK OLKN>HF ?bIcJcK ALeNQIQeQ HQII>KgI>K PcNcK AQU>NIgegK> ?>eIgAgN: SFBM BK UcHOBH AQU>NIgHIg, GMPBU A> BK AcjcH AQU>NIgHIg HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFAFN.

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"7D;C>; )3JV>3C

16.7

/<57 2B?B;2/ 6/<57 AM?

[VBI ?FN KBABK ULHO> EBN V>J>K F_FK EPVCMF PcNcKc HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. GMPBU 'QK AQU>NIgeg _LH AcjcHPcN, >J> Hc_cH LIJ>OgKgK U>N>N O>eI>U>@>eg K>AFN MNLDN>JI>NA>K ?FNFOFKF U>VgULNO>KgV AcjcKBNBH RB bI_BNBH H>N>N RBNB?FIFNOFKFV. [PB U>KA>K SFBM 'FK AQU>NIgeg ?>Vg LNP>JI>NA> EPVCMF 'A>K A>E> UcHOBH AQU>NIgHIg LIAQeQ F_FK UcHOBH AQU>NIgegK bKBJIF LIAQeQ EBO>MI>NA> SFBM PcNcKc HQII>KJ>H FOPBUB?FIFNOFKFV.

16.8

3? 23N3?7 74/23 3A;39 =:/</9@PF2P?

'BN ABeBNFK FC>AB BAFIBJBJBOF H>RN>JgKg bK@B DcKIcH E>U>PgJgVA> DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ. *QII>KAgegJgV LKIQ O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB RFNDcIABK bK@BHF ?>O>J>HI>N ?FNIBN, LKI>N, UcVIBN, RO. ?>O>J>HI>NgAgN; RFNDcIABK OLKN>HFIBN AB LKA> ?FNIBN, UcVAB ?FNIBN, ?FKAB ?FNIBN, RO. $eBN FC>AB BPJBH FOPBAFeFJFV ABeBN ?Q ?>O>J>HI>NgK ?FN H>NgjgJg FOB, ABeBNF P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAB?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK 0.23 ABeBNF 2 >ABP A@63 4;C ABeBNFKABK RB 3 >ABP JSK67 4;C ABeBNFKABK LIQjPQeQ F_FK P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIB?FIFN. [PB U>KA>K, 1/3 ABeBNFKF LKIQ OFOPBJFJFVAB P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BABJBUFV _cKHc RFNDcIABK OLKN> KB H>A>N QV>PgNO>H QV>P>IgJ UBPBNIF LIJ>V: 0.33333... !BKVBN AQNQJ HBOFNIF O>UgI>NA> A> R>NAgN. 2cNIBNFK ?FP O>UgI>Ng OgKgNIg LIAQeQ F_FK, EBN ABeBN P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIBJBV. !FIDFO>U>NI>NA> HQII>KgI>K FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJIBNFKFK ?FN C>NHg, RFNDcIABK bK@BOFKFK ?FNIBN, FHFIBN, AbNPIBN, RO. AFUB; RFNDcIABK OLKN>OgKgK A> U>NgJI>N, AbNPPB ?FNIBN, OBHFVAB ?FNIBN, RO. AFUB DFPJBOFAFN. $eBN ABeBN ?QKI>NgK ?FN H>NgjgJg FOB P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIB?FIFN; ABeFIOB BAFIBJBV. !FIDFO>U>NI>NA> P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIBJBUBK ?FN ABeBN 0.1'AFN (10 HQNQj DF?F). .KIQ OFOPBJAB P>J LI>N>H 0.1 jBHIFKAB FC>AB BAFIB?FIBK ?Q ABeBN, FHFIF OFOPBJAB 0.0001100110011... AFUB PBHN>NI>N RB HQII>KgI>K HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNcKcK AQU>NIgegK> ?>eIg LI>N>H ?BIFNIF ?FN UBNABK OLKN> E>P>IgAgN. (2BHN>NI>AgegKg ObUIBAFeFJ L OLK O>UgUg FHFIF OFOPBJAB U>VAgJ, LKIQ ABeFI...) !QKQ DbOPBNBK >j>egA>HF bNKBeF FIDFK_ ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. !FN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF ?FN AbKDc F_FKAB EBN OBCBNFKAB 0.001 >NPPgN>IgJ. #bKDcKcK 1000 HBNB PBHN>NI>KJ>OgKgK >NAgKA>K OLKQ@QK 1 LIJ>OgKg ?BHIBNFV. .UO> bUIB _gHJ>V: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GMPBU TPOVd = 0; // #V EeOHfOfO 1000 LFSF UFLSBSMBOEjLUBO TPOSB 1 EFhFSJOF // VMBlBDBhjOj EflfOfSf[: XIJMF (TPOVd < 1) \ TPOVd += 0.001; ^ // #BLBMjN EPhSV NV... JG (TPOVd == 1) \ XSJUFMO("#FLMFOEJhJ HJCJ 1"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("'"3,-*: ", TPOVd); ^

'"3,-*: 1.00099

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"7D;C>; )3JV>3C

!QKQK KBABKF; 0.001 ABeBNFKFK AB P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIBJBUBK ?FN ABeBN LIJ>Og RB ?Q ABeBNABHF E>P> JFHP>NgKgK OLKQ@Q EBN PLMI>JA> BPHFIBJBOFAFN. 1LKQ_P>K A> >KI>jgI>@>eg DF?F AbKDc 1001 HBNB PBHN>NI>KJgjPgN.

16.9

"3@7?:7 @/EP 9/?RP:/RAP?;/:/?P

2>JO>UgI>NA> jQ H>NjgI>jPgNJ> FjIB_IBNFKF HQII>KgULNAQH: BjFPIFH ( == ), BjFP LIJ>J> (!= ), Hc_cHIcH (< ), ?cUcHIcH (> ), Hc_cH RBU> BjFP LIJ> (<= ), ?cUcH RBU> BjFP LIJ> (>= ). *BOFNIF O>UgI>NA> ?>jH> H>NjgI>jPgNJ> FjIB_IBNF AB R>NAgN. *BOFNIF O>UgI>NA> DB_BNOFV ABeBNF DbOPBNBK .OBO A> ?QIQKAQeQ F_FK, LKQK AFeBN ABeBNIBNIB Hc_cH ?cUcH LI>N>H H>NjgI>jPgNgIJ>Og >KI>JOgVAgN. [NKBeFK .OBO 'gK Jg ULHO> 1'FK JF A>E> ?cUcH LIAQeQ DF?F ?FN OLNQ U>KgPI>K>J>V. !Q UcVABK HBOFNIF O>UgI>NA> ?>jH> ?FN H>NjgI>jPgNJ> H>RN>Jg A>E> R>NAgN: OgN>OgVIgH. 1gN>OgVIgH, ABeBNIBNABK BK >V ?FNFOFKFK .OBO LIJ>Og ABJBHPFN. j>egA>HF P>?IL HBOFNIF O>Ug H>NjgI>jPgNJ> FjIB_IBNFKF DbOPBNFULN. fjIB_IBNFK EBMOF FHFIFAFN RB bNKBeFK TPMEBLJ == TBiEBLJ jBHIFKAB HQII>KgIgN. GBMTF RB USVF F_BNBK OcPQKI>N, FjIB_IBNFK E>KDF AQNQJA> KB OLKQ_ RBNAFeFKF DbOPBNFN. 1LKQK@Q OcPQK, FC>ABIBNABK ?FNFOFKFK .OBO LIJ>Og AQNQJQKA> L FjIB@FK HQII>KgJgKgK >KI>JIg LIQM LIJ>AgegKg DbOPBNFN. [NKBeFK 1.2 < SFBM.OBO FC>ABOFKFK OLKQ@Q GBMTF _gHO> ?FIB, FC>ABIBNABK ?FNFOF SFBM.OBO LIAQeQ F_FK ?Q OLKQ@QK ?FN >KI>Jg ULHPQN _cKHc ?QKQK PBNOF LI>K SFBM.OBO < 1.2 FC>ABOF AB GBMTF RBNFN. 4PMEBLJ 4PMEBLJ jLJTJ #gZgLTF ,gegLTF &mJUTF GBMTF USVF USVF USVF GBMTF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF USVF USVF GBMTF GBMTF GBMTF GBMTF USVF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF GBMTF USVF USVF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF GBMTF USVF GBMTF GBMTF USVF GBMTF USVF GBMTF GBMTF USVF GBMTF USVF GBMTF USVF USVF &O "[ #JSJTJ .OBO JTF GBMTF USVF GBMTF GBMTF GBMTF GBMTF USVF GBMTF GBMTF USVF USVF USVF USVF USVF .OBO JMF "OMBNMk FWFU FWFU IBZjS IBZjS IBZjS IBZjS FWFU IBZjS IBZjS FWFU FWFU FWFU FWFU FWFU

jmMFe == != > >= < <= !<>= <> <>= !<= !< !>= !> !<>

"OMBNk FlJUUJS FlJU EFhJMEJS CfZfLUfS CfZfLUfS WFZB FlJUUJS LfdfLUfS LfdfLUfS WFZB FlJUUJS LfdfL, CfZfL, FlJU EFhJMEJS LfdfLUfS WFZB CfZfLUfS LfdfLUfS, CfZfLUfS, WFZB FlJUUJS LfdfL EFhJMEJS WF FlJU EFhJMEJS LfdfL EFhJMEJS CfZfL EFhJMEJS WF FlJU EFhJMEJS CfZfL EFhJMEJS LfdfL EFhJMEJS WF CfZfL EFhJMEJS

#FHH>P BABNOBKFV; ! H>N>HPBNF F_BNBK, U>KF >KI>JgKA> "ABeFIAFN" ObVc ?QIQK>K ?cPcK FjIB_IBNFK .OBO FIB HQII>KgIJ>Og >KI>JIgAgN RB OLKQ_ EBM USVF 'AQN. .OBO 'gK DB_BNIF ?FN ABeBNF DbOPBNJFULN LIJ>Og, _LeQ H>NjgI>jPgNJ>U> "ABeFI" OLKQ@QKQ RBNAFNFN.

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16.9.1

.OBO 3R7A:79 9/?RP:/RAP?;/@P 7K7< JT/B/()

!FN HBOFNIF O>Ug ABeFjHBKFKFK .OBO '> BjFP LIQM LIJ>Ageg ?FIB == FjIB@F FIB H>NjgI>jPgNgI>J>V _cKHc UQH>NgA>HF P>?ILU> DbNB OLKQ_ EBM GBMTF _gH>N: JG (LFTJSMJ == EPVCMF.OBO) \ // ... ^ // n :"/-*k ,"3k*-"k5*3."

. UcVABK TUE.NBUI JLAcIcKABHF "K>K ABeBNFKAB JF?" OLNQOQKQK U>KgPgKg RBNBK JT/B/() FjIBRFKABK U>N>NI>KJ>H DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; // ... JG (JT/B/(LFTJSMJ)) \ // ... ^

// n EPhSV LBSljMBlUjSNB

!BKVBN ?F_FJAB, .OBO '> BjFP LIJ>Ageg A> != FIB ABeFI, !JT/B/() FIB ABKBPIBKJBIFAFN.

16.10

&?=0:3;:3?
1. [K@BHF ?bIcJABHF EBO>M J>HFKBOFKF HBOFNIF ?FN PcN HQII>K>@>H jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFK. !bUIB@B EBO>M J>HFKBKFV _LH A>E> ALeNQ OLKQ_I>N RBNB@BHPFN. #BKBNHBK ABeBNIBNF DFNJBH F_FK 1000, 1.23, RBU> 1.23B4 jBHIFKAB U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. 2. &FNFjPBK 5 P>KB HBOFNIF O>Ug >I>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK. !Q O>UgI>NgK bK@B FHF H>PI>NgKg U>VOgK, OLKN> A> ?BjB ?bIcJIBNFKF. !Q MNL?IBJF ?FN OLKN> >KI>PgI>@>H LI>K AFVFIBNB E>VgNIgH LI>N>H OLNQULNQJ. $eBN ?Q MNLDN>Jg jFJAFUB H>A>N beNBKAFHIBNFKFVIB U>V>NO>KgV, AFVFIBNF >KI>J>KgV A>E> HLI>U LI>@>H. ... QRKS?>7C

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17

D7F7:3?
!FN bK@BHF ABNOFK MNL?IBJIBNFKABK ?FNFOFKAB 5 P>KB ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>Jgj RB LKI>NI> ?BIFNIF FjIBJIBN U>MJgjPgH: bK@B FHF H>PI>NgKg >IJgjPgH, OLKN> A> ?BjB ?bIJcjPcH. . ABeFjHBKIBNF >UNg >UNg jbUIB P>KgJI>JgjPgH: EPVCMF EPVCMF EPVCMF EPVCMF EPVCMF TBZj@1; TBZj@2; TBZj@3; TBZj@4; TBZj@5;

!Q UbKPBJ EBN AQNQJ> QUDQK ABeFIAFN, _cKHc ABeFjHBK O>UgOg >NPPgegKA> LKI>Ng PBHBN PBHBN P>KgJI>J>H, F_FKABK _gHgIJ>V ?FN E>I >IgN. !FK P>KB O>UgUI> FjIBJ U>MJ>H DBNBHPFeFKF AcjcKcK... !FK P>KB ABeFjHBKF >UNg >UNg O>Ug<1, O>Ug<2, ..., O>Ug<1000 AFUB P>KgJI>J>H EBJBK EBJBK LI>K>HOgV ?FN FjPFN. #FVFIBNFK ?FN U>N>Ng ?bUIB AQNQJI>NA> LNP>U> _gH>N: AFVFIBN ?FN OBCBNAB ?FNABK C>VI> ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J>U> U>N>U>K LI>K>HI>NAgN. !FNABK C>VI> ABeFjHBKF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNJBH F_FK BK _LH HQII>KgI>K RBNF U>MgOg A> AFVFAFN. !Q ?bIcJ AFVF LI>K>HI>NgKgK U>IKgV@> ?FN ?bIcJcKc H>MO>N. #FeBN LI>K>HI>NgKg A>E> FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.

17.1

)/<P;:/<;/@P
#FVF P>KgJg ABeFjHBK P>KgJgK> _LH ?BKVBN. 2BH C>NHg, AFVFAB H>_ ABeFjHBK ?QIQK>@>egKgK, U>KF ?FN OBCBNAB H>_ ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>KJ>HP> LIAQeQKQK, PcNcK FOJFKABK OLKN>HF HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKAB ?BIFNPFIJBOFAFN. 2BH ?FN ABeFjHBKFK P>KgJI>KJ>Og FIB ?FN AFVFKFK P>KgJI>KJ>OgKg jbUIB H>NjgI>jPgN>?FIFNFV: JOU UFL%FhJlLFO; JOU<10> PO%FhJlLFOMJ%J[J; . FHF P>KgJA>K ?FNFK@FOF, jFJAFUB H>A>NHF HLAI>NA> DbNAcHIBNFJFV DF?F PBH ABeFjHBK P>KgJgAgN; FHFK@FOF FOB 10 ABeFjHBKABK LIQj>K ?FN AFVFAFN. 7QH>NgA> ObVc DB_BK MNL?IBJABHF 5 >UNg ABeFjHBKF 5 BIBJ>KIg ?FN AFVF E>IFKAB EBM ?FNABK P>KgJI>J>H F_FK jQ ObV AFVFJF HQII>KgIgN: EPVCMF<5> TBZjMBS; !Q P>KgJ, "ALQ?IB PcNcKAB 5 P>KB O>Ug" AFUB LHQK>?FIFN. #>E> OLKN> HLA F_FKAB HQII>KgIAgegKA> PBH ?FN O>Ug ABeFjHBKF O>KgIJ>OgK AFUB FOJFKF AB _LeQI LI>N>H OB_PFeFJB AFHH>P BAFK. [VBPIB; AFVF P>KgJg, PcN FOJFKFK U>KgK> HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKAB U>VgI>K AFVF QVQKIQeQKA>K RB ?QKI>Ng FVIBUBK AFVF FOJFKABK LIQjQN: t'r_ismi<di#i_u#unlu(u> di#i_ismi; 2cN FOJF LI>N>H PBJBI PcNIBN HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, MNLDN>J@gKgK P>KgJI>Ageg A>E> H>NJ>jgH PcNIBN AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN (?QKI>Ng A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFV). [NKBHIBN: // #fUfO lFIJSMFSEFLJ IBWB EVSVNMBSjOj UVUBO CJS EJ[J // #VSBEB eSOFhJO // GBMTF: "LBQBMj IBWB" // USVF : "BdjL IBWB"

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// BOMBNjOEB LVMMBOjMBCJMJS CPPM<lFIJS"EFEJ> IBWB%VSVNMBSj; // :f[ LVUVOVO BhjSMjLMBSjOj BZSj BZSj UVUBO CJS EJ[J EPVCMF<100> LVUV"hjSMjLMBSj; // #JS PLVMEBLJ CfUfO ehSFODJMFSJO LBZjUMBSj ahSFODJ#JMHJTJ<ehSFODJ"EFEJ> ehSFODJ,BZjUMBSj;

17.2

)=>:B:B9:/? C3 3:3;/<:/?
UKg PcNABK ABeFjHBKIBNF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBK RBNF U>MgI>NgK> EAB>F>F= >Ag RBNFIFN. !Q P>KgJ> QUAQHI>Ng F_FK AFVFIBN AB PLMIQIQHPQNI>N. [NKBeFK 2BJJQV >UgKA>HF DcKIcH E>R> Og@>HIgHI>NgKg PQPJ>H F_FK HQII>KgI>@>H ?FN AFVF 31 P>KB EPVCMF ABeFjHBKFKF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNB?FIFN RB .9>,6/ ESCS@67 7>7?3@>3C63@ A>FX3@ 4;C EAB>F>F= LIQjPQNQN. 2LMIQIQH ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK EBN ?FNFOFKB 7>7?3@ ABKFN. #FVFIBNFK ?>NgKAgNAgHI>Ng BIBJ>K >ABAFKB AFVFIBNFK FKF@>FTF ABKFN. "$IBJ>K >ABAF" RB "AFVF QVQKIQeQ" FC>ABIBNFKFK FHFOF AB OgH HQII>KgIgN.

17.3

E:3;/< 3?7R7;7
/NL?IBJABHF ABeFjHBKIBNF >UgNP BPJBH F_FK FOFJIBNFKFK OLKQK> ?FN >IP _FVDF H>N>HPBNF RB ?FN OgN> KQJ>N>Og BHIBJFjPFH: TBZk@1 DF?F... 1>UgI>Ng EBM ?FNABK ?FN AFVF E>IFKAB RB TBZkMBS FOJFKAB P>KgJI>UgK@> BIBJ>KI>N> C>NHIg FOFJIBN RBNJB j>KOgJgV H>IJ>V. .KQK UBNFKB, BIBJ>KI>N> AFVFKFK BNFjFJ FjIB@F LI>K <> FIB RB ?FN OgN> KQJ>N>OgUI> BNFjFIFN: TBZjMBS<0> . U>VgJ, "O>UgI>NgK 0 KQJ>N>Ig BIBJ>Kg" AFUB LHQK>?FIFN. !Q jBHFIAB U>VgK@> TBZk@1 FC>ABOFKFK UBNFKF TBZkMBS<0> FC>ABOF >IJgj LIQN. !QN>A> AFHH>P BAFIJBOF DBNBHBK FHF KLHP> R>NAgN: x N70$4$ 5B)B4'$1 %$C/$4: !FV FKO>KI>N KBOKBIBNF 1'ABK ?>jI>U>@>H jBHFIAB KQJ>N>I>J>U> >IgjgH LIAQeQJQV E>IAB, AFVFIBNAB KQJ>N>I>N 0'A>K ?>jI>N. !FVFJ 1, 2, 3, 4, RB 5 LI>N>H KQJ>N>I>AgegJgV O>UgI>N AFVF F_FKAB 0, 1, 2, 3, RB 4 LI>N>H KQJ>N>I>KgNI>N. !Q QUQJOQVIQe> bVBIIFHIB AFHH>P BPJBH DBNBHFN, _cKHc ?>Vg MNLDN>J@g E>P>I>NgKgK H>UK>eg ?Q QUQJOQVIQHPQN. x <> .$4$.6(4/(4,1,1 ,., )$4./B .7//$1B0B: #FVF P>KgJI>NHBK HQII>KgI>K <> H>N>HPBNIBNF FIB BNFjFJ FjIB@F LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K <> H>N>HPBNIBNFKF H>NgjPgNJ>UgK. #FVF P>KgJI>NHBK HQII>KgI>K <> H>N>HPBNIBNF BIBJ>KI>NgK PcNcKABK OLKN> U>VgIgN RB AFVFAB H>_ BIBJ>K ?QIQKAQeQKQ ?BIFNIBN; BNFjFJ F_FK HQII>KgI>K <> H>N>HPBNIBNF FOB AFVFKFK FOJFKABK OLKN> U>VgIgN RB BIBJ>KgK OgN> KQJ>N>OgKg ?BIFNIBN: // #V CJS UBOjNEjS. 12 UBOF JOU'UFO PMVlNBLUBEjS WF IFS // BZEB LBd HfO CVMVOEVhV CJMHJTJOJ UVUNBLUBEjS JOU<12> BZ(fOMFSJ; // #V CJS FSJlJNEJS. "SBMjL BZjOB LBSljMjL HFMFO FMFNBOB // FSJlJS WF EFhFSJOJ 31 PMBSBL CFMJSMFS BZ(fOMFSJ<11> = 31; // #V EB CJS FSJlJNEJS. 0DBL BZjOEBLJ HfO TBZjTjOj // XSJUFMO'B HeOEFSNFL JdJO LVMMBOjMNBLUBEjS. XSJUFMO("0DBL'UB ", BZ(fOMFSJ<0>, " HfO WBS."); H$6B4/$60$: .@>H >UgKgK OgN> KQJ>N>OgKgK 0, LIAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK. N>IgH >UgKgK OgN> KQJ>N>OgKgK 11

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17.4

O<239@
$IBJ>KI>N> BNFjFNHBK HQII>KgI>K OgN> KQJ>N>I>NgK> ;@67=D, BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjJB FjFKB AB ;@67=D>7?7 ABKFN. fKABHO O>?FP ?FN ABeBN LIJ>H VLNQKA> ABeFIAFN; FKABHO LI>N>H ABeFjHBK ABeBNIBNF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !Q LI>K>H AFVFIBNFK HQII>KgjIgIgegKg ?cUcH bI_cAB >NPPgNgN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF HLAA> E>KDF >UA>HF DcK O>UgOgKgK U>VAgNgI>@>egKg BZ/VNBSBTk ABeFjHBKF ?BIFNIBJBHPBAFN: XSJUFMO("#V BZ ", BZ(fOMFSJ<BZ/VNBSBTj>, " HfO dFLFS"); BZ/VNBSBTk 'KgK 2 LIAQeQ ?FN AQNQJA> UQH>NgA>HF FC>ABAB BZ(gOMFSJ<2> 'KFK ABeBNF, U>KF ,>NP >UgKA>HF DcK >ABAF U>VAgNgIgN. BZ/VNBSBTk 'KgK ?>jH> ?FN ABeBNFKAB AB L >UA>HF DcK O>UgOg U>VAgNgIgN. 7>O>I LI>K FKABHOIBN, 0'A>K AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKA>K ?FN BHOFeFKB H>A>N LI>K ABeBNIBNAFN. [NKBeFK 3 BIBJ>KIg ?FN AFVFAB U>IKgV@> 0, 1, RB 2 FKABHOIBNF U>O>IAgN. !QKQK AgjgKA> FKABHO HQII>KgIAgegKA> MNLDN>J ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KgN. #FVFIBNF, BIBJ>KI>Ng U>K U>K> AQN>K ?FN PLMIQIQH LI>N>H AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK >UI>NgK DcKIBNFKF PQP>K ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>Ng RB FKABHOIBNF jQ jBHFIAB DbOPBNFIB?FIFN (iQ?>P'gK 28 DcK _BHPFeFKF R>NO>U>N>H): JOEFLTMFS p FMFNBOMBS p 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ] 31 ] 28 ] 31 ] 30 ] 31 ] 30 ] 31 ] 31 ] 30 ] 31 ] 30 ] 31 ]

fIH BIBJ>KgK FKABHOF 0, RB .@>H >UgKA>HF DcK O>UgOg LI>K 31 ABeBNFKB O>EFM; FHFK@F BIBJ>KgK FKABHOF 1, RB iQ?>P >UgKA>HF DcK O>UgOg LI>K 28 ABeBNFKB O>EFM; RO.

17.5

(/07A BFB<:B9:B 27F7:3? C3 27</;79 27F7:3?

*>_ BIBJ>K ?>NgKAgN>@>HI>Ng MNLDN>JgK U>VgIAgeg OgN>A> ?FIFKBK AFVFIBNB D34;E FKF@>F=>F 6;K;; BIBJ>KI>NgKgK O>UgOg MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> ABeFjB?FIBK AFVFIBNB 6;@3?;= 6;K; ABKFN. 7QH>NgA> 5 O>Ug P>KgJI>J>H F_FK HQII>KAgegJgV TBZkMBS AFVFOF RB 12 >UA>HF DcK O>UgI>NgKg PQPJ>H F_FK HQII>KAgegJgV BZ(gOMFSJ AFVFIBNF O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNAFN; _cKHc BIBJ>K O>UgI>Ng ?>jP>K ?BIFNIBKJFjPFN. . AFVFIBNFK QVQKIQHI>Ng MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> ABeFjPFNFIBJBV. 3VQKIQHI>NgKgK ABeFjJBOF DBNBHOB, ?Q >K@>H H>UK>H HLAA>HF O>?FP LI>K ABeBNFK BIIB ABeFjPFNFIJBOF RB MNLDN>JgK PBHN>N ABNIBKJBOF FIB JcJHcKAcN. #FK>JFH AFVF P>KgJI>J>H O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVF P>KgJI>J>HP>K A>E> HLI>UAgN; AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKQ ?Lj ?gN>HJ>H AFVFUF AFK>JFH U>MJ>U> UBPBN: JOU<> EJOBNJL%J[J; !bUIB AFVFIBNFK QVQKIQHI>Ng MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> DBNBHPFH_B >NPPgNgI>?FIFN RBU> >V>IPgI>?FIFN.

17.6

D7F7 <7A3:79:3?7
2cNIBNFK LIAQeQ DF?F AFVFIBNFK AB KFPBIFHIBNF R>NAgN. !QN>A> U>IKgV@> c_ P>KBOFKF P>KgU>@>egV. .MFOHUI KFPBIFeFKFK AFK>JFH AFVFIBNAB C>NHIg LIAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK: x .MFOHUI : #FVFKFK QVQKIQeQKQ, U>KF F_FKABHF BIBJ>K O>UgOgKg RBNFN: XSJUFMO("%J[JEF ", EJ[J.MFOHUI, " UBOF FMFNBO WBS");

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$H LI>N>H, AFK>JFH AFVFIBNAB AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKQ ABeFjPFNJBUB AB U>N>N: JOU<> EJ[J; EJ[J.MFOHUI = 5; // CPlUVS // V[VOMVhV 5 PMVS

x .TPSU : $IBJ>KI>Ng Hc_cHPBK ?cUceB ALeNQ OgN>I>N: EJ[J.TPSU; x .SFWFSTF : $IBJ>KI>Ng PBNO OgN>A> OgN>I>N: EJ[J.SFWFSTF; !Q ?FIDFIBN gjgegKA> 5 ABeFjHBKIF MNL?IBJB AbKBIFJ RB LKQ AFVF HQII>K>@>H jBHFIAB PBHN>N U>V>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // #V EFhJlLFOJ EeOHfMFSJ LBd LFSF UFLSBSMBEjhjNj[j TBZNBL // JdJO LVMMBOBDBhj[ JOU TBZBd; // EPVCMF UfSfOEFLJ CFl FMFNBOEBO PMVlBO TBCJU V[VOMVLMV // CJS EJ[J UBOjNMjZPSV[ EPVCMF<5> TBZjMBS; // 4BZjMBSj CJS EeOHf JdJOEF HJSJlUFO BMjZPSV[ XIJMF (TBZBd < TBZjMBS.MFOHUI) \ XSJUF("4BZj ", TBZBd + 1, ": "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZjMBS<TBZBd>); ++TBZBd; ^ XSJUFMO("iLJ LBUMBSj:"); TBZBd = 0; XIJMF (TBZBd < TBZjMBS.MFOHUI) \ XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS<TBZBd> * 2); ++TBZBd; ^ // #FlUF CJSMFSJOJ IFTBQMBZBO EeOHf EF CJS eODFLJ // EeOHfOfO CFO[FSJEJS...

G>;/(0/(4: #bKDcIBNFK H>_ HBNB PBHN>NI>K>@>HI>NgKg TBZBe ?BIFNIFULN: AbKDcIBNF, L ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF TBZkMBS.MFOHUI 'PBK Hc_cH LIAQeQ OcNB@B PBHN>NIgULNQV. 1>U>@gK ABeBNF EBN PBHN>NA> ?FN >NPPgH_>, TBZkMBS<TBZBe> FC>ABOF AB OgN>UI> AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg DbOPBNJFj LIQULN: TBZkMBS<0> , TBZkMBS<1> , RO. !Q MNLDN>JgK U>N>NgKg DbNJBH F_FK DFNFjPBK 5 UBNFKB bNKBeFK 20 O>Ug >IgK>@>egKg AcjcKcK... #FVF HQII>K>K ?Q MNLDN>JA> PBH ?FN UBNAB Hc_cH ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>H UBPBN: 5 ABeBNFKF 20 LI>N>H ABeFjPFNJBH... .UO> AFVF HQII>KJ>U>K MNLDN>JA> 15 P>KB A>E> ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J>H RB HQII>KgIAgHI>Ng HLA O>PgNI>NgKg 15 ABeFjHBK F_FK PBHN>NI>J>H DBNBHFNAF.

17.7

E:3;/<:/?P 7:9:3;39
#'AB EBN PcNAB LIAQeQ DF?F AFVF BIBJ>KI>Ng A> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FIHIBKFNIBN. $IBJ>KI>N F_FK HQII>KgI>K FIH ABeBN, BIBJ>KI>NgK PcNcKB ?>eIgAgN: JOU F_FK 0, EPVCMF F_FK EPVCMF.OBO , RO.

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7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF TBZkMBS AFVFOFKFK ?Bj BIBJ>Kg A> AFVF P>KgJI>KAgeg V>J>K EPVCMF.OBO ABeBNFKB O>EFMPFN: EPVCMF<5> TBZjMBS; // EJ[JOJO CfUfO FMFNBOMBSjOjO // JML EFhFSJ EPVCMF.OBO PMVS

$IBJ>KI>NgK ?Q FIH ABeBNIBNF AFVF HQII>KgIAgH_> ABeFjB?FIFN. !QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JI>NA> DbNAcH. [NKBeFK BZ(gOMFSJ AFVFOFKFK 11 FKABHOIF BIBJ>KgK> 31 ABeBNFKF >P>AgH: BZ(fOMFSJ<11> = 31; #>E> OLKN> A> DFNFjPBK DBIBK ABeBNF, TBZkMBS FOFJIF AFVFKFK TBZBe FKABHOIF BIBJ>KgKgK ABeBNF LI>N>H LHQAQH: SFBEG(" %T", &TBZjMBS<TBZBd>); !>VBK BIBJ>KI>NgK ABeBNIBNF, AFVF HQNQIAQeQ >KA> ?FIFKFN. [UIB AQNQJI>NA> AFVF, 3E3?3 ObV AFVFJFUIB RB BIBJ>KI>NgK FIH ABeBNIBNF O>e P>N>CP> ?BIFNPFIBNBH P>KgJI>KgN. *QII>Kg@gA>K >U KQJ>N>OgKg >I>K RB L >UgK H>_ DcK _BHPFeFKF U>V>K ?FN MNLDN>J AcjcKBIFJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // kVCBU'jO 28 HfO dFLUJhJOJ WBSTBZjZPSV[ JOU<12> BZ(fOMFSJ = < 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 >; XSJUF(",BdjODj BZ "); JOU BZ/VNBSBTj; SFBEG(" %T", &BZ/VNBSBTj); JOU JOEFLT = BZ/VNBSBTj - 1; XSJUFMO(BZ/VNBSBTj, ". BZ ", BZ(fOMFSJ<JOEFLT>, " HfO dFLFS");

. MNLDN>JA> BZ(gOMFSJ AFVFOFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK AFVFKFK P>KgJI>KAgeg >KA> FIHIBKAFHIBNFKF DbNcULNOQKQV. UNg@>, HQII>Kg@gA>K >IgK>K RB ABeBNF 1-12 >N>IgegKA> LI>K >U KQJ>N>OgKgK FKABHOB K>OgI AbKcjPcNcIAcecKB AFHH>P BAFK. !bUIB@B HQII>Kg@gKgK 1-12 >N>IgegKA> RBNAFeF KQJ>N>, MNLDN>JA> 0-11 >N>IgegK> AbKcjPcNcIJcj LIQN. *QII>Kg@g 1-12 >N>IgegKgK AgjgKA> ?FN ABeBN DFNAFeFKAB, MNLDN>J AFVFKFK AgjgK> BNFjFIAFeFKF ?FIAFNBK ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KgN. #FVFIBNF FIHIBNHBK O>e P>N>CP> PBH ?FN BIBJ>K ABeBNF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !Q AQNQJA> AFVFKFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>Ng L ABeBNF >IgN: JOU<10> IFQTJ#JS = 1; // #fUfO FMFNBOMBSj 1 PMVS

17.8

)3;3: 27F7 7R:3;:3?7

#FVFIBN, ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgKg FIDFIBKAFNBK ?>Vg FjIBJIBNAB ?cUcH HLI>UIgH O>eI>NI>N. S$%,6 7;71/7./7 ',;,/(4, .23:$/$0$: ?FNABK OLIA>HF AFVFUB HLMU>I>N: P>J> FjIB@F, O>eA>HF AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK EBMOFKF

JOU<5> LBZOBL = < 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 >; JOU<5> IFEFG; IFEFG = LBZOBL;

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%AE: AE3?3 ;X>7?;@;@ 3@>3?V 6;@3?;= 6;K;>7C67 QA= 83C=>V6VC; 4F@F ;>7C;67=; 4;C 4R>S?67 9RC757T;K. D,1$0,. ',;,/(4( (/(0$1 (./(0(: _= FjIB@F, AFK>JFH AFVFKFK OLKQK> UBKF ?FN BIBJ>K RBU> UBKF ?FN AFVF BHIBN: JOU<> EJ[J; EJ[J _= 7; EJ[J _= 360; EJ[J _= < 30, 40 >; // // // // EJ[J CPlUVS EJ[JEF UFL FMFNBO WBSEjS EJ[JEF JLJ FMFNBO PMVS EJ[JEF EeSU FMFNBO PMVS

1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNB BIBJ>K BHIBKBJBV: JOU<10> EJ[J; EJ[J _= 7;

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4* UKg FjIB@FK >P>J>Ig

B,4/(C6,40(: _ FjIB@F FHF AFVFUF Q_ Q@> ?FNIBjPFNBNBH UBKF ?FN AFVF LIQjPQNQN. LI>Kg A> R>NAgN (_= ) RB O>eA>HF AFVFUF OLIA>HF AFVFKFK OLKQK> BHIBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<10> CJSJODJ = 1; JOU<10> JLJODJ = 2; JOU<> TPOVd; TPOVd = CJSJODJ _ JLJODJ; XSJUFMO(TPOVd.MFOHUI); TPOVd _= CJSJODJ; XSJUFMO(TPOVd.MFOHUI); // 20 ZB[BS // 30 ZB[BS

$eBN OLI P>N>CP> O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ ?FN AFVF R>NO>, AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQ ABeFjPFNFIBJBUB@BeF F_FK _= FjIB@F HQII>KgI>J>V: JOU<20> TPOVd; // ... TPOVd _= CJSJODJ;

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

P>J> FjIBJFKAB AB, O>e P>N>CgK QVQKIQeQ OLI P>N>C> QUJ>VO> MNLDN>J _bHBN: JOU<10> CJSJODJ = 1; JOU<10> JLJODJ = 2; JOU<21> TPOVd; TPOVd = CJSJODJ _ JLJODJ; . HLA, MNLDN>JgK "AFVF HLMU>Og OgN>OgKA> QVQKIQHI>N >UKg ABeFI" DF?F ?FN E>P>UI> _bHJBOFKB KBABK LIQN: PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO: MFOHUIT EPO'U NBUDI GPS BSSBZ DPQZ

17.9

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 7>V>@>egKgV MNLDN>J bK@B HQII>Kg@gA>K H>_ P>KB O>Ug DFNFIB@BeFKF beNBKOFK RB DFNFjPBK L H>A>N HBOFNIF O>Ug >IOgK. #>E> OLKN> ?Q O>UgI>Ng bK@B Hc_cHPBK ?cUceB, OLKN> A> ?cUcHPBK Hc_ceB ALeNQ OgN>I>OgK.

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!QN>A> AFVF KFPBIFHIBNFKABK .TPSU 'Q RB .SFWFSTF 'c HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. 2. !>jH> ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK: DFNFjPBK >IAgeg O>UgI>NgK bK@B PBH LI>KI>NgKg OgN>UI>, OLKN> A> _FCP LI>KI>NgKg OgN>UI> U>VAgNOgK. [VBI LI>N>H -1 ABeBNF DFNFjF OLKI>KAgNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIOgK: ?Q ABeBN DBIAFeFKAB >NPgH DFNFjPBK UBKF O>Ug >IgKJ>OgK. [NKBeFK DFNFjPBK 1 4 7 2 3 8 11 -1 DBIAFeFKAB _gHgj> jQKI>Ng U>VAgNOgK: 1 3 7 11 2 4 8 A37&7: 1>UgI>Ng FHF >UNg AFVFUB UBNIBjPFNJBH FjFKFVB U>N>U>?FIFN. &FNFIBK O>UgI>NgK PBH RBU> _FCP LIAQHI>NgKg A> >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBN O>UC>OgKA> beNBKAFeFKFV % (H>I>K) FjIB@FKFK OLKQ@QK> ?>H>N>H >KI>U>?FIFNOFKFV. 3. !FN >NH>A>jgKgV U>VAgeg ?FN MNLDN>JgK ALeNQ _>IgjJ>AgegKg ObUIcULN. &FNFjPBK ?Bj P>KB O>Ug >I>K, ?Q O>UgI>NgK H>NBIBNFKF ?FN AFVFUB UBNIBjPFNBK, RB OLKQKA> A> AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg _gHgj> U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VJ>U> _>IgjJgj >J> MNLDN>Jg ALeNQ _>IgjJgULN. !Q MNLDN>JgK E>P>I>NgKg DFABNFK RB ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjJ>OgKg O>eI>UgK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<5> LBSFMFS; XSJUFMO("5 UBOF TBZj HJSJOJ["); JOU J = 0; XIJMF (J <= 5) \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF(J + 1, ". TBZj: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); LBSFMFS<J> = TBZj * TBZj; ++J;

XSJUFMO("=== 4BZjMBSjO ,BSFMFSJ ==="); XIJMF (J <= LBSFMFS.MFOHUI) \ XSJUF(LBSFMFS<J>, " "); ++J; ^ ^ ... QRKS?>7C XSJUFMO();

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18

"/?/9A3?:3?
*>N>HPBNIBN U>VgI>Ng LIQjPQN>K BK >IP ?FNFJIBNAFN: E>NCIBN, N>H>JI>N, KLHP>I>J> Fj>NBPIBNF, ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF, RO. [K@BHF ABNOPBHF AFVFIBNB BH LI>N>H ?Q ABNOPB AB H>N>HPBNIBNF P>KgUgK@> FHF ABNO OLKN> >KI>PgI>@>H LI>K 6;K9; U>MgOg _LH HLI>U >KI>jgI>@>H. !FIDFO>U>N RBNF PcNIBNF PBJBIAB ?FPIBNABK LIQjPQHI>Ng F_FK, H>N>HPBNIBN AB ?FPIBNFK ?FNIBjFJIBNFKABK LIQj>K P>JO>Ug ABeBNIBN LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. [NKBeFK Hc_cH E>NC B 'KgK P>JO>Ug ABeBNF 97'AFN RBU> 1 N>H>JgKgK P>JO>Ug ABeBNF 49'AQN. !Q ABeBNIBN P>J>JBK >KI>jJ>I>N> ?>eIg LI>N>H >P>KJgjI>NAgN RB HbHIBNF 1"(( HLA P>?ILOQK> A>U>KgN. *>N>HPBNIBN ?>Vg AFIIBNAB DBIBKBHOBI LI>N>H 256 C>NHIg ABeBN PQP>?FIBK DIBS PcNcUIB DbOPBNFIFNIBN. $eBN DIBS PcNcKc ?>jH> AFIIBNABK P>KgULNO>KgV LKQK EBN E>NCF ?>NgKAgN>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH ?FN PcN LIJ>AgegKg ?FIFULNOQKQVAQN. #'AB c_ C>NHIg H>N>HPBN PcNc ?QIQKQN. !QK> >_gHIgH DBPFNJBH F_FK bK@B ?Q HLKQKQK HgO> P>NFEFKB ?>HJ>JgV DBNBHFULN.

18.1

)/?76K3
A(C!! )/0:=@B
#LK>KgJgK _LH HgOgPIg LIAQeQ DcKIBNAB P>O>NI>K>K FIH 1"(( P>?ILOQ 7 ?FPIFH ABeBNIBNABK LIQjQULNAQ RB ?Q UcVABK >K@>H 128 H>N>HPBN ABeBNF ?>NgKAgN>?FIFULNAQ. !Q ABeBNIBN fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFKF LIQjPQN>K 26 E>NCFK Hc_cH RB ?cUcH LI>KI>NgKg, N>H>JI>Ng, OgH HQII>KgI>K KLHP>I>J> Fj>NBPIBNFKF, MNLDN>JI>NgK _gHPgI>NgKg Q_ ?FNFJIBNAB DbOPBNFNHBK HQII>KgI>K HLKPNLI H>N>HPBNIBNFKF, RO. FC>AB BPJBH F_FK UBPBNIFUAF. [NKBH LI>N>H, "JBNE>?>" JBPKFKABHF H>N>HPBNIBNFK 1"(( HLAI>Ng OgN>OgUI> jbUIBAFN (?Q DbOPBNFJIBNAB LHQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK ?>UP ABeBNIBNF >N>OgKA> RFNDcI HQII>KgULNQJ): 109, 101, 114, 104, 97, 98, 97 'BN ?FN ABeBN ?FN E>NCB H>NjgIgH DBIFN. [NKBeFK FHF '>' E>NCF F_FK FHF P>KB 97 ABeBNF HQII>KgIJgjPgN. (%AE: BF 43JE>3CV@ 97CQ7=E7 :3@9; DVC363 6FC6F=>3CV B>3E8AC?3 G7 :3EE3 43JE>3CV@ ;Q;@67 4F>F@6F=>3CV 47>97J7 9RC7 83C=>V>V=>3C 9RDE7C;C. BFC363 J3>@VK53 =3C3=E7C>7C; ;8367 7E?7= ;Q;@ =F>>3@V>3@ =A6 67T7C>7C;@; 9RCSJACFK.) #LK>KgJA>HF DBIFjJBIBN ALeNQIPQOQKA> 1"(( P>?ILOQKA>HF HLAI>N A>E> OLKN> 8 ?FPB _gH>NPgI>N>H 256 H>N>HPBN ABOPBHIBUBK G7@;X>7E;>?;X 0EIE7@6761 A)C!! P>?ILOQ P>KgJI>KJgjPgN.

18.1.1

18.1.2

!B# "=2 )/0:=:/?P

(!, CFNJ>Og, 1"(( P>?ILOQK> A>U>K>K RB 128 RB A>E> ?cUcH H>N>HPBN ABeBNIBNFKF AcKU> AFIIBNFKB >UgN>K ?FN AFVF HLA P>?ILOQ P>KgJI>Ag. !Q HLA P>?ILI>Ng O>UBOFKAB fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFKABK ?>jH> >IC>?BIBNFK AB ABOPBHIBKJBIBNF O>eI>KJgj LIAQ. [NKBeFK 2cNH >IC>?BOFKB bVDc H>N>HPBNIBN (!,'FK 857 KQJ>N>Ig HLA P>?ILOQKA> UBN >IAgI>N. 'BN KB H>A>N 1"(('ABK _LH A>E> U>N>NIg LIO>I>N A>, HLA P>?ILI>NgKgK bKBJIF OLNQKI>Ng R>NAgN: 7>VgKgK ALeNQ LI>N>H DbNcKPcIBKB?FIJBOF F_FK U>VgIAgeg V>J>K E>KDF HLA P>?ILOQKQK HQII>KgIAgegKgK ?FIFKJBOF DBNBHFN, _cKHc C>NHIg HLA P>?ILI>NgKA>HF HLAI>N C>NHIg H>N>HPBNIBNB H>NjgIgH DBIFNIBN. [NKBeFK 857 KQJ>N>Ig HLA P>?ILOQKA> d LI>K H>N>HPBN, 437 KQJ>N>Ig HLA P>?ILOQ FIB DbNcKPcIBKAFeFKAB Y H>N>HPBNF LI>N>H ?BIFNFN. !>jH> ?FN OLNQK; U>Vg F_FKAB ?FNABK C>VI> AFIFK H>N>HPBNF HQII>KgIAgegKA> HLA P>?ILI>NgKgK UBPBNOFV H>IJ>I>NgAgN. UNg@>, 128'ABK C>VI> bVBI H>N>HPBNF LI>K AFIIBN V>PBK 8 ?FPIFH ?FN P>?ILA> FC>AB BAFIBJBVIBN.

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18.1.3

!(%/!EC 8859 "=2 )/0:=:/?P

3IQOI>N>N>Og OP>KA>NPI>jJ> _>IgjJ>I>Ng OLKQ@QKA> (1./($" 8859 OP>KA>NP H>N>HPBN HLAI>Ng _gHJgj, RB bNKBeFK 2cNH >IC>?BOFKFK bVBI E>NCIBNF 8859-9 P>?ILOQKA> UBN >IJgjI>NAgN. 7>MgO>I LI>N>H (!,'FK P>?ILI>NgKgK BjABeBNF LIAQeQ F_FK, (!,'FK HLA P>?ILI>NgKgK OLNQKI>Ng ?Q OP>KA>NPP> A> R>NAgN. '>PP> %BIBJBKH_B'KFK h H>N>HPBNF DF?F ?>Vg H>N>HPBNIBN ?Q P>?ILI>NA> UBN ?QI>J>JgjI>NAgN.

18.1.4

*<71=23
!cPcK ?Q OLNQKI>Ng HbHcKABK _bVBK OP>KA>NP, 3KF@LAB'AQN. 3KF@LAB; AcKU> AFIIBNFKABHF RB U>Vg OFOPBJIBNFKABHF E>NCIBNFK, H>N>HPBNIBNFK, RB U>VgJ Fj>NBPIBNFKFK 100 ?FKABK C>VI>OgKg P>KgJI>N RB EBN ?FNFOFKB C>NHIg ?FN HLA RBNFN. !bUIB@B, 3KF@LAB'QK P>KgJI>Ageg HLAI>Ng HQII>K>K JBPFKIBN ?cPcK AcKU> H>N>HPBNIBNFKF, EF_?FN H>NgjgHIgH RB HgOgPI>J> U>j>J>A>K; ?FN >N>A> ?QIQKAQN>?FIFNIBN.

18.2

*<71=23 9=2:/;/ K3R7A:3?7

3KF@LAB, EBN ?FN H>N>HPBNB ?FN HLA ABeBNF RBNFN. [NKBH LI>N>H, d E>NCFKFK 3KF@LAB'A>HF ABeBNF 286'AgN. 3KF@LAB'QK ABOPBHIBAFeF H>N>HPBN O>UgOg L H>A>N _LH LIQK@>, H>N>HPBNIBNF FC>AB BABK ABeBNIBN AB ALe>I LI>N>H >NPgH 8 ?FPIB FC>AB BAFIBJBVIBN. [NKBeFK HLA ABeBNF 255'PBK ?cUcH LIAQeQ F_FK d'KFK BK >V 2 ?>UPI> DbOPBNFIJBOF DBNBHFN. %AE: B3JE 67T7C>7C;@;@ @3DV> :7D3B>3@6VTV =A@F?FK 6VXV@63 =3>VJAC. AX3TV63=; RC@7=>7C67 =F>>3@V>6VTV ;Q;@ 4F ;=; 43JEV@ 67T7C>7C;@;@ 1 G7 30 A>6F=>3CV@V DRJ>7?7=>7 J7E;@757T;?. *>N>HPBNIBNFK BIBHPNLKFH LNP>JA> K>OgI FC>AB BAFIAFHIBNFKB =3C3=E7C =A6>3?3DV ABKFN. 7QH>NgA> "JBNE>?>"KgK H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK 1"(( HLAI>NgUI> K>OgI FC>AB BAFIAFHIBNFKF DbNJcjPcH. iFJAF 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK OP>KA>NP HLAI>J>I>NgKA>K c_cKc DbNB@BeFV. TF-32: !Q HLAI>J> EBN 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNF F_FK 32 ?FP HQII>KgN; U>KF 4 ?>UP. "JBNE>?>"KgK 32%-32 HLAI>J>Og A> 1"(( HLAI>J>OgUI> >UKgAgN; C>NHg, EBN H>N>HPBN F_FK 4 ?>UP HQII>KgIJ>OgAgN. !Q UcVABK 32%-32 HLAI>J>OgKgK jbUIB LI>@>egKg AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV (LHQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK FHF O>PgN E>IFKAB DbOPBNFULNQJ): 0, 0, 0, 109, 0, 0, 0, 101, 0, 0, 0, 114, 0, 0, 0, 97, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 0, 97 0, 0, 0, 104,

!>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, FC>AB BAFIB@BH JBPKFK bNKBeFK ">d" LIAQeQKQ AcjcKcNOBH: 0, 0, 0, 97, 0, 0, 1, 30

7>KF >'A> 1, RB d'AB 2 P>KB >KI>JIg ?>UP LIAQeQ F_FK; 5 P>KB AB OgCgN ?QIQKJ>HP>AgN. !Q OgCgNI>Ng, EBN H>N>HPBNB 4 ?>UP RBNB?FIJBH F_FK DBNBHBK 6A>6FC?3 43JE>3CV LI>N>H AcjcKB?FIFNFV. %AE: B3JE>3CV@ DVC3>3CV 83C=>V A>34;>;C G7 43KV>3CV@V@ 97CQ7= 67T7C>7C; 83C=>V6VC. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, ?Q HLAI>J> EBN V>J>K F_FK 1"(( HLAI>J>OgKgK 4 H>Pg UBN E>N@>J>HP>AgN. ,BPFK F_FKABHF H>N>HPBNIBNFK ?cUcH ?FN ?bIcJcKcK fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFKABHF H>N>HPBNIBNABK LIQjPQeQ AQNQJI>NA>, _LeQ H>N>HPBN F_FK 3 P>KB AB 0 HQII>KgIAgeg F_FK ?Q HLAI>J>, AQNQJ> DbNB _LH O>RQND>K LI>?FIFN. [PB U>KA>K, H>N>HPBNIBNFK EBN ?FNFOFKFK P>J LI>N>H 4 ?>UP UBN PQPQULN LIJ>OgKgK DBPFNAFeF U>N>NI>Ng A> R>NAgN.

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TF-16: !Q HLAI>J>, 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK _LeQKQ 16 ?FPIB, U>KF 2 ?>UPI> DbOPBNFN. fHF ?>UP U>HI>jgH LI>N>H 65 ?FK ABeBN PQP>?FIAFeF F_FK, U>HI>jgH UcV ?FK 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNFKFK DBNF H>I>K 35 ?FK H>A>Ng F_FK A>E> C>VI> ?>UP HQII>KJ>H DBNBHFN. [NKBH LI>N>H ">d" 32%-16'A> 4 ?>UP LI>N>H HLAI>KgN: 0, 97, 1, 30

%AE: B3JE>3CV@ DVC3>3CV 83C=>V A>34;>;C G7 43KV>3CV@V@ 97CQ7= 67T7C>7C; 83C=>V6VC. !Q HLAI>J> _LeQ ?BIDBAB 32%-32'ABK A>E> >V UBN PQP>N >J> H>N>HPBNFKB DbNB ABeFjFH O>UgA> ?>UP HQII>KgIAgeg F_FK FjIBKJBOF A>E> H>NJ>jgHPgN. TF-8: !Q HLAI>J>, H>N>HPBNIBNF 1 RBU> A>E> C>VI> ?>UPI> FC>AB BABN. $eBN H>N>HPBN 1"(( P>?ILOQKA>HF H>N>HPBNIBNABK ?FNFOFUOB, PBH ?>UPI> RB >UKBK 1"(( P>?ILOQKA>HF ABeBNFUIB FC>AB BAFIFN. !QKI>NgK AgjgKA>HF H>N>HPBNIBNFK ?>VgI>Ng 2, ?>VgI>Ng 3, AFeBNIBNF AB 4 ?>UP LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. 2cNH >IC>?BOFKFK fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFKAB ?QIQKJ>U>K bVBI H>N>HPBNIBNF 2 ?>UPIgH DNQMP>AgNI>N. ZLeQ ?BIDB F_FK 32%-8 ?cPcK HLAI>J>I>N F_FKAB BK >V UBN PQP>K HLAI>J>AgN. !>jH> ?FN U>N>Ng, 1"(( P>?ILOQKA>HF HLAI>N> >UKBK H>NjgIgH DBIAFeF F_FK, 1"(( HLAI>K>N>H U>VgIJgj RB fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFKF HQII>K>K ?BIDBIBN AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H 32%-8 AcVBKFKB QU>NI>N. !Q HLAI>J>A> EF_ O>RQND>KIgH ULHPQN; ?cPcK H>N>HPBNIBN DBN_BHPBK DBNBHBK O>UgA> ?>UPI> FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. [NKBeFK ">d" F_FK: 97, 1, 30

%AE: B3JE>3CV@ DVC3>3CV 83C=>V A>34;>;C G7 43KV>3CV@V@ 97CQ7= 67T7C>7C; 83C=>V6VC.

18.3

D'<7< 9/?/9A3? AM?:3?7

#'AB H>N>HPBNIBNF FC>AB BPJBH F_FK 3 ABeFjFH PcN R>NAgN. !QKI>N UQH>NgA> >KI>PgI>K 3KF@LAB HLAI>J> UbKPBJIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIFNIBN. 2BJBI PcNIBNFK P>KgPgIAgeg O>UC>A> DbOPBNFIAFHIBNF DF?F: 5gS DIBS "ekLMBNB JlBSFUTJ[ 8 CJU 65'-8 LBSBLUFS EFhFSJ jML %FiFSJ 0Y'' 0Y'''' 0Y0000''''

XDIBS JlBSFUTJ[ 16 CJU 65'-16 LBSBLUFS EFhFSJ EDIBS JlBSFUTJ[ 32 CJU 65'-32 LBSBLUFS EFhFSJ

!>jH> ?>Vg MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, #'AB EBN H>N>HPBN >UKg QVQKIQHP> LIJ>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK d E>NCF 3KF@LAB'A> BK >V 2 ?>UPI> DbOPBNFIB?FIAFeF F_FK 8 ?FPIFH DIBS PcNcKB OgeJ>V. [PB U>KA>K, EDIBS 4 ?>UPP>K LIQjPQeQ F_FK EBN 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNFKF PQP>?FIFN. !QK> N>eJBK # 3KF@LAB'QK ?>Vg >V HQII>KgI>K LI>K>HI>NgKg ABOPBHIBJBV. !QKQ ?FN>V >j>egA> >KI>P>@>egJ.

18.4

"/?/9A3? @/07A:3?7
*>N>HPBNIBNF MNLDN>J F_FKAB PBH LI>N>H ?BIFNPJBH DBNBHPFeFKAB BPN>CI>NgK> PBH PgNK>H Fj>NBPIBNF HLUQIQN: DIBS B@IBSGJ = 'B'; XDIBS CfZfL@ZVNVlBL@H = 'g';

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*>N>HPBN O>?FPIBNF F_FK _FCP PgNK>H HQII>KgI>J>V, _cKHc L V>J>K FHF ABNO OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV 6;K9; O>?FPF >KI>JgK> DBIFN: 'B' H>N>HPBN ABeBNFAFN, "B" PBH H>N>HPBNIF ?FN AFVDFAFN. 2cNH >IC>?BOFKABHF ?>Vg E>NCIBNFK 3KF@LAB HLAI>Ng 2 ?>UPP>K LIQjPQHI>Ng F_FK DIBS PcNcKABHF ABeFjHBKIBNB >P>K>J>VI>N. *>N>HPBNIBNF O>?FP LI>N>H MNLDN>J F_FKB U>VJ>KgK ?FN _LH ULIQ R>NAgN: x $K ALe>I LI>N>H, HI>RUBABK ALeNQA>K H>N>HPBNFK PQjQK> ?>OJ>H x Z>IgjJ> LNP>JgKA>HF ?>jH> ?FN MNLDN>JA>K RBU> ?FN JBPFKABK HLMU>I>J>H. [NKBeFK ?FN FKPBNKBP OFPBOFKABK, RBU> _>IgjJ> LNP>JgKA> H>N>HPBN OB_JBUB U>N>U>K ?FN MNLDN>JA>K HLMU>I>K>?FIFN (iQ >KA> _>IgjPgegJ +FKQT LNP>JgKA> ?Q MNLDN>JgK FOJF "E>N>@PBN ,>M (HLKOLIA> @E>NJ>M).) x *>N>HPBNIBNFK ?>VgI>NgKg OP>KA>NP HgO> FOFJIBNFUIB U>VJ>H. !QKQK ObV AFVFJF =&5+;+5=/;*3<73; ?F_FJFKABAFN. [NKBeFK >RNL H>N>HPBNFKFK FOJF FVSP 'AQN RB MNLDN>JA> ABeBNF jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: XDIBS QBSB@TFNCPMf = '=&FVSP;'; #FeBN FOFJIF H>N>HPBNIBNF #'KFK FOFJIF H>N>HPBNIBN IFOPBOFKAB ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. x *>N>HPBNIBNF P>JO>Ug 3KF@LAB ABeBNIBNFUIB ?BIFNPJBH: DIBS B = 97; XDIBS g = 286; x 1"(( P>?ILOQKA>HF H>N>HPBNIBNF ABeBNIBNFUIB =</53C63*.KC/8./*59. RBU> =Y98+6=N6N*.KC/8./*59. ObV AFVFJIBNFUIB U>VJ>H: DIBS TPSV@JlBSFUJ@TFLJ[MJ = '=77'; DIBS TPSV@JlBSFUJ@POBMUjMj = '=Y3G'; x *>N>HPBNIBNF 3KF@LAB ABeBNIBNFUIB U>VJ>H. XDIBS F_FK #76RCE2:3@7>;2=A6 ObV AFVFJFKF, EDIBS F_FK AB # D7=;K2:3@7>;2=A6 ObV AFVFJFKF HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. !Q U>VgJA> H>N>HPBNFK HLAQKQK LK>IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB (EBT>AB@FJ>I) U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHFN: XDIBS g@X = '=V011F'; EDIBS g@E = '=60000011F'; !Q UbKPBJIBN H>N>HPBNIBNF _FCP PgNK>H F_FKAB ?FN >N>A> U>VAgegKgV AQNQJI>NA> A> DB_BNIFAFN. [NKBeFK jQ FHF O>PgN >UKg _gHPgUg RBNFNIBN: XSJUFMO(""h GJZBUj: 10.25m"); XSJUFMO("=Y41=V011G GJZBUj: 10.25=&FVSP;");

18.5

"=<A?=: 9/?/9A3?:3?7
!>Vg H>N>HPBNIBN U>IKgV@> JBPFK AcVBKFUIB FIDFIFAFNIBN; HBKAFIBNFKB bVDc ?FN DbNcKcJIBNF ULHPQN. [NKBeFK Q_ ?FNFJB UBKF ?FN O>PgN> DB_FIB@BeFKF ?FIAFNBK J7@; D3EVC H>N>HPBNFKFK DbOPBNFIB@BH ?FN jBHIF ULHPQN; U>IKgV@> UBKF ?FN O>PgN> DB_FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. !bUIB H>N>HPBNIBNB =A@ECA> =3C3=E7C; ABKFN. *LKPNLI H>N>HPBNIBNF =JC/6*2+;0 ObV AFVFJFUIB FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. :B[kN =O =S =U jTJN ZFOJ TBUjS TBUjS CBlj TFLNF :FOJ TBUjSB HFdJSJS 4BUjSjO CBljOB HeUfSfS #JS TPOSBLJ TFLNF OPLUBTjOB LBEBS CPlMVL CjSBLjS "ekLMBNB

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[NKBeFK =O H>N>HPBNFKF HQII>KgNO>H, _gHPgA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H UBKF O>PgN >_J>AgegKg ?FIAFeFJFV XSJUF FIB ?FIB UBKF O>PgN >_PgN>?FIFNFV. 7>VAgNgI>@>H JBPKFK F_FKAB FOPBAFeFJFV KLHP>I>N> =O H>N>HPBNIBNF UBNIBjPFNJBH L KLHP>I>NA> UBKF O>PgN >_gIJ>OgKg O>eI>N: XSJUF("CJSJODJ TBUjS=OJLJODJ TBUjS=OfdfODf TBUjS=O"); ZgHPgOg: CJSJODJ TBUkS JLJODJ TBUkS gegODg TBUkS

18.6

)39 AP?</9 C3 A3?@ 0L:M

2BH PgNK>H H>N>HPBNFKFK HBKAFOFKF PBH PgNK>HI>N >N>OgKA> U>V>J>UgV, _cKHc ABNIBUF@F FHFK@F PgNK>eg DbNAcecKAB PgNK>HI>Ng H>M>PPgegJgVg AcjcKcN: ''' . fIH FHFOF >_J> RB H>M>J> PgNK>HI>Ng LI>N>H >IDgI>KgNI>N, c_cK@cOc AB PBH ?>jgK> >IDgI>KgN RB U>VgJ E>P>OgK> KBABK LIQN. 2BNO ?bIc H>N>HPBNF AB ?>jH> bVBI H>N>HPBNIBNF FC>AB BPJBH F_FK HQII>KgIAgeg F_FK, ABNIBUF@F LKQ ?FN bVBI H>N>HPBNFK ?>jI>KDg@g LI>N>H >IDgI>N: '=' . #BNIBUF@F =' U>VgJgKg ?FN bVBI H>N>HPBN LI>N>H >IDgI>N RB ?>jP>HF PBH PgNK>HI> BjIBJBH F_FK ?FN P>KB A>E> PBH PgNK>H >N>N RB ?QI>J>V. !Q FHF H>N>HPBNF O>?FP LI>N>H U>VJ>H F_FK ?>jI>NgK> ?FN PBNO ?bIc A>E> U>VgIgN: :B[kN =' == jTJN "ekLMBNB

UFL UjSOBL 5FL UjSOBhjO LBSBLUFS PMBSBL UBOjNMBONBTjOB PMBOBL WFSJS: '='' UFST CeMf 5FST CeMf LBSBLUFSJOJO ZB[jMNBTjOB PMBOBL WFSJS: '==' WFZB "=="

18.7

@A2.B<7 ;=2M:M
TUE.VOJ JLAcIc 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFUIB FIDFIF U>NAgJ@g FjIBRIBN F_BNFN. !Q JLAcIABHF FjIBRIBNF #AFIF 5FHF'KFK OPA.QKF O>UC>OgKA> DbNB?FIFNOFKFV. JT FIB ?>jI>U>K FjIBRIBN H>N>HPBNIB FIDFIF OLNQI>N @BR>MI>NI>N: @BR>M U>KIgjO> GBMTF , ALeNQUO> USVF AbKAcNcNIBN. !Q FjIBRIBN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB HQII>KgjIgAgNI>N: x x x x JT-PXFS : JT6QQFS : JT"MQIB : JT8IJUF : Hc_cH E>NC JF? ?cUcH E>NC JF? ?FN E>NC JF? ?FN ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF JF?

UP FIB ?>jI>U>K FjIBRIBN RBNFIBK H>N>HPBNF HQII>K>N>H UBKF ?FN H>N>HPBN cNBPFNIBN: x UP-PXFS : Hc_cH E>NCFKF cNBPFN x UP6QQFS : ?cUcH E>NCFKF cNBPFN !Q FjIBRIBNF HQII>K>K ?FN MNLDN>J: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.VOJ; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("h LfdfL NfEfS

", JT-PXFS('h'));

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XSJUFMO("k LfdfL NfEfS XSJUFMO("i CfZfL NfEfS XSJUFMO("d CfZfL NfEfS

", JT-PXFS('k')); ", JT6QQFS('i')); ", JT6QQFS('d')); JT"MQIB('[')); ", JT"MQIB('=&FVSP;'));

XSJUFMO("[ IBSG NJEJS ", XSJUFMO("=&FVSP; IBSG NJEJS

XSJUFMO("'ZFOJ TBUjS' CPlMVL NVEVS ", JT8IJUF('=O')); XSJUFMO("BMU dJ[HJ CPlMVL NVEVS ", JT8IJUF('@')); XSJUFMO("g'OJO Lfdfhf: ", UP-PXFS('g')); XSJUFMO("i'OJO Lfdfhf: ", UP-PXFS('i')); XSJUFMO("l'OJO CfZfhf: ", UP6QQFS('l')); XSJUFMO("j'OjO CfZfhf: ", UP6QQFS('j'));

ZgHPgOg: i LgegL NgEgS USVF l LgegL NgEgS GBMTF j CgZgL NgEgS USVF e CgZgL NgEgS GBMTF [ IBSG NJEJS USVF o IBSG NJEJS GBMTF 'ZFOJ TBUkS' CPmMVL NVEVS USVF BMU eJ[HJ CPmMVL NVEVS GBMTF h'OJO Lgegig: i j'OJO Lgegig: J m'OJO CgZgig: l k'OkO CgZgig: *

18.8

)M?9 /:4/03@7<7< R/<@@PF 6/?4:3?7: P C3 7

g RB F E>NCIBNFKFK Hc_cH RB ?cUcH ?F_FJIBNF 2cNH >IC>?BOFKAB PQP>NIgAgN: KLHP>IgUO> KLHP>Ig, KLHP>OgVO> KLHP>OgV. .UO> _LeQ U>?>K@g >IC>?BAB ?Q HLKQA> ?FN PQP>NOgVIgH R>NAgN: KLHP>Ig F'KFK ?cUcec KLHP>OgV ('AgN. !FIDFO>U>N OFOPBJIBNFKFK PBJBIIBNF fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFUIB ?>jI>Ageg F_FK KB U>VgH HF F'KFK ?cUcec (, ('KgK Hc_cec AB F LIQN. !Q UcVABK ?Q FHF E>NC F_FK bVBI AFHH>P DbOPBNJBJFV DBNBHFN. fjPB ?Q OLNQKQ DbOPBNBK ?FN MNLDN>J: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.VOJ; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("J'OJO CfZfhf: ", UP6QQFS('J')); XSJUFMO("*'OjO Lfdfhf: ", UP-PXFS('*')); ^ RB U>KIgj _gHPgOg: J'OJO CgZgig: * *'OkO Lgegig: J

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"3C3=E7C>7C

18.8.1

3? /:4/03 @=?B<:B2B?
*>N>HPBN HLAI>Ng HQII>KgI>N>H U>MgI>K Hc_cH-?cUcH AbKcjcJIBNF RB E>NC OgN>I>J>I>Ng, >OIgKA> ?cPcK >IC>?BIBN F_FK OLNQKIQAQN. [NKBeFK ('KgK Hc_cecKcK F LI>N>H AbKcjPcNcIJBOF VBNF RB *BIP >IC>?BIBNF F_FK AB U>KIgjPgN.

!BKVBN OLNQKI>N E>NCIBNFK OgN>I>KJ>I>NgKA> A> ?QIQKQN. [NKBeFK e DF?F 2cNH >IC>?BOFKB bVDc E>NCIBN V'ABK OLKN> OgN>I>KAgHI>Ng DF?F, ] DF?F >HO>KIg E>NCIBN fKDFIFV >IC>?BOFKAB ?FIB V'ABK OLKN> DBIFNIBN.
18.8.2

A?7:3?7 9MAM>6/<3@7
IC>?BIBNIB FIDFIF ?Q DF?F OLNQKI>N> _bVcJ DBPFNBK ?FN MNLGB, #AFIF %LNQJ cUBIBNF P>N>CgKA>K DBIFjPFNFIBK PNFIBNF HcPcME>KBOFAFN. PNFIBNF, ?Q U>VgKgK U>VgIAgeg OgN>A> fKDFIFV, 2cNH, VBNF, 2cNHJBK, *gNgJ 2>P>N, &>D>RQV, *QJQH, '>H>O, *cNP, RB fNI>KA> >IC>?BIBNFKF ABOPBHIBJBHPB RB ?Q >IC>?BIBNFK Hc_cH-?cUcH AbKcjcJ RB OgN>I>J> OLNQKI>NgKg _bVJBHPBAFN. PNFIBNF HcPcME>KBOFKF jQ O>UC>A> ABKBUB?FIFNOFKFV: EPPM://SSS.AAFIF.LND/@DF-?FK/PNFIBNF<ABKBJB

18.9

G7?7RA3< 9/?/9A3? =9B;/2/97 @=?B<:/?

#'KFK 3KF@LAB HLKQOQKA> DBPFNAFeF Dc_ RB BOKBHIFH, DFNFjPBK H>N>HPBN LHQNHBK ?BHIBKJBAFH OLKQ_I>N ALeQN>?FIFN. !Q _BIFjHF, =3C3=E7C FIB KB H>OPBAFIAFeFKFK >_gH LIJ>J>Og KBABKFUIBAFN. #>E> FIBNFUB DFPJBABK bK@B, ?Q OLNQKQ U>j>U>K ?FN MNLDN>J DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS IBSG; XSJUF("-fUGFO CJS IBSG HJSJO: "); SFBEG(" %T", &IBSG); XSJUFMO("0LVEVhVN IBSG: ", IBSG); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>Jg 3KF@LAB HLAI>J>Og HQII>KgIJ>U>K ?FN LNP>JA> _>IgjPgNgNO>KgV, MNLDN>JgK DFNFjFKABK >IAgeg 2cNH_B E>NCIBNF ?BIHF AB ALeNQ LI>N>H U>VAgNAgegKg DbNB?FIFNOFKFV. [PB U>KA>K >UKg MNLDN>Jg _LeQ +FKQT HLKOLI MBK@BNBOFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F ?FN 3KF@LAB LNP>JgKA> _>IgjPgNgNO>KgV, U>VAgNgI>K E>NCFK OFVFK U>VAgegKgVI> >UKg LIJ>AgegKg DbNcNOcKcV. [NKBeFK 32%-8 HLAI>J>Og HQII>K>K ?FN HLKOLIA> 1"(( P>?ILOQKA> ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN E>NC DFNFIAFeFKAB: -gUGFO CJS IBSG HJSJO: i 0LVEViVN IBSG: p HJSJMFO IBSG HfSgONgZPS !QKQK KBABKF, 32%-8 HLAI>J>Og HQII>K>K HLKOLIQK 1"(( P>?ILOQKA> ?QIQKJ>U>K e DF?F E>NCIBNF ?FNABK C>VI> HLA FIB PBJOFI BPJBOF, RB SFBEG 'FK DIBS LHQNHBK ?Q HLAI>NA>K U>IKgV@> FIHFKF >IgULN LIJ>OgAgN. . DIBS >OgI H>N>HPBNF PBJOFI BPJBUB UBPJBAFeF F_FK AB XSJUFMO 'gK U>VAgNAgeg 7=D;= =A6>3@?VX A>3@ :3C8 HLKOLIA> DbOPBNFIBJBJBHPBAFN. DIBS LI>N>H LHQKAQeQKA> E>NCFK HBKAFOFKFK ABeFI, LKQ LIQjPQN>K HLAI>NgK LHQKJ>HP> LIAQHI>NgKg E>NCF FHF C>NHIg DIBS LI>N>H LHQU>N>H DbNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO()

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DIBS CJSJODJ@LPE; DIBS JLJODJ@LPE; XSJUF("-fUGFO CJS IBSG HJSJO: "); SFBEG(" %T", &CJSJODJ@LPE); SFBEG(" %T", &JLJODJ@LPE);

XSJUFMO("0LVEVhVN IBSG: ", CJSJODJ@LPE, JLJODJ@LPE);

/NLDN>J DFNFjPBK FHF DIBS LHQJ>HP> RB LKI>Ng >UKg OgN>A> _gHgj> U>VAgNJ>HP>AgN. . DIBS ABeBNIBNFKFK >NP >NA> HLKOLI> DbKABNFIJFj LIJ>I>Ng, ?Q OBCBN E>NCFK 32%-8 HLAI>J>OgKg OP>KA>NP _gHgj P>N>CgKA> P>J>JI>J>HP> RB H>N>HPBN ALeNQ LI>N>H DbOPBNFIJBHPBAFN: -gUGFO CJS IBSG HJSJO: i 0LVEViVN IBSG: i p JLJ DIBS 'kO PMVmUVSNVm PMEViV IBSG !Q OLKQ_I>N OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgjgK DIBS >HgJI>Ng LIJ>I>NgKA>K H>UK>HI>KgN. *>N>HPBNIBNFK FHF ABNO OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV AFVDFIBN >N>@gIgegUI> >OIgKA> _LH A>E> N>E>P LHQKAQHI>NgKg DbNB@BHOFKFV.

18.10

D'<7< *<71=23 23@A3N7

3KF@LAB _LH ?cUcH RB H>NJ>jgH ?FN OP>KA>NPPgN. #, 3KF@LAB'QK P>J>JgKg ABeFI >J> LIAQH_> HQII>KgjIg ?FN >IP HcJBOFKF ABOPBHIBN. 3KF@LAB FIB HLAI>KJgj LI>K ?FN JBPFK BK >j>egA>K BK UQH>NgU> ALeNQ jQ AcVBUIBNABK LIQjQN: x .2' %,4,0, (@LAB QKFP): 32% HLAI>J>I>NgKg LIQjPQN>K HLA ABeBNIBNFAFN. 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNF, HLAI>J>U> RB H>N>HPBNFK HBKAFOFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> HLA ?FNFJFKABK LIQj>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK 32%-8 HLAI>J>OgKA> > H>N>HPBNF PBH HLA ?FNFJFKABK, e H>N>HPBNF FOB FHF HLA ?FNFJFKABK LIQjQN. #'KFK DIBS , XDIBS , RB EDIBS PcNIBNF OgN>OgUI> 32%-8, 32%-16, RB 32%-32 HLA ?FNFJIBNFKF FC>AB BABNIBN. x .2' 12.6$5B (@LAB MLFKP): 3KF@LAB'QK P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQ EBN E>NC, FJ, RO. ?FN HLA KLHP>OgAgN. [NKBeFK > RB e FHF C>NHIg HLA KLHP>OgAgN. !Q HLA KLHP>I>Ng HLAI>J>U> ?>eIg LI>N>H ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> HLA ?FNFJF FIB FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. 7QH>NgA> A> ABeFKAFeFJ DF?F, 32%-8 HLAI>J>OgKA> > PBH HLA ?FNFJF FIB, e FOB FHF HLA ?FNFJF FIB FC>AB BAFIFN. [PB U>KA>K, EBN FHFOF AB 32%-16 RB 32%-32 HLAI>J>I>NgKA> PBH HLA ?FNFJF FIB FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. #'AB HLA KLHP>I>NgKg P>J LI>N>H ABOPBHIBUBK PcN EDIBS 'AgN. DIBS RB XDIBS FOB U>IKgV@> HLA ?FNFJF PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>U> BIRBNFjIFAFNIBN. x .$4$.6(4 (@E>N>@PBN): U>Vg OFOPBJIBNFKAB HQII>KgIJ>H cVBNB 3KF@LAB'QK P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQ ?cPcK jBHFIIBN, FJIBN, RB HLKQjJ> AFIFKAB "H>N>HPBN" ABAFeFJFV EBN jBU ?Q P>KgJ> DFNBN. !Q HLKQA> 3KF@LAB'QK DBPFNAFeF ?FN H>NgjgHIgH, ?>Vg H>N>HPBNIBNFK ?FNABK C>VI> HLA KLHP>OgKA>K LIQj>?FIJBIBNFAFN. [NKBeFK e E>NCFKF FC>AB BPJBKFK FHF ULIQ R>NAgN: { PBH ?>jgK> e HLA KLHP>Og LI>N>H { >NP >NA> DBIBK D RB k HLA KLHP>I>Ng LI>N>H (D RB OLKN>OgKA> DBIBK 4;C>7XE;C;5; (@LJ?FKFKD) ?NBRB j>MH>Og) #, HLA KLHP>I>NgKgK ?FIBjFJIBNFKABK LIQj>K H>N>HPBN H>RN>JgKg ABOPBHIBJBV. #'KFK DbVcKAB PBH HLA KLHP>Og LI>K e FIB >NP >NA> DBIBK D RB k H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK FIDFIBNF ULHPQN.

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18.11

IF3A
x 3KF@LAB, AcKU> U>Vg OFOPBJIBNFKABHF ?cPcK H>N>HPBNIBNF ABOPBHIBN x DIBS 32%-8 HLAI>J>Og F_FKAFN; H>N>HPBNIBNF FC>AB BPJBUB DBKBIAB BIRBNFjIF LIJ>O> A> 1"(( P>?ILOQKQ ABOPBHIBN x XDIBS 32%-16 HLAI>J>Og F_FKAFN; H>N>HPBNIBNF FC>AB BPJBUB DBKBIAB BIRBNFjIF LIJ>O> A> bVBI AQNQJI>NA> ?FNABK C>VI> >IC>?B H>N>HPBNFKF ABOPBHIBN x EDIBS 32%-32 HLAI>J>Og F_FKAFN; 32 ?FP LIJ>Og KBABKFUIB ?cPcK 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKF ABOPBHIBN RB =A6 @A=E3DV LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN

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B3X=3 D;K; &>3@3=>3CV

19

B/R9/ D7F7 %:/</9:/?P

$IBJ>KI>Ng ?FN >N>U> DBPFNJBUB U>N>U>K AFVFIBNF #FVFIBN ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. . ABNOF HgO> PQPJ>H F_FK bVBIIFHIB OLKN>U> ?gN>HPgegJ ?>jH> AFVF LI>K>HI>NgKg ?QN>A> DbOPBNB@BeFJ. J> bK@B H>NgjgHIge> KBABK LI>?FIB@BeFKF AcjcKAcecJ ?>Vg PBNFJIBNF IFOPBIBJBH FOPFULNQJ: x D,;,: 7>K U>K> AQN>K RB OgN> KQJ>N>OgUI> BNFjFIBK BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQj>K PLMIQIQHPQN; ?QKA>K ?>jH>@> >KI>J P>jgJ>V. x S$%,6 7;71/7./7 ',;, (56$6,. ',;,): $IBJ>K >ABAF ABeFjPFNFIBJBUBK AFVFAFN; HBKAF BIBJ>KI>NgK> O>EFMPFN. x D,1$0,. ',;,: $IBJ>K >ABAF ABeFjPFNFIB?FIBK AFVFAFN; HBKAF BIBJ>KI>Ng ULHPQN, O>EFM LIJ>Ageg BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>N. x D,/,0: #FK>JFH AFVFIBNFK ?>jH> ?FN FOJFAFN. !Q ABNOPB bVBIIFHIB 6;>;? ABAFeFJ V>J>K AFIFJIBNF (U>KF AFK>JFH AFVFIBNF), U>IKgV@> 6;K; ABAFeFJ V>J>K A> C>NH DbVBPJBABK AFIFJIBNF RB O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNF H>OABPJFj LI>@>egJ.

19.1

D7:7;:3?
#FIFJIBN >OIgKA> AFK>JFH AFVFIBNIB >UKg LI>K>HPgN. !Q LI>K>e>; AFVF DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIJB bVBIIFeF KBABKFUIB ?>VBK 6;@3?;= 6;K;, ?>jH> AFVFKFK ?FN M>N_>OgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>J> bVBIIFeF KBABKFUIB AB ?>VBK 6;>;? ABKFN. 4>N LI>K ?>jH> ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ?FN ?bIcJcKc O>KHF A>E> Hc_cH C>NHIg ?FN AFVFUJFj DF?F HQII>KAgNJ>U> U>N>N. #FIFJIBN, BIBJ>KI>Ng ?FN ?>jI>KDg_ FKABHOFKABK ?FN ?FPFj FKABHOFKB H>A>N ?BIFNIBJBUB U>N>U>K 3C3>V= ObV AFVFJFUIB P>KgJI>KgNI>N: aral*(*n_ba+* .. aral*(*n_sonundan_bir_sonras* !>jI>KDg_ FKABHOF >N>Ige> A>EFIAFN; ?FPFj FKABHOF >N>IgegK AgjgKA>AgN: /* ... */ = BZ(fOMFSJ<0 .. 3>; // 0, 1, WF 2 EBIJM; 3 IBSJd

%AE: BFC363 3@>3EV>3@ 3C3>V=>3C ':A4AD =SESB:3@7D;@;@ 3C3>V= =3GC3?V@63@ 83C=>V6VC. )V@V8 G7 J3BV 3C3JSK>7C;J>7 ;>9;>; A>3@ ':A4AD 3C3>V=>3CV@V 63:3 ;>7C;67=; 4;C 67CDE7 9RDE7C757T;?. [NKBH LI>N>H BZ(gOMFSJ AFVFOFKF AbNAB 6;>;?>7J7C7= ?FN?FNFKABK C>NHIg AbNP _BUNBH AFVFUJFj DF?F jbUIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: JOU<12> BZ(fOMFSJ = < 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 >; JOU<> JOU<> JOU<> JOU<> JML`FZSFL JLJODJ`FZSFL fdfODf`FZSFL TPO`FZSFL = = = = BZ(fOMFSJ<0 BZ(fOMFSJ<3 BZ(fOMFSJ<6 BZ(fOMFSJ<9 .. .. .. .. 3>; 6>; 9>; 12>;

. HLAA> P>KgJI>K>K OLK AbNP ABeFjHBK AFIFJAFN; EBN ?FNFOF >OgI AFVFKFK AbNP ABeFjFH ?bIDBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP>AgN. !QN>A>HF bKBJIF KLHP>, L AFIFJIBNFK HBKAFIBNFKB >FP BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ?QIQKJ>AgegAgN. .KI>N >OgI AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. !FN AFIFJABHF ?FN BIBJ>KgK ABeFjPFNFIJBOF >OgI AFVFABHF >OgI BIBJ>Kg BPHFIBN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK AbNP _BUNBeFK FIH BIBJ>KI>NgK> AbNP C>NHIg ABeBN RBNBIFJ RB >OgI AFVFUF U>VAgN>IgJ: JML`FZSFL<0> = 1; JLJODJ`FZSFL<0> = 2; fdfODf`FZSFL<0> = 3;

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TPO`FZSFL<0> =

4;

XSJUFMO(BZ(fOMFSJ); #BeFjBK BIBJ>KI>Ng O>NgUI> DbOPBNFULNQJ: <1, 28, 31, 2, 31, 30, 3, 31, 30, 4, 30, 31> #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, EBN AFIFJ HBKAFOFKFK 0 KQJ>N>Ig BIBJ>KgKg ABeFjPFNAFeFKAB L AFIFJFK >OgI AFVFAB BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg FIH BIBJ>K ABeFjJFjPFN. #FVF FKABHOIBNFKFK 0'A>K ?>jI>AgHI>NgKg RB AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKA>K ?FN BHOFeFKB H>A>N LIAQHI>NgKg A>E> bK@B DbNJcjPcH. [NKBeFK 3 BIBJ>KIg ?FN AFVFKFK U>O>I FKABHOIBNF 0, 1, RB 2'AFN. #FIFJ ObV AFVFJFKAB ?FPFj FKABHOF 3C3>VTV@ DA@F@63@ 4;C DA@C3DV >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !Q UcVABK, AFVFKFK OLK BIBJ>KgKg A> >N>Ige> A>EFI BPJBH DBNBHPFeFKAB FHFK@F FKABHO LI>N>H AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQ HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK QVQKIQeQ 3 LI>K ?FN AFVFKFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>H F_FK EJ[J<0..3> U>VgIgN. N>IgH ObV AFVFJFKABHF ALe>I ?FN HgOgPI>J>, ?>jI>KDg_ FKABHOFKFK ?FPFj FKABHOFKABK ?cUcH LI>J>U>@>egAgN: JOU<3> EJ[J = < 0, 1, 2 >; JOU<> EJMJN = EJ[J<2 .. 1>;

// n dBMjlNB [BNBOj )"5"4*

!>jI>KDg_ FKABHOFKFK ?FPFj FKABHOFKB BjFP LIJ>Og FOB U>O>IAgN RB 4AX 6;>;? >KI>JgK> DBIFN: JOU<> EJMJN = CJS%J[J<JOEFLT .. JOEFLT>; XSJUFMO("%JMJNJO V[VOMVhV: ", EJMJN.MFOHUI); JOEFLT 'FK U>O>I ?FN FKABHO ABeBNF LIAQeQKQ H>?QI BABNOBH, _gHPgOg: %JMJNJO V[VOMViV: 0

19.2

EJ[J.MFOHUI E3?7<3 $
#FVF BIBJ>KI>NgKg <> FjIB@F FIB FKABHOIBNHBK ?>VBK AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKA>K A> U>N>NI>KJ>H DBNBHB?FIFN. !Q HLKQA> HLI>UIgH LI>N>H RB U>IKgV@> <> FjIB@F F_FKABUHBK, EJ[J.MFOHUI U>VJ>H UBNFKB HgO>@> $ H>N>HPBNF HQII>KgI>?FIFN: XSJUFMO(EJ[J<EJ[J.MFOHUI - 1>); XSJUFMO(EJ[J<$ - 1>); // EJ[JOJO TPO FMFNBOj // BZOj lFZ

19.3

"=>E/@P<P /:;/9 7K7< .EVQ

fOJF "HLMU>I>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "AQMIF@>PB"FK HgO>Og LI>K .EVQ KFPBIFeF, R>N LI>K ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK HLMU>OgKA>K LIQj>K UBKF ?FN AFVF cNBPFN: EPVCMF<> EJ[J = < 1.25, 3.75 >; EPVCMF<> LPQZBTj = EJ[J.EVQ; !FN bNKBH LI>N>H iQ?>P'gK 29 DcK _BHPFeF OBKBIBNABHF >UI>NgK DcK O>UgI>NgKg PQP>K ?FN AFVF LIQjPQNJ>H FOPBUBIFJ. !FN UbKPBJ, bK@B KLNJ>I OBKBIBNABHF BZ(gOMFSJ 'KFK ?FN HLMU>OgKg >IJ>H RB L HLMU> AFVFABHF iQ?>P'gK DcK O>UgOgKg ?FN >NPPgNJ>HPgN:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<12> BZ(fOMFSJ = < 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 >; JOU<> BSUjL:jM = BZ(fOMFSJ.EVQ; ++BSUjL:jM<1>; // ZFOJ EJ[JEFLJ kVCBU'jO HfO TBZjTjOj // BSUUjSjS

XSJUFMO("/PSNBM: ", BZ(fOMFSJ); XSJUFMO(""SUjL : ", BSUjL:jM);

ZgHPgOg: /PSNBM: <31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31> "SUkL : <31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31>

19.4

AA/;/ 7R:3;7
D7T7C;@; 67T;XE;C?7 LI>N>H ?FIAFeFJFV >P>J> FjIBJF, O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNAB AB >UKg >KI>JA>AgN; BIBJ>KI>NgK ABeBNIBNF ABeFjFN: JOU<3> B = < 1, 1, 1 >; JOU<3> C = < 2, 2, 2 >; B = C; XSJUFMO(B); ZgHPgOg: <2, 2, 2> #FIFJIBNIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> FOB >P>J> FjIBJFKFK >KI>Jg _LH C>NHIgAgN: #FIFJFK, BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LIAQeQ BIBJ>KI>Ng ?gN>HJ>OgK> RB UBKF BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>J>OgK> KBABK LIQN: JOU<> UFLMFS = < 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 >; JOU<> dJGUMFS = < 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 >; JOU<> EJMJN; // IFOf[ IJdCJS FMFNBOB FSJlJN TBhMBNjZPS // B'OjO FMFNBOMBSj EB 2 PMVS

EJMJN = UFLMFS<2 .. $ - 2>; XSJUFMO(EJMJN); EJMJN = dJGUMFS<1 .. $ - 1>; XSJUFMO(EJMJN); 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF EJMJN ?>jI>KDg_P> EF_?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>VHBK bK@B UFLMFS 'FK ?>Vg BIBJ>KI>NgK>, OLKN> A> eJGUMFS 'FK ?>Vg BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>N: <5, 7> <4, 6, 8>

19.5

*FB<:BNB< /?A;/@P >/E:/RP;P @=<:/<2P?/07:7?

1>?FP AFVFIBNB BIBJ>K BHIBKBJBAFeF F_FK ?Q HLKQ U>IKgV@> AFIFJIBNIB FIDFIFAFN.

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UKg BIBJ>K> >UKg >KA> ?FNABK C>VI> AFIFJIB BNFjFIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF OBHFV BIBJ>KgK FIH FHFOF c_ AFIFJ P>N>CgKA>K M>UI>jgIJ>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN = < 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 >; JOU<> ZBSjTj = EJMJN<0 .. $ / 2>; JOU<> dFZSFhJ = EJMJN<0 .. $ / 4>; dFZSFhJ<1> = 0; XSJUFMO(dFZSFhJ); XSJUFMO(ZBSjTj); XSJUFMO(EJMJN); // UFL EJMJNEF EFhJlJLMJL

eFZSFiJ AFIFJFKFK FHFK@F BIBJ>KgKA> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >OgI BIBJ>Kg ABeFjPFNAFeF F_FK, ?Q BPHF AFIFJIBNFK EBMOF P>N>CgKA>K DbNcIcN: <1, 0> <1, 0, 5, 7> <1, 0, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15> !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> AFIFJIBNFK BIBJ>KI>N> B3J>3XV?>V LI>N>H BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng ObUIBKB?FIFN. !Q M>UI>jgJgK DBPFNAFeF ?FN OLNQ Fj>NBPF, AFIFJIBNABK ?FNFOFKB BIBJ>K BHIBKAFeFKAB KB LI>@>egAgN. #FIFJIBN >UKg >OgI BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>NgKA>K, HgO> LI>K AFIFJB BHIBKB@BH BIBJ>KI>N F_FK UBN ULHPQN. !Q OLNQU> #'KFK RBNAFeF U>KgP, QVQKIQeQK >NPJ>Og F_FK UBN ?QIQKJ>AgegKA> M>UI>jgJgK OLK> BNJBOFAFN. 7BNF LIJ>U>K AFIFJ M>UI>jgJA>K >UNgIgN. !Q FjIBJ OgN>OgKA> L AFIFJFK BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LIAQeQ ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>N LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H HLMU>I>KgNI>N RB QV>U>K AFIFJ >NPgH ?Q UBKF BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>N. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF eFZSFiJ AFIFJFKFK BIBJ>KgKg ABeFjPFNJBABK bK@B LK> UBKF ?FN BIBJ>K BHIBUBIFJ: dFZSFhJ _= 42; // TPOVOEB ZFOJ FMFNBOB ZFS PMNBEjhj // JdJO CV EJMJN CV OPLUBEB QBZMBljNEBO // BZSjMjS // P Zf[EFO CV JlMFN EJhFS EJMJNMFSJ // FULJMFNF[

dFZSFhJ<1> = 0;

$HIBKBK BIBJ>K AFIFJFK QVQKIQeQKQ >NPPgNAgeg F_FK AFIFJ >NPgH HLMU>I>K>K UBKF BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>N. eFZSFiJ 'KFK BIBJ>KgKA> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFeFK EJMJN RB ZBSkTk AFIFJIBNFKF >NPgH BPHFIBJBAFeF MNLDN>JgK jFJAFHF _gHPgOgKA> DbNcIcULN: <1, 0, 42> <1, 3, 5, 7> <1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15> #FIFJFK QVQKIQeQKQK >_gH_> >NPPgNgIJ>Og A> BIBJ>K M>UI>jgJgKA>K >UNgIJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN: ++dFZSFhJ.MFOHUI; RBU> // QBZMBljNEBO BZSjMjS

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dFZSFhJ.MFOHUI += 5;

// QBZMBljNEBO BZSjMjS

[PB U>KA>K, ?FN AFIFJFK QVQKIQeQKQK HgO>IPgIJ>Og BIBJ>K M>UI>jgJgKg OLKI>KAgNJ>V. 3VQKIQeQK HgO>IPgIJ>Og, U>IKgV@> 3CEV= 63:3 3K 7>7?3@3 7C;X;? D3T>3?3 >KI>JgK> DBIFN: JOU<> B = < 1, 11, 111 >; JOU<> E = B; E = E<1 .. $>; E<0> = 42; XSJUFMO(B); // CBljOEBO LjTBMUjZPSV[ // FMFNBOj EJMJN ZPMVZMB EFhJlUJSJZPSV[ // EJhFS EJMJNJ ZB[EjSjZPSV[

ZgHPgOgKA>K DbNcIAcec DF?F, E ULIQUI> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH B 'KgK BNFjPFNAFeF BIBJ>Kg A> BPHFIBJFjPFN; U>KF M>UI>jgJ ABR>J BPJBHPBAFN: <1, 42, 111> 3VQKIQeQK ?>jH> FC>ABIBN ULIQUI> HgO>IPgIJ>Og A> M>UI>jgJg OLKI>KAgNJ>V: E = E<0 .. $ - 1>; --E.MFOHUI; E.MFOHUI = E.MFOHUI - 1; $IBJ>K M>UI>jgJg ABR>J BABN.
19.5.1

// TPOVOEBO LjTBMUNBL // BZOj lFZ // BZOj lFZ

&/E:/RP;P< @=<:/<P> @=<:/<;/E/1/NP<P 03:7?:3;39 7K7< DBQBDJUZ

!Q HLKQA> AFHH>P BAFIJBOF DBNBHBK ?FN H>NgjgHIgH, QVQKIQeQK >NPJ>OgKgK M>UI>jgJg EBN V>J>K F_FK OLKI>KAgNJ>J>OgAgN. $K QVQK LI>K AFIFJFK OLKQKA> UBKF BIBJ>KI>N> UBN ?QIQKAQeQ V>J>K M>UI>jgJ OLKI>KJ>V: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN = < 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 >; JOU<> ZBSjTj = EJMJN<0 .. $ / 2>; JOU<> dFZSFhJ = EJMJN<0 .. $ / 4>; EJMJN _= 42; EJMJN<1> = 0; XSJUFMO(dFZSFhJ); XSJUFMO(ZBSjTj); XSJUFMO(EJMJN); // FO V[VO EJMJNF FLMFOJZPS

ZgHPgA> DbNcIAcec DF?F, QVQKIQeQ >NPJgj LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK BK QVQK LI>K AFIFJB BIBJ>K BHIBKJBOF M>UI>jgJg OLKI>KAgNJ>JgjPgN. 7>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH ?cPcK AFIFJIBNF BPHFIBJFjPFN: <1, 0> <1, 0, 5, 7> <1, 0, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 42> !FN AFIFJB UBKF ?FN BIBJ>K BHIBKAFeFKAB M>UI>jgJgK OLKI>KgM OLKI>KJ>U>@>eg DBQBDJUZ KFPBIFeF FIB ?BIFNIBKFN. ( OIgKA> DBQBDJUZ ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFjPFN >K@>H ?Q >UNgJgK ?QN>A> bKBJF ULHPQN.)

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DBQBDJUZ 'KFK FHF >KI>Jg R>NAgN: x #BeBNF 0 FOB ?Q AFIFJ BK QVQK AFIFJ ABeFI ABJBHPFN. !Q AQNQJA> UBKF ?FN BIBJ>K BHIBKAFeFKAB AFIFJFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>Ng ?>jH> UBNB HLMU>I>KgNI>N RB M>UI>jgJ OLKI>KgN. x #BeBNF OgCgNA>K C>NHIg FOB ?Q BK QVQK AFIFJAFN. !Q AQNQJA> DBQBDJUZ 'KFK >KI>Jg, ?>jH> UBNB HLMU>I>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBABK AFIFJFK BK C>VI> H>_ BIBJ>K ?>NgKAgN>@>egAgN. #FIFJB BHIBKB?FIB@BH UBKF BIBJ>K O>UgOg, DBQBDJUZ 'ABK JBR@QP BIBJ>K >ABAF _gH>NPgI>N>H ?QIQKQN. #FIFJFK QVQKIQeQ DBQBDJUZ ABeBNFKB BjFP LIAQeQKA> UBKF BIBJ>K> UBN H>IJ>Jgj ABJBHPFN. !QK> QUDQK LI>N>H, BIBJ>K BHIBKAFeFKAB M>UI>jgJgK OLKI>KgM OLKI>KJ>U>@>eg >j>egA>HF DF?F ?FN HLAI> ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN: JG (EJMJN.DBQBDJUZ == 0) \ /* :FOJ CJS FMFNBO FLMFOEJhJOEF CV EJMJNJO CfUfO * FMFNBOMBSj CBlLB CJS ZFSF LPQZBMBOBDBLMBS * EFNFLUJS. */ // ... ^ FMTF \ /* #V EJMJNEF ZFOJ FMFNBOMBS JdJO ZFS PMBCJMJS. ,Bd * FMFNBOMjL ZFS PMEVhVOV IFTBQMBZBMjN: */ BVUP LBd&MFNBO%BIB = EJMJN.DBQBDJUZ - EJMJN.MFOHUI; ^ // ...

19.6

BMAM< 3:3;/<:/? MF3?7<2397 7R:3;:3?

!Q LI>K>H EBJ O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNIB EBJ AB AFIFJIBNIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. #FVF FOJFKABK OLKN> U>VgI>K F_F ?Lj <> H>N>HPBNIBNF 4SES@ 7>7?3@>3C >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !Q LI>K>H, BIBJ>KI>NgK EBN ?FNFOFUIB U>MgIJ>Og FOPBKBK FjIBJIBNAB ?cUcH HLI>UIgH O>eI>N. %AE: BF 4R>S?67=; =A6>3CV DA@ A>3C3= 67@76;T;? 6?6 2.056, 4F ;X>7?>7C; :7@SK 6;>;?>7C ;Q;@ E3? A>3C3= 67DE7=>7?;JAC. & JSK67@ 4F 43X>V= 3>EV@63=; 43KV RC@7=>7C67 J3>@VK53 D34;E FKF@>F=>F 6;K;>7C =F>>3@?3= KACF@63 =3>6V?. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF<3> B = < 10, 20, 30 >; EPVCMF<3> C = < 2, 3, 4 >; EPVCMF<3> TPOVd = B<> + C<>; ^ XSJUFMO(TPOVd);

ZgHPgOg: <12, 23, 34> . MNLDN>JA>HF PLMI>J> FjIBJF, B RB C AFVFIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK BIBJ>KI>NgKg >UNg >UNg PLMI>N: bK@B FIH BIBJ>KI>N HBKAF >N>I>NgKA>, OLKN> FHFK@F BIBJ>KI>N HBKAF >N>I>NgKA>, RO. . UcVABK ?bUIB FjIBJIBNAB HQII>KgI>K AFVFIBNFK QVQKIQHI>NgKgK BjFP LIJ>I>Ng j>NPPgN.

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7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF + FjIB@F UBNFKB; A>E> bK@B DbNAcecKcV + , - , * , / , % , RB ?? >NFPJBPFH FjIB_IBNFKF; FIBNFABHF ABNOIBNAB H>NjgI>j>@>egKgV ? , & , RB ] FHFIF ?FP FjIB_IBNFKF; RB ?FN AFVFKFK bKcKB U>VgI>K PBHIF - RB _ FjIB_IBNFKF HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. !Q FjIB_IBNFK >P>J>Ig LI>KI>Ng A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN: = , += , -= , *= , /= , %= , ??= , ?= , &= , RB ]= . !Q LI>K>H U>IKgV@> FHF AFVFUF FIDFIBKAFNBK FjIBJIBN F_FK ABeFIAFN; ?FN AFVF U>KgKA> LKQK BIBJ>KI>NgUI> QUQJIQ LI>K ?FN FC>AB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN AFVFKFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgKg AbNAB ?bIJBH F_FK: EPVCMF<3> B = < 10, 20, 30 >; B<> /= 4; XSJUFMO(B); ZgHPgOg: <2.5, 5, 7.5> !cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgKg ?BIFNIF ?FN ABeBNB BjFPIBJBH F_FK: B<> = 42; XSJUFMO(B); ZgHPgOg: <42, 42, 42> !Q LI>K>egK AFIFJIBNIB HQII>KgJgKA> E>P>U> >_gH ?FN AQNQJ R>NAgN. 1LKQ_P> BIBJ>K ABeBNIBNFKAB ?FN C>NH DbNcIJBOB ?FIB >j>egA>HF FHF FC>AB >OIgKA> >KI>JO>I >_gA>K _LH C>NHIgAgN: EJMJN2 = EJMJN1; EJMJN3<> = EJMJN1; // n EJMJN1'JO FMFNBOMBSjOB FSJlJN // TBhMBNBZB CBlMBS // n [BUFO FSJlJN TBhMBNBLUB PMEVhV // FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ EFhJlJS

EJMJN2 'KFK ALeNQA>K >P>J> FjIB@FUIB HQII>KgIgULN LIJ>Og, LKQK >NPgH EJMJN1 'FK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>J>OgK> KBABK LIQN. .UO> EJMJN3<> FC>ABOF 6;>;?3'S@ 4SES@ 7>7?3@>3CV >KI>JgKg P>jgAgeg F_FK, LKQK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ABeBNIBNF EJMJN1 'FK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ABeBNIBNFKF >IgNI>N. !Q UcVABK, QKQPQI>K ?FN <> FjIB@FKFK BPHFOF _LH ?cUcH LI>?FIFN. !QKQ >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA> DbNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF<> EJMJN1 = < 1, 1, 1 >; EPVCMF<> EJMJN2 = < 2, 2, 2 >; EPVCMF<> EJMJN3 = < 3, 3, 3 >; EJMJN2 = EJMJN1; EJMJN3<> = EJMJN1; // n EJMJN1'JO FMFNBOMBSjOB FSJlJN // TBhMBNBZB CBlMBS // n [BUFO FSJlJN TBhMBNBLUB PMEVhV // FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ EFhJlJS

XSJUFMO("EJMJN1 eODF : ", EJMJN1); XSJUFMO("EJMJN2 eODF : ", EJMJN2); XSJUFMO("EJMJN3 eODF : ", EJMJN3);

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EJMJN2<0> = 42; EJMJN3<0> = 43;

// n FSJlJNJOJ EJMJN1'MF QBZMBlNBLUB // PMEVhV FMFNBO EFhJlJS // n LFOEJ FMFNBOj EFhJlJS

XSJUFMO("EJMJN1 TPOSB: ", EJMJN1); XSJUFMO("EJMJN2 TPOSB: ", EJMJN2); XSJUFMO("EJMJN3 TPOSB: ", EJMJN3);

EJMJN2 'AB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH EJMJN1 'F AB BPHFIBJFjPFN: EJMJN1 EJMJN2 EJMJN3 EJMJN1 EJMJN2 EJMJN3 fODF : fODF : fODF : TPOSB: TPOSB: TPOSB: <1, 1, 1> <1, 1, 1> <1, 1, 1> <42, 1, 1> <42, 1, 1> <43, 1, 1>

!QN>A>HF PBEIFHB; EJMJN2 >P>KgNHBK <> FjIB@FKFK ?BIHF AB QKQPQIJQj LIJ>OgKgK BPHFOFKFK, ?BIHF AB L UcVABK FOPBKJBABK M>UI>jgIJ>U> ?>jI>KJgj LI>K BIBJ>K ABeFjBKB H>A>N C>NHBAFIBJBJFj LIJ>OgAgN. !Q DF?F PBEIFHBIBN UcVcKABK ?Q FjIBJIBNF AFIFJIBNIB HQII>KgNHBK AFHH>PIF LIJ>H DBNBHFN.

19.7

H=9 0=EBA:B 27F7:3?

iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV AFVF FjIBJIBNFKAB BIBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H EBM JOU RB EPVCMF DF?F PBJBI PcNIBN HQII>KAgH. $IBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H >OIgKA> ?>jH> PcNIBN, bNKBeFK AFVFIBN AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !bUIB@B 6;K; 6;K;D; DF?F A>E> H>NJ>jgH PLMIQIQHI>N P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV. $IBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc AFVF LI>K AFVFIBNB QA= 4AJFE>F 6;K; ABKFN. iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV AFVFIBNFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg EBM OLIA>K O>e> ALeNQ U>VJgjPgH. fHF ?LUQPIQ AFVF H>RN>JgKg >KI>J>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK ?FN AFVFUF ?FN HBNB AB UQH>NgA>K >j>egU> ALeNQ U>V>IgJ: JOU<> EJ[J = <

>;

10, 20, 30, 40

*LAQ DcVBIIBjPFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K ?LjIQHI>NgK RB C>VI>A>K O>PgNI>NgK ABNIBUF@FKFK DbVcKAB BPHFOFV LIAQHI>NgKg ?FIFULNOQKQV. 7QH>NgA>HF AFVF bK@BABK LIAQeQ DF?F PBH O>PgNA> A> U>VgI>?FIFNAF RB >UKg >KI>J> DBIFNAF. iFJAF L AFVFKFK EBN ?FN BIBJ>KgKg JOU<> PcNcKAB ?FN ABeBNIB ABeFjPFNBIFJ: /* ... */ EJ[J = <

>;

< < < <

10, 20, 30, 40,

11, 21, 31, 41,

12 22 32 42

>, >, >, >

7>MPgegJgV PBH ABeFjFHIFH, JOU UBNFKB JOU<> PcNcKAB BIBJ>KI>N U>VJ>H LIAQ. *LAQK U>O>I LIJ>Og F_FK BIBJ>K PcNcKc >NPgH JOU LI>N>H ABeFI, JOU<> LI>N>H ?BIFNIBJBJFV DBNBHFN:

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JOU<><> EJ[J = <

>;

< < < <

10, 20, 30, 40,

11, 21, 31, 41,

12 22 32 42

>, >, >, >

1>PgN RB OcPQKI>NA>K LIQjPQHI>Ng F_FK UQH>NgA>HF DF?F AFVFIBNB ;=; 4AJFE>F 6;K; ABKFN. $IBJ>KI>Ng ;@E 6;K;D; LI>K UQH>NgA>HF AFVFKFK HQII>KgJg jFJAFUB H>A>N beNBKAFHIBNFJFVABK C>NHIg ABeFIAFN. 'BN ?FN BIBJ>KgKgK JOU<> PcNcKAB LIAQeQKQ E>PgNI>J>H RB JOU<> PcNcKB QU>K FjIBJIBNAB HQII>KJ>H UBPBN: EJ[J _= < 50, 51 >; // ZFOJ CJS FMFNBO (ZBOJ EJMJN) FLMFS EJ[J<0> _= 13; // JML FMFNBOjOB (ZBOJ JML EJMJNJOF) FLMFS UKg AFVFKFK jFJAFHF E>IF: <<10, 11, 12, 13>, <20, 21, 22>, <30, 31, 32>, <40, 41, 42>, <50, 51>> #FVFKFK HBKAFOF RBU> BIBJ>KI>Ng O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ A> LI>?FIFN: JOU<2><3><4> EJ[J; // 2 TfUVO, 3 TBUjS, 4 Ef[MFN

7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJg ;=; DSEF@>F SQ D3EVC63@ A>FX3@ 6RCE 6SK>7? AFUB AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. [UIB ?FN AFVF, bNKBeFK ?FN J>@BN> LUQKQKA> RB EBN H>PgKA> 2T3=6 LA> ?QIQK>K 4 H>PIg ?FN ?FK> FIB FIDFIF ?FN H>RN>J F_FK HQII>KgIgULN LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK bUIB ?FN ?FK>KgK FHFK@F H>PgKgK FIH LA>OgKA> ?QIQK>K BjU>I>NgK O>UgOg jbUIB >NPPgNgI>?FIFN: // JLJODJ LBUjO JOEFLTJ 1'EJS WF P LBUjO JML PEBTjOB // <0><0> JMF FSJlJMJS ++FlZB4BZjMBSj<1><0><0>; 7QH>NgA>HF ObV AFVFJIBNFKB BH LI>N>H, 6;>;? 6;>;?; LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK OFX FC>ABOF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. j>egA>HF bNKBH U>IKgV@> FHF ?LUQP ?BIFNPFULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<><> E = OFX JOU<><>(2, 3); XSJUFMO(E); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF OFX FC>ABOF 2 >ABP 3 BIBJ>KIg AFVF LIQjPQNQN RB LKI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN AFIFJ AbKAcNcN. ZgHPgOg: <<0, 0, 0>, <0, 0, 0>>

19.8

IF3A
x 1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNFK HBKAF BIBJ>KI>Ng R>NAgN; AFIFJIBN FOB HBKAFIBNFKB >FP LIJ>U>K BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. x <> FjIB@F F_FKABUHBK .3C3*3<73.MFOHUI U>VJ>H UBNFKB HgO>@> $ U>VgI>?FIFN. x .EVQ KFPBIFeF, BIBJ>KI>NgK HLMU>I>NgKA>K LIQj>K UBKF ?FN AFVF cNBPFN.

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P>J> FjIBJF, O>?FP AFVFIBNAB BIBJ>K ABeBNIBNFKF ABeFjPFNFN; AFIFJIBNAB FOB ?>jH> BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>KJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. x 3V>U>K AFIFJ M>UI>jgJA>K 3JCV>34;>;C RB UBKF HLMU>I>KJgj LI>K BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>U>?FIFN. !QKQK LIQM LIJ>U>@>eg DBQBDJUZ() FIB ?BIFNIBKFN. x EJ[J<> U>VgJg 6;K;@;@ 4SES@ 7>7?3@>3CV >KI>JgK> DBIFN; HBKAFOFKB QUDQI>K>K FjIBJ EBN ?FN BIBJ>KgK> >UNg >UNg QUDQI>KgN. x $IBJ>KI>Ng AFVF LI>K AFVFIBNB _LH ?LUQPIQ AFVF ABKFN.

19.9

&?=0:3;
x !FN EPVCMF AFVFOFKF ?>jgKA>K OLKQK> ALeNQ FIBNIBUFK RB ABeBNIBNF 10'A>K ?cUcH LI>KI>NgK ABeBNIBNFKF U>NgU> FKAFNFK. [NKBeFK BIFKFVAB jQ AFVF R>NO>: EPVCMF<> EJ[J = < 1, 20, 2, 30, 7, 11 >; BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ABeBNIBNF jQK> AbKcjOcK: <1, 10, 2, 15, 7, 5.5> ZBjFPIF _bVcJIBNF LIO> A>, ?QKQ U>IKgV@> AFIFJ LI>K>HI>Ng FIB ?>j>NJ>U> _>IgjgK. fjB ?cPcK AFVFUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN AFIFJIB ?>jI>U>?FIFNOFKFV. .KA>K OLKN> L AFIFJF EBN OBCBNFKAB ?>j P>N>CgKA>K PBH BIBJ>K HgO>IP>?FIFN RB AFIFJFK EBM FIH BIBJ>KgKg HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. iQ FC>AB AFIFJF ?>jgKA>K PBH BIBJ>K HgO>IPgN: EJMJN = EJMJN<1 .. $>; ... QRKS?

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20

D7F57:3?
"JBNE>?>" DF?F JBPFK M>N_>I>NgKgK AFVDF LIAQHI>NgKg V>PBK beNBKJFj RB jFJAFUB H>A>NHF HLAI>NA> _LH UBNAB HQII>KJgjPgH. #FVDFIBNF >KI>J>U> U>N>U>K FHF LI>K>eg A> ?QKA>K bK@BHF c_ ?bIcJAB DbNAcH: AFVFIBN RB H>N>HPBNIBN. #FVDFIBN L FHF LI>K>egK ?FIBjFJFKABK ?>jH> ?FN jBU ABeFIAFN: BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc =3C3=E7C LI>K 6;K;>7C7 AFVDF ABKFN. [NKBeFK DIBS<> ?FN AFVDF PcNcAcN. K@>H, *>N>HPBNIBN ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, #'AB c_ ABeFjFH H>N>HPBN PcNc LIAQeQ F_FK, c_ ABeFjFH AFVDF PcNcKABK RB ?QKI>NgK ?>VBK j>jgNPg@g LI>?FIB@BH BPHFIBjFJIBNFKABK ObV BPJBH DBNBHFN.

20.1

SFBEG E3?7<3 SFBEMO C3 DIPNQ

*LKOLIA>K O>PgN LHQJ> FIB FIDFIF ?>Vg H>NgjgHIgHI>N> ?QN>A> ABeFKJBH FOPFULNQJ. #FVDFIBN H>N>HPBN AFVFIBNF LIAQHI>Ng F_FK D3EVC DA@F >KI>JgK> DBIBK '=O' DF?F HLKPNLI H>N>HPBNIBNFKF AB ?>NgKAgN>?FIFNIBN. . UcVABK, DFNAFeFJFV ?FIDFIBNFK OLKQKA> ?>OPgegJgV $KPBN PQjQKQ PBJOFI BABK HLAI>N A> LHQKQNI>N RB AFVDFKFK M>N_>Og E>IFKB DBIFNIBN. #>E>Og, DFNFjPBK H>_ H>N>HPBN LHQKJ>H FOPBKAFeF AB ?FIFKJBAFeF F_FK SFBEG 9;C;X ES=7@7@7 =363C DBIBK ?cPcK H>N>HPBNIBNF AFVDFKFK F_FKB LHQN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> A> jFJAFUB H>A>N HQII>KJ>U> >IgjPgegJgV SFBEG FOPBAFeFJFV DF?F FjIBJBV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> JTJN; XSJUF("iTNJOJ[ OFEJS SFBEG(" %T", &JTJN); ^ ");

XSJUFMO("`PL NFNOVO PMEVN ", JTJN, "!");

7>VgI>K FOFJABK OLKN> ?>OgI>K $KPBN DFNFjF OLKI>KAgNJ>V, RB SFBEG AFVDFUB BHIBJBH F_FK H>N>HPBN ?BHIBJBUB ABR>J BABN: jTNJOJ[ OFEJS .FSU p &OUFS'B CBTkMEkik IBMEF HJSJm TPOMBONB[ p (CJS LFSF EBIB CBTkMEkikOk WBSTBZBMkN) *LKOLIA> DFNFjF OLKI>KAgNJ>H F_FK +FKQT LNP>JI>NgKA> "PNI-#'UB, 5FKALSO LNP>JI>NgKA> A> "PNI-8'UB ?>OgIgN. &FNFjF L jBHFIAB OLKI>KAgNAgegKgVA> $KPBN'I>N KBABKFUIB LIQj>K O>PgN OLKQ HLAI>NgKgK ?FIB AFVDFKFK M>N_>Og E>IFKB DBIAFHIBNFKF DbNcNOcKcV: aPL NFNOVO PMEVN .FSU p JTJNEFO TPOSB <+=N; <98> 5+;+5=/;3 WBS ! p (CJS UBOF EBIB) fOFJABK EBJBK OLKN> U>VAgNgIJ>H FOPBKBK cKIBJ Fj>NBPF O>PgN OLKQ HLAI>NgKA>K OLKN> ?BIFNJFjPFN. !Q UcVABK SFBEG _LeQ AQNQJA> DFNFjPBK AFVDF LHQJ>U> QUDQK ABeFIAFN. .KQK UBNFKB FOJF "O>PgN LHQ" >KI>JgKA>HF "NB>A IFKB"A>K PcNBJFj LI>K SFBEMO HQII>KgI>?FIFN. SFBEMO 'gK HQII>KgJg SFBEG 'PBK C>NHIgAgN; " %T" AcVBK AFVDFOFKF RB & FjIB@FKF DBNBHPFNJBV:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> JTJN; XSJUF("iTNJOJ[ OFEJS SFBEMO(JTJN); ^ ");

XSJUFMO("`PL NFNOVO PMEVN ", JTJN, "!");

!QK> N>eJBK O>PgN OLKQKQ ?BIFNIBUBK HLAQ L A> ?>NgKAgNgN: jTNJOJ[ OFEJS .FSU aPL NFNOVO PMEVN .FSU ! p JTJNEFO TPOSB ZJOF "TBUkS TPOV" WBS #FVDFIBNFK OLKQKA>HF O>PgN OLKQ HLAI>Ng TUE.TUSJOH JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K DIPNQ FjIBRF FIB OFIFKB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> JTJN; XSJUF("iTNJOJ[ OFEJS SFBEMO(JTJN); JTJN = DIPNQ(JTJN); ^ ");

XSJUFMO("`PL NFNOVO PMEVN ", JTJN, "!");

7QH>NgA>HF DIPNQ FC>ABOF JTJN 'FK OLKQKA>HF O>PgN OLKQ HLAI>NgKgK OFIFKJFj E>IFKF AbKAcNcN. . E>IFKFK PBHN>N JTJN 'B >P>KJ>Og A> JTJN 'F ABeFjPFNJFj LIQN: jTNJOJ[ OFEJS .FSU aPL NFNOVO PMEVN .FSU!

p "TBUkS TPOV" LPEMBSkOEBO BSkONkm PMBSBL

SFBEMO RB DIPNQ VFK@FNIBJB ?F_FJAB A>E> HgO> LI>N>H A> U>VgI>?FIFNIBN: TUSJOH JTJN = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); . U>VgJg TUSJOH PcNcKc P>KgPPgHP>K OLKN> HQII>KJ>U> ?>jI>U>@>egJ.

20.2

)39 AP?</9 23N7:, K74A AP?</9

2BH PgNK>HI>NgK H>N>HPBN O>?FPF P>KgJI>NHBK HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg DbNJcjPcH. #FVDF O>?FPIBNF F_FK FOB _FCP PgNK>HI>N HQII>KgIgN: 'B' H>N>HPBNAFN, "B" PBH H>N>HPBNIF ?FN AFVDFAFN.

20.3

TUSJOH , XTUSJOH , C3 ETUSJOH 23N7R;3F27?:3?

#'AB c_ H>N>HPBN PcNcKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK c_ C>NHIg H>N>HPBN AFVFOF PcNc R>NAgN: DIBS<> , XDIBS<> , RB EDIBS<> .

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!Q c_ AFVF PcNcKcK 67T;X?7K LI>KI>NgKg DbOPBNJBH F_FK c_ P>KB AB E3=?3 ;D;? R>NAgN: TUSJOH , XTUSJOH , RB ETUSJOH . !Q P>HJ> FOFJIBN HQII>KgI>N>H P>KgJI>K>K AFVDFIBNFK H>N>HPBNIBNF 67T;X?7K6;C>7C. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H, ?FN XDIBS<> ABeFjHBKFKFK H>N>HPBNIBNF ABeFjB?FIFN >J> ?FN XTUSJOH ABeFjHBKFKFK H>N>HPBNIBNF ABeFjBJBV. (#'KFK 67T;X?7K>;= H>RN>JgKgK >UNgKPgI>NgKg A>E> OLKN>HF ABNOIBNAB DbNB@BeFV.) [NKBeFK ?FN TUSJOH 'FK ?>j E>NCFKF ?cUcPJBUB _>Igj>K jQ HLAA> ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og R>NAgN: TUSJOH EFhJlNF[ = "NFSIBCB"; EFhJlNF[<0> = '.';

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!QK> ?>H>N>H, ABeFjPFNFIJBOF FOPBKBK AFVDFIBNFK AFVF U>VgJgUI> U>VgI>?FIB@BHIBNFKF AcjcKB?FIFNFV >J> L A> ABNIBKBJBV. 1LI P>N>Cg AFVF U>VgJgUI> U>V>NO>H: DIBS<> CJS@EJMJN = "NFSIBCB"; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

. HLA A> ABNIBKBJBV. !QKQK FHF KBABKF R>NAgN: 1. "NFSIBCB" DF?F HLAQK F_FKB E>VgN LI>N>H U>VgI>K AFVDFIBNFK PcNc TUSJOH 'AFN RB ?Q UcVABK ABeFjJBVAFNIBN. 2. 2cNc DIBS<> LI>K OLI P>N>C, O>e P>N>CgK ?FN 6;>;?;6;C. !FN bK@BHF ABNOPBK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, OLI P>N>C O>e P>N>Cg DbOPBNBK ?FN AFIFJ LI>N>H >IDgI>KgN. DIBS<> ABeFjB?FIFN RB TUSJOH ABeFjJBV LIAQeQ F_FK AB ?QN>A> ?FN QUQJOQVIQH LIQjQN: ABNIBUF@F, ABeFjB?FIBK ?FN AFIFJ FIB ABeFjJBV ?FN AFVFUB BNFjFIJBOFKB FVFK RBNJBJBHPBAFN. !Q AQNQJA> U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK, ABeFjJBV AFVFKFK ?FN HLMU>OgKg >IJ>HPgN. !FN bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNAcecJcV .EVQ KFPBIFeFKF HQII>K>N>H: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB".EVQ; EJ[HJ<0> = '.'; XSJUFMO(EJ[HJ); ^ #BNIBKFN RB AFVDFKFK ?>j E>NCF ABeFjFN: .FSIBCB !BKVBN jBHFIAB, bNKBeFK TUSJOH DBNBHBK UBNAB AB DIBS<> HQII>KgI>J>V. #BeFjB?FIBK DIBS<> PcNcKABK, ABeFjPFNFIBJBUBK TUSJOH PcNcKc cNBPJBH F_FK AB .JEVQ KFPBIFeFKF HQII>KJ>H DBNBHB?FIFN. T 'KFK PcNc DIBS<> LIAQeQKA> >j>egA>HF O>PgN ABNIBKBJBV: TUSJOH TPOVd = T _ '.'; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

T 'KFK PcNc DIBS<> LIAQeQ F_FK O>e P>N>CP>HF OLKQ@QK PcNc AB DIBS<> 'AgN. !cPcK L OLKQ_ HQII>KgI>N>H ABeFjJBV ?FN AFVDF BIAB BPJBH F_FK .JEVQ HQII>KgI>?FIFN: TUSJOH TPOVd = (T _ '.').JEVQ;

20.4

D7F57:3?7< R/RP?AP1P =:/07:3< BFB<:B9:/?P

3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK ?>VgI>NgKgK ?FNABK C>VI> ?>UPI> DbOPBNFIAFHIBNFKF RB 2cNH >IC>?BOFKB bVDc E>NCIBNFK FHF ?>UPIgH LIAQHI>NgKg DbNJcjPcH. !Q ?>VBK j>jgNPg@g LI>?FIFN:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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D;K9;>7C

XSJUFMO("Bg".MFOHUI); ">d" AFVDFOF 2 E>NC F_BNAFeF E>IAB AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQ 3'PcN: 3 !QKQK KBABKF, "JBNE>?>" jBHIFKAB U>VgI>K E>VgN AFVDFIBNFK BIBJ>K PcNcKcK DIBS LIJ>OgAgN. DIBS A> 32%-8 HLA ?FNFJF LIAQeQ F_FK, L AFVDFKFK QVQKIQeQ 3'PcN (> F_FK PBH, d F_FK FHF HLA ?FNFJF). !QKQK DbNcKcN ?FN BPHFOF, FHF ?>UPIgH ?FN E>NCF PBH ?>UPIgH ?FN E>NCIB ABeFjPFNJBUB _>IgjPgegJgVA> H>NjgJgV> _gH>N: DIBS<> E = "Bg".EVQ; XSJUFMO("aODF: ", E); E<1> = 'U'; XSJUFMO("4POSB:", E);

bODF: Bh 4POSB:BU

p :"/-*l

. HLAA> AFVDFKFK 'd' E>NCFKFK 'P' E>NCF FIB ABeFjPFNFIJBOF FOPBKJFj, >K@>H 'P' E>NCF PBH ?>UPP>K LIQjPQeQ F_FK 'd'UF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>NA>K >K@>H ?FNFK@FOFKFK UBNFKB DB_JFj RB FHFK@F ?>UP _gHPgA> ?BIFNOFV ?FN H>N>HPBNB AbKcjJcjPcN. . UcVABK, ?>Vg ?>jH> MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKFK KLNJ>I H>N>HPBN PcNc LI>K DIBS 'g #'AB ?Q >J>_I> HQII>K>J>UgV. ( UKg O>HgK@> XDIBS 'A> A> R>NAgN.) 3KF@LAB'QK P>KgJI>Ageg >KI>JA> E>NCIBNIB, FJIBNIB, RB AFeBN OFJDBIBNIB FIDFIBKAFeFJFV AQNQJI>NA> EDIBS PcNcKc HQII>KJ>JgV DBNBHFN: EDIBS<> E = "Bg"E.EVQ; XSJUFMO("aODF: ", E); E<1> = 'U'; XSJUFMO("4POSB:", E);

bODF: Bh 4POSB:BU #LeNQ _>Igj>K HLAA> FHF ABeFjFHIFH U>MgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK: 1. #FVDFKFK PcNc EDIBS<> LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJFjPFN. 2. "Bg"E E>VgN AFVDFOFKFK OLKQKA> E ?BIFNPB@F HQII>KgIJgjPgN.

20.5

/FP? 27F57:3?
'>VgN AFVDFIBNFK bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNIF ?FN H>N>HPBN PcNcKABK LIJ>OgKg O>eI>J>H F_FK OLKI>NgK> ?BIFNIBUF@F H>N>HPBNIBN BHIBKFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH T = "Bg"D; XTUSJOH X = "Bg"X; ETUSJOH E = "Bg"E;

// CV, "Bg" JMF BZOj lFZEJS

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D;K9;>7C

XSJUFMO(T.MFOHUI); XSJUFMO(X.MFOHUI); XSJUFMO(E.MFOHUI);

3 2 2 > RB d E>NCIBNFKFK EBN FHFOF AB XDIBS RB EDIBS PcNIBNFKABK PBH ?FN BIBJ>K> Oge>?FIAFHIBNF F_FK OLK FHF AFVDFKFK QVQKIQHI>Ng 2 LIJ>HP>AgN.

20.6

D7F57 07?:3RA7?;39
#FVDFIBN >OIgKA> AFVF LIAQHI>NgKA>K, AFVF FjIBJIBNF LKI>N F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. fHF AFVDFUF ?FNIBjPFNJBH F_FK _ FjIB@F, ?FN AFVDFKFK OLKQK> ?>jH> AFVDF BHIBJBH F_FK AB _= FjIB@F HQII>KgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("iTNJOJ[ "); TUSJOH JTJN = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); // #JSMFlUJSNF eSOFhJ: TUSJOH TFMBN = ".FSIBCB " _ JTJN; // 4POVOB FLMFNF eSOFhJ: TFMBN _= "! )PlHFMEJO..."; ^ XSJUFMO(TFMBN);

jTNJOJ[ $BO .FSIBCB $BO! )PmHFMEJO...

20.7

D7F57:3?7 9/?RP:/RAP?;/9
%AE: +@;5A67 4SES@ J3KV D;DE7?>7C;@67=; :3C8>7C; E3@V?>3D3 63 A@>3CV@ @3DV> DVC3>3@353=>3CV@V 47>;C>7?7K. AX3TV63=; ;X>7G>7C; =F>>3@VC=7@ 4F =A@F63 47=>7@?76;= DA@FQ>3C>3 =3CXV>3X34;>;CD;@;K. )VC3>3?3@V@ R@7?>; A>6FTF 6FCF?>3C63 EC;>7C; 9;4; 4;C =SESB:3@767@ J3C3C>3@?3= 97C7=74;>;C. #>E> bK@B O>UgI>NgK Hc_cHIcH ?cUcHIcH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>NgKA> HQII>KgI>K < , >= , RO. FjIB_IBNFKF DbNJcjPcH. UKg FjIB_IBNF AFVDFIBNIB AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. !Q FjIB_IBNFK =SQS=>S= H>RN>Jg AFVDFIBNAB >IC>?BPFH OgN>A> R@57 >KI>JgKA>AgN. !BKVBN jBHFIAB, ?cUcHIcH AB >IC>?BPFH OgN>A> DA@C3 ABJBHPFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(" #JS EJ[HJ HJSJOJ[: "); TUSJOH EJ[HJ@1 = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); XSJUF("#JS EJ[HJ EBIB HJSJOJ[: ");

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D;K9;>7C

TUSJOH EJ[HJ@2 = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); JG (EJ[HJ@1 == EJ[HJ@2) \ XSJUFMO("iLJTJ BZOj!"); ^ FMTF \ TUSJOH eODFLJ; TUSJOH TPOSBLJ; JG (EJ[HJ@1 < EJ[HJ@2) \ eODFLJ = EJ[HJ@1; TPOSBLJ = EJ[HJ@2; ^ FMTF \ eODFLJ = EJ[HJ@2; TPOSBLJ = EJ[HJ@1; ^ XSJUFMO("4jSBMBNBEB eODF '", eODFLJ, "', TPOSB '", TPOSBLJ, "' HFMJS.");

20.8

BMEM9 9MKM9 6/?4:3? 4/?9:P2P?

'>NCIBNFK ?cUcH RB Hc_cH E>IIBNFKFK C>NHIg H>N>HPBN HLAI>NgK> O>EFM LIJ>I>Ng LKI>NgK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK C>NHIg LIAQHI>Ng DBN_BeFKF AB DBPFNFN. [NKBeFK ' ' FIB '>' C>NHIg E>NCIBNAFN. $H LI>N>H, 1"(( P>?ILOQKA>HF HLAI>NgKgK ?FN U>KOgJ>Og LI>N>H, ?cUcH E>NCIBNFK EBMOF, OgN>I>J>A> Hc_cH E>NCIBNFK EBMOFKABK bK@B DBIFN. [NKBeFK ?cUcH LIAQeQ F_FK '!', OgN>I>J>A> '>'A>K bK@B DBIFN. UKg jBHFIAB, ">2" AFVDFOF, '2' E>NCF '_'ABK bK@B LIAQeQ F_FK ">_" AFVDFOFKABK bK@B OgN>I>KgN. !>VBK AFVDFIBNF E>NCIBNFK Hc_cH RBU> ?cUcH LIJ>I>NgK> ?>HJ>HOgVgK H>NjgI>jPgNJ>H FOPBNFV. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> UQH>NgA> DbOPBNFIBK >NFPJBPFH FjIB_IBN UBNFKB, TUE.TUSJOH.JDNQ FjIBRF HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

20.9

@A2.@A?7<5 ;=2M:M
TUE.TUSJOH JLAcIc AFVDFIBNIB FIDFIF FjIBRIBN F_BNFN. !Q FjIBRIBNFK P>J IFOPBOFKF #AFIF 5FHF'KFK OPA.OPNFKD O>UC>OgKA> ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. .N>A>HF FjIBRIBN >N>OgKA>K ?FN H>_ P>KBOF: x JOEFY0G : 4BNFIBK H>N>HPBNF ?FN AFVDF F_FKAB ?>jP>K OLK> ALeNQ >N>N RB ?QIQNO> ?QIAQeQ UBNFK FKABHOFKF, ?QI>J>VO> -1 ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN. 1B_FJB ?>eIg LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIB?FIBK c_cK@c M>N>JBPNB, Hc_cH ?cUcH E>NC >UNgJg LIJ>A>K >N>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N x MBTU*OEFY0G : JOEFY0G '> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB _>IgjgN. %>NHg, OLKA>K ?>j> ALeNQ >N>J>OgAgN x DPVOU$IBST : !FNFK@F AFVDF F_FKAB FHFK@F AFVDFABK H>_ P>KB ?QIQKAQeQKQ O>U>N x UP-PXFS : 4BNFIBK AFVDFKFK, ?cPcK E>NCIBNF Hc_cH LI>K BjABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN x UP6QQFS : UP-PXFS '> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB _>IgjgN. %>NHg, ?cUcH E>NC HQII>KJ>OgAgN x TUSJQ : #FVDFKFK ?>jgKA>HF RB OLKQKA>HF ?LjIQHI>Ng OFIBN x JOTFSU : #FVDFKFK F_FKB ?>jH> AFVDF UBNIBjPFNFN #FVDFIBN AB >OIgKA> AFVF LIAQHI>NgKA>K, AFVFIBN F_FK U>N>NIg FjIBRIBN F_BNBK TUE.BSSBZ , TUE.BMHPSJUIN RB TUE.SBOHF JLAcIIBNFKABHF FjIBRIBN AB AFVDFIBNIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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D;K9;>7C

20.10

&?=0:3;:3?
1. OPA.OPNFKD JLAcIcKcK ?BIDBOFKF FK@BIBUFK. 2. _ FjIB@FKF AB HQII>K>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK: *QII>Kg@g ?cPcKcUIB Hc_cH E>NCIBNABK LIQj>K >A RB OLU>A DFNOFK; MNLDN>J bK@B ?Q FHF HBIFJBUF >N>I>NgKA> ?LjIQH LI>@>H jBHFIAB ?FNIBjPFNOFK RB OLKN> ?>j E>NCIBNFKF ?cUcPOcK. [NKBeFK "B?NQ" RB "ALJ>PBO" DFNFIAFeFKAB MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg "$?NQ #LJ>PBO" LIOQK. 3. *QII>Kg@gA>K ?FN O>PgN >IgK. 1>PgNgK F_FKABHF FIH '>' E>NCFKABK, O>PgNgK F_FKABHF OLK '>' E>NCFKB H>A>N LI>K ?bIcJc U>VAgNOgK. [NKBeFK HQII>Kg@g "?>IgH>A>J" AFVDFOFKF DFNAFeFKAB BHN>K> ">IgH>A>" U>VAgNgIOgK. !Q MNLDN>JA> JOEFY0G RB MBTU*OEFY0G FjIBRIBNFKF HQII>K>N>H FHF ABeFjFH FKABHO ?QIJ>KgV, RB ?Q FKABHOIBNIB ?FN AFIFJ LIQjPQNJ>KgV FjB U>N>U>?FIFN. JOEFY0G RB MBTU*OEFY0G FjIBRIBNFKFK AbKcj PcNIBNF JOU ABeFI, TJ[FEJGG@U 'AFN. fIH '>' E>NCFKF ?QIJ>H F_FK jbUIB ?FN O>PgN HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: TJ[FEJGG@U JML@B = JOEFY0G(TBUjS, 'B'); !FN H>_ ABNO OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV BVUP >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB A>E> A> HgO> LI>?FIFN: BVUP JML@B = JOEFY0G(TBUjS, 'B'); ... QRKS?>7C

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

92

)E3@63CE A=V?>3CV DADJ3>3C3 B3T>3?3=

21

(A/<2/?A A9P;:/?P D=@E/:/?/ B/N:/;/9

[K@BHF ?bIcJIBNABHF MNLDN>JI>N EBM OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgj >HgJI>Ng FIB BPHFIBjFULNI>NAg. #'KFK OP>KA>NP >HgJI>NgKgK TUEJO RB TUEPVU LIAQHI>NgKg DbNJcjPcH, RB >_gH_> >HgJ ?FIAFNJBABK _>eNgI>K XSJUFMO DF?F FjIBRIBNFK AB >NH> MI>KA> ?Q >HgJI>Ng HQII>KAgHI>NgKg beNBKJFjPFH. $H LI>N>H, OP>KA>NP DFNFjFK EBM HI>RUB LIAQeQ, RB OP>KA>NP _gHgjgK A> EBM BHN>K LIAQeQ AQNQJI>NA> _>IgjJgjPgH. !QKA>K OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB MNLDN>JI>Ng ALOU>I>NI> BPHFIBjB@BH jBHFIAB U>VJ>Ug beNBKB@BeFV. #LOU>I>NgK A> H>N>HPBN >HgJg LIAQHI>NgKg, RB ?Q UcVABK OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgjI> BPHFIBjJBHPBK ?FN C>NHI>Ng LIJ>AgHI>NgKg DbNB@BHOFKFV. #LOU> >HgJI>NgK> DB_JBABK bK@B, MNLDN>J@gIgH E>U>PgKgVA> _LH FjFKFVB U>N>U>@>H ?>jH> ?FN ?FIDFUF ?Q ?bIcJAB RBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: MNLDN>JgKgVgK OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgjgKg, OFVFK HLAQKQVA> EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFH DBNBHJBABK ALOU>I>N> 43T>3J34;>;CD;@;K. /NLDN>JgKgV BHN>K UBNFKB ?FN ALOU>U> U>V>?FIFN, RB HI>RUB UBNFKB ?FN ALOU>A>K RBU> ?FN MNLDN>JA>K LHQU>?FIFN. !Q, ?cPcK JLABNK Q_ ?FNFJIBNFK EBMOFKAB ?QIQK>K RB MNLDN>JI>J> AFIFKABK ?>egJOgV ?FN LI>K>HPgN.

21.1

(A/<2/?A KP9PRP > 7:3 07? 2=@E/E/ 0/N:/;/9

/NLDN>JgKgVg ?FN Q_ ?FNFJABK ?>jI>PgULNO>KgV, MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgNJ>H F_FK U>VAgegKgV HLJQPQK OLKQK> > H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?FN ALOU> FOJF U>VJ>KgV, MNLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP _gHgj >HgJgKgK L ALOU>U> ?>eI>KJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. !Q AQNQJA>, MNLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP _gHgjgK> U>VAgeg EBNjBU L ALOU>U> U>VgIgN. 1P>KA>NP DFNFjFKABK ?FN O>Ug >I>K, L O>UgUg 2 FIB _>NM>K, RB OLKQ@Q OP>KA>NP _gHgjgK> U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J AcjcKBIFJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF TBZj; SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); ^ XSJUFMO(TBZj * 2);

. MNLDN>JgK FOJFKFK JLJ@LBU LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H, MNLDN>Jg HLJQP O>PgNgKA>K ./JLJ@LBU > JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU jBHIFKAB ?>jI>PgN RB DFNFjFKB bNKBeFK 1.2 U>V>NO>KgV, MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg LI>K 2.4'cK BHN>K> 67T;>, JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU FOJFKABHF ?FN ALOU>U> U>VgIAgegKg DbNcNOcKcV. %AE: BF BCA9C3? 43XE3@ "#SE87@ 4;C D3JV 9;C;@;K: " 9;4; 4;C ?7D3< J3K?36VTV :3>67, D;K J;@7 67 D3JVJV =>3GJ767@ J3KVB E@E7C'3 43D?3>VDV@VK.

21.2

(A/<2/?A 57?7R7 < 7:3 07? 2=@E/E/ 0/N:/;/9

ZgHgjgK > H>N>HPBNFUIB ?FN ALOU>U> ?>eI>KJ>OgK> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, DFNFj AB < H>N>HPBNFUIB ?FN ALOU>U> ?>eI>K>?FIFN. !Q AQNQJA> A> DFNFjFKABK ?FIDF ?BHIBUBK ?FN MNLDN>J HI>RUBABK LHQJ>H UBNFKB, ?BIFNPFIBK ALOU>A>K LHQN. !Q OBCBN AB BIFJFVAB DFNFjFKABK >IAgeg O>UgKgK LKA> ?FNFKF EBO>MI>U>K ?FN MNLDN>J LIOQK:

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)E3@63CE A=V?>3CV DADJ3>3C3 B3T>3?3=

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF TBZj; SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); ^ XSJUFMO(TBZj / 10);

$eBN FHF H>P >I>K MNLDN>JgK LIQjPQNAQeQ ALOU> E^I^ HI>ObNAB AQNQULNO>, RB ?Q MNLDN>JgK FOJFKFK AB POEB@CJS LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H, MNLDN>Jg HLJQP O>PgNgKA>K ./POEB@CJS < JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU jBHIFKAB ?>jI>PgNO>KgV, DFNFjFKF A>E> bK@B LIQjPQNQI>K JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU ALOU>OgKA>K >IAgegKg RB _gHgj> 0.24 U>VAgNAgegKg DbNcNOcKcV. %AE: 353*5+=*<98>->.=A= 6ADJ3DV@63 2.4 A>6FTF@F G3CD3JVJACF?. POEB@CJS MNLDN>Jg; FEPFU>@g LI>K O>UgUg >NPgH HI>RUBABK ABeFI, ?FN ALOU>A>K LHQJ>HP>AgN.

21.3

G7?7R C3 KP9PR /9P;:/?P<P< 797@7<7 07?23< 2=@E/:/?/ 0/N:/;/9

> RB < H>N>HPBNIBNFKF >UKg >KA> HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: ./POEB@CJS < JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU > CVUVO@TPOVD.UYU !Q OBCBN DFNFj JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU ALOU>OgKA>K LHQKQN, RB _gHgj A> CVUVO@TPOVD.UYU ALOU>OgK> U>VgIgN.

21.4

&?=5?/;:/?P ] 7:3 07?07?:3?7<3 0/N:/;/9

7QH>NgA> HQII>KgI>K JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU ALOU>OgKgK FHF MNLDN>J >N>OgKA> >N>@gIgH U>MPgegK> AFHH>P BAFK: JLJ@LBU MNLDN>Jg, EBO>MI>Ageg OLKQ@Q JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU ALOU>OgK> U>VJ>HP>AgN, RB POEB@CJS MNLDN>Jg A> FEPFU>_ AQUAQeQ O>UgUg JLJ@LBU@TPOVDV.UYU ALOU>OgKA>K LHQJ>HP>AgN. ] H>N>HPBNF, MNLDN>JI>Ng ?bUIB ?FN >N>@g ALOU>U> DBNBH LIJ>A>K ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eI>N. ] H>N>HPBNF, OLIQKA>HF MNLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP _gHgjgKg O>egKA>HF MNLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP DFNFjFKB ?>eI>N. [NKBeFK HLJQP O>PgNgKA> ?FN?FNFKB jQ jBHFIAB ?>eI>K>K FHF MNLDN>J, PLMIQ LI>N>H "?BjPB ?FN" EBO>MI>U>K ?FN HLJQP E>IFKB AbKcjcN: ./JLJ@LBU ] ./POEB@CJS [K@B JLJ@LBU MNLDN>Jg _>IgjgN RB DFNFjFKABK ?FN O>Ug >IgN. %AE: & BCA9C3?V@ "#SE87@ 4;C D3JV 9;C;@;K: " 9;4; 4;C ?7D3< J3K?36VTV@V :3EVC>3JV@; D;K J;@7 67 D3JVJV =>3GJ767@ J3KVB E@E7C'3 43D?3>VDV@VK. 1LKN>, JLJ@LBU MNLDN>JgKgK _gHgjg POEB@CJS MNLDN>JgKgK DFNFjFKB RBNFIFN RB FHF H>Pg >IgKJgj LI>K O>UgKgK LKA> ?FNF, U>KF ?>jP>HF O>UgKgK "?BjPB ?FNF" _gHgj> U>VgIgN.

21.5

&?=0:3;
x fHFABK C>VI> MNLDN>Jg >NP >NA> ?>eI>J>Ug ABKBUFK:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

94

)E3@63CE A=V?>3CV DADJ3>3C3 B3T>3?3=

./CJSJODJ ] ./JLJODJ ] ./VDVODV ... QRKS?

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95

DADJ3>3C

22

D=@E/:/?
-B H>A>N Dc_Ic LIO>I>N A>, bK@BHF ?bIcJAB Q_ ?FNFJIBNAB HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg DbNAcecJcV > , < , RB ] H>N>HPBNIBNF EBN AQNQJ> QUDQK ABeFIAFN. ZcKHc EBN MNLDN>J FjFKF U>IKgV@> OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgjI> BPHFIBjBNBH U>M>J>V. [NKBeFK beNBK@F H>UgPI>Ng FIB FIDFIBKBK ?FN MNLDN>J, OP>KA>NP _gHgjgKg HQII>Kg@gU> ?FN HLJQP JBKcOc DbOPBNJBH F_FK HQII>KgULN LI>?FIFN. 1P>KA>NP DFNFjFKF AB HQII>Kg@gA>K HLJQP >IJ>H F_FK HQII>KAgegKg AcjcKcNOBH, ?bUIB ?FN MNLDN>JgK H>UgPI>NgKg PQPPQeQ beNBK@F ?FIDFIBNFKF U>VJ>H F_FK BK >V ?FN ALOU>U> FEPFU>@g LI>@>HPgN. !Q ?bIcJAB ALOU> OFOPBJFKFK HI>ObNIBNAB ?>NgKAgNAgeg ALOU>I>N> U>VJ>Ug RB ALOU>I>NA>K LHQJ>Ug beNBKB@BeFV.

22.1

)3;3: 9/C?/;:/?
#LOU> FjIBJIBNF F_FK TUE.TUEJP JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K 'JMF J3BVDV HQII>KgIgN. 'BKcV U>MgI>Ng DbOPBNJBAFeFJ F_FK 'JMF KBOKBIBNFKFK =FCF>?3 ObV AFVFJFKFK >UNgKPgOgK> DFNJBUB@BeFJ RB jFJAFIFH ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H H>?QI BPJBKFVF ?BHIBUB@BeFJ. *QII>KgJI>NgK> DB_JBABK bK@B ALOU>I>NI> FIDFIF PBJBI H>RN>JI>NgK >_gHI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN.

22.1.1

"/?RP A/?/4
!Q ?bIcJABHF ?FIDFIBNIB LIQjPQNQI>K ALOU>I>NgK ?>jH> LNP>JI>NA> EBJBK LHQK>?FIB@BHIBNFKF AcjcKJBUFK. #LOU>Ug LIQjPQN>K P>N>C FIB ALOU>Ug HQII>K>K P>N>CgK BK >VgKA>K ALOU> AcVBKF HLKQOQKA>K >KI>jJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK beNBK@F KQJ>N>OgKgK RB FOJFKFK ALOU>U> U>VgIAgHI>Ng OgN>A> LHQKJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. !FN ALOU> LIQjPQNQM F_FKB ?FIDFIBN U>VJ>H, L ALOU>KgK ?>jH> ?FN LNP>JA> >_gIgM LHQKJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIF LIJ>U>?FIFN. #LOU>Ug U>V>K P>N>CI> LHQU>K P>N>CgK ?BIFNIF HLKQI>NA> >KI>jJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK ALOU>U> DIBS<> LI>N>H U>VgIJgj LI>K ?FN ?FIDFKFK XDIBS<> LI>N>H LHQKJ>Og U>KIgj OLKQ_ ALeQNQN. $H LI>N>H, >j>egA>HF HLAI>N ALOU>I>NgK ?>jgK> !., ?BIFNPB@FKF U>VJ>VI>N. !Q, ALOU>I>NgKgVgK !., ?BIFNPB@F DBNBHPFNBK LNP>JI>NA> ALeNQ LI>N>H >_gI>J>J>OgK> KBABK LI>?FIFN. ("!UPB LNABN J>NH"gK HgO>Og LI>K !.,, H>N>HPBNIBNF LIQjPQN>K 32% HLA ?FNFJIBNFKFK ALOU>U> E>KDF OgN>A> U>VgIJgj LIAQHI>NgKg ?BIFNPFN.)

22.1.2

D=@E/ 3?7R7; 6/9:/?P

#LOU> OFOPBJF ALOU>I>Ng MNLDN>JI>N> _BjFPIF BNFjFJ E>HI>NgUI> OQK>N. $NFjFJ E>HI>Ng EBJ MBNCLNJ>KO EBJ AB ALOU> O>eIgeg >_gOgKA>K bKBJIFAFN. *LKQ 6ADJ363@ A=F?3= LIQK@>; >UKg ALOU>A>K LHQJ>H FOPBUBK ?FNABK C>VI> MNLDN>J> >UKg >KA> LHQJ> FVKF RBNFIJBOF, MNLDN>JI>N ?FN?FNIBNFKF ?BHIBJBUB@BHIBNF F_FK EgV H>V>K@g O>eI>N. [PB U>KA>K, HLKQ 6ADJ3J3 J3K?3= LIQK@>; ALOU>KgK F_BNFeFKFK PQP>NIgIgeg >_gOgKA>K ALOU>U> ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> >K@>H PBH ?FN MNLDN>JgK U>VJ>OgK> FVFK RBNFIJBIFAFN; ULHO> FHF MNLDN>JgK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK E>?BNOFV LI>N>H U>VJ>I>Ng OLKQ@QKA> ALOU>KgK F_BNFeF PQP>NOgV E>IB DBIB?FIFN.

22.1.3

D=@E/ /K;/9
/NLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgj >HgJI>Ng LI>K TUEJO RB TUEPVU , MNLDN>J ?>jI>AgegKA> V>PBK 3QV>?VX RB HQII>KgJ> E>VgN LI>N>H DBIFNIBN; LKI>Ng HQII>KJ>U> ?>jI>J>A>K bK@B bVBI ?FN FjIBJ DBNBHJBV.

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#LOU>I>NgK FOB AFOHPBHF FOFJIBNF RB FOPBKBK BNFjFJ E>HI>Ng ?FIAFNFIBNBH MNLDN>J P>N>CgKA>K >_gIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.
22.1.4

D=@E/ 9/>/A;/9
_gI>K ALOU>I>NgK JQPI>H> H>M>PgIJ>I>Ng A> DBNBHFN. K@>H, 'JMF KBOKBIBNF HBKAFIBNF OLKI>KgNHBK BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LIAQHI>Ng >OgI ALOU>I>Ng A> H>M>PPgHI>Ng F_FK, KLNJ>IAB ?Q FjFK MNLDN>JA> >_gH_> U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHJBV. #LOU>, 'JMF KBOKBOFKFK F_FKAB ?QIQKAQeQ H>MO>JA>K _gHgIgNHBK HBKAFIFeFKABK H>M>PgIgN: JG (CJS@LPlVM) \ // 'JMF OFTOFTJ CVSBEB PMVlUVSVMNVl WF LVMMBOjMNjl PMTVO // ... ^ // n %PTZB CV LBQTBNEBO djLjMjSLFO PUPNBUJL PMBSBL // LBQBUjMjS. "djLdB LBQBUNBZB HFSFL ZPLUVS. !>VBK >UKg 'JMF KBOKBOFKFK ?>jH> ALOU>Ug RBU> >UKg ALOU>Ug C>NHIg BNFjFJ E>HI>NgUI> HQII>KJ>Og FOPBKFN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> ALOU>KgK H>M>PgIgM PBHN>N >_gIJ>Og DBNBHFN: EPTZB.DMPTF(); EPTZB.PQFO("PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ", "S"); // EPTZBZj LBQBUjS // EPTZBZj BdBS

22.1.5

D=@E/E/ E/F;/9 C3 2=@E/2/< =9B;/9

#LOU>I>N A> H>N>HPBN >HgJI>Ng LIAQHI>NgKA>K, XSJUFMO RB SFBEG DF?F FjIBRIBN LKI>NI> A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN. %>NHIg LI>K, ALOU> ABeFjHBKFKFK FOJFKFK RB ?FN KLHP>KgK A> U>VgIJ>OgKgK DBNBHJBOFAFN: XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB"); // TUBOEBSU djLjlB ZB[BS TUEPVU.XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB"); // ZVLBSjEBLJOJO V[VO ZB[jNjEjS EPTZB.XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB"); // EPTZBZB ZB[BS

22.1.6

D=@E/ @=<B 7K7< FPG()

!FN ALOU>A>K LHQNHBK ALOU>KgK OLKQK> DBIFKFM DBIFKJBAFeF, "ALOU> OLKQ" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "BKA LC CFIB"gK HgO>IPJ>Og LI>K FPG() cUB FjIBRFUIB ABKBPIBKFN. !Q FjIBR ALOU> OLKQK> DBIFKAFeFKAB USVF AbKAcNcN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF AbKDc ALOU>KgK OLKQK> DBIBKB H>A>N ABR>J BABN: XIJMF (!EPTZB.FPG()) \ /* ... */ ^

22.1.7

":/@L? 7R:3;:3?7 7K7< TUE.GJMF ;=2M:M

*I>ObN FjIBJIBNF FIB FIDFIF LI>K TUE.GJMF JLAcIcKcK #AFIF 5FHF'ABHF O>UC>OgKA> FjFKFVB U>N>U>@>H FjIBRIBN ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK FYJTUT , ?BIFNPFIBK FOFJABHF ALOU>KgK JBR@QP LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNFN: JG (FYJTUT(EPTZB@JTNJ)) \ // EPTZB NFWDVU ^ FMTF \ // EPTZB NFWDVU EFhJM ^

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22.2

TUE.TUEJP.'JMF E/>P@P
'JMF , " AFIFKABHF OP>KA>NP GPQFO FjIBRFKFK HQII>KAgeg BNFjFJ ?BIFNPB_IBNFKF HQII>KgN: #FMJSUFe S S+ X "OMBNk PLVNB FSJlJNJ EPTZB CBljOEBO PLVOBDBL lFLJMEF IB[jSMBOjS PLVNB WF ZB[NB FSJlJNJ EPTZB CBljOEBO PLVOBDBL WF CBljOB ZB[jMBDBL lFLJMEF IB[jSMBOjS ZB[NB FSJlJNJ EPTZB ZPLTB: CPl PMBSBL PMVlUVSVMVS EPTZB [BUFO WBSTB: JdJ CPlBMUjMjS PLVNB WF ZB[NB FSJlJNJ EPTZB ZPLTB: CPl PMBSBL PMVlUVSVMVS EPTZB [BUFO WBSTB: JdJ CPlBMUjMjS TPOVOB ZB[NB FSJlJNJ EPTZB ZPLTB: CPl PMBSBL PMVlUVSVMVS EPTZB [BUFO WBSTB: JdFSJhJ LPSVOVS WF TPOVOB ZB[jMBDBL lFLJMEF IB[jSMBOjS PLVNB WF TPOVOB ZB[NB FSJlJNJ EPTZB ZPLTB: CPl PMBSBL PMVlUVSVMVS EPTZB [BUFO WBSTB: JdFSJhJ LPSVOVS; CBljOEBO PLVOBDBL WF TPOVOB ZB[jMBDBL lFLJMEF IB[jSMBOjS

X+

B+

7QH>NgA>HF BNFjFJ E>HI>NgKgK OLKQK> '?' H>N>HPBNF AB DBIB?FIFN ("N?" DF?F). . H>N>HPBN 4;@3CJ ?A67 >_J> AQNQJQKQ ABOPBHIBUBK MI>PCLNJI>NA> BPHFIF LI>?FIFN >J> /.1(6 LNP>JI>NgKA> DbV>NAg BAFIFN. 'JMF U>MgOgKgK ?BIDBOFKF OPA.OPAFL JLAcIcKAB ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV.
22.2.1

D=@E/E/ E/F;/9
#LOU>KgK bK@B U>VJ> BNFjFJF FIB >_gIJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ 'JMF EPTZB = 'JMF("PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ", "X"); EPTZB.XSJUFMO("iTJN : ", ";BGFS"); EPTZB.XSJUFMO("/VNBSB: ", 123); EPTZB.XSJUFMO("4jOjG : ", "1"");

#FVDFIBN ABNOFKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, "LDNBK@F<?FIDFOF" DF?F ?FN AFVDFKFK PcNc TUSJOH 'AFN RB 67T;X?7K6;C. 7>KF 'JMF , ALOU> FOJFKF RB BNFjFJ E>HHgKg TUSJOH PcNc LI>N>H H>?QI BABN. !Q UcVABK, UFKB AFVDFIBN ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, 'JMF 'g bNKBeFK DIBS<> PcNcKAB ?FN AFVDF FIB HQN>J>VOgKgV; HQNJ>KgV DBNBHPFeFKAB L AFVDFKFK .JEVQ KFPBIFeFKF _>egNJ>KgV DBNBHFN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J, _>IgjPgNgIAgeg HI>ObN F_FKAB FOJF PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ LI>K ?FN ALOU> LIQjPQNQN RBU> R>N LI>K ALOU>KgK cVBNFKB U>V>N. %AE: DADJ3 ;D?; A>3C3= 6ADJ3 D;DE7?;@;@ ;K;@ G7C6;T; :7C =3C3=E7C; =F>>3@34;>;CD;@;K. B7@ 4F 67CD>7C67 6ADJ3 ;D;?>7C;@67 J3>@VK53 A)C!! :3C8>7C =F>>3@353TV?.

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22.2.2

D=@E/2/< =9B;/9
#LOU>KgK bK@B LHQJ> BNFjFJF FIB >_gIJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ 'JMF EPTZB = 'JMF("PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ", "S"); XIJMF (!EPTZB.FPG()) \ TUSJOH TBUjS = DIPNQ(EPTZB.SFBEMO()); XSJUFMO("0LVEVhVN TBUjS -> ]", TBUjS); ^

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J, _>IgjPgNgIAgeg HI>ObN F_FKABHF PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ FOFJIF ALOU>KgK F_FKABHF O>PgNI>Ng ?>jgKA>K OLKQK> H>A>N LHQN RB OP>KA>NP _gHgj> U>VAgNgN.

22.3

&?=0:3;
x 7>V>@>egKgV MNLDN>J HQII>Kg@gA>K ?FN ALOU> FOJF >IOgK, L ALOU>KgK F_FKABHF 4AX A>?3J3@ ?cPcK O>PgNI>Ng, ALOU>KgK FOJFKB .CBL BHIBKJFj ?>jH> ?FN ALOU>U> U>VOgK. [NKBeFK, RBNFIBK ALOU>KgK FOJF EFOFNF.UYU FOB, ?Lj LIJ>U>K O>PgNI>NgKg EFOFNF.UYU.CBL ALOU>OgK> U>VOgK. ... QRKS?

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3FEA G7 EJB7A8

23
23.1

BVUP C3 UZQFPG
BVUP
!>VBK >UKg FOJFK FHF RBU> A>E> C>VI> JLAcIAB ?FNABK P>KgJIg LIAQeQ AQNQJI>NI> H>NjgI>jgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK C>NHIg FHF HcPcME>KBKFK FHF JLAcIcKAB AB 'JMF FOJFKAB ?FN PcN ?QIQK>?FIFN. . FOJF P>KgJI>U>K FHF JLAcIcK ?FNABK BHIBKJBOF AQNQJQKA> A> U>IKgV@> 'JMF U>VJ>H H>NgjgHIge> KBABK LIQN; ABNIBUF@F E>KDF PcNcK HQII>KgI>@>egKg ?FIBJBV. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> E>KDF JLAcIABHF FOJFK H>OPBAFIAFeFKF ?BIFNPJBH F_FK JLAcIcK FOJFKF AB U>VJ>H DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK 'JMF PcNc FIB FIDFIF ?bUIB ?FN FOFJ _>HgjJ>Og LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H: TUE.TUEJP.'JMF EPTZB = TUE.TUEJP.'JMF("PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ", "S"); . HQII>KgJA> QVQK FOJFK EBJ AB FHF HBNB U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHJFjPFN: OLI P>N>CP> EPTZB KBOKBOFKFK PcNcKc ?BIFNPJBH F_FK, O>e P>N>CP> FOB 'JMF KBOKBOFKF HQNJ>H F_FK. .UO> ABNIBUF@FIBN _LeQ AQNQJA> OLI P>N>CgK PcNcKc O>e P>N>CgK PcNcKB ?>H>N>H >KI>U>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK 42 DF?F ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBNIB FIHIBKBK ?FN ABeFjHBKFK JOU LIAQeQ, RBU> TUE.TUEJP.'JMF HQNQI>N>H LIQjPQNQI>K ?FN KBOKBKFK UFKB TUE.TUEJP.'JMF PcNcKABK LIAQeQ HLI>U@> >KI>jgI>?FIFN. #'KFK BVUP >K>EP>N ObV@cec, OLI P>N>CgK PcNcKcK O>e P>N>CP>K >KI>jgI>?FIAFeF AQNQJI>NA> OLI P>N>CgK U>VgJgKg HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN: BVUP EPTZB = TUE.TUEJP.'JMF("PHSFODJ@CJMHJTJ", "S"); BVUP 'UQ EBN PcNIB HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: BVUP BVUP BVUP BVUP TBZj = 42; LFTJSMJ4BZj = 1.2; TFMBN = ".FSIBCB"; WJEB = #JTJLMFU7JUFT%f[FOFhJOJO"ZBS7JEBTj(10);

">QPL", LPLJ>PFH >KI>JgK> DBIBK ">QPLJ>PF@"FK HgO>IPJ>OgAgN. !QK> N>eJBK ESCS@ AEA?3E;= A>3C3= 3@>3XV>?3DV H>RN>Jg FIB FIDFIF ABeFIAFN. OIgKA> ABeFjHBKIBNFK U>j>J OcNB_IBNF FIB FIDFIF LI>K BVUP , P>KgJ OgN>OgKA> ?>jH> ?BIFNPB_ ?QIQKJ>Ageg V>J>K HQII>KgIgN. !>jH> ?BIFNPB_IBN AB PcNcK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >KI>jgIJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: JNNVUBCMF J = 42; 8>PBK JNNVUBCMF U>VgIJgj LIAQeQ F_FK PcNcK ABeFjJBV ?FN JOU LIAQeQ L U>VgJA>K A> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >KI>jgIgN. (JNNVUBCMF >K>EP>N ObV@cecKc A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFV.)

23.2

UZQFPG
!Q >K>EP>N ObV@cH, "PcNc" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "PUMB LC" ABUFJFKABK PcNBJFjPFN. *BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ABeFjHBKFK, KBOKBKFK, E>VgN ABeBNFK, RO. PcNcKc cNBPFN. [NKBeFK V>PBK P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K JOU PcNcKAB TBZk FOJFKAB ?FN ABeFjHBK LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H: JOU TBZj = 100; // CV [BUFO 'JOU' PMBSBL UBOjNMBONjl

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UZQFPG(TBZj) TBZj2; UZQFPG(100) TBZj3;

// "TBZj'OjO UfSf" BOMBNjOEB // "100 IB[jS EFhFSJOJO UfSf" BOMBNjOEB

7QH>NgA>HF OLK FHF FC>AB, jQ FHFOFKFK BjABeBNFAFN: JOU TBZj2; JOU TBZj3; 2cNIBNFK V>PBK ?FIFKAFeF UQH>NgA>HF DF?F AQNQJI>NA> UZQFPG 'QK HQII>KgIJ>OgK> DBNBH LIJ>Ageg >_gHPgN. !Q >K>EP>N ObV@cH A>E> OLKN> >KI>PgI>@>H LI>K j>?ILKI>N HLKQOQKA>, RB ?Q ABNOFK MNL?IBJFKAB U>N>NIg LI>@>H.

23.3

&?=0:3;
x 42 DF?F ?FN E>VgN ABeBNFK #'KFK P>JO>Ug PcNIBNFKABK JOU PcNcKAB LIAQeQKQ UQH>NgA> LHQAQKQV. (7>KF TIPSU , MPOH , RO. ABeFI.) !FN MNLDN>J U>V>N>H 1.2 DF?F ?FN E>VgN ABeBNFK PcNcKcK #'KFK HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFKABK E>KDFOFKABK LIAQeQKQ ?QIQK: GMPBU JQ, EPVCMF Jg, ULHO> SFBM JF? 7BKF beNBKAFeFKFV UZQFPG RB PBJBI PcNIBN ABNOFKAB beNBKAFeFKFV .TUSJOHPG FjFKFVB U>N>U>?FIFN. ... QRKS?

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UD;? A>3@V

24

O@7; A:/<P
#'AB EBN FOFJ, P>KgJI>KAgeg KLHP>A>K ?>jI>U>N>H EBJ F_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgeg H>MO>JA>, EBJ AB L H>MO>JgK F_FKABHF H>MO>JI>NA> DB_BNIFAFN. 'BN H>MO>J ?FN ;D;? 3>3@V P>KgJI>N. f_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgeg H>MO>JA>K _gHgIAgegKA>, FOFJ >NPgH DB_BNOFV E>IB DBIFN RB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K P>KgKJ>V: WPJE NBJO() \ JOU Ejl4BZj; JG (CJS,PlVM) \ JOU Jd4BZj = 1; Ejl4BZj = 2; ^ Jd4BZj = 3; ^ // n ZFOJ CJS LBQTBN CBlMBUjS // n dBMjljS; JdFSJEF EF HFdFSMJEJS

// n Jd4BZj'OjO HFdFSMJMJhJ CVSBEB TPO CVMVS // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // Jd4BZj'OjO HFdFSMJ PMEVhV LBQTBNEBO // djLjMNjlUjS

JG HLjQIQKQK H>MO>Jg F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K Je4BZk L H>MO>JgK AgjgKA> DB_BNOFVAFN. [PB U>KA>K, Ekm4BZk EBJ Agj>NgA>HF EBJ AB F_BNFABHF H>MO>JA> DB_BNIFAFN. !FN H>MO>JA> P>KgJI>KJgj ?FN FOJFK F_BNABHF ?FN H>MO>JA> PBHN>N P>KgJI>KJ>Og U>O>I ABeFIAFN: JOU V[VOMVL = UFL4BZjMBS.MFOHUI; JG (CJS,PlVM) \ JOU V[VOMVL = BTBM4BZjMBS.MFOHUI; ^ // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

24.1

O@7;:3?7 9B::/<P:2P9:/?P 7:9 <=9A/2/ A/<P;:/;/9

iFJAFUB H>A>NHF bNKBHIBNAB AB DbNAcecKcV DF?F, FOFJIBNFK HQII>KgIAgHI>Ng FIH KLHP>A>K A>E> R@57 P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN: XSJUFMO(TBZj); JOU TBZj = 42; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // TBZj IFOf[ CJMJONJZPS

. HLAQK _>Igj>?FIJBOF F_FK TBZk 'KgK XSJUFMO FjIBJFKABK A>E> bK@B P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN. *>_ O>PgN bK@B P>KgJI>K>@>eg MNLDN>J@gU> ?>eIg LIO> A>, EBN FOJFK =F>>3@V>6VTV ;>= @A=E3J3 7@ J3=V@ J7C67 P>KgJI>KJ>Og MNLDN>J@gIgH >_gOgKA>K A>E> FUF H>?QI BAFIFN. !QKQ HQII>Kg@gA>K >IAgeg O>UgI>NgK LNP>I>J>I>NgKg U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>JgK NBJO FjIBRFKAB DbNBIFJ. [VBIIFHIB " AFIFKABK DBIBK MNLDN>J@gI>N, HQII>KgI>K ?cPcK FOFJIBNF H>MO>JI>NgK BK ?>jgKA> P>KgJI>J>U> >IgjJgjI>NAgN: JOU BEFU; JOU<> TBZjMBS; EPVCMF PSUBMBNB%FhFS; XSJUF(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ[ SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); JG (BEFU >= 1) \ "); // n #63"%" // n #63"%" // n #63"%"

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TBZjMBS.MFOHUI = BEFU; // ... CVSBEB BTjM JlMFNMFS ZBQjMjZPS PMTVO... ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(")"5": &O B[ CJS TBZj HJSNFMJTJOJ[!"); ^ !QKQK H>NjgPg LI>N>H, FOFJIBNF LI>?FIAFeFK@B DB_ P>KgJI>J>H bKBNFIFN. P>ROFUBUB QU>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: XSJUF(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ[ JOU BEFU; SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); JG (BEFU >= 1) \ JOU<> TBZjMBS; TBZjMBS.MFOHUI = BEFU; "); // n #63"%" UKg MNLDN>Jg ?Q

// n #63"%"

EPVCMF PSUBMBNB%FhFS; // n #63"%" // ... CVSBEB BTjM JlMFNMFS ZBQjMjZPS PMTVO... ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(")"5": &O B[ CJS TBZj HJSNFMJTJOJ[!"); ^ !cPcK ABeFjHBKIBNF ?FN >N>A> BK ?>jP> P>KgJI>J>H U>MgO>I LI>N>H A>E> FUF LIO> A>, ABeFjHBKIBNF DB_ P>KgJI>J>KgK A> ?FN H>_ bKBJIF U>N>Ng R>NAgN: x HB;: 'BN ABeFjHBK P>KgJgKgK MNLDN>J EgVg >_gOgKA>K ?FN ?BABIF R>NAgN. #'AB ?cPcK ABeFjHBKIBN FIHIBKAFHIBNF F_FK, ?BIHF AB EF_ HQII>KgIJ>U>@>H LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNF BK ?>jP>K FIHIBJBH, L FjIBJ F_FK DB_BK V>J>KgK ?Lj> DFPJBOFKB KBABK LI>?FIFN. x H$6$ 4,5.,: #BeFjHBKIBNFK P>KgJI>Ng FIB HQII>KgJI>Ng >N>OgK> DFNBK EBN O>PgN, MNLDN>J E>P>I>Ng >_gOgKA>K QC>H A> LIO> ?FN NFOH P>jgN: ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, V[VOMVL DF?F DBKBI ?FN FOJF LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBK >N>A>HF O>PgNI>NA> U>KIgjIgHI> ?>jH> ?FN QVQKIQH H>RN>Jg F_FK HQII>KgIJgj, RB >OgI HQII>KgI>@>eg UBNB DBIFKAFeFKAB ABeBNF _LHP>K ABeFjJFj LI>?FIFN. x O.70$ .2/$:/B@B: *>MO>JA>HF O>PgNI>N _Le>IAgH_>, >IPP>HF O>PgNI>NA> HQII>KgI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKFK P>KgJgKgK MNLDN>JgK U>VgIAgeg BHN>KgK AgjgKA> H>IJ> LI>OgIgeg >NP>N; ABeFjHBKIBNFK P>KgJI>NgKg DbNJBH RBU> E>PgNI>J>H F_FK OgH OgH JBPKFK cOP P>N>CgK> DFPJBH RB PBHN>N DBNF DBIJBH DBNBHB?FIFN. x K2' '(@,C,./,@,: /NLDN>J HLAI>Ng OcNBHIF LI>N>H DBIFjFJ E>IFKABAFNIBN: MNLDN>J> BHIBN U>MgIgN, MNLDN>JgK ?>Vg LI>K>HI>Ng OFIFKFN, C>NHBAFIBK E>P>I>Ng DFABNFIFN, RO. !Q FjIBJIBN OgN>OgKA> _LeQ V>J>K ?FN DNQM O>PgNgK EBM ?FNABK ?>jH> ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>Og FOPBKB?FIFN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA>, L HLA O>PgNI>NgKA> HQII>KgI>K ?cPcK ABeFjHBKIBNFK HQII>KgIAgHI>Ng FIH UBNAB P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng, EBMOFKFK ?FNABK ?>jH> ?FN UBNB P>jgKJ>I>NgK> LI>K>H O>eI>N. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF ?Q P>ROFUBUB QU>K MNLDN>JgK JG H>MO>JgKA>HF ?cPcK O>PgNI>N EBM ?FNABK MNLDN>JgK ?>jH> ?FN KLHP>OgK> P>jgK>?FIFNIBN. .UO> ABeFjHBKIBNFKF "'ABHF DF?F P>KgJI>U>K ?FN MNLDN>JA>, P>jgK>@>H LI>K HLA O>PgNI>NgKA> HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK AB PBHBN PBHBN OB_FIBNBH >UNg >UNg P>jgKJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.

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GPS DL<5M@M
XIJMF AbKDcOc FIB >UKg FjB U>N>N. 7>N>Ng, AbKDc FIB FIDFIF ?cPcK P>KgJI>NgK PBH O>PgNA> U>MgIJ>OgAgN. GPS AbKDcOc GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABK _LH A>E> >V HQII>KgIgN. !QK> N>eJBK, GPS AbKDcOcKcK K>OgI FjIBAFeF AB FUF ?FIFKJBIFAFN. GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKc A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.

25.1

XIJMF 'P< 0L:M;:3?7

'>PgNI>NO>H, XIJMF AbKDcOc PBH ?FN HLjQI ABKBPIBN RB L HLjQI ALeNQ LIAQeQ OcNB@B AbKDcUB ABR>J BABN. [NKBeFK 1'ABK 10'> H>A>N LI>K ?cPcK P>JO>UgI>Ng U>VAgN>K ?FN AbKDc "O>Ug 11'ABK Hc_cH LIAQeQ OcNB@B" jBHIFKAB HLAI>K>?FIFN: XIJMF (TBZj < 11) . AbKDcKcK ;>7C>7E;>?7D;, TBZk 'KgK AbKDc F_FKAB ?FN >NPPgNgIJ>Og FIB O>eI>K>?FIFN: ++TBZj; *LAQK ABNIBKB?FIJBOF F_FK TBZk 'KgK XIJMF 'A>K bK@B P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: JOU TBZj = 1; #bKDcKcK >OgI FjIBJIBNFKF AB O>U>NO>H, ?cPcK ?bIcJIBNFKB ABeFKJFj LIQNQV: XSJUFMO(TBZj); !Q AbNP FjIBJF 6R@9S@S@ :3KVC>VTV, 67G3? 7E?7 =AXF>F@F@ 67@7E;?;, 3DV> ;X>7?>7C;, RB ;>7C>7E;>?7D; LI>N>H >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: JOU TBZj = 1; XIJMF (TBZj < 11) \ XSJUFMO(TBZj); ++TBZj; ^ // n IB[jSMjL // n EFWBN LPlVMV // n BTjM JlMFNMFS // n EeOHfOfO JMFSMFUJMNFTJ

XIJMF AbKDcOc OgN>OgKA> ?Q ?bIcJIBN jQ OgN>A> FjIBPFIFNIBN: IB[jSMjL LPlVM EFOFUJNJ BTjM JlMFNMFS JMFSMFUJMNFTJ LPlVM EFOFUJNJ BTjM JlMFNMFS JMFSMFUJMNFTJ ... '>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, ?FN CSFBL ABUFJF RBU> >PgIJgj LI>K ?FN E>P> A> AbKDcKcK OLKI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>U>?FIFN.

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25.2

GPS 'B< 0L:M;:3?7

GPS AbKDcOc ?Q AbNP FjIBJABK c_cKc PBH ?FN P>KgJ> FKAFNDBUBK ABUFJAFN. !Q FjIBJIBNFK c_c AB GPS ABUFJFKFK M>N>KPBVF F_FKAB, RB >N>I>NgKA> KLHP>Ig RFNDcI LI>@>H jBHFIAB U>VgIgNI>N. OgI FjIBJIBN FOB H>MO>J F_FKABAFN: GPS (/* IB[jSMjL */; /* EFWBN LPlVMV */; /* JMFSMFUJMNFTJ */) \ /* BTjM JlMFNMFS */ ^ 7QH>NgA>HF XIJMF AbKDcOc GPS FIB U>VgIAgegKA> _LH A>E> AcVBKIF ?FN E>IB DBIFN: GPS (JOU TBZj = 1; TBZj < 11; ++TBZj) \ XSJUFMO(TBZj); ^ !Q, bVBIIFHIB AbKDc H>MO>JgKgK H>I>?>IgH LIAQeQ AQNQJI>NA> _LH U>N>NIgAgN: AbKDcUc FIBNIBPBK FjIBJ, H>MO>J F_FKABHF AFeBN FC>ABIBN >N>OgKA> H>U?LIJ>H UBNFKB, GPS FIB >UKg O>PgNA> AQNQN RB HLI>U@> DbNcIcN. GPS AbKDcOcKcK ?bIcJIBNF AB XIJMF 'gK ?bIcJIBNFUIB >UKg OgN>A> FjIBPFIFNIBN. CSFBL RB DPOUJOVF ABUFJIBNF GPS AbKDcOcKAB AB >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjgNI>N. XIJMF RB GPS AbKDcIBNF >N>OgKA>HF PBH C>NH, GPS 'QK E>VgNIgH ?bIcJcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ABeFjHBKFK FOFJ >I>KgAgN. !QKQ >j>egA> >_gHIgULNQJ. ZLH OgH LI>N>H AbKDcUc FIBNIBPJBH F_FK ?FN P>JO>Ug HQII>KgIgN, >J> bUIB LIJ>Og DBNBHJBV. UNg@>, AbKDc ABeFjHBKF >NPPgNgIJ>H UBNFKB ?>jH> ?FN ?F_FJAB AB ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?BIFNIF ?FN ABeBN >N>IgegKA>HF HBOFNIF O>UgI>NgK OcNBHIF LI>N>H U>NgI>NgKg DbOPBNBK ?FN AbKDc jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: GPS (EPVCMF TBZj = 1; TBZj > 0.001; TBZj /= 2) \ XSJUFMO(TBZj); ^ N26: !Q ?>jIgH >IPgKA> UQH>NgA> >KI>PgI>KI>N PBHKFH >_gA>K ALeNQ ABeFIAFN >J> GPS AbKDcOcKcK EBJBK EBJBK ?cPcK HQII>KgJI>NgKg H>NjgI>N. !Q, bVBIIFHIB "'ABK RBU> "++'P>K DBIBK MNLDN>J@gI>NgK HLAI>Ng F_FK DB_BNIFAFN. OIgKA> GPS AbKDcOcKcK KLHP>Ig RFNDcIIBNIB >UNgIJgj LI>K c_ ?bIDBOF JA=EFC: fIHFKF E>VgNIgH RB HLjQI ?bIcJIBNFKFK M>UI>jPgHI>Ng U>IKgV@> FHF ?bIDBOF R>NAgN. !Q ObV AFVFJFKFK >UNgKPgI>NgK> ?QN>A> DFNJBH UBNFKB, E>VgNIgH ?bIcJcKAB FHF ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>U>K >j>egA>HF HLAQ DbOPBNJBHIB UBPFKB@BeFJ: GPS (\ JOU J = 0; EPVCMF E = 0.5; ^ J < 10; ++J) \ XSJUFMO("J: ", J, ", E: ", E); E /= 2; ^ '>VgNIgH ?bIcJc O>Ng HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF >N>OgKA>HF ?bIDBAFN. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV LKQKI> HLjQIQK >N>OgKA> KLHP>Ig RFNDcI ULHPQN.

25.3

DL<5M<M< MK 0L:M;M 23 0=R 0P?/9P:/07:7?

&BNBHBK AQNQJI>NA> FOPBeB ?>eIg LI>N>H, ?Q ?bIcJIBN ?Lj ?gN>HgI>?FIFN: x !>VBK E>VgNIgH F_FK ?FN ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J>H DBNBHJBV _cKHc V>PBK P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBK HQII>KgI>@>HPgN

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x !>VBK AbKDcUc OLKI>KAgNJ>H F_FK AbKDc HLjQIQ UBNFKB AbKDc F_FKABHF CSFBL O>PgNI>NgKA>K U>N>NI>KgIgN x !>VBK AbKDcUc FIBNIBPJB >AgJg ?BIFNIF HLjQII>N> ?>eIg LI>N>H AbKDc F_FKAB U>MgI>?FIFN !cPcK ?bIcJIBN ?Lj ?gN>HgIAgegKA>, GPS AbKDcOc DA@DFK3 =363C >KI>JgK> DBIFN: GPS ( ; ; ) \ // ... ^ [UIB ?FN AbKDc, bNKBeFK U> EF_ _gHgIJ>U>@>H jBHFIAB, RBU> ?BIFNIF ?FN HLjQI DBN_BHIBjPFeFKAB CSFBL FIB _gHgI>@>H jBHFIAB P>O>NI>KJgj LI>?FIFN.

25.4

DL<5M 23N7R93<7<7< 53K3?:7 =:2BNB 9/>@/;

GPS FIB XIJMF 'gK PBH C>NHg, AbKDc E>VgNIgeg OgN>OgKA> P>KgJI>K>K FOJFK DB_BNIFIFH >I>KgAgN: GPS AbKDcOcKcK E>VgNIgH ?bIDBOFKAB P>KgJI>K>K FOFJ, U>IKgV@> AbKDc F_FKABHF H>MO>JA> DB_BNIFAFN (RB LKQK F_FKABHFIBNAB), Agj>NgA>HF H>MO>JA> ABeFI: GPS (JOU J = 0; J < 5; ++J) \ // ... ^ XSJUFMO(J); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // J CVSBEB HFdFSMJ EFhJMEJS

XIJMF AbKDcOcKAB FOB, FOFJ XIJMF 'gK A> F_FKAB ?QIQKAQeQ H>MO>JA> P>KgJI>KJgj LIAQeQ F_FK, XIJMF 'A>K _gHgIAgegKA> A> DB_BNIFIFeFKF HLNQN: JOU J = 0; XIJMF (J < 5) \ // ... ++J; ^ XSJUFMO(J); // n dBMjljS; J CVSBEB IcMc HFdFSMJEJS

GPS AbKDcOcKcK ?Q FOJFK DB_BNIFIFH >I>KgKg Hc_cH PQPQULN LIJ>Og, ?FN bK@BHF ABNOFK OLKQKA> >KI>PgI>KI>N> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, MNLDN>J@gIgH E>P>Og NFOHIBNFKF AB >V>IPgN.

25.5

&?=0:3;:3?
1. f_ F_B FHF GPS AbKDcOc HQII>K>N>H, BHN>K> O>PgN RB OcPQK KQJ>N>I>NgKg DbOPBNBK 9'> 9'IQH ?FN P>?IL U>VAgNgK: 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 0,1 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,1 7,1 8,1 0,2 1,2 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,2 7,2 8,2 0,3 1,3 2,3 3,3 4,3 5,3 6,3 7,3 8,3 0,4 1,4 2,4 3,4 4,4 5,4 6,4 7,4 8,4 0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5 7,5 8,5 0,6 1,6 2,6 3,6 4,6 5,6 6,6 7,6 8,6 0,7 1,7 2,7 3,7 4,7 5,7 6,7 7,7 8,7 0,8 1,8 2,8 3,8 4,8 5,8 6,8 7,8 8,8

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2. !FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> GPS AbKDcOc HQII>K>N>H RB * H>N>HPBNFKF DBNBHBK O>UgA> U>VAgN>N>H DBLJBPNFH jBHFIIBN _FVAFNFK: * ** *** **** ***** ****** ******* ******** *********

******** ******** ******** ******** ******** ******** ******** ******** ******** RO. ... QRKS?>7C

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OQ>S UX>7Q ?:

26

JK:M OR:3K :
: FjIB@F, PBJBIAB ?FN JG-FMTF ABUFJF DF?F _>IgjgN: JG (/* LPlVM */) \ /* EPhSVMVL JlMFNMFSJ */ ^ FMTF \ /* EPhSV PMNBNB JlMFNMFSJ */ ^ JG ABUFJF, HLjQI ALeNQ LIAQeQKA> ALeNQIQH FjIBJIBNFKF, >HOF AQNQJA> AFeBN FjIBJIBNF FjIBPFN. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, JG ?FN ABUFJAFN RB ?Q UcVABK HBKAF ABeBNF ULHPQN; PBH BPHFOF, MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjFKF BPHFIBJBOFAFN. : FjIB@F FOB ?FN ;83676;C RB JG-FMTF FIB >UKg FjF, >J> ?FN ABeBN cNBPB@BH jBHFIAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQ : HQII>K>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV (?bIcJ >_gHI>J>I>NgKg HgO>IP>N>H DbOPBNFULNQJ): /* LPlVM */ /* EPhSVMVL JlMFNJ */ : /* EPhSV PMNBNB JlMFNJ */

: FjIB@F c_ ?bIcJcKABHF c_ FC>AB UcVcKABK SQ>S ;X>7Q LI>N>H >AI>KAgNgIgN. !Q FjIB@FK ABeBNF; HLjQI> ?>eIg LI>N>H U> ALeNQIQH FjIBJFKFK, U> A> ALeNQ LIJ>J> FjIBJFKFK ABeBNFAFN. fC>AB LIAQeQ F_FK, FC>ABIBNFK HQII>KgI>?FIAFeF EBN UBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNAB >UKg FjF EBJ : FjIB@F FIB, EBJ AB JG ABUFJF FIB DBN_BHIBjPFNB@BeFJ. : FjIB@FKFK ?Q bNKBHIBNABHF DF?F AQNQJI>NA> _LH A>E> HgO> LIAQeQKQ DbNB@BHOFKFV. x A/./(0( NPgH UgI LIAQeQKA> 366, LIJ>AgegKA> 365 ABeBNF FIB FIHIBJBH F_FK: JOU HfO"EFEJ = BSUjL:jM 366 : 365;

UKg FjF JG FIB U>MJ>H FOPBOBH; ?FN ULI, ?>jP>K EF_ FIHIBJBJBH RB ABeBNF OLKN> RBNJBHPFN: JOU HfO"EFEJ; JG (BSUjL:jM) \ HfO"EFEJ = 366; ^ FMTF \ HfO"EFEJ = 365; ^ JG FIB ?>jH> ?FN ULI; ?>jP>K 3CEV= JV> ABeFIJFj DF?F FIHIBJBH RB >ABAF OLKN> ?FN >NPPgNJ>H LI>?FIFN: JOU HfO"EFEJ = 365; JG (BSUjL:jM) \ ++HfO"EFEJ; ^ x "$;'B40$ 7>VAgNgI>K ?FN JBO>GgK ?FN M>N_>OgKg : FIB AQNQJ> DbNB C>NHIg U>VAgNJ>H: XSJUFMO("#BSEBhjO ZBSjTj ", JZJNTFS "EPMV" : "CPl");

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OQ>S UX>7Q ?:

UKg FjF U>MJ>H F_FK JBO>GgK ?>j P>N>CgKg bK@B U>VAgN>?FIFN RB DBNFOFKF OLKN> JG FIB OB_B?FIFNFV: XSJUF("#BSEBhjO ZBSjTj "); JG (JZJNTFS) \ XSJUFMO("EPMV"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("CPl"); ^ JG FIB ?>jH> ?FN ULI, ?cPcK JBO>Gg C>NHIg LI>N>H U>VAgNJ>HPgN: JG (JZJNTFS) \ XSJUFMO("#BSEBhjO ZBSjTj EPMV"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("#BSEBhjO ZBSjTj CPl"); ^ x H(5$3 2>RI> MQ>KgKg J>NO LIQM LIJ>J> AQNQJQK> DbNB : FIB 2 RBU> 1 >NPPgNJ>H: UBWMB1VBOj += NBST0MEV 2 : 1;

JG FIB MQ>Kg AQNQJ> DbNB 2 RBU> 1 >NPPgNJ>H: JG (NBST0MEV) \ UBWMB1VBOj += 2; ^ FMTF \ UBWMB1VBOj += 1; ^ JG FIB ?>jH> ?FN ULI; ?>jP>K ?FN >NPPgNJ>H RB J>NO FOB ?FN HBNB A>E> >NPPgNJ>H LI>?FIFN: ++UBWMB1VBOj; JG (NBST0MEV) \ ++UBWMB1VBOj; ^ !Q bNKBHIBNABK DbNcIAcec DF?F HLA : FjIB@F FIB _LH A>E> HgO> LIJ>HP>AgN.

26.1

(3K7:3139 74/23:3?7< AM?:3?7 BEB;:B =:;/:P2P?

: FjIB@FKFK FC>AB ABeBNF, ABKBPIBKBK HLjQI> ?>eIg LI>N>H U> ALeNQ FC>ABOFKFK ABeBNFAFN, U> A> ALeNQ LIJ>J> FC>ABOFKFK. fjIB@FK HQII>KgJgKgK # HQN>II>NgK> DbNB DB_BNIF LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIJBOF F_FK ?Q FHF FC>ABKFK PcNIBNFKFK QUQJIQ LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF HgO"EFEJ ABeFjHBKF FIHIBKFNHBK OB_FIBK ABeBN, BSUkL:kM HLjQIQK> ?>eIg LI>N>H U> 366'AgN U> A> 365. !Q ABeBNIBNFK FHFOFKFK AB PcNc JOU LIAQeQ F_FK FC>AB DB_BNIFAFN. &B_BNIF LIJ>U>K ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H #AFIF %LNQJ'QK JBO>GI>NgKA>K ?FNFOFKB ?>H>IgJ. !>eIg LI>K HQII>Kg@g O>UgOg 1 LIAQeQKA> JBO>G "PBH" HBIFJBOF FIB U>VgIgN: "iQ >K 6(. HQII>Kg@g ?>eIg". *QII>Kg@g O>UgOg 1'ABK C>VI> LIAQeQKA> FOB N>H>JI> DbOPBNFIFN. [NKBeFK, "iQ >K 3 HQII>Kg@g ?>eIg".

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OQ>S UX>7Q ?:

. JBO>Gg HLAI>NHBK "PBH" RB 3 >N>OgKA>HF OB_FJF : FjIB@FUIB HLI>U@> DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIB@BeFJFVF AcjcKB?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO("kV BO ", (BEFU == 1) "UFL" : BEFU, " LVMMBOjDj CBhMj");

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

-B U>VgH HF L HLA U>O>I ABeFIAFN, _cKHc HLjQI OLKQ@QKA> OB_FIB@BH FHF FC>ABKFK PcNIBNF C>NHIgAgN: "UFL" ?FN TUSJOH LIAQeQ E>IAB, BEFU ?FN JOU 'PFN. ZbVcJ LI>N>H BEFU 'F AB TUSJOH 'B AbKcjPcNB?FIFNFV. TUE.DPOW JLAcIcKAB ?QIQK>K UP!TUSJOH FjIBRF, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FC>ABKFK TUSJOH H>NjgIgegKg cNBPFN: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... XSJUFMO("kV BO ", (BEFU == 1) " LVMMBOjDj CBhMj");

"UFL" : UP!TUSJOH(BEFU),

NPgH : FjIB@FKFK EBN FHF FC>ABOF AB >UKg PcNABK (TUSJOH ) LIAQeQ F_FK HLA E>P>OgV LI>N>H ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjgN.

26.2

&?=0:3;
x /NLDN>J HQII>Kg@gA>K ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBN >IOgK; ?Q ABeBNFK OgCgNA>K Hc_cH LIJ>Og K3C3C63 A>?3=, OgCgNA>K ?cUcH LIJ>Og A> =3K3@Q>V A>?3= >KI>JgK> DBIOFK. /NLDN>J RBNFIBK ABeBNB DbNB OLKQ "V>N>NA>OgKgV" RBU> "H>V>K_IgOgKgV" FIB ?FPBK ?FN JBO>G U>VAgNOgK. [NKBeFK "100 IFN> V>N>NA>OgKgV" RBU> "70 IFN> H>V>K_IgOgKgV". #>E> QUDQK DbNOBKFV ?FIB ?Q ABNOIB FIDFIF LI>?FIJBOF F_FK JG HLjQIQKQ HQII>KJ>UgK. ... QRKS?

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27

/FP? D3N3?:3?
/NLDN>JI>N FjIBNFKF ABeFjHBKIBNFK RB KBOKBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF HQII>K>N>H U>M>NI>N. #BeFjHBKIBNF RB KBOKBIBNF FjIB_IBNIB RB FjIBRIBNIB HQII>K>N>H UBKF ABeBNIBN cNBPFNIBN RB UBKF KBOKBIBN LIQjPQNQNI>N. !>Vg ABeBNIBNFK FOB EBO>MI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBV; LKI>N H>UK>H HLA F_FKB ALeNQA>K E>VgN LI>N>H U>VgIgNI>N. [NKBeFK jQ HLA M>N_>OgKA>HF FjIBJIBN OgN>OgKA> HQII>KgI>K 0.75 HBOFNIF O>Ug ABeBNF RB "5PQMBN GJZBU: " O>?FP AFVDFOF HLA F_FKB MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K E>VgN LI>N>H U>VgIJgjPgN: ehSFODJ'JZBUj = CJMFU'JZBUj * 0.75; GJZBU += ehSFODJ4BZjTj * ehSFODJ'JZBUj; XSJUFMO("5PQMBN GJZBU: ", GJZBU); !Q PcN ABeBNIBNB :3KVC 67T7C ABKFN. iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV MNLDN>JI>NA> V>PBK _LH O>UgA> E>VgN ABeBN HQII>KAgH. !Q ABNOPB E>VgN ABeBNIBNFK ?cPcK _BjFPIBNFKF RB ObV AFVFJIBNFKF DbNB@BeFV.

27.1

)/;@/EP:/?
2>JO>UgI>Ng AbNP ABeFjFH O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB U>V>?FIFNOFKFV: &cKIcH E>U>PgJgVA> HQII>KAgegJgV A@>F O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB, ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> A>E> QUDQK LI>K A@3>EV>V RBU> ;=;>; O>Ug OFOPBJIBNFKAB, RB K>AFN LI>N>H D7=;K>; O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB. !cPcK P>JO>Ug ABeBNIBNFKFK N>H>JI>NgKgK >N>I>NgK>, FOPBAFeFKFV O>UgA>, FOPBAFeFKFV UBNIBNFKB, RB EBNE>KDF >J>_I>; bNKBeFK LHQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK @ H>N>HPBNIBNF UBNIBjPFNB?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK, N>H>JI>Ng c_BN c_BN >UgNJ>H F_FK: 1@234@567 . !Q H>N>HPBNIBN P>J>JBK MNLDN>J@gKgK FOPBeFKB ?>eIgAgN RB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K DbV>NAg BAFIFNIBN. O1/7 5$:B 5,56(0,1'(: &cKIcH E>U>PgJgVA> HQII>KAgegJgV DF?F, LKIQ N>H>JI>NI> U>VgIgN. [NKBH: 12 . .KIQ ABeBNIBNFK FIH N>H>Jg 0 LI>J>V. !QKQK KBABKF, 0 FIB ?>jI>U>K E>VgN ABeBNIBNFK _LeQ ?>jH> AFIAB OBHFVIF O>Ug OFOPBJFKB >UNgIJgj LIJ>OgAgN. !Q HLKQA>HF H>NgjgHIgHI>NA>K ALe>?FIB@BH LI>K E>P>I>Ng bKIBJBH F_FK #'AB P>JO>Ug E>VgN ABeBNIBNF 0 FIB ?>jI>U>J>V. O1$/6B/B 5$:B 5,56(0,1'(: 0Y RBU> 09 FIB ?>jI>U>N>H RB LK>IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKFK N>H>JI>Ng LI>K "0123456789>?@ABC" RB " !"#$%" FIB U>VgIgN. [NKBH: 0Y12BC00GF . S(.,;/, 5$:B 5,56(0,1'(: TUE.DPOW JLAcIcKABHF PDUBM FIB RB OBHFVIF O>Ug OFOPBJFKFK N>H>JI>Ng LI>K "01234567" FIB U>VgIgN. [NKBH: PDUBM!576 . A.,/, 5$:B 5,56(0,1'(: 0C RBU> 0# FIB ?>jI>U>N>H RB FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJFKFK N>H>JI>Ng LI>K 0 RB 1 FIB U>VgIgN. [NKBH: 0C01100011 .

27.1.1

)/;@/EP 23N3?:3?7< AM?:3?7

'BN ABeBNFK LIAQeQ DF?F, #'AB E>VgN ABeBNIBNFK AB PcNIBNF R>NAgN. '>VgN ABeBNIBNFK PcNIBNF JOU , EPVCMF , RO. DF?F >_gH_> U>VgIJ>V; ABNIBUF@F, PcNc E>VgN ABeBNFK U>VgJgKA>K >KI>N. '>VgN ABeBNIBNFK PcNIBNFKFK >OIgKA> MNLDN>J@g >_gOgKA>K _LH ?cUcH ?FN bKBJF ULHPQN. !>VBK PcN, E>VgN ABeBNFK F_FKAB HQII>KgIAgeg FC>ABUB QUJ>U>?FIFN RB ABNIBUF@F QU>Ng RBNFN. [UIB AQNQJI>NA> >j>egA>HF ?FIDFIBNABK U>N>NI>K>N>H E>VgN ABeBNFK PcNcKc >_gH_> ?BIFNPJBKFV DBNBHB?FIFN. 2>JO>Ug E>VgN ABeBNIBNFK bK@BIFHIB JOU PcNcKAB LIAQHI>Ng R>NO>UgIgN. $eBN ABeBN ?FN JOU 'B OgeJ>U>@>H H>A>N ?cUcHOB, ABNIBUF@F jQ jBHFIAB H>N>N RBNFN:

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x JOU 'B OgeJ>U>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH LI>K ABeBN LKIQ OFOPBJAB U>VgIJgjO>, MPOH 'AQN x JOU 'B OgeJ>U>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH LI>K ABeBN ?>jH> ?FN O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB U>VgIJgjO>, bK@BIFHIB VJOU 'PFN, LK> A> OgeJgULNO> MPOH 'AQN, LK> A> OgeJgULNO> VMPOH 'AQN !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK A>E> bK@B beNBKAFeFJFV UZQFPG 'P>K RB TUSJOHPG 'P>K U>N>NI>K>K jQ MNLDN>Jg HQII>K>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("=O--- CVOMBS POMV PMBSBL ZB[jMEjMBS ---"); // JOU'F TjhEjhj JdJO JOU XSJUFMO( 2@147@483@647, "=U=U", UZQFPG(2@147@483@647).TUSJOHPG); // JOU'F TjhNBEjhj WF POMV PMBSBL ZB[jMEjhj JdJO MPOH XSJUFMO( 2@147@483@648, "=U=U", UZQFPG(2@147@483@648).TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO("=O--- CVOMBS POMV PMBSBL ZB[jM."EjMBS ---"); // JOU'F TjhEjhj JdJO JOU XSJUFMO( 0Y7'''@'''', "=U=U", UZQFPG(0Y7'''@'''').TUSJOHPG); // JOU'F TjhNBEjhj WF POMV PMBSBL ZB[jMNBEjhj JdJO VJOU XSJUFMO( 0Y8000@0000, "=U=U", UZQFPG(0Y8000@0000).TUSJOHPG); // VJOU'F TjhNBEjhj WF POMV PMBSBL ZB[jMNBEjhj JdJO MPOH XSJUFMO( 0Y1@0000@0000, "=U=U", UZQFPG(0Y1@0000@0000).TUSJOHPG); // MPOH'B TjhNBEjhj WF POMV PMBSBL ZB[jMNBEjhj JdJO VMPOH XSJUFMO( 0Y8000@0000@0000@0000, "=U=U", UZQFPG(0Y8000@0000@0000@0000).TUSJOHPG);

ZgHPgOg: --- CVOMBS POMV PMBSBL ZB[kMEkMBS --2147483647 JOU 2147483648 MPOH --- CVOMBS POMV PMBSBL ZB[kM."EkMBS --2147483647 JOU 2147483648 VJOU 4294967296 MPOH 9223372036854775808 VMPOH

27.1.2

- @=< 397
#BeBNFK ?cUcHIcecKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H, BeBN ABeBNFK OLKQKA> ?FN - H>N>HPBNF R>NO>, PcNc MPOH 'AQN. [NKBH: 10- .

27.1.3

6 @=< 397
#BeBNFK ?cUcHIcecKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H, BeBN ABeBNFK OLKQKA> ?FN 6 H>N>HPBNF R>NO>, Fj>NBPOFV ?FN PcNAcN. [NKBH: 106 'KQK PcNc VJOU 'PFN. *c_cH E>NC V A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

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- RB 6 H>N>HPBNIBNF ?FNIFHPB RB OgN>I>NgKgK bKBJF LIJ>A>K A> HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK 76- 'KFK RB 8-6 'KQK FHFOFKFK AB PcNIBNF VMPOH 'AQN.

27.2

"3@7?:7 @/EP:/?
*BOFNIF O>UgI>N LKIQ O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB RBU> LK>IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB U>VgI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK LKIQ LI>N>H 1.234 RBU> LK>IPgIg LI>N>H 0Y9B.CD . O1/7 5$:B 5,56(0,1'(: 1>UgKgK U>KgK>, F RBU> & ?BIFNPB@FKABK OLKN> "_>NMg 10 cVBNF" >KI>JgK> DBIBK ?FN _>NM>K BHIBKB?FIFN. [NKBeFK 3.4F5 , "3.4 _>NMg 10 cVBNF 5" >KI>JgKA>AgN. !Q ?BIFNPB_PBK OLKN> ?FN + H>N>HPBNF AB U>VgI>?FIFN >J> LKQK ?FN BPHFOF ULHPQN. [NKBeFK, 5.6F2 FIB 5.6F+2 >UKg >KI>JA>AgN. !BIFNPB_PBK OLKN> DBIBK - H>N>HPBNFKFK BPHFOF R>NAgN RB "10 cVBNF L H>A>N ABeBNB ?bIcKB@BH" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. [NKBeFK 7.8F-3 , "7.8 ?bIc 10 cVBNF 3" >KI>JgKA>AgN. O1$/6B/B 5$:B 5,56(0,1'(: 1>Ug 0Y RBU> 09 FIB ?>jI>N; KLHP>A>K bK@BHF RB OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNF LK>IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKFK N>H>JI>NgUI> U>VgIgN. F RB & AB LK>IPgIg OFOPBJAB DB_BNIF N>H>JI>N LIAQHI>NgKA>K, cO ?BIFNPB@F LI>N>H ?>jH> ?FN E>NC HQII>KgIgN: Q (RBU> 1 ). !>jH> ?FN C>NH, ?Q ?BIFNPB_PBK OLKN> DBIBK ABeBNFK "10 cVBNF" ABeFI, "2 cVBNF" >KI>JgK> DBIJBOFAFN. [NKBeFK 0YBCD.EFG14 'cK OLKQKA>HF ?BIFNPB_, "2 cVBNF 4 FIB _>NMgI>@>H" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. *BOFNIF O>Ug ABeBNIBN EBJBK EBJBK EBN V>J>K F_FK ?FN KLHP> F_BNFNIBN, >J> ?BIFNPB_ R>NO> KLHP>U> DBNBH ULHPQN. [NKBeFK 2F3 , 2000 ABeBNFKAB ?FN HBOFNIF O>UgAgN. -LHP>A>K bK@BHF ABeBN 0 FOB U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK .25 , "_BUNBH" >KI>JgKA> ?FN HBOFNIF O>Ug ABeBNFAFN. &bV>NAg BAFIBK @ H>N>HPBNIBNFKF HBOFNIF O>UgI>NI> A> HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: 1@000.5

27.2.1

"3@7?:7 @/EP 23N3?:3?7< AM?:3?7

*BOFNIF ABeBNIBN bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJBJFjOB EPVCMF PcNcKABAFN. 1LKI>NgK> G RBU> ' BHIBKFNOB, GMPBU ; - BHIBKFNOB SFBM LIQNI>N. [NKBeFK 1.2 EPVCMF 'AgN, 3.4G GMPBU 'PQN, RB 5.6- SFBM 'AFN.

27.3

"/?/9A3?:3?
*>N>HPBN PcNcKABHF E>VgN ABeBNIBN EBN V>J>K F_FK PBH PgNK>HI>N >N>OgKA> U>VgIgNI>N. [NKBeFK 'B' , '=O' , '=Y21' . K$4$.6(4,1 .(1',5, 2/$4$.: 2BH PgNK>HI>N >N>OgK> H>N>HPBNFK HBKAFOF HI>RUBABK U>VgI>?FIFN RBU> ?>jH> ?FN JBPFKABK HLMU>I>K>?FIFN: 'B' , 'm' , RO. K$4$.6(4 %(/,46(&, 2/$4$.: 2BNO ?bIc Fj>NBPFKABK OLKN> ?FN H>N>HPBN ?BIFNPB@F HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK PBNO ?bIc H>N>HPBNFKFK HBKAFOF '==' jBHIFKAB U>VgIgN. *>N>HPBN ?BIFNPB_IBNF jQKI>NAgN:

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:B[kNk =' =" = == =B =C =G =O =S =U =W

"OMBNk UFL UjSOBL dJGU UjSOBL TPSV JlBSFUJ UFST CeMf VZBSj LBSBLUFSJ (CB[j PSUBNMBSEB [JM TFTJ) TJMNF LBSBLUFSJ TBZGB TPOV TBUjS TPOV BZOj TBUjSjO CBljOB HeUfSfS CJS TPOSBLJ TFLNF BEjNjOB HeUfSfS CJS TPOSBLJ EflFZ TFLNF BEjNjOB HeUfSfS

G(1,C/(6,/0,C ASCII .$4$.6(4 .2'7 2/$4$.: *>N>HPBNIBNF ALeNQA>K HLAI>Ng FIB ?BIFNPB?FIFNOFKFV. 7QH>NgA> P>JO>UgI>N ?>jIgegKA> >KI>PgI>KI>N> QUDQK LI>N>H, HLAQ =Y FIB ?>jI>U>K 2 E>KBIF LK>IPgIg O>Ug LI>N>H RBU> = FIB ?>jI>U>K 3 E>KBUB H>A>N OBHFVIF O>Ug LI>N>H U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK '=Y21' RB '=41' cKIBJ Fj>NBPF H>N>HPBNFKFK FHF C>NHIg U>VgJgAgN. 1,&2'( .$4$.6(4 .2'7 2/$4$.: V H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> 4 LK>IPgIg N>H>J LI>N>H U>VgIgNO> PcNc XDIBS LIQN; 6 H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> 8 LK>IPgIg N>H>J LI>N>H U>VgIgNO> PcNc EDIBS LIQN. [NKBeFK '=V011F' RB '=60000011F' d H>N>HPBNFKFK OgN>OgUI> XDIBS RB EDIBS PcNcKAB LI>K ABeBNFAFN. A5,0/, .$4$.6(4 2/$4$.: fOFJIBNF LI>K H>N>HPBNIBNF #'KFK FOFJIF H>N>HPBNIBN IFOPBOFKAB DbOPBNFIBK FOFJIBNFUIB RB '=&5+;+5=/;*3<73;' ObV AFVFJFUIB U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK '=&FVSP;' y, '=&IFBSUT;' , RB '=&DPQZ;' AB X H>N>HPBNFAFN.

27.4

D7F57:3?
'>VgN AFVDFIBN O>?FP H>N>HPBNIBNFK ?FIBjFJIBNFKABK LIQjQNI>N RB _LH O>UgA> C>NHIg ObV AFVFJFUIB U>VgI>?FIFNIBN.

27.4.1

H74A AP?</9:/? /?/@P<2/ E/FP:/< 27F57:3?

#FVDFIBNFK ?>jH> AFIIBNAB AB ?QIQK>K BK U>UDgK U>VgJg, _FCP PgNK>HI>N >N>OgKA> U>VgIJ>I>NgAgN: bNKBeFK "NFSIBCB" . !Q jBHFIAB U>VgIAgegKA>, F_FKABHF H>N>HPBNIBN UQH>NgA>HF H>N>HPBN U>VgJI>NgK> QUDQK LI>N>H U>VgIgNI>N. [NKBeFK, DbOPBNJBH >J>@gUI> UQH>NgA>HF H>N>HPBN O>?FPIBNFKABK ?>VgI>NgKg F_BNBK ""4 LB=V011GkU: 3=&GSBD12;5-" AFVDFOF, ""4 LBikU: 3`5-" KFK BjABeBNFAFN.

27.4.2

G r!nd!"! gibi #kan 27F57:3?

2BNO PgNK>H Fj>NBPIBNF >N>OgKA> U>VgI>K AFVDFIBNFK F_FKABHF H>N>HPBNIBN, UQH>NgA> H>N>HPBN O>?FPIBNFUIB FIDFIF LI>N>H >KI>PgI>K HQN>II>N FjIBPFIJBABK, DbNcIAcHIBNF >KI>J> DBIFNIBN. [NKBeFK AD:=OVSUFOA jBHIFKAB U>VgI>K AFVDF, 5FKALSO FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKAB ?FN HI>ObN FOJF LI>?FIFN. .UO> _FCP PgNK>HI>N >N>OgKA> U>VgIJgj LIO>, AFVDFKFK F_FKAB DB_BK '=O' , D3EVC DA@F >KI>JgK> DBIFNAF: XSJUFMO(AD:=OVSUFOA); XSJUFMO("D:=OVSUFO");

D:=OVSUFO D: VSUFO

p HfSgOEgig HJCJ p TBUkS TPOV PMBSBL BOMBmkMBO LBSBLUFS

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&bNcKAcec DF?F _gH>K AFVDFIBNFK AFeBN ?FN U>VgJ jBHIF, _FCP PgNK>HI>N HQII>KJ>H, >J> bK@BOFKB ?FN S ?BIFNPB@F BHIBJBHPFN: S"D:=OVSUFO" AB DbNcKAcec DF?F >KI>jgIgN.
27.4.3

%</:AP:P @7@A3;23 E/FP:/< 27F57:3?

*>N>HPBNIBNFKFK HLAI>Ng LK>IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB U>VgI>@>H LI>K AFVDFIBNFK EBN H>N>HPBNFKFK ?>jgK> =Y U>VJ>H UBNFKB, ?>jgK> Y ?BIFNPB@F DBIBK AFVDFIBN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. '>PP> ?Q AFVDFIBNFK F_FKB LHQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H >J>@gUI> ?LjIQHI>N A> U>VgI>?FIFN. !Q ?LjIQHI>N ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K DbV>NAg BAFIFNIBN. [NKBeFK "=Y44=Y64=Y69=Y6D=Y69" UBNFKB Y"44 64 69 6D 69" U>VgI>?FIFN.

27.4.4

AE?/K:P 27F57:3?
ZFCP PgNK>HI>NgK EBJBK F_FKB DBIJBH HLjQIQUI>, AFVDFKFK M>N_>Og LIJ>U>K >UN>_I>N UBNIBjPFNB?FIFNOFKFV. UN>_Ig AFVDFIBNAB _FCP PgNK>HI>NA>K bK@B R H>N>HPBNF DBIFN: R".NFSIBCB." AFVDFOFKFK ABeBNF "JBNE>?>"AgN; KLHP>I>N ABeBNB >FP ABeFIIBNAFN. 'BJBK OLKN>Og O>PgN OLKQK> DBIJBH HLjQIQUI>, >UN>_I>Ng ObV@cHIBN LI>N>H A> ?BIFNIBUB?FIFNOFKFV: XSJUFMO(R"":3"` CJSJODJ TBUjS JLJODJ TBUjS ":3"`"); !Q bNKBHPBHF 70 Z ObV@cec AFVDFKFK M>N_>Og ABeFIAFN:

CJSJODJ TBUkS JLJODJ TBUkS

27.4.5

D 9=2B 27F57:3?7
7FKB ?>jgKA> R H>N>HPBNF LIJ>H cVBNB, \ RB ^ H>N>HPBNIBNF >N>OgKA> U>O>I # HLAQ F_BNBK AFVDFIBN U>VgI>?FIFN: BVUP EJ[HJ = R\JOU TBZj = 42; ++TBZj;^; XSJUFMO(EJ[HJ); ZgHPgOg: JOU TBZk = 42; ++TBZk;

27.4.6

D7F57 23N3?:3?7< AM?:3?7

#FVDFIBN bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJBAFeFKAB JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> PcNcKABAFNIBN. 1LKI>NgK> BHIBKBK D , X , RB E H>N>HPBNIBNF AFVDFKFK PcNcKc OgN>OgUI> JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> , JNNVUBCMF(XDIBS)<> , RB JNNVUBCMF(EDIBS)<> LI>N>H ?BIFNIBN. [NKBeFK "NFSIBCB"E AFVDFOFKFK H>N>HPBNIBNF JNNVUBCMF(EDIBS) PcNcKABAFNIBN. !Q c_ PcNcK OgN>OgUI> TUSJOH , XTUSJOH , RB ETUSJOH LI>K P>HJ> FOFJIBNFKF #FVDFIBN ABNOFKAB beNBKJFjPFKFV.

27.5

/FP? 23N3?:3? 23?:3;3 F/;/<P<2/ 63@/>:/<P?:/?

'>VgN ABeBNIBNF FjIBJ E>IFKAB AB U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK .@>H >UgKA>HF PLMI>J O>KFUB ABeBNFKF 2678400 RBU> 2@678@400 LI>N>H U>VJ>H UBNFKB, ABeBNFK ALeNQIQeQKA>K BJFK LIJ>JgV> U>N>U>K 60 * 60 * 24 * 31 jBHIFKAB AB U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. f_FKAB _>NMJ> FjIB_IBNF LIO> A>, L

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FjIBJ MNLDN>JgKgVgK _>IgjJ> EgVgKg AcjcNJBV; E>VgN ABeBN, ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> UFKB AB 2678400 LI>N>H EBO>MI>KgN RB O>KHF OFV bUIB U>VJgjOgKgV DF?F ABNIBKFN. UKg AQNQJ AFVDF E>VgN ABeBNIBNF F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. [NKBeFK "NFSIBCB " _ "EgOZB" U>VgJgKA>HF 6;K9; 4;C>7XE;C?7 FjIBJF _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> ABeFI, ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> U>MgIAgeg F_FK MNLDN>JgKgV O>KHF "JBNE>?> AcKU>" U>VgIJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjgN.

27.6

&?=0:3;:3?
1. j>egA>HF O>PgN ABNIBKBJBV: JOU NJLUBS = 10@000@000@000; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BNIBJB E>P>OgKg DFABNFK RB NJLUBS 'gK LK JFIU>N> BjFP LIJ>OgKg O>eI>UgK. 2. !FN P>JO>UgKgK ABeBNFKF OLKOQV ?FN AbKDcAB >NPPgN>K RB ?QKQ BHN>K> U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK. #bKDcKcK EBN PBHN>NgKA> O>UgKgK ABeBNF BHN>K> U>VAgNgIAgeg E>IAB, U>VgI>K ABeBN EBM >UKg O>PgNA> _gHOgK: 4BZk: 25774 p IFQ BZOk TBUkSkO gTUgOF ZB[kMTkO

!QKQK F_FK UQH>NgA>HF bVBI H>N>HPBN ?BIFNPB_IBNFKABK ?FNFOF FjFKFVB U>N>U>@>H; '=O' LIJ>Ageg >_gH EBNE>IAB... :L) ... QRKS?>7C

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28

HP9AP DMF3<7
#FeBN ABNOIBNABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, ?Q ?bIcJ # AFIFKFK F_ LI>K>HI>NgUI> FIDFIF ABeFI. !QN>A> >KI>PgI>KI>N P>J>JBK HcPcME>KB LI>K>HI>Ng LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFjIBNAFN RB /EL?LO'QK _gHPg AcVBKF F_FK HQII>KAgeg TUE.GPSNBU JLAcIcKcK LI>K>HI>NgAgN. #'KFK DFNFj RB _gHgj F_FK HQII>KAgeg AcVBK ?BIFNPB_IBNFKFK PBJBIAB " AFIFKABHFIBN DF?F LIAQeQKQ >J> ?>Vg C>NHI>Ng ?QIQKAQeQKQ DbNB@BHOFKFV. !FN R@ :3EVC>3E?3 LI>N>H ?cPcK AcVBK AFVDFOF H>N>HPBNIBNF >j>egA>HF P>?ILA>HF DF?FAFN: "ZBS ,BSBLUFSMFSJ (CJSEFO GB[MB LVMMBOjMBCJMJS) TPMB EBZBMj + JlBSFUMJ # di(er lFLJMEF 0 TPMEB 0'Mj bo+luk TPMEB CPlMVLMV %g[FO ,BSBLUFSMFSJ T CFMJSUFdTJ[ HJCJ C JLJMJ E POMV P TFLJ[MJ Y,9 POBMUjMj F,& PO f[FSJMJ G,' WJSHfMMf H,( F WFZB G HJCJ B," POBMUjMj LFTJSMJ iFJAFUB H>A>N _gHPg F_FK XSJUFMO DF?F FjIBRIBNF DBNBHPFeFKAB ?FNABK C>VI> M>N>JBPNBUIB HQII>KJgjPgH. !Q M>N>JBPNBIBN LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H H>N>HPBN BjABeBNIBNFKB AbKcjPcNcIBNBH OgN>UI> _gHgj> DbKABNFIFULNI>NAg. !>VBK ?Q UBPBNIF ABeFIAFN. ZgHPgKgK ?BIFNIF ?FN AcVBKB QUJ>Og DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN C>PQN>KgK J>AABIBNFKF U>VAgN>K jQ HLA> ?>H>IgJ: GBUVSB.BEEFMFSJ _= 1.23; GBUVSB.BEEFMFSJ _= 45.6; GPS (JOU J = 0; J != GBUVSB.BEEFMFSJ.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUFMO(".BEEF ", J + 1, ": ", GBUVSB.BEEFMFSJ<J>); ^ ZgHPgOg: .BEEF 1: 1.23 .BEEF 2: 45.6 .UO> C>PQN>A>HF ABeBNIBNFK ?BIFNIF ?FN AcVBKAB, bNKBeFK EBN V>J>K F_FK RFNDcIABK OLKN> FHF E>KBUIB RB DBKFj ?FN >I>KA> O>e> A>U>Ig LI>N>H U>VgIJ>I>Ng LHQJ> >_gOgKA>K bKBJIF LI>?FIFN. (%AE: B7@ 4F 67CDE7 9S@>S= =F>>3@V?3 FJ9F@ A>3C3= "G;C9S>" 6;J757T;?; 3?3 =7D;C>; D3JV>3C63 G;C9S> J7C;@7 @A=E3 =3C3=E7C; =F>>3@V>VC.): .BEEF 1: .BEEF 2: 1.23 45.60

fjPB _gHPg AcVBKF, ?bUIB HLKQI>NA> U>N>N O>eI>N. iFJAFUB H>A>N HQII>KAgegJgV _gHPg FjIBRIBNFKFK FOJFKAB G E>NCF DB_BK H>NjgIgHI>Ng A> R>NAgN: XSJUFG() RB XSJUFGMO() . fOFJIBNFKABHF G E>NCF

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MV=EV DSK7@;

"AcVBK, ?F_FJ" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "CLNJ>P"gK HgO>IPJ>OgAgN. !Q FjIBRIBNFK FIH M>N>JBPNBOF AFeBN M>N>JBPNBIBNFK K>OgI U>VAgNgI>@>HI>NgKg ?BIFNIBUBK 6SK7@ 6;K9;D;6;C. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF _gHPgUg RBNBK ?FN AcVBK AFVDFOF XSJUFGMO FIB jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: XSJUFGMO(".BEEF %E:%9.02G", J + 1, GBUVSB.BEEFMFSJ<J>); #cVBK AFVDFOF, KLNJ>I H>N>HPBNIBNABK RB bVBI AcVBK ?BIFNPB_IBNFKABK LIQjQN. 'BN AcVBK ?BIFNPB@F % H>N>HPBNFUIB ?>jI>N RB ?FN 6SK7@ =3C3=E7C; FIB ?FPBN. 7QH>NgA>HF AFVDFAB FHF P>KB AcVBK ?BIFNPB@F R>N: %E RB %9.02G . 'BN ?BIFNPB_, AcVBK AFVDFOFKABK OLKN> RBNFIBK M>N>JBPNBIBNIB OgN> FIB BjIBjFN. [NKBeFK %E FIB J + 1 , RB %9.02G FIB GBUVSB.BEEFMFSJ<J> ... 'BN ?BIFNPB_, BjIBjPFeF M>N>JBPNBKFK _gHPg AcVBKFKF ?BIFNIBN. (#cVBK ?BIFNPB_IBNFKAB M>N>JBPNB KQJ>N>I>Ng A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !QKQ >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ.) #cVBK AFVDFOF F_FKAB ?QIQK>K RB ?BIFNPB_IBNB >FP LIJ>U>K H>N>HPBNIBN, LIAQHI>Ng DF?F U>VAgNgIgNI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF AFVDF F_FKABHF @AC?3> H>N>HPBNIBNF HgNJgVg NBKHIB jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: " .BEEF %E :%9.02G" . #cVBK ?BIFNPB@F, _LeQKQK ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHJBUBK >IPg M>N_>A>K LIQjQN. !Q ?bIcJIBNABK ?FNFOF LI>K @F?3C3'Ug A>E> >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ. #FeBN ?Bj ?bIcJ jQKI>NAgN (%AE: A=F?3JV =A>3J>3XEVC?3= ;Q;@ 3C3>3CV@63 4AX>F= =F>>3@VJACF?; 4F 4R>S?>7C 3D>V@63 4;E;X;= A>3C3= J3KV>VC>3C): % +B+;*5+;+5=/;6/;3 1/83P635 .>B+;6N5 .KC/8*5+;+5=/;3

!>jP>HF % H>N>HPBNFKFK RB OLKA>HF AcVBK H>N>HPBNFKFK U>VgIJ>Og j>NPPgN, AFeBNIBNF FOB FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN. % H>N>HPBNFKFK ?bUIB bVBI ?FN >KI>Jg LIAQeQ F_FK, _gHPgA> % H>N>HPBNFKFK HBKAFOF U>VAgNgIJ>H FOPBKAFeFKAB %% jBHIFKAB _FCP LI>N>H U>VgIgN.

28.1

d!zen_karakteri
C : 2>JO>Ug, FHFIF O>Ug AcVBKFKAB U>VAgNgIgN. P : 2>JO>Ug, OBHFVIF O>Ug AcVBKFKAB U>VAgNgIgN. Y RB 9 : 2>JO>Ug, LK>IPgIg O>Ug AcVBKFKAB U>VAgNgIgN; Y F_FK Hc_cH E>NCIBN, 9 F_FK ?cUcH E>NCIBN HQII>KgIgN. E : 2>JO>Ug, LKIQ OFOPBJAB U>VAgNgIgN; BeBN Fj>NBPIF ?FN PcNOB RB ABeBNF OgCgNA>K Hc_cHOB, ?>jgK> BHOF Fj>NBPF DBIFN; >HOF AQNQJA> Fj>NBPOFV ?FN PcN DF?F U>VAgNgIgN. JOU EFhFS = 12; XSJUFGMO("iLJMJ : XSJUFGMO("4FLJ[MJ : XSJUFGMO("0OBMUjMj: XSJUFGMO("0OEBMjL : %C", %P", %Y", %E", EFhFS); EFhFS); EFhFS); EFhFS);

jLJMJ : 4FLJ[MJ : 0OBMUkMk: 0OEBMkL :

1100 14 D 12

F : *BOFNIF O>Ug, >j>egA>HF ?bIcJIBNABK LIQj>@>H jBHFIAB U>VAgNgIgN.

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x x x x x x

RFNDcIABK bK@B PBH E>KB 6FJ3C>V= 0 ABeFIOB RFNDcI RFNDcIABK OLKN> 6FJ3C>V= >ABP E>KB (R>NO>UgI>K AQU>NIgH 6'AgN) F H>N>HPBNF ("10 cVBNF" >KI>JgKA>) cO OgCgNA>K Hc_cHOB - , ABeFIOB + H>N>HPBNF BK >V FHF E>KB LI>N>H cO ABeBNF

& : F FIB >UKg AcVBKAB, >J> _gHPgA> & E>NCFUIB G RB ' : *BOFNIF O>Ug, LKIQ OFOPBJAB U>VAgNgIgN; RFNDcIABK bK@B BK >V ?FN E>KB ?QIQKQN; R>NO>UgI>K AQU>NIgH 6'AgN. H : *BOFNIF O>Ug, BeBN cO ABeBNF -5 FIB 6FJ3C>V= >N>OgKA> LI>@>HO>, G DF?F; ABeFIOB F DF?F U>VAgNgIgN. 6FJ3C>V= RFNDcIABK OLKN>OgKg ABeFI, ?BIFNDFK E>KB O>UgOgKg ?BIFNPFN; RFNDcIABK OLKN> ?BIFNDFK E>KB ULHO> RFNDcI AB U>VAgNgIJ>V; RFNDcIABK OLKN> BK O>eA>HF OgCgNI>N U>VAgNgIJ>VI>N. ( : H FIB >UKg AcVBKAB, >J> & RBU> ' HQII>KgIJgj DF?F U>VAgNgIgN B : *BOFNIF O>Ug, LK>IPgIg OFOPBJAB RB >j>egA>HF ?bIcJIBNABK LIQj>@>H jBHFIAB U>VAgNgIgN: x 0Y H>N>HPBNIBNF x PBH LK>IPgIg E>KB x x x x x 6FJ3C>V= 0 ABeFIOB RFNDcI RFNDcIABK OLKN> 6FJ3C>V= >ABP E>KB, RBU> 6FJ3C>V= ?BIFNPFIJBJFjOB DBNBHPFeF H>A>N E>KB Q H>N>HPBNF ("2 cVBNF" >KI>JgKA>) cOOcK ABeBNFKB DbNB - RBU> + H>N>HPBNF BK >V ?FN E>KB LI>N>H cO ABeBNF; (0 ABeBNFKFK cO ABeBNF 0'AgN)

" : B FIB >UKg AcVBKAB, >J> _gHPgA> 09 RB 1 H>N>HPBNIBNFUIB EPVCMF EFhFS = 123.456789; XSJUFGMO("F XSJUFGMO("G XSJUFGMO("H XSJUFGMO("B JMF: JMF: JMF: JMF: %F", %G", %H", %B", EFhFS); EFhFS); EFhFS); EFhFS);

F G H B

JMF: JMF: JMF: JMF:

1.234568F+02 123.456789 123.457 0Y1.FEE3D07FF0C0CQ+6

T : />N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNF; AcVBK AFVDFOF HQII>KgIJ>Ageg V>J>KA>HF DF?F, PcNcKB QUDQK LI>K jBHFIAB U>VAgNgIgN: x x x x CPPM PcNIBN USVF RBU> GBMTF LI>N>H P>JO>UgI>N %E DF?F HBOFNIF O>UgI>N %H DF?F AFVDFIBN 32%-8 HLAI>J>OgUI>; 6FJ3C>V=, BK C>VI> H>_ ?>UP HQII>KgI>@>egKg ?BIFNIBN (32%-8 HLAI>J>OgKA> H>N>HPBN O>UgOgUI> ?>UP O>UgOgKgK BjFP LIJ>U>?FIB@BHIBNFKF E>PgNI>UgK; bNKBeFK ">e" AFVDFOF PLMI>J 3 ?>UP QVQKIQeQKA> 2 H>N>HPBNABK LIQjQN) x U>Mg RB OgKgC KBOKBIBNF, PcNcK UP4USJOH() cUB FjIBRFKFK cNBPPFeF AFVDF LI>N>H; 6FJ3C>V=, BK C>VI> H>_ ?>UP HQII>KgI>@>egKg ?BIFNIBN x AFVFIBN, BIBJ>KI>Ng U>K U>K> OgN>I>K>N>H CPPM C = USVF; JOU J = 365; EPVCMF E = 9.87;

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MV=EV DSK7@;

TUSJOH T = "Ef[FOMJ"; BVUP O = 'JMF("EFOFNF@EPTZBTJ", "S"); JOU<> E[ = < 2, 4, 6, 8 >; XSJUFGMO("CPPM : XSJUFGMO("JOU : XSJUFGMO("EPVCMF: XSJUFGMO("TUSJOH: XSJUFGMO("OFTOF : XSJUFGMO("EJ[J : %T", %T", %T", %T", %T", %T", C); J); E); T); O); E[);

CPPM : JOU : EPVCMF: TUSJOH: OFTOF : EJ[J :

USVF 365 9.87 Eg[FOMJ 'JMF(55738'"0) <2, 4, 6, 8>

28.2

geni$lik
#BeBN F_FK _gHPgA> >UNgI>K >I>KgK DBKFjIFeFKF ?BIFNIBN. $eBN DBKFjIFH LI>N>H * HQII>KgIJgjO>, DBKFjIFH ABeBNF ?FN OLKN>HF M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNF LI>N>H >IgKgN. $eBN BHOF ?FN O>UgUO>, - >U>N H>N>HPBNF HQII>KgIJgj DF?F _>IgjgN. JOU EFhFS = 100; XSJUFGMO("0O LBSBLUFSMJL BMBOEB :%10T", EFhFS); XSJUFGMO("#Fl LBSBLUFSMJL BMBOEB:%5T", EFhFS);

0O LBSBLUFSMJL BMBOEB : #Fm LBSBLUFSMJL BMBOEB:

100 100

28.3

duyarl#k
$eBN ?BIFNPFIJFjOB, KLHP> H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> U>VgIgN. *BOFNIF O>Ug PcNcKABK LI>K ABeBNIBNFK _gHPgA> HQII>KgI>@>H LI>K AQU>NIgegKg ?BIFNIBN. $eBN AQU>NIgH LI>N>H * HQII>KgIJgjO>, AQU>NIgH ABeBNF ?FN OLKN>HF M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNF LI>N>H >IgKgN (L ABeBN JOU LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgN). #QU>NIgH BHOF ?FN O>UgUO> DbV>NAg BAFIFN. EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = 1234.56789; XSJUFGMO("%.8H", XSJUFGMO("%.3H", XSJUFGMO("%.8G", XSJUFGMO("%.3G", LFTJSMJ); LFTJSMJ); LFTJSMJ); LFTJSMJ);

1234.5679 1.23F+03 1234.56789000 1234.568 BVUP TBZj = 0.123456789; XSJUFGMO("4BZj: %.*H", 4, TBZj);

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MV=EV DSK7@;

4BZk: 0.1235

28.4

ayar_karakterleri
!FNABK C>VI> >U>N H>N>HPBNF HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. - : M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF; HBKAFOFKB >UNgI>K >I>KA> OLI> A>U>Ig LI>N>H U>VAgNgIgN; ?Q >U>N, 0 >U>N H>N>HPBNFKF DB_BNOFV HgI>N JOU EFhFS = 123; XSJUFGMO("OPSNBMEF TBhB EBZBMj:]%10E]", EFhFS); XSJUFGMO("TPMB EBZBMj :]%-10E]", EFhFS);

OPSNBMEF TBiB EBZBMk:] TPMB EBZBMk :]123

123] ]

+ : ABeBN >NPg FOB ?>jgK> + H>N>HPBNF U>VAgNgIgN; ?Q >U>N, 4AX>F= >U>N H>N>HPBNFKF DB_BNOFV HgI>N XSJUFGMO("FLTJ EFhFSEF FULJMJ EFhJM: %+E", -50); XSJUFGMO("BSUj EFhFS, + JMF : %+E", 50); XSJUFGMO("BSUj EFhFS, + PMNBEBO : %E", 50);

FLTJ EFiFSEF FULJMJ EFiJM: -50 BSUk EFiFS, + JMF : +50 BSUk EFiFS, + PMNBEBO : 50 # : HQII>KgI>K 6SK7@2=3C3=E7C;'KB ?>eIg LI>N>H, ABeBNF 43X=3 X7=;>67 U>VAgNgN x x x x P F_FK: OBHFVIF O>UgKgK FIH H>N>HPBNF EBN V>J>K F_FK 0 LI>N>H U>VAgNgIgN Y RB 9 F_FK: O>Ug OgCgN ABeFIOB, ?>jgK> 0Y RBU> 09 DBIFN HBOFNIF O>UgI>NA>: RFNDcIABK OLKN> E>KB LIJ>O> A> RFNDcI U>VAgNgIgN H RB ( F_FK: RFNDcIABK OLKN> O>eA>HF OgCgNI>N >PgIJ>V XSJUFGMO("4FLJ[MJ TjGjSMB CBlMBS XSJUFGMO("0OBMUjMjOjO CBljOB 0Y HFMJS : %#P", 1000); : %#Y", 1000);

XSJUFGMO("(FSFLNFTF EF WJSHfMMf PMVS : %#H", 1G); XSJUFGMO("4BhEBLJ TjGjSMBS EB ZB[EjSjMjS: %#H", 1.2);

4FLJ[MJ TkGkSMB CBmMBS : 0OBMUkMkOkO CBmkOB 0Y HFMJS : (FSFLNFTF EF WJSHgMMg PMVS : 4BiEBLJ TkGkSMBS EB ZB[EkSkMkS:

01750 0Y3F8 1.00000 1.20000

0 : O>UgI>NA> (ABeBN OBO RBU> JOGJOJUZ ABeFIOB), OLI P>N>C> ABeBN F_FK >UNgI>K >I>K ALI>@>H H>A>N 0 U>VAgNgIgN; 6FJ3C>V= A> ?BIFNPFIJFjOB ?Q >U>N BPHFOFVAFN XSJUFGMO("4FLJ[ HFOJlMJLUF: %08E", 42);

4FLJ[ HFOJmMJLUF: 00000042 4AX>F= H>N>HPBNF: ABeBN >NPg FOB, BHOF ABeBNIBNIB >IP >IP> AcVDcK AQNOQK AFUB ?>jgK> PBH ?FN ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF U>VAgNgIgN

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MV=EV DSK7@;

XSJUFGMO("&LTJ EFhFSEF FULJTJ ZPL: % E", -34); XSJUFGMO(""SUj EFhFS, CPlMVLMV : % E", 56); XSJUFGMO(""SUj EFhFS, CPlMVLTV[ : %E", 56);

&LTJ EFiFSEF FULJTJ ZPL: -34 "SUk EFiFS, CPmMVLMV : 56 "SUk EFiFS, CPmMVLTV[ : 56

28.5

&/?/;3A?3 <B;/?/:/?P
7QH>NgA> AcVBK AFVDFOF F_FKABHF AcVBK ?BIFNPB_IBNFKFK M>N>JBPNBIBNIB PBHBN PBHBN RB OgN>UI> BjIBjPFNFIAFHIBNFKF DbNAcH. OIgKA> AcVBK ?BIFNPB@FKAB M>N>JBPNB KQJ>N>Og A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !Q, ?BIFNPB@FK E>KDF M>N>JBPNB FIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNIBN. />N>JBPNBIBN 1'ABK ?>jI>U>N>H >NP>K OgN>A> KQJ>N>I>KgNI>N. />N>JBPNB KQJ>N>Og % H>N>HPBNFKABK EBJBK OLKN> RB $ H>N>HPBNF FIB ?FNIFHPB U>VgIgN: % 8>7+;+$ +B+;*5+;+5=/;6/;3 1/83P635 .>B+;6N5 .KC/8*5+;+5=/;3

!QKQK ?FN U>N>Ng, >UKg M>N>JBPNBKFK ?FNABK C>VI> UBNAB U>VAgNgI>?FIJBOFAFN: XSJUFGMO("%1$E %1$Y %1$P %1$C", 42); 7QH>NgA>HF AcVBK AFVDFOF 1 KQJ>N>Ig M>N>JBPNBUF AbNP AcVBK ?BIFNPB@F ULIQUI> LKIQ, LK>IPgIg, OBHFVIF, RB FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJIBNFKAB U>VAgNJ>HP>AgN: 42 2B 52 101010 />N>JBPNB KQJ>N>I>NgKgK ?FN AFeBN HQII>KgJ >I>Kg, >UKg M>N>JBPNBIBNFK C>NHIg AcVBK AFVDFIBNFUIB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF RB ?Q O>UBAB JBO>GI>NgK C>NHIg HLKQjJ> AFIIBNFKFK U>VgJ HQN>II>NgK> QUAQNQI>?FIJBOFAFN. [NKBeFK ?BIFNIF ?FN ABNOPBHF beNBK@F O>UgOg 2cNH_B LI>N>H jbUIB ?FIAFNFIFULN LIOQK: XSJUFGMO("%T TjOjGjOEB %T ehSFODJ WBS.", TjOjG, BEFU);

1" TkOkGkOEB 20 fiSFODJ WBS. /NLDN>JgK bNKBeFK fKDFIFV@B'UF AB ABOPBHIBJBOF DBNBHPFeFKF AcjcKBIFJ. !Q AQNQJA> AcVBK AFVDFOFKFK AFIB QUDQK LI>N>H A>E> bK@BABK OB_FIJFj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN. j>egA>HF UbKPBJ ?Q Fj F_FK c_Ic FjIB_PBK U>N>NI>KgULN: BVUP Ef[FO%J[HJTJ = (EJM == "US" "%T TjOjGjOEB %T ehSFODJ WBS." : "5IFSF BSF %T TUVEFOUT JO SPPN %T."); XSJUFGMO(Ef[FO%J[HJTJ, TjOjG, BEFU); -B U>VgH HF, M>N>JBPNBIBN AcVBK ?BIFNPB_IBNFUIB ?FNBN ?FNBN BjIBjPFNFIAFHIBNFKAB OgKgC RB >ABP ?FIDFIBNF fKDFIFV@B JBO>GA> PBNO OgN>A> _gH>NI>N. 1gKgC ?FIDFOF >ABP UBNFKAB, >ABP ?FIDFOF AB OgKgC UBNFKABAFN: 5IFSF BSF 1" TUVEFOUT JO SPPN 20. p :BOMkm: "EFU 1", TkOkG 20!

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MV=EV DSK7@;

!QKQK bKcKB DB_JBH F_FK AcVBK AFVDFOFKAB E>KDF ?BIFNPB@FK E>KDF M>N>JBPNBUB H>NjgIgH DBIAFeF 1$ RB 2$ ?F_FJFKAB M>N>JBPNB KQJ>N>I>NgUI> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: BVUP Ef[FO%J[HJTJ = (EJM == "US" "%1$T TjOjGjOEB %2$T ehSFODJ WBS." : "5IFSF BSF %2$T TUVEFOUT JO SPPN %1$T."); XSJUFGMO(Ef[FO%J[HJTJ, TjOjG, BEFU); NPgH JBO>GgK EBJ 2cNH_BOF EBJ AB fKDFIFV@BOF AcVDcKAcN: 1" TkOkGkOEB 20 fiSFODJ WBS.

5IFSF BSF 20 TUVEFOUT JO SPPN 1".

28.6

GPSNBU
7QH>NgA> >KI>PgI>K ?cPcK LI>K>HI>N TUE.TUSJOH JLAcIcKcK GPSNBU FjIBRF F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. GPSNBU >UKg XSJUFG DF?F FjIBN >J> LIQjPQNAQeQ ?FIDFUF _gHgj> U>VAgNJ>H UBNFKB ?FN AFVDF LI>N>H AbKAcNcN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(""EjOj[ OF "); BVUP JTJN = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); ^ BVUP TPOVd = GPSNBU(".FSIBCB %T!", JTJN);

!bUIB@B, LIQjPQNQI>K AFVDF A>E> OLKN>HF FC>ABIBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

28.7

&?=0:3;:3?
1. &FNFIBK P>JO>UgUg LK>IPgIg AcVBKAB U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK. 2. &FNFIBK HBOFNIF O>UgUg ?FN JSK67 ABeBNF LI>N>H RB RFNDcIABK OLKN> 2 E>KBUIB U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK. [NKBeFK 1.2345 DFNFIAFeFKAB BHN>K> U>IKgV@> %1.23 U>VOgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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G;C;X DSK7@;

29

G7?7R DMF3<7
ZgHPg AcVBKF ABNOFKAB >KI>PgI>KI>N> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, DFNFjPBK DBIBK RBNFIBNFK AcVBKF AB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. !Q AcVBK; EBJ LHQKJ>Og FOPBKBK ?FIDFUF, EBJ AB DbV>NAg BAFIJBOF FOPBKBK ?FIDFUF ?BIFNPB?FIFN. &FNFj F_FK HQII>KgI>K AcVBK AFVDFOF "'ABHF TDBOG FjIBRFKFK AcVBK AFVDFOFKB ?BKVBN. #cVBK AFVDFOF LI>N>H jFJAFUB H>A>N U>MPgegJgV DF?F " %T" HQII>KgIAgegKA>, LHQKJ>HP> LI>K ABeFjHBKFK PcNcKB BK QUDQK LI>K AcVBKAB LHQKQN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF SFBEG _>eNgOgKA> ABeFjHBKFK PcNc EPVCMF LIAQeQ F_FK DFNFjPBHF H>N>HPBNIBN HBOFNIF O>Ug LI>N>H LHQKQNI>N: EPVCMF TBZj; SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); #cVBK AFVDFOF F_FKAB c_ PcN ?FIDF ?QIQK>?FIFN: x B2C/7. .$4$.6(4,: &FNFjPBHF DV8VC RBU> A>E> C>VI> ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF >KI>JgK> DBIFN RB LKI>NgK LHQKQM DbV>NAg BAFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. x D?;(1 %(/,46(&,: [K@BHF ABNOPBHFIBNB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB % H>N>HPBNFUIB ?>jI>N RB DFNFjPBK DBIBK H>N>HPBNIBNFK E>KDF PcNAB LHQK>@>HI>NgKg ?BIFNIBN. x B$C.$ +(4+$1*, .$4$.6(4: &FNFjPB >UKBK ?QIQKJ>Og ?BHIBKBK ?FN H>N>HPBNF FC>AB BABN RB LKQK LHQKQM DbV>NAg BAFIJBOFKF O>eI>N. . ?FIDFIBN O>UBOFKAB, DFNFjPBK DBIBK RBNF F_BNFOFKABK ?FVFJ F_FK bKBJIF LI>KI>NgKg OB_FM _gH>NPJ>H RB DBNF H>I>KgKg DbV>NAg BPJBH OLK ABNB@B HLI>UAgN. UNgKPgU> DFNJBABK bK@B, ?Q c_ PcN ?FIDFUF HQII>K>K ?FN bNKBeB ?>H>IgJ. &FNFjPB PBH O>PgN E>IFKAB jbUIB ?FN ?FIDF ?QIQKOQK: OVNBSB:123 OPU:90 . O>PgN F_BNFOFKABK ?FVFJ F_FK bKBJIF LI>K FHF ?FIDF, beNBK@FKFK KQJ>N>Og RB KLPQ LIOQK; U>KF DFNFjPBHF OVNBSB: RB OPU: DF?F H>N>HPBNIBNFK ?FVFJ F_FK ?FN bKBJF ?QIQKJ>OgK. fjPB L O>PgN F_FKABK beNBK@FKFK KQJ>N>OgKg RB KLPQKQ D7Q7@ RB DBNF H>I>KgKg DbV>NAg BABK ?FN AcVBK AFVDFOF jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JOU OVNBSB; JOU OPU; SFBEG("OVNBSB:%T OPU:%T", &OVNBSB, &OPU); "OVNBSB:%T OPU:%T" AcVBK AFVDFOF F_FKAB PQNQK@Q FIB DbOPBNFIBK ?cPcK H>N>HPBNIBN DFNFjPB >UKBK ?QIQKJ>IgAgNI>N; LKI>N SFBEG P>N>CgKA>K DFNFjPBK LHQKQM DbV>NAg BAFIFNIBN. . AcVBK AFVDFOFKAB HQII>KgI>K PBH ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNF, DFNFjPB L KLHP>A> ?QIQK>K ?cPcK ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK DbV>NAg BAFIJBIBNFKB KBABK LIQN. % H>N>HPBNFKFK bVBI >KI>Jg KBABKFUIB, DFNFjPB % H>N>HPBNFKFK HBKAFOFKFK DbV>NAg BAFIJBOF FOPBKAFeFKAB %% jBHIFKAB _FCP LI>N>H U>VgIgN. 2BH O>PgNIgH ?FIDF LHQJ>H F_FK #FVDFIBN ?bIcJcKAB DIPNQ(SFBEMO()) UbKPBJF bKBNFIJFjPF. #cVBK AFVDFOFKFK OLKQK> U>VgI>K =O H>N>HPBNF O>UBOFKAB SFBEG AB ?Q >J>_I> HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \

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G;C;X DSK7@;

XSJUF(""EjOj[ : "); TUSJOH BE; SFBEG(" %T=O", &BE); XSJUF("4PZBEjOj[: "); TUSJOH TPZBE; SFBEG(" %T=O", &TPZBE); XSJUF(":BljOj[ : "); JOU ZBl; SFBEG(" %T", &ZBl); ^

// n TPOEB =O

// n TPOEB =O

XSJUFGMO("%T %T (%T)", BE, TPZBE, ZBl);

7QH>NgA> BE RB TPZBE LHQKQNHBK HQII>KgI>K AcVBK AFVDFIBNF O>PgN OLKQKA> ?>OgI>K $KPBN PQjQKQK LIQjPQNAQeQ =O H>N>HPBNFKFK AB LHQKJ>OgKg RB DbV>NAg BAFIJBOFKF O>eI>NI>N. !QK> N>eJBK, O>PgN OLKI>NgKA>HF LI>Og ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNIBNFKABK HQNPQIJ>H F_FK UFKB AB DIPNQ() 'g _>egNJ>H DBNBHB?FIFN.

29.1

DMF3< 9/?/9A3?:3?7
E : .KIQ OFOPBJAB P>JO>Ug P : 1BHFVIF OFOPBJAB P>JO>Ug Y : .K>IPgIg OFOPBJAB P>JO>Ug G : *BOFNIF O>Ug T : 2cNB QUDQK LI>K AcVBKAB D : 2BH H>N>HPBN; ?Q ?BIFNPB_ ?LjIQHI>Ng A> LHQN (DbV>NAg BAFIJBIBNFKF bKIBN) [NKBeFK DFNFjPB 3 P>KB "23" ?QIQKAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H; ABeBN, AcVBK ?BIFNPB@FKB DbNB C>NHIg LI>N>H LHQKQN: JOU TBZj@E; JOU TBZj@P; JOU TBZj@Y; SFBEG(" %E %P %Y", &TBZj@E, &TBZj@P, &TBZj@Y); XSJUFMO("POMV PMBSBL PLVOVODB : ", TBZj@E); XSJUFMO("TFLJ[MJ PMBSBL PLVOVODB : ", TBZj@P); XSJUFMO("POBMUjMj PMBSBL PLVOVODB: ", TBZj@Y); &FNFjFKB 3 ABC> "23" DFNAFeFJFV E>IAB, ABeBNIBN C>NHIg LHQKQN: POMV PMBSBL PLVOVODB : 23 TFLJ[MJ PMBSBL PLVOVODB : 19 POBMUkMk PMBSBL PLVOVODB: 35 %AE: MA= =VD353; "23", D7=;K>; 6SK7@67 2I8+3=19 67T7C;@67, G7 A@3>EV>V 6SK7@67 2I16+3=35 67T7C;@676;C.

29.2

&?=0:3;
x &FNFjPBK JV>.3J.9S@ AcVBKFKAB ?FN P>NFE ?FIDFOF DBIOFK. $HN>K> H>_gK@g >U LIAQeQKQ U>VAgNgK. [NKBeFK 2009.09.30 DBIAFeFKAB 9 U>VgIOgK.

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G;C;X DSK7@;

... QRKS?

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6A-H:;>7 DR@9SDS

30

EP-XIJMF DL<5M@M
GPS AbKDcOc ABNOFKAB XIJMF 'gK FjIBUFj >AgJI>NgKg A> DbNJcjPcH: IB[jSMjL LPlVM EFOFUJNJ BTjM JlMFNMFS JMFSMFUJMNFTJ LPlVM EFOFUJNJ BTjM JlMFNMFS JMFSMFUJMNFTJ ... EP-XIJMF 'gK XIJMF 'A>K C>NHg, HLjQI ABKBPFJFKFK OLKA> LIJ>Og RB ?Q O>UBAB FjIBJIBNFK BK >V ?FN HBNB FjIBPFIJBIBNFAFN: IB[jSMjL (XIJMF'EBO EBIB B[ EVSVNEB HFSFLJS) BTjM JlMFNMFS JMFSMFUJMNFTJ LPlVM EFOFUJNJ BTjM JlMFNMFS JMFSMFUJMNFTJ LPlVM EFOFUJNJ ... [NKBeFK, PQPPQeQ O>UgKgK P>EJFK BAFIJBOFKF ?BHIBUBK ?FN MNLDN>JA> EP-XIJMF AbKDcOc A>E> ALe>I DBIB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = VOJGPSN(1, 101); XSJUFMO("1'EFO 100'F LBEBS CJS TBZj UVUUVN."); JOU UBINJO; EP \ XSJUF("5BINJOJOJ[ OFEJS SFBEG(" %T", &UBINJO); JG (TBZj < UBINJO) \ XSJUF("UVUUVhVN TBZj EBIB LfdfL; "); ^ FMTF JG (TBZj > UBINJO) \ XSJUF("UVUUVhVN TBZj EBIB CfZfL; "); ^ ^ XIJMF (UBINJO != TBZj); ^ XSJUFMO("%PhSV!"); ");

n LPlVM EFOFUJNJ TPOEB

n LPlVM EFOFUJNJ TPOEB

#>E> ALe>I DBIJBUB?FIFN AB... :L) 1B_FJ OFVFK...

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VOJGPSN , TUE.SBOEPN JLAcIcKAB ?QIQK>K ?FN FjIBRAFN. !BIFNPFIBK >N>IgHP> BjFP A>egIgJIg N>ODBIB O>UgI>N cNBPFN. 7QH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJgKA>; >N>Igeg ?BIFNIBUBK FHFK@F ABeBN, _gH>@>H O>UgI>N >N>OgKA> ABeFIAFN. #FeBN HQII>KgJI>NgKg beNBKJBH F_FK OPA.N>KALJ JLAcIcKcK ?BIDBOFKB ?>H>?FIFNOFKFV.

30.1

&?=0:3;
x UKg LUQKQ ?FIDFO>U>N> LUK>PgK; PQPPQeQKQV O>UgUg BK C>VI> 7 P>EJFKAB ?QI>@>HPgN.

... QRKS?

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EX>7?7 *34>A>3CV

31

ER:3;3 )/0:=:/?P
$jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng cOP AcVBU AFIIBNFK EBMOFKAB ?QIQK>K RBNF U>MgI>NgAgN. .KI>Ng MNLDN>J F_FKB DbJcIBK JFKFH RBNF P>?>KI>Ng LI>N>H AcjcKcIB?FIFNOFKFV. /NLDN>JI>NA> _LH HQII>KgI>K RB _LH EgVIg RBNF U>MgI>NgAgN. #FVFIBNF "BIBJ>KI>Ng U>K U>K> AQN>K PLMIQIQH" LI>N>H P>KgJI>Jgj RB BIBJ>KI>NgK> ;@67=D>7 BNFjFIAFeFKF DbNJcjPcH. [NKBeFK E>CP>KgK DcKIBNFKFK FOFJIBNFKF PQP>K ?FN AFVF jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: TUSJOH<> HfOiTJNMFSJ = < "1B[BSUFTJ", "4BMj", "`BSlBNCB", "1FSlFNCF", "$VNB", "$VNBSUFTJ", "1B[BS" >; !BIFNIF ?FN DcKcK FOJF L AFVFUF HQII>K>N>H jbUIB U>VAgNgI>?FIFN: XSJUFMO(HfOiTJNMFSJ<1>); // "4BMj" ZB[BS

#FVFIBNFK BIBJ>KI>Ng OgN> KQJ>N>OgUI> (FKABHOIB) BNFjPFNFULN LIJ>I>Ng, LKI>NgK FKABHOIBNIB BIBJ>KI>Ng 7X>7XE;C6;=>7C; LI>N>H >_gHI>K>?FIFN. K@>H, AFVFIBN FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H U>IKgV@> P>JO>Ug PcNIBN HQII>K>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK "1>Ig" AFVDFOF ?QIQKAQeQKA> LKQK E>CP>KgK 1 KQJ>N>Ig DcKc LIAQeQKQ ObUIBUBJBVIBN _cKHc "1>Ig" DF?F ?FN AFVDFUF FKABHO LI>N>H HQII>K>J>VI>N. $jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK HQII>KgjIgIgeg FjPB ?Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> LNP>U> _gH>N. $jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng BIBJ>KI>N> U>IKgV@> KQJ>N> FIB ABeFI, EBNE>KDF ?FN PcNIB BNFjFIBK RBNF U>MgI>NgAgN. &bNBRIBNF, EBNE>KDF ?FN FKABHO PcNcKABHF ?FN ABeBNF EBNE>KDF ?>jH> ?FN PcNABHF ABeBN FIB 7X>7?7=E;C.

31.1

H=9 6PF:P /;/ @P?/@PF

$jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng >NH> MI>KA> :3D: E34>7 RBNF U>MgOgKg HQII>KAgHI>Ng F_FK >IDLNFPJ> H>NJ>jgHIgeg >_gOgKA>K AFVFIBNABK DBNF H>IJ>VI>N: OLK ABNB@B EgVIg PLMIQIQHI>NAgN. !QKQK >KI>Jg, F_IBNFKABHF BIBJ>K O>UgOgKA>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H, EBJBK EBN V>J>K F_FK O>?FP V>J>KA> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>I>NgAgN. !Q H>A>N EgVIg _>IgjJ>I>NgKgK ?BABIF, F_IBNFKABHF BIBJ>KI>NgK OgN>I>Ng HLKQOQKA> ?FN jBU ?FIFKBJFULN LIJ>OgAgN. $IBJ>KI>NgK KB AFVFIBNABHF DF?F J3@ J3@3 LIAQHI>NgKg, KB AB bNKBeFK =SQS=E7@ 4SJST7 6ATCF OgN>I>KAgHI>NgKg ObUIBUB?FIFNFV.

31.2

)/<P;:/;/
$jIBJB P>?ILOQ P>KgJg AFVF P>KgJgK> _LH ?BKVBN. 2BH C>NHg, HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKB AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQ UBNFKB AFVFKFK FKABHO PcNcKcK DBIJBOFAFN. 1bV AFVFJF >j>egA>HF DF?FAFN: eleman_t'r'<indeks_t'r'> UBCMP@JTNJ; [NKBeFK PcNc TUSJOH LI>K DcK FOJFKABK PcNc JOU LI>K DcK OgN> KQJ>N>OgK> BjIBUBK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ jbUIB P>KgJI>KgN: JOU<TUSJOH> HfO4jSBMBSj;

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. P>KgJ DcK FOJFKB H>NjgIgH LI>N>H DcK KQJ>N>OgKg RBNBK, U>KF UQH>NgA>HF HgOjTJNMFSJ AFVFOFKFK PBNOF LI>N>H FjIBUBK ?FN P>?IL LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !QKQ >j>egA>HF HLA bNKBHIBNFKAB DbNB@BeFV. $jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK BK HQII>KgjIg P>N>CI>NgKA>K ?FNFOF, FKABHO RB BIBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H A>E> OLKN> beNBKB@BeFJFV J3BV RB DV@V8 PcNIBNF AB A>EFI LIJ>H cVBNB EBN PcNcK HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFAFN. #FK>JFH AFVFIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK QVQKIQHI>Ng A> P>KgJI>KAgHI>Ng V>J>K ?BIFNIBKJBV. 2>?IL LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ?cUcN.

31.3

)/0:=E/ 3:3;/< 39:3;3

!BIFNIF ?FN FKABHO ABeBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK BIBJ>K ABeBNF >P>J> FjIB@F FIB ?BIFNIBKFN: HfO4jSBMBSj<"1B[BSUFTJ"> = 0; HfO4jSBMBSj<"4BMj"> = 1; // "1B[BSUFTJ"ZJ 0 JMF FlMFS // "4BMj"Zj 1 JMF FlMFS

$jIBJB FIFjHFOF P>?ILKQK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ?cUcJBOF F_FK AB UBPBNIFAFN. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBJIBN OLKQ@QKA> P>?ILA> >NPgH FHF BIBJ>K R>NAgN. !QKQ ?cPcK P>?ILUQ U>VAgN>N>H DbNB?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(HfO4jSBMBSj); ZgHPgOg, "/>V>NPBOF" RB "1>Ig" FKABHOIBNFKB H>NjgIgH 0 RB 1 ABeBNIBNFKFK ?QIQKAQeQKQ DbOPBNFN: <"1B[BSUFTJ":0, "4BMk":1> 'BN FKABHO ABeBNFKB H>NjgIgH PBH BIBJ>K ABeBNF ?QIQK>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK, R>N LI>K ?FN FKABHOB H>NjgIgH UBKF ?FN ABeBN >P>KAgegKA> P>?IL ?cUcJBV, R>N LI>K BIBJ>KgK ABeBNF ABeFjFN: HfO4jSBMBSj<"4BMj"> = 222; // WBS PMBO FMFNBO EFhJlJZPS XSJUFMO(HfO4jSBMBSj); ZgHPgOg: <"1B[BSUFTJ":0, "4BMk":222>

31.4

O:9:3;3
&cK OgN>I>Ng H>RN>JgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F, BjIBJB ?FIDFOF ?>VBK P>?IL HQNQIAQeQ OgN>A> ?FIFKFN. $jIBJBIBNF PBHBN PBHBN >P>U>N>H HQNJ>H UBNFKB ?Q ?FIDFUF P>?ILUQ P>KgJI>AgegJgV V>J>K A> RBNB?FIFNFV. $jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng A> AFVF ObV AFVFJFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F FIHIBKFN. %>NHIg LI>N>H, FKABHO ABeBNIBNF FIB BIBJ>K ABeBNIBNF >N>OgK> : H>N>HPBNF U>VgIgN: JOU<TUSJOH> HfO4jSBMBSj = < "1B[BSUFTJ" : 0, "4BMj" : 1, "`BSlBNCB" : 2, "1FSlFNCF" : 3, "$VNB" : 4, "$VNBSUFTJ": 5, "1B[BS" : 6 >; XSJUFMO(HfO4jSBMBSj<"4BMj">); // "1" ZB[BS

31.5

)/0:=2/< 3:3;/< KP9/?A;/

$IBJ>KI>N, ?QN>A>HF HQII>KgJgKA> "_gH>NP, >P" >KI>JgK> DBIBK .SFNPWF FIB _gH>NPgIgNI>N:

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HfO4jSBMBSj.SFNPWF("4BMj"); XSJUFMO(HfO4jSBMBSj<"4BMj">);

// n dBMjlNB [BNBOj )"5"4*

1LK O>PgN, P>?ILA> >NPgH ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN BIBJ>K> BNFjJBUB _>IgjPgeg F_FK _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> ?FN E>P> >PgIJ>OgK> RB L E>P>KgK U>H>I>KJ>J>Og AQNQJQKA> A> MNLDN>JgK OLKI>KJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. '>P> AcVBKBeFKF FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. j>egA>HF FIH MNL?IBJAB DbNcIB@BeF DF?F, BIBJ>KI>NgK EBMOFKF ?FNABK P>?ILA>K _gH>NPJ>H A> JcJHcKAcN.

31.6

E:3;/< @=?5B:/;/
2>?ILA> ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN BIBJ>K> BNFjJBH ?FN E>P> >PgIJ>OgK> KBABK LIAQeQKA>K, OLNDQI>J>H F_FK JO FjIB@F HQII>KgIgN. !Q HQII>KgJ "F_FKAB R>N Jg?" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N: JG ("NPS" JO SFOL,PEMBSj) \ // FWFU, SFOL,PEMBSj'OEB "NPS" JOEFLTMJ FMFNBO WBSNjl ^ FMTF \ // IBZjS, ZPLNVl... ^ !>VBK BIBJ>KgK ?QIQKQM ?QIQKJ>AgegKg >_gH_> OLNDQI>J>H UBNFKB BIBJ>K ?QIQKJ>Ageg AQNQJA> OP>KA>NP ?FN ABeBN HQII>KJ>H FOPBKB?FIFN. [NKBeFK SFOL,PEMBSk P>?ILOQKA> ?QIQKJ>U>K NBKHIBNB H>NjgIgH -1 DF?F ?FN ABeBN H>?QI BAFIJFj LI>?FIFN. !Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> .HFU() HQII>KgIgN. 2>?ILA> R>NO> BIBJ>Kg, ULHO> .HFU() 'B RBNFIBK FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN: JOU<TUSJOH> SFOL,PEMBSj = < "NBWJ" : 10, "ZFlJM" : 20 >; XSJUFMO(SFOL,PEMBSj.HFU("NPS", -1)); 2>?ILA> "NPS" FKABHOIF BIBJ>K ?QIQKJ>Ageg F_FK .HFU() FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeBNF LI>K -1'F AbKAcNcN: -1

31.7

$7A3:79:3?
x .MFOHUI P>?ILA>HF BIBJ>K O>UgOgKg RBNFN. x .LFZT P>?ILA> ?QIQK>K ?cPcK FKABHOIBNF AFK>JFH AFVF LI>N>H RBNFN. x .CZ,FZ P>?ILA> ?QIQK>K ?cPcK FKABHOIBNF ?FN >N>IgH LI>N>H OQK>N; ?QKQK HQII>KgJgKg ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. x .WBMVFT P>?ILA> ?QIQK>K ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>Ng AFK>JFH AFVF LI>N>H RBNFN. x .CZ7BMVF P>?ILA> ?QIQK>K ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>Ng ?FN >N>IgH LI>N>H OQK>N; ?QKQK HQII>KgJgKg ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. x .SFIBTI >K@>H DBN_BHPBK DBNBHBK AQNQJI>NA> P>?ILKQK A>E> BPHFK _>IgjJ>OgKg O>eI>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK P>?ILU> _LH O>UgA> BIBJ>K BHIBKAFHPBK OLKN> RB A>E> P>?ILKQK >OgI HQII>KgJg ?>jI>J>A>K bK@B ?Q KFPBIFH _>eNgIgNO> P>?ILKQK BNFjFJ FjIBJIBNF ?>Vg MNLDN>JI>NA> A>E> EgVIg LI>?FIFN. x .TJ[FPG P>?ILKQK C787C3@DV@V@ ?cUcHIcecAcN (P>?ILA>HF BIBJ>K >ABAFUIB FIDFOF ULHPQN RB EBN P>?IL F_FK >UKgAgN). x .HFU R>NO> BIBJ>KgK ABeBNFKF, ULHO> FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN. x .SFNPWF ?BIFNPFIBK FKABHOIF BIBJ>Kg P>?ILA>K _gH>NPgN.

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31.8

I?<39
&FNFIBK NBKDFK fKDFIFV@BOFKF RBNBK ?FN MNLDN>J jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH<TUSJOH> SFOLMFS = < "TJZBI" "CFZB[" "LjSNj[j" "ZFlJM" "NBWJ" >;

: : : : :

"CMBDL", "XIJUF", "SFE", "HSFFO", "CMVF",

XSJUFMO("#FO CV ", SFOLMFS.MFOHUI, " SFOHJO iOHJMJ[DFMFSJOJ ehSFOEJN: ", SFOLMFS.LFZT); XSJUF(")BZEJ TPSVO: "); TUSJOH UfSLdFTJ = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); JG (UfSLdFTJ JO SFOLMFS) \ XSJUFGMO("iOHJMJ[DFTJ ="%T="", SFOLMFS<UfSLdFTJ>); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("0OV CJMNJZPSVN."); ^

31.9

&?=0:3;:3?
1. *QII>KJ>HP> LIAQeQKQV ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQ K>OgI ?cPcKcUIB ?Lj>IP>?FIFNOFKFV? $K >V c_ UbKPBJ AcjcKcIB?FIFN: { BIBJ>KI>Ng ?FN AbKDc F_FKAB PBHBN PBHBN P>?ILA>K _gH>NPJ>H { ?Lj ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ >P>J>H { ?FN bK@BHFKB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, P>?ILKQK .JOJU KFPBIFeFKF >P>J>H %AE: BF @;E7>;T; ;>= 6783 6FJFJACDF@FK: :7C ESCS@ .383= @;E7>;T;, A ESCS@ ;>= 67T7C; A>3C3= =F>>3@V>3@ 67T7C6;C; RC@7T;@: TBZj = JOU.JOJU; // JOU JdJO 0 PMVS

2. #FVFIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> A> EBN FKABHOB H>NjgIgH PBH ?FN BIBJ>K ?QIQK>?FIFN. !Q A> ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> HgOgPI>Ug@gAgN. 'BN beNBK@F F_FK ?FNABK C>VI> KLP PQPJ>H FOPFULN LI>IgJ. [NKBeFK "BJNB" F_FK 90, 85, 95, RO. KLPI>NgKg ?>NgKAgNJ>H FOPBUBIFJ. !FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ HQII>KJ>H, KLPI>N> OPUMBS<"FNSF"> jBHIFKAB beNBK@FKFK FOJFUIB BNFjJB HLKQOQKA> U>NAgJ@g LIQN. K@>H, KLPI>Ng P>?ILU> >j>egA>HF jBHFIAB UBNIBjPFNJBH FjB U>N>J>V: JOU<TUSJOH> OPUMBS; OPUMBS<"FNSF"> = 90; OPUMBS<"FNSF"> = 85;

// n 0MNB[: eODFLJOJO fTUfOF ZB[BS

-B U>M>?FIFNOFKFV? 'BN beNBK@F F_FK ?FNABK C>VI> KLP PQP>?FIBK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ P>KgJI>UgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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32

GPSFBDI DL<5M@M
GPSFBDI #'KFK BK HQII>KgjIg ABUFJIBNFKABK ?FNFOFAFN. "'BN ?FNFOF F_FK" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !BIFNIF FjIBJIBNF ?FN PLMIQIQHP>HF (RBU> ?FN >N>IgHP>HF) BIBJ>KI>NgK EBN ?FNFOF FIB U>MJ>Ug O>eI>N. 2LMIQIQH BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcJcUIB U>MgI>K FjIBJIBN MNLDN>J@gIgHP> _LH U>UDgKAgN. GPS AbKDcOcKcK ?FN AFVFKFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjJBH F_FK K>OgI HQII>KgIAgegKg DbNJcjPcH: GPS (JOU J = 0; J != EJ[J.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUFMO(EJ[J<J>); ^ !Q Fj F_FK DBNBHBK >AgJI>Ng jbUIB bVBPIBUB?FIFNFV: x fOJF DBIBKBHOBI LI>N>H J LI>K ?FN O>U>_ P>KgJI>J>H (>OIgKA> ?FV bK@BHF bNKBHIBNAB EBM TBZBe ABAFH) x #bKDcUc PLMIQIQeQK .MFOHUI KFPBIFeFKB H>A>N FIBNIBPJBH x J 'UF >NPPgNJ>H x $IBJ>K> BNFjJBH !Q >AgJI>N >UNg >UNg BIIB U>MgIJ>H UBNFKB GPSFBDI FIB _LH A>E> ?>OFP LI>N>H jbUIB FC>AB BAFIFN: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFMO(FMFNBO); ^ GPSFBDI 'FK Dc_Ic U>KI>NgKA>K ?FNFOF, BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng FIB AB >UKg ?F_FJAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFAFN. GPS AbKDcOcKAB FOB, bNKBeFK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjJBH F_FK P>?IL'KQK .WBMVFT KFPBIFeF _>eNgIgN: BVUP FMFNBOMBS = UBCMP.WBMVFT; GPS (JOU J = 0; J != FMFNBOMBS.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUFMO(FMFNBOMBS<J>); ^ GPSFBDI BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng F_FK bVBI ?FN HQII>KgJ DBNBHPFNJBV; BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng A> AFVFIBNIB >UKg ?F_FJAB HQII>KgIgN: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; UBCMP) \ XSJUFMO(FMFNBO); ^

32.1

(LF 27F7;7
GPSFBDI c_ ?bIcJABK LIQjQN: GPSFBDI (isimler; topluluk_ e"a_aral*k) \ i+lem_blo(u ^ x topluluk_veya_aralk: AbKDcKcK FjIBPFIB@BeF BIBJ>KI>Ng ?BIFNIBN x ilem_blou: EBN BIBJ>KI> U>MgI>@>H FjIBJIBNF ?BIFNIBN x isimler: BNFjFIBK BIBJ>KgK RB R>NO> ?>jH> KBOKBIBNFK FOFJIBNFKF ?BIFNIBN; OB_FIBK FOFJIBN MNLDN>J@gU> ?>eIg LIO> A>, ?QKI>NgK >KI>Jg RB >ABAF PLMIQIQH _BjFAFKB DbNB ABeFjFN

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32.2

DPOUJOVF C3 CSFBL
!Q >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNFK FHFOF AB ?QN>A> A> >UKg >KI>J> DBIFNIBN: DPOUJOVF AbKDcKcK BNHBKABK FIBNIBPFIJBOFKF, CSFBL AB AbKDcKcK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>OgKg ?FIAFNFN.

32.3

D7F7:3?:3 9B::/<P;P
;D;?>7C ?bIcJcKB U>VgI>K PBH FOFJ, AFVFKFK BIBJ>KgKg FC>AB BABN: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFMO(FMFNBO); ^ $eBN FHF FOFJ U>VgIgNO> ?FNFK@FOF LPLJ>PFH ?FN O>U>_PgN, FHFK@FOF UFKB BIBJ>Kg FC>AB BABN: GPSFBDI (TBZBd, FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFMO(TBZBd, ": ", FMFNBO); ^ 1>U>@gK ABeBNF GPSFBDI P>N>CgKA>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >NPPgNgIgN. 1>U>_ ABeFjHBKFKFK FOJF MNLDN>J@gU> H>IJgj LIO> A> FOFJ LI>N>H J AB _LH U>UDgKAgN.

32.4

D7F57:3?:3 9B::/<P;P C3 TUE.SBOHF.TUSJEF

#FVFIBNIB >UKg jBHFIAB HQII>KgIgN. 2BH FOFJ U>VgIgNO> AFVDFKFK H>N>HPBNFKF FC>AB BABN, _FCP FOFJ U>VgIgNO> O>U>_ RB H>N>HPBNAFN: GPSFBDI (LBSBLUFS; "NFSIBCB") \ XSJUFMO(LBSBLUFS); ^ GPSFBDI (TBZBd, LBSBLUFS; "NFSIBCB") \ XSJUFMO(TBZBd, ": ", LBSBLUFS); ^ DIBS RB XDIBS PcNIBNFKFK 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKF ?>NgKAgNJ>U> DBKBI LI>N>H QUDQK LIJ>AgHI>NgKg E>PgNI>UgK. GPSFBDI ?Q PcNIBNIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> H>N>HPBNIBNB ABeFI, HLA ?FNFJIBNFKB BNFjFIFN: GPSFBDI (TBZBd, LPE; "BCDdE") \ XSJUFMO(TBZBd, ": ", LPE); ^ [NKBeFK _'UF LIQjPQN>K HLAI>N> >UNg >UNg BNFjFIFN: 0: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: B C D E

32% HLAI>J>OgKA>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H EBN PcN AFVDFKFK GPSFBDI FIB =3C3=E7C =3C3=E7C BNFjFIJBOFKF O>eI>U>K LI>K>H, TUE.SBOHF JLAcIcKABHF TUSJEF 'AgN. TUSJEF ">AgJ" >KI>JgK> DBIFN RB H>N>HPBNIBNFK H>_>N H>_>N >PI>K>@>eg ?FIDFOFKF AB >IgN:

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JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; // ... GPSFBDI (IBSG; TUSJEF("BCDdE", 1)) \ XSJUFMO(IBSG); ^ TUSJEF HQII>KgIAgegKA> 32% HLAI>NgK> ABeFI 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKB BNFjFIFN: B C D e E !Q HLAA> KBABK O>U>_ HQII>KgI>J>AgegKg ?FN>V >j>egA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ.

32.5

ER:3;3 A/0:=:/?PE:/ 9B::/<P;P

2BH FOFJ U>VgIgNO> BIBJ>K ABeBNFKF, FHF FOFJ U>VgIgNO> FKABHO RB BIBJ>K ABeBNFKF FC>AB BABN: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; UBCMP) \ XSJUFMO(FMFNBO); ^ GPSFBDI (JOEFLT, FMFNBO; UBCMP) \ XSJUFMO(JOEFLT, ": ", FMFNBO); ^ %AE: EX>7?7 E34>A>3CV@63 ;@67=D;@ 67 :7C:3@9; 4;C ESC67@ A>34;>757T;@; :3EVC>3JV@. & JSK67@ 4F 6R@9S67 <+B+I J3K?36V?. $jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng FKABHOIBNFKF RB BIBJ>KI>NgKg 3C3>V=>3C LI>N>H A> OQK>?FIFNIBN. N>IgHI>Ng A>E> FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. $jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK .CZ,FZ() RB .CZ7BMVF() KFPBIFHIBNF, ?>jH> LNP>JI>NA> A> HQII>KgI>?FIBK EgVIg >N>IgH KBOKBIBNF AbKAcNcNIBN. .CZ7BMVF() GPSFBDI AbKDcIBNFKAB UQH>NgA>HF BIBJ>KIg AbKDcABK A>E> U>N>NIg ABeFIAFN. .CZ,FZ() FOB ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK U>IKgV@> FKABHOIBNF cVBNFKAB EgVIg LI>N>H FIBNIBJBKFK PBH ULIQAQN: GPSFBDI (JOEFLT; UBCMP.CZ,FZ()) \ XSJUFMO(JOEFLT); ^

32.6

(/EP /?/:P9:/?PE:/ 9B::/<P;P

1>Ug >N>IgHI>NgKg AFIFJIBN ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. GPSFBDI 'FK EAB>F>F=2G7J323C3>V= ?bIcJcKB ?FN O>Ug >N>Igeg A> U>VgI>?FIFN: GPSFBDI (TBZj; 10..15) \ XSJUFMO(TBZj); ^ '>PgNI>NO>KgV; UQH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJA> 10 >N>Ige> A>EFIAFN, 15 ABeFIAFN.

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32.7

,/>P:/?:/, @P<P4:/?:/, C3 /?/:P9:/?:/ 9B::/<P;P

GPSFBDI , ?Q ABOPBeF RBNBK U>Mg, OgKgC, RB >N>IgH KBOKBIBNFUIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. ->OgI HQII>KgIAgeg E>HHgKA> ?QN>A> DBKBI ?FN jBU ObUIBJBH LI>K>HOgVAgN, _cKHc P>J>JBK L PcN P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKFN. GPSFBDI 'FK K>OgI FjIBAFeFKF >K@>H ObV HLKQOQ U>MgKgK, OgKgCgK, RBU> >N>IgegK ?BIDBOFKABK beNBKB?FIFNFV. 7>MgI>N RB OgKgCI>N GPSFBDI ABOPBeFKF U> PQ"QQMZ() FOFJIF cUB FjIBRIBNF U> A> 3C3>V= (C3@97) SJ7 ;X>7G>7C; >N>@gIgegUI> RBNFNIBN; >N>IgHI>N FOB ?Q Fj F_FK >N>IgH cUB FjIBRIBNF P>KgJI>NI>N. !Q LI>K>HI>Ng A>E> OLKN>HF ABNOIBNAB DbNB@BeFV.

32.8

(/E/K E/:<PF1/ 27F7:3?23 =A=;/A79A7?

1>U>_ LI>K>eg U>IKgV@> AFVFIBNAB ?QIQKQN. GPSFBDI AFVFIBNABK ?>jH> PcNIBNIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> RB O>U>_ DBNBHPFeFKAB >_gH_> ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>KgN RB >NPPgNgIgN: JOU TBZBd; GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; UPQMVMVL) \ // ... ++TBZBd; ^ !bUIB ?FN ABeFjHBK, O>U>@gK AbKDcKcK EBN FIBNIBPFIFjFKAB ABeFI, ?BIFNIF ?FN HLjQI O>eI>KAgegKA> >NPPgNgIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKAB AB U>N>NIg LIQN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF AbKDc U>IKgV@> 10'> P>J LI>N>H ?bIcKBK O>UgI>Ng O>U>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP EJ[J = < 1, 0, 15, 10, 3, 5, 20, 30 >; JOU TBZBd; GPSFBDI (TBZj; EJ[J) \ JG ((TBZj % 10) == 0) \ ++TBZBd; XSJUF(TBZBd); ^ FMTF \ XSJUF(' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO(": ", TBZj);

ZgHPgOg: : 1: : 2: : : 3: 4: 1 0 15 10 3 5 20 30

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32.9

E:3;/<P< 9=>E/@P, 93<27@7 23N7:

GPSFBDI AbKDcOc; KLNJ>IAB BIBJ>KgK HBKAFOFKB ABeFI, ?FN HLMU>OgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>N. 2LMIQIQH BIBJ>KI>NgKgK U>KIgjIgHI> ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNFKF bKIBJBH >J>@gUI> ?bUIB P>O>NI>KAgegKg AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. !FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK EBN ?FNFOFKF FHF H>PgK> _gH>NPJ>U> _>Igj>K jQ HLA> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF<> TBZjMBS = < 1.2, 3.4, 5.6 >; XSJUFGMO("aODF : %T", TBZjMBS); GPSFBDI (TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ TBZj *= 2; ^ ^ XSJUFGMO("4POSB: %T", TBZjMBS);

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg, GPSFBDI H>MO>JgKA> TBZk 'U> U>MgI>K >P>J>KgK BPHFOF LIJ>AgegKg DbOPBNFULN: bODF : 1.2 3.4 5.6 4POSB: 1.2 3.4 5.6 !QKQK KBABKF, TBZk 'KgK AFVF BIBJ>KgKgK HBKAFOF ABeFI, LKQK ?FN HLMU>Og LIJ>OgAgN. #FVF BIBJ>KgKgK HBKAFOFKFK FC>AB BAFIJBOF FOPBKAFeFKAB, FOFJ ?FN C787C3@D LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN: GPSFBDI (SFG TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ TBZj *= 2; ^ 7BKF _gHPgA> DbNcIAcec DF?F, SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cec AFVFABHF >OgI BIBJ>KgK BPHFIBKJBOFKF O>eI>JgjPgN: bODF : 1.2 3.4 5.6 4POSB: 2.4 6.8 11.2 .N>A>HF SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cec, TBZk 'Ug >OgI BIBJ>KgK ?FN E3=?3 ;D?; LI>N>H P>KgJI>N. TBZk 'A> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >NPgH BIBJ>KgK HBKAFOFKF BPHFIBJBHPBAFN.

32.10

)=>:B:BNB< 93<27@7 23N7RA7?7:;3;3:727?

2LMIQIQH BIBJ>KI>NgKg SFG LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN >N>@gIgegUI> ABeFjPFNJBHPB ?FN O>HgK@> ULHPQN. K@>H, GPSFBDI AbKDcOc H>MO>JgKA> PLMIQIQeQK HBKAF U>MgOgKg BPHFIBUB@BH EF_?FN FjIBJ U>MgIJ>J>IgAgN. [NKBeFK AFVFABK BIBJ>K OFIFKJBJBIF RBU> AFVFUB BIBJ>K BHIBKJBJBIFAFN. !Q PcN FjIBJIBN PLMIQIQeQK U>MgOgKg ABeFjPFNB@BHIBNFKABK, FIBNIBJBHPB LI>K GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK FjFKF ?LV>NI>N. . KLHP>A>K OLKN> MNLDN>JgK A>RN>KgjgKgK KB LI>@>eg ?FIFKBJBV.

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32.11

&?=0:3;
x $jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK FKABHO ABeBNIBNF FIB BIBJ>K ABeBNIBNFKF 7X>76;=>7C;@; DbNJcjPcH. !Q PBH UbKIcAcN: FKABHO RBNFIAFeFKAB BIBJ>K ABeBNFKF BIAB BABNFV, >J> BIBJ>K ABeBNF RBNFIAFeFKAB FKABHO ABeBNFKF BIAB BABJBUFV. $IFKFVAB E>VgNA> jbUIB ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ LIOQK: TUSJOH<JOU> JTJNMF = < 1:"CJS", 7:"ZFEJ", 20:"ZJSNJ" >; . P>?ILA>K RB PBH ?FN GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABK U>N>NI>K>N>H, SBLBNMB FOJFKAB ?>jH> ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ LIQjPQNQK. !Q UBKF P>?IL, JTJNMF P>?ILOQKQK PBNOF LI>N>H _>IgjOgK: FOFJB H>NjgIgH N>H>J BIAB BAB?FIBIFJ. [NKBeFK XSJUFMO(SBLBNMB<"ZJSNJ">); U>VAgegJgVA> _gHPg jbUIB LIOQK: 20 ... QRKS?

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33

TXJUDI C3 DBTF
TXJUDI , QA=>F =AXF> DF?F _>Igj>K ?FN ABUFJAFN RB ?Q >_gA>K ?FN "FC BIOB FC" VFK@FNFKB ?BKVBN. !QN>A>HF HQII>KgJgKA> "AQNQJ" >KI>JgK> DBIBK DBTF , TXJUDI 'FK ABKBPIBAFeF ABeBNFK H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgeg AQNQJI>Ng ?BIFNIBJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN; HBKAFOF ?FN ABUFJ ABeFIAFN. TXJUDI , M>N>KPBV F_FKAB ?FN FC>AB >IgN; L FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKF HBKAF H>MO>Jg F_FKABHF DBTF 'IBNIB H>NjgI>jPgNgN RB L ABeBNB BjFP LI>K DBTF 'FK FjIBJIBNFKF FjIBPFN. 1bV AFVFJFKF jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: TXJUDI (ifade) \ DBTF de(er_1: // JGBEF'OJO EFhFS@1'F FlJU PMEVhV EVSVNEBLJ JlMFNMFS // ... CSFBL; DBTF de(er_2: // JGBEF'OJO EFhFS@2'ZF FlJU PMEVhV EVSVNEBLJ JlMFNMFS // ... CSFBL; // ... CBlLB DBTF'MFS ... EFGBVMU: // IJdCJS EFhFSF VZNBZBO EVSVNEBLJ JlMFNMFS // ... CSFBL; ^ 'BN KB H>A>N ?FN HLjQI DF?F _>IgjO> A>, TXJUDI 'FK >IAgeg FC>AB ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>AB LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>V. 7>KF ?FN JG 'PB LIAQeQ DF?F "BeBN ?bUIBUOB" >KI>JgKA> ABeFIAFN. TXJUDI 'PBHF FC>ABKFK 67T7C;@;@, DBTF 'IBNABHF ABeBNIBNB BjFP LIQM LIJ>AgegK> ?>HgIgN. 7>KF ?QN>A>HF HLjQII>N EBM BjFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>NgAgN. !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> ?FN "FC BIOB FC" VFK@FNF DF?F AcjcKcIB?FIFN: BVUP EFhFS = ifade; JG (EFhFS == de(er_1) \ // EFhFS@1 EVSVNVOEBLJ JlMFNMFS // ... ^ FMTF JG (EFhFS == de(er_2) \ // EFhFS@2 EVSVNVOEBLJ JlMFNMFS // ... ^ // ... CBlLB 'FMTF JG'MFS ... ^ FMTF \ // IJdCJS EFhFSF VZNBZBO EVSVNEBLJ JlMFNMFS // ... ^ K@>H, ?Q "FC BIOB FC" TXJUDI 'FK P>J BjABeBNF ABeFIAFN. -BABKIBNFKF >j>egA>HF ?>jIgHI>NA> >_gHIgULNQJ. fC>ABKFK ABeBNFKB BjFP LI>K ?FN DBTF ABeBNF R>NO>, L DBTF 'FK >IPgKA>HF FjIBJIBN FjIBPFIFN. $eBN ULHO>, "R>NO>UgI>K" >KI>JgK> DBIBK EFGBVMU 'QK >IPgKA>HF FjIBJIBN FjIBPFIFN. !Q FjIBJIBN ?FN CSFBL RBU> HPUP ABUFJFKB H>A>N ABR>J BABN. CSFBL TXJUDI 'FK FjFKFK ?FPJBOFKF, HPUP FOB ?>jH> ?FN DBTF 'FK RBU> EFGBVMU 'QK FjIBJIBNFKB DB_FIJBOFKF O>eI>N.

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33.1

HPUP
HPUP MNLDN>J@gIgHP> H>_gKgIJ>Og becPIBKBK ?FN ABUFJAFN. !QK> N>eJBK K>AFN AQNQJI>NA> TXJUDI ABUFJF FIB HQII>KgIJ>Og DBNBHB?FIFN. HPUP ABUFJFKF >UNgKPgIg LI>N>H A>E> FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. JG HLjQIQKQK H>MO>Jg LIAQeQ F_FK, H>MO>JA>HF FjIBJIBN OLKI>KgK@> ?cPcK JG ABUFJFKFK FjF ?FPJFj LIQN. TXJUDI 'PB FOB FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKB BjFP ?FN DBTF ?QIQKAQeQ V>J>K MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjF L DBTF 'B >PI>N RB U> ?FN CSFBL FIB U> A> ?FN HPUP DBTF FIB =3CXV>3XV>3@3 =363C ABR>J BABN. HPUP DBTF EBJBK >IPP>HF DBTF 'B ABR>J BAFIJBOFKB KBABK LIQN: TXJUDI (EFhFS) \ DBTF 5: XSJUFMO("CFl"); HPUP DBTF; // CJS TPOSBLJ DBTF'F EFWBN FEFS DBTF 4: XSJUFMO("EeSU"); CSFBL; EFGBVMU: XSJUFMO("CJMNJZPSVN"); CSFBL; ^ EFiFS 5 LIAQeQKA> DBTF 5 O>PgNgKgK >IPgK> DFAFIFN RB LN>A> "?Bj" U>VAgNgIgN. .KQK OLKQKA>HF HPUP DBTF ?FN OLKN>HF DBTF 'B ABR>J BAFIJBOFKF O>eI>Ageg F_FK "AbNP" AB U>VAgNgIgN RB _gHPgA> FHFOF AB UBN >IgNI>N: CFm EfSU HPUP ABUFJF DBTF ?bIcJIBNFKAB c_ C>NHIg ?F_FJAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: x HPUP DBTF , ?FN OLKN>HF DBTF 'B >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N. x HPUP EFGBVMU , EFGBVMU ?bIcJcKB >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N. x HPUP 30+./ , FC>ABUB QU>K DBTF 'B >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N. !Q c_ HQII>KgJg ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNAcecJcV GPSFBDI 'PBK AB U>N>NI>K>K >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JI> ABKBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPSFBDI (EFhFS; < 1, 2, 3, 10, 20 >) \ XSJUFGMO("--- EFhFS: %T ---", EFhFS); TXJUDI (EFhFS) \ DBTF 1: XSJUFMO("DBTF 1"); HPUP DBTF; DBTF 2: XSJUFMO("DBTF 2"); HPUP DBTF 10; DBTF 3: XSJUFMO("DBTF 3"); HPUP EFGBVMU;

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DBTF 10: XSJUFMO("DBTF 10"); CSFBL; EFGBVMU: XSJUFMO("EFGBVMU"); CSFBL; ^

ZgHPgOg: --- EFiFS: 1 --DBTF 1 DBTF 2 DBTF 10 --- EFiFS: 2 --DBTF 2 DBTF 10 --- EFiFS: 3 --DBTF 3 EFGBVMU --- EFiFS: 10 --DBTF 10 --- EFiFS: 20 --EFGBVMU

33.2

O4/23<7< 23N3?7 /<1/9 A/;@/EP, CPPM , C3E/ 27F57 =:/07:7?

JG 'PB BjFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>OgKA> EBNE>KDF ?FN PcN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. TXJUDI 'PB FOB FC>AB ABeBNF LI>N>H >K@>H P>JO>UgI>N, ?LLI, RBU> AFVDFIBN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. TUSJOH JlMFN = /* ... */; // ... TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ DBTF "UPQMBNB": TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "djLBSNB": TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "dBSQNB": TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "CeMNF": TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; CSFBL; EFGBVMU: UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO(GPSNBU("(FdFSTJ[ JlMFN: %T", JlMFN)); ^ %AE: .F=3CV63=; =A6 :;Q4;C -+</ '7 FJ?3J3@ 6FCF?63 4;C :3E3 3E?3=E36VC. 4;C 67CDE7 9RC757T;K. 3E3>3CV ;>7C;67=;

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'BN KB H>A>N FC>AB PcNc LI>N>H CPPM A> HQII>KgI>?FIFULN LIO> A>, GBMTF RB USVF AFUB FHF ABeBNF LI>K ?Q PcN F_FK _LeQ AQNQJA> JG 'FK RBU> : c_Ic FjIB@FKFK A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV.

33.3

DBTF 23N3?:3?7 23?:3;3 F/;/<P<2/ 07:7<;3:727?

JG ABUFJIBNFKABHF BjFPIFH HLjQII>NgKA> BjFPIFeFK EBN FHF P>N>CgKA>HF ABeBN AB MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> ?BIFNIBKJFj LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?Q HLAA>, ?FNFOF HQII>Kg@g P>N>CgKA>K DFNFIJFj RB AFeBNF N>ODBIB OB_FIJFj FHF ABeBNFK BjFPIFeF H>NjgI>jPgNgIgULN: JG (UBINJO&EJMFO4BZj == UVUVMBO4BZj) \ XSJUFMO("#JMEJOJ[!"); ^ .UO> DBTF ABeBNIBNFKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKJBIBNF DBNBHFN. TXJUDI 'FK FC>ABOF _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> EBO>MI>KgN, >J> DBTF ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKJBIFAFN.

33.4

D3N3? /?/:P9:/?P
!BIFNIF ?FN ABeBN >N>IgegKA>HF AQNQJI>N DBTF 'IBN >N>OgK> .. H>N>HPBNIBNF UBNIBjPFNFIBNBH ?BIFNPFIFN: TXJUDI ([BS%FhFSJ) \ DBTF 1: XSJUFMO("4FO LB[BOEjO"); CSFBL; DBTF 2: .. DBTF 5: XSJUFMO("#FSBCFSF"); CSFBL; DBTF 6: XSJUFMO("#FO LB[BOEjN"); CSFBL; EFGBVMU: // "TMjOEB CV EVSVNVO IJd HFSdFLMFlNFNFTJ HFSFLJS! // `fOLf ZVLBSjEBLJ EVSVNMBS [BSjO CfUfO EFhFSMFSJOJ // LBQTBNBLUBEjSMBS. CSFBL; ^ 7QH>NgA>HF V>NI> LUK>K>K LUQKA> V>NgK 2, 3, 4, RBU> 5 ABeBNFKAB ?BN>?BNB H>IgKJ>HP>AgN.

33.5

AE?P9 23N3?:3?
7QH>NgA>HF LUQKA> 92,5; >N>IgegKA> ABeFI AB, 2 RB 4 ABeBNIBNF DBIAFeFKAB ?BN>?BNB H>IgKAgegKg R>NO>U>IgJ. [UIB AQNQJI>NA> DBTF 'FK ABeBNIBNFKFK >N>I>NgK> RFNDcI U>VgIgN: DBTF 2, 4: XSJUFMO("#FSBCFSF"); CSFBL;

33.6

GJOBM TXJUDI 23E7;7

!Q ABUFJ AB TXJUDI DF?FAFN, >J> ?>Vg HgOgPI>J>I>Ng R>NAgN:

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x EFGBVMU ?bIcJc ?QIQK>J>V; V>PBK ?Q AQNQJ ?>Vg HLjQII>NA> >KI>JOgVAgN: bNKBeFK V>NgK ABeBNIBNFKFK >IPgOgKgK A> FjIBJIBNFKFK ?BIFNIF LIAQeQ ?FN AQNQJA> EFGBVMU ?bIcJB DBNBH ULHPQN. x DBTF 'IBNAB >N>IgHIg ABeBNIBN HQII>KgI>J>V (RFNDcIIB DbOPBNFIBK >UNgH ABeBNIBN FOB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN). x $eBN FC>AB ?FN FOVN PcNcUOB, PcNcK ?cPcK ABeBNIBNFKFK DBTF 'IBN P>N>CgKA>K H>MO>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN (FOVN 'I>Ng ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV). GJOBM TXJUDI ([BS%FhFSJ) \ DBTF 1: XSJUFMO("4FO LB[BOEjO"); CSFBL; DBTF 2, 3, 4, 5: XSJUFMO("#FSBCFSF"); CSFBL; DBTF 6: XSJUFMO("#FO LB[BOEjN"); CSFBL; ^

33.7

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
7QH>NgA> >KI>PgI>KI>NA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F; TXJUDI , ?FN FC>ABKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKBK ABeBNIBNIB H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgeg AQNQJI>NA> HQII>KgjIgAgN. $eBN H>NjgI>jPgNgI>@>H ABeBN U>IKgV@> FHF P>KBUOB, TXJUDI UBNFKB ?FN "FC BIOB" A>E> QUDQK LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK U>Vg/PQN> DF?F ?FN OLKQ_P> JG ABUFJF UBPBNIFAFN: JG (ZB[j5VSB4POVDV == ZB[j) \ // ... ^ FMTF \ // ... ^ &BKBI ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, TXJUDI 'F c_ RBU> A>E> _LH AQNQJ F_FK AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. !Q HLKQA> A> H>N>N OFVFK! :L)

33.8

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNABK ?FNFOFKABHF DF?F ?FN EBO>M J>HFKBOF U>MgK. *QII>Kg@gA>K bK@B FjIBJF TUSJOH LI>N>H, OLKN> A> O>UgI>Ng EPVCMF LI>N>H >IOgK RB FjIBJB DbNB EBO>M U>MOgK. [NKBeFK FjIBJ "PLMI>" LI>N>H RB O>UgI>N "5 7" LI>N>H DFNFIAFeFKAB BHN>K> 12 U>VOgK. &FNFjF jQ jBHFIAB LHQU>?FIFNOFKFV: TUSJOH JlMFN; EPVCMF CJSJODJ; EPVCMF JLJODJ; // ... JlMFN = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); SFBEG(" %T %T", &CJSJODJ, &JLJODJ); 2. 'BO>M J>HFKBOFKF DBIFjPFNFK RB "PLMI>" DF?F ObVIc FjIBJIBN U>KgKA> "+" DF?F OFJDBIBNF AB ABOPBHIBJBOFKF O>eI>UgK: FjIBJ AFVDFOF LI>N>H "+" DFNFIAFeFKAB AB >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjOgK.

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3. /NLDN>J, ?FIFKJBUBK ?FN FjIBJ DFNFIAFeFKAB E>P> >POgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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34

FOVN
FOVN , "KQJ>N>I>KAgNJ>H" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "BKQJBN>PB"FK HgO>IPgIJgjgAgN. fOFJIF O>?FP ABeBNIBN cNBPJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN.

34.1

(767?:7 @/07A:3? (9B::/<;/EP<)

2>JO>UgI>N RB HQII>KJgjPgH: NFPJBPFH fjIBJIBN ?bIcJcKcK MNL?IBJ _bVcJIBNFKABK ?FNFOFKAB jbUIB ?FN HLjQI

JG (JlMFN == 1) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == 2) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == 3) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == 4) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; ^ . HLA M>N_>OgKA>HF 1, 2, 3, RB 4 ABeBNIBNFKB D;:;C>; D34;E ABKFN. *LAQ LHQU>K ?FNFOFKFK LKI>NgK KB >KI>J> DBIAFHIBNFKF ?FN ?>HgjP> >KI>J>Og LI>K>HOgVAgN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF HLAA> 1'FK EAB>3?3 ;X>7?;, 2'KFK QV=3C?3 ;X>7?;, RO. >KI>JI>NgK> DBIAFHIBNFKF >K@>H H>MO>JI>NgKA>HF HLAI>Ng LHQAQHP>K OLKN> >KI>U>?FIFULNQV. !Q AQNQJA> j>KOIgUgV, _cKHc EBN H>MO>JA> U>IKgV@> PBH O>PgN R>N; A>E> H>NJ>jgH HLAI>NA> HLAQ >KI>J>H _LH Dc_ LI>?FIFN. 1FEFNIF O>?FPIBN MNLDN>J@gIgHP> H>_gKgI>K ?FN AQNQJAQN; _cKHc FUF U>VgIJgj HLAQK BK bKBJIF KFPBIFHIBNFKABK LI>K A=F@FC>FTF@F >V>IPgNI>N. FOVN LI>K>eg, FjPB ?Q PcN O>?FPIBNB FOFJIBN RBNJBUF RB ?Q O>UBAB HLAQK LHQKQNIQeQKQ >NPPgNJ>Ug O>eI>N. UKg HLA, FOVN ABeBNIBNFUIB U>VgIAgegKA> EBN ?FN JG HLjQIQKQK E>KDF FjIBJIB FIDFIF LIAQeQ >_gH_> >KI>jgIgN: JG (JlMFN == ilMFN.UPQMBNB) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == ilMFN.djLBSNB) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == ilMFN.dBSQNB) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == ilMFN.CeMNF) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; ^ NPgH 1 DF?F >KI>Jg >_gH LIJ>U>K ?FN ABeBN UBNFKB, jmMFN.UPQMBNB DF?F FOFJIF ?FN ABeBN HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN. !QKA>K OLKN>HF ABNOIBNABHF HLAI>NA> OFEFNIF O>?FPIBN UBNFKB EBM FOFJIF O>?FPIBN HQII>K>@>egJ. 7QH>NgA>HF 1, 2, 3, RB 4 ABeBNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK FOVN P>KgJg jbUIB U>VgIgN: FOVN ilMFN \ UPQMBNB = 1, djLBSNB, dBSQNB, CeMNF ^

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34.2

(LF 27F7;7
FOVN , BK ?>OFP LI>N>H jQ ObV AFVFJFKB O>EFMPFN: FOVN T'r)smi \ de(er)smi_1, de(er)smi_2, /* WT. */ ^ !>VBK ABeBNIBNFK >OgI PcNIBNFKF AB ?BIFNPJBH DBNBHB?FIFN. !QKQK K>OgI HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FN OLKN>HF ?>jIgHP> DbNB@BeFV: FOVN T'r)smi : as*l_t'r \ de(er)smi_1, de(er)smi_2, /* WT. */ ^ FOVN >K>EP>N ObV@cecKABK OLKN> ?cPcK ABeBNIBNFK PLMIQ LI>N>H KB >KI>J> DBIAFeFKF ?BIFNPBK ?FN PcN FOJF RBNFIFN. !cPcK LI>Og ABeBNIBN FOFJIBN E>IFKAB FOVN H>MO>Jg F_FKAB OgN>I>KgNI>N. !FN H>_ bNKBH: FOVN 1BSB"Ujlj4POVDV \ ZB[j, UVSB ^ FOVN 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ \ NBdB, LVQB, LBSP, TJOFL ^ FOVN #JMFU5fSf \ OPSNBM, dPDVL, ehSFODJ, FNFLMJ ^ !Q ABeBNIBN, >UKg V>J>KA> UBKF ?FN PcNcK M>N_>I>Ng E>IFKB AB DBIFNIBN. [NKBeFK ZB[k RB UVSB , >NPgH 1BSB"Ukmk4POVDV AFUB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K UBKF ?FN PcNcK ABeBNIBNFAFN. !Q UBKF PcN AB ?>jH> PcNIBN DF?F ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN: 1BSB"Ujlj4POVDV TPOVd; BVUP ZU = 1BSB"Ujlj4POVDV.ZB[j; // PUPNBUJL JMLMFOFSFL // UfSf djLBSTBOBSBL

7QH>NgA>HF HLAI>NA> A> LIAQeQ DF?F, FOVN PcNIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNF HLA F_FKAB O>?FP LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIB@BHIBNF V>J>K >FP LIAQHI>Ng PcNcK FOJFUIB ?FNIFHPB RB LKA>K ?FN KLHP> FIB >UNgI>N>H U>VgIgNI>N: JG (TPOVd == 1BSB"Ujlj4POVDV.ZB[j) \ // ... ^

34.3

A@P: 23N3?:3? C3 AM?:3?7

FOVN PcNIBNFK ABeBNIBNF >NH> MI>KA> KLNJ>IAB JOU LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFNIBN. 7>KF EBN KB H>A>N ZB[k RB UVSB DF?F FOFJIBNF LIO> A>, >NH> MI>KA> ?FNBN JOU ABeBNFAFNIBN. (JOU 'PBK ?>jH> PcNIBNFK AB HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeFKF >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.) !Q ABeBNIBN MNLDN>J@g bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPJBAFeF OcNB@B 0'A>K ?>jI>N RB EBN FOFJIF ABeBN F_FK ?FN P>KB >NPPgNgIgN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA> P>KgJI>K>K 1BSB"Ukmk4POVDV 'KQK FHF ABeBNFKFK OgN>OgUI> 0 RB 1'B BjFP LIAQHI>NgKg jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: XSJUFGMO("ZB[j'OjO EFhFSJ 0: %T", (1BSB"Ujlj4POVDV.ZB[j == 0)); XSJUFGMO("UVSB'OjO EFhFSJ 1: %T", (1BSB"Ujlj4POVDV.UVSB == 1)); ZgHPgOg: ZB[k'OkO EFiFSJ 0: USVF UVSB'OkO EFiFSJ 1: USVF -LNJ>IAB 0'A>K ?>jI>U>K ?Q ABeBNIBNF FOPBAFeFJFV KLHP>A>K FPF?>NBK = Fj>NBPF FIB HBKAFJFV AB ?BIFNIBUB?FIFNFV. 7QH>NgA> jmMFN.UPQMBNB ABeBNFKF 1 LI>N>H ?BIFNHBK ?QKA>K U>N>NI>KJgjPgH.

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!BIFNIBAFeFJFV ABeBNABK OLKN>HFIBNFK ABeBNIBNF AB UFKB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K ?FNBN ?FNBN >NPPgNgI>N>H RBNFIFN: FOVN %FOFNF \ B, C, D, d = 100, E, F, G = 222, H, h ^ XSJUFGMO("%E %E %E", %FOFNF.C, %FOFNF.d, %FOFNF.h); ZgHPgOg: 1 100 224 FOVN ABeBNIBNFKFK MBNAB >NH>OgKA> P>JO>UgI>NA>K ?>jH> ?FN PcN LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKAB L PcN FOVN FOJFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIFN: FOVN %PhBM4BCJU : EPVCMF \ QJ = 3.14, F = 2.72 ^ FOVN *Tj#JSJNJ : TUSJOH \ $ = "$FMDJVT", ' = "'BISFOIFJU" ^

34.4

B7? FOVN AM?M<3 /7A =:;/E/< FOVN 23N3?:3?7

1FEFNIF O>?FPIBNABK HQNPQIJ>KgK bKBJIF LIAQeQKQ RB ?Q >J>_I> FOVN 'I>NA>K U>N>NI>K>?FIB@BeFJFVF DbNAcH. K@>H, OFEFNIF O>?FPIBNABK HQNPQI>?FIJBH F_FK >UNg@> ?FN FOVN PcNc ?BIFNIBJBH ALe>I LIJ>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK PBH >J>@gJgVgK 24 O>>PPBHF PLMI>J O>KFUB O>UgOgKg PQP>K ?FN O>?FP P>KgJI>J>H LIAQeQKQ AcjcKBIFJ. !bUIB PBH O>?FPFK P>KgJI>KJ>OgKA> >UNg@> FOVN PcNc ?BIFNIBJBUB DBNBH ULHPQN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> FOVN PcNc RB FOVN H>MO>J M>N>KPBVIBNF U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN: FOVN HfO#BljOB4BOJZF = 60 * 60 * 24; NPgH L O>?FPF EBO>MI>NA> FOJFUIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: UPQMBN4BOJZF = HfO"EFEJ * HfO#BljOB4BOJZF; FOVN , ?>jH> PcNABK E>VgN ABeBNIBN P>KgJI>J>H F_FK AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK FOFJIF ?FN TUSJOH E>VgN ABeBNF jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: FOVN EPTZBiTNJ = "MJTUF.UYU";

34.5

$7A3:79:3?7
.NJO RB .NBY KFPBIFHIBNF FOVN PcNcKcK OgN>OgUI> BK Hc_cH RB BK ?cUcH ABeBNIBNFAFN. !QKI>Ng ?FN GPS AbKDcOcKAB HQII>K>N>H ?cPcK ABeBNIBNF OgN>UI> DBVB?FIFNFV: FOVN 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ \ NBdB, LVQB, LBSP, TJOFL ^ GPS (BVUP SFOL = 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ.NJO; SFOL <= 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ.NBY; ++SFOL) \ ^ XSJUFGMO("%T: %E", SFOL, SFOL);

"%T" RB "%E" AcVBK ?BIFNPB_IBNFKFK _gHPgI>NgKgK C>NHIg LIAQHI>NgK> AFHH>P BAFK:

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NBeB: 0 LVQB: 1 LBSP: 2 TJOFL: 3 !QKQK F_FK GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK QUDQK LIJ>AgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. GPSFBDI ABeBN >N>Igeg FIB HQII>KgIO>UAg .NBY ABeBNF >N>IgegK AgjgKA> H>IgNAg: GPSFBDI (SFOL; 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ.NJO .. 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ.NBY) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %E", SFOL, SFOL); ^ ZgHPgOg: NBeB: 0 LVQB: 1 LBSP: 2 p TJOFL FLTJL

34.6

A@P: AM?23< 2L<MRAM?;39

7QH>NgA>HF U>VAgNJ> bNKBHIBNFKAB DbNcIAcec DF?F, ?FN FOVN ABeBN MBNAB >NH>OgKA> HQII>KgI>K >OgI PcNB (bNKBeFK JOU 'B) LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcN. !QKQK PBNOF ALeNQ ABeFIAFN: 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ SFOL = 1; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!QKQK KBABKF, FOVN ABeFjHBKIBNFKB U>KIgjIgHI> DB_BNOFV ABeBNIBNFK >P>KJ>OgKg bKIBJBHPFN: SFOL = 100; // n HFdFSMJ CJS EFhFS PMNBEjhj JdJO // BOMBNTj[ PMVSEV

&B_BNIF LIAQeQKQ ?FIAFeFJFV ?FN ABeBNF ?FN FOVN ABeBNFKB AbKcjPcNJBH FOPFULNO>H, ?QKQ >_gH_> ?FN ESC 6R@SXS?S LI>N>H U>VJ>JgV DBNBHFN: SFOL = DBTU(0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ)1; // lJNEJ LVQB

2cN AbKcjcJIBNFKF FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.

34.7

&?=0:3;
x 2>JO>UgI>N RB NFPJBPFH fjIBJIBN ABNOFKFK MNL?IBJIBNFKABHF EBO>M J>HFKBOFKF ABeFjPFNFK: #bNP FjIBJF ABOPBHIBUBK ?>OFP ?FN EBO>M J>HFKBOF, FjIBJF ?FN JBKcABK OB_PFNOFK RB DFNFIBK FHF ABeBNB L FjIBJF QUDQI>OgK. /NLDN>Jg ?Q OBCBN jQ C>NHI>NI> U>VgK: { '>KDF FjIBJ LIAQeQKQ OFEFNIF O>?FPIBNABK ABeFI, FOVN ABeBNIBNABK >KI>OgK. { JOU UBNFKB EPVCMF HQII>KOgK. { "FC BIOB FC" VFK@FNF UBNFKB TXJUDI HQII>KOgK. ... QRKS?

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35

OR:3C:3?
fjIBRIBN 97CQ7= MNLDN>JI>NgK PBJBI P>jI>NgAgN. ->OgI PBJBI PcNIBN, ?cPcK PcNIBNFK U>Mg P>jI>Ng FOBIBN, FjIBRIBN AB MNLDN>J A>RN>KgjI>NgKgK U>Mg P>jI>NgAgN. fjIBRIBNFK QOP>IgHI> A> FIDFOF R>NAgN. 3OP> MNLDN>J@gI>NgK U>VAgHI>Ng FjIBRIBN HgO> RB bV LIQN. !QKQK PBNOF AB ALeNQAQN: HgO> RB bV FjIBRIBN U>VJ>U> _>IgjJ>H, QOP>IgH ULIQKA> FIBNIBJBKFK bKBJIF >AgJI>NgKA>KAgN. fjIBJIBNF LIQjPQN>K >IP >AgJI>Ng DbNJBUB _>IgjJ>H RB L >AgJI>Ng Hc_cH FjIBRIBN E>IFKAB U>VJ>H, MNLDN>J@gIgH HLKQOQKA> DBIFjJBKFVB U>NAgJ BAB@BHPFN. !QKA>K bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB PBJBI ABUFJIBN RB FC>ABIBN beNBKAFH. #>E> EBMOFKF ?FPFNJBAFH >J> #'KFK MNLDN>JI>NA> _LH HQII>KgI>K, _LH U>N>NIg, RB _LH bKBJIF LI>K>HI>NgKg DbNAcH. 7FKB AB, EF_?FNFOF ?cUcH MNLDN>JI>N U>VJ>H F_FK UBPBNIF ABeFIAFN. iFJAFUB H>A>N U>VAgegJgV ?F_FJABHF MNLDN>JI>N, ABKBJB MNLDN>JI>Ng DF?F EF_?FN H>NJ>jgHIgeg LIJ>U>K _LH ?>OFP MNLDN>JI>N LI>?FIFNIBN. $K QC>H ?FN H>NJ>jgHIgeg ?QIQK>K ?FN FjF FjIBR HQII>KJ>A>K U>VJ>U> _>IgjJ>H _LH VLNAQN, RB LNP>U> _gH>K MNLDN>J A> E>P>U> >_gH LIQN. fjIBRIBN, FC>AB RB ABUFJIBNF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBK LI>K>HI>NAgN. !FN >N>U> DBPFNFIBK FC>AB RB ABUFJIBNB PLMIQ LI>N>H UBKF ?FN FOFJ RBNFIFN RB L FjIBJIBNFK EBMOF ?FNABK ?Q FOFJIB FjIBPFIFN. B;C 3C3J3 97E;C7C7= J7@; ;D;? G7C?7 H>RN>JgKg DcKIcH E>U>PP>K P>KgULNQV. [NKBeFK J3T63 JF?FCE3 J3B?3 FjFKF jQ >AgJI>NI> P>NFC BAB?FIFNFV: x x x x x x x x x P>R>Ug _gH>NP U>eg _gH>NP UQJQNP>Ug _gH>NP >PBjF >_ P>R>Ug >PBjB HLU P>R> gOgKgK@> U>eg F_FKB >P U>e BNFUFK@B UQJQNP>Ug F_FKB HgN UQJQNP>KgK ?BU>Vg MFjFK@B P>R>Ug >PBjPBK >I >PBjF ObKAcN

. H>A>N >UNgKPgU> DFNJBH V>J>KI> DBNBHOFV RB F_FKABK _gHgIJ>V ?FN E^I >I>@>eg F_FK, ?FN?FNFUIB FIFjHFIF >AgJI>NgK ?>VgI>NgK> PBH ?FN FOFJ RBNFIB?FIFN: x x x x J>IVBJBIBNF E>VgNI> (P>R>Ug, U>eg, UQJQNP>Ug _gH>NP) >PBjF >_ UQJQNP>Ug MFjFN (P>R>Ug >PBjB HLU, RO.) >PBjF ObKAcN

#>E> OLKN> A>E> A> FIBNF DFAFIB?FIFN RB ?cPcK L >AgJI>Ng F_BNBK PBH ?FN FC>AB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: x U>eA> UQJQNP> U>M (?cPcK >AgJI>N) fjIBRIBNFK ?QKA>K C>NHg ULHPQN: 7>MPgHI>Ng FjIBNFK EBMOFKB ?FNABK DBKBI ?FN FOFJ RBNFIB?FIBK >AgJI>N PBH ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgNI>N. [NKBH LI>N>H HQII>Kg@gU> ?FN JBKc DbOPBNBK jQ O>PgNI>N> ?>H>IgJ: XSJUFMO(" XSJUFMO(" XSJUFMO(" XSJUFMO(" XSJUFMO(" 0 1 2 3 4 `jLjl"); 5PQMBNB"); `jLBSNB"); `BSQNB"); #eMNF");

.KI>NgK EBMOFKB ?FNABK NFOgZg(fTUFS DF?F ?FN FOFJ RBNFIB?FIB@BeF F_FK LKI>Ng ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H jQ jBHFIAB ?FN >N>U> DBPFNB?FIFNFV:

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WPJE NFOfZf(eTUFS() \ XSJUFMO(" 0 `jLjl"); XSJUFMO(" 1 5PQMBNB"); XSJUFMO(" 2 `jLBSNB"); XSJUFMO(" 3 `BSQNB"); XSJUFMO(" 4 #eMNF"); ^ NPgH L FjIBRF NBJO F_FKABK HgO>@> FOJFUIB FjIBPB?FIFNFV: WPJE NBJO() \ NFOfZf(eTUFS(); ^ // ... EJhFS JlMFNMFS ...

NFOgZg(fTUFS FIB NBJO 'FK P>KgJI>NgKA>HF ?BKVBNIFeB ?>H>N>H NBJO 'FK AB ?FN FjIBR LIAQeQKQ DbNB?FIFNOFKFV. fOJF fKDFIFV@B'AB ">K> FjIBR" HQII>KgJgKA>HF ">K>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK NBJO , # MNLDN>JI>NgKgK >K> FjIBRFAFN. # MNLDN>JI>NgKgK FjIBUFjF ?Q FjIBRIB ?>jI>N RB MNLDN>J@gKgK FOPBAFeF jBHFIAB ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB A>II>KgN.

35.1

&/?/;3A?3:3?
fjIBRIBNFK Dc_Ic U>KI>NgKA>K ?FNFOF, U>MPgHI>Ng FjIBNFK ?BIFNIF bI_cAB >U>NI>K>?FIFULN LIJ>OgKA>K DBIFN. 7FKB UQJQNP> bNKBeFKB AbKBIFJ, RB ?Q OBCBN ?Bj UQJQNP> U>MJ>H FOPBUBIFJ. fVIBKJBOF DBNBHBK >AgJI>N >OIgKA> ?Q AQNQJA> A> >UKgAgN; PBH C>NHI>Ng, UQJQNP> O>UgOgKA>AgN. #>E> bK@B AbNAB FKAFNDBAFeFJFV >AgJI>Ng ?Bj UQJQNP>U> QUDQK LI>N>H jbUIB ABeFjPFNB?FIFNFV: x x x x ?Bj UQJQNP>IgH J>IVBJB E>VgNI> >PBjF >_ UQJQNP>I>Ng MFjFN >PBjF ObKAcN

2BHB FKAFNDBAFeFJFV >AgJ A> jbUIB ABeFjFN: x U>eA> ?Bj UQJQNP> U>M 2BJBIAB >UKg LI>K UQJQNP> MFjFNJB FjFUIB FIDFIF ?FN ?FIDF BH LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIJBHPBAFN: "?Bj UQJQNP> _gH>NP" RBU> "?Bj UQJQNP> U>M" DF?F. fjIBRIBNFK A>RN>KgjI>Ng A> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB >U>NI>K>?FIFN. fjIBRIBNFK FjIBNFKF ?Q jBHFIAB BPHFIBUBK ?FIDFIBNB B3C3?7EC7 ABKFN. />N>JBPNBIBN, M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB RFNDcIIBNIB >UNgI>N>H ?FIAFNFIFNIBN. />N>JBPNB IFOPBOF, FjIBRFK FOJFKABK EBJBK OLKN> U>VgI>K M>N>KPBVFK F_FAFN. #>E> bK@BHF NFOgZg(fTUFS FjIBRFKAB M>N>JBPNB M>N>KPBVFKF ?Lj LI>N>H P>KgJI>JgjPgH _cKHc L FjIBR EBN V>J>K F_FK >UKg JBKcUc DbOPBNJBHPBUAF. ,BKcABHF FIH OB_BKBeFK EBM "ZgHgj" LIJ>Og UBNFKB, AQNQJ> DbNB ABeFjBK ?FN OB_BKBH LIJ>OgKg FOPBOBH, ?QKQ ?FN M>N>JBPNBUIB O>eI>U>?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK FIH OB_BKBeF ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> "&BNF #bK" LI>N>H U>VAgNJ>H F_FK ?Q ?FIDFUF ?FN M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: WPJE NFOfZf(eTUFS(TUSJOH JML4FdFOFL) \ XSJUFMO(" 0 ", JML4FdFOFL); XSJUFMO(" 1 5PQMBNB"); XSJUFMO(" 2 `jLBSNB"); XSJUFMO(" 3 `BSQNB");

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XSJUFMO(" 4 #eMNF");

JML4FeFOFL M>N>JBPNBOF ?Q bNKBHPB ?FN AFVDF LIAQeQ F_FK PcNcKc AB TUSJOH LI>N>H ?BIFNIBAFH. !Q FjIBRF >NPgH ABeFjFH AFVDFIBNIB FjIBPBNBH JBKcKcK FIH O>PgNgKgK C>NHIg LIJ>OgKg O>eI>U>?FIFNFV. 2BH U>MJ>JgV DBNBHBK, M>N>JBPNB ABeBNFKF M>N>KPBV F_FKAB ?BIFNPJBHPFN: NFOfZf(eTUFS("`jLjl"); NFOfZf(eTUFS("(FSJ %eO"); N26: !QN>A> M>N>JBPNBKFK PcNcUIB FIDFIF ?FN OLNQKI> H>NjgI>j>?FIFNOFKFV: !Q FjIBR UQH>NgA> U>VgIAgeg E>IFUIB DIBS<> PcNcKAB AFVDFIBNIB HQII>KgI>J>V. [NKBeFK jQ HLA, DIBS<> FIB TUSJOH QUQJIQ LIJ>AgHI>Ng F_FK ABNIBJB E>P>OgK> KBABK LIQN: DIBS<> CJS4FdFOFL; CJS4FdFOFL _= ",BSF ,eL "M"; NFOfZf(eTUFS(CJS4FdFOFL); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* [PB U>KA>K, NFOgZg(fTUFS 'FK P>KgJgKA> M>N>JBPNBKFK PcNcKc DIBS<> LI>N>H ?BIFNIBAFeFKFVAB AB FjIBRF "`jLjl" DF?F ?FN TUSJOH ABeBNFUIB _>egN>J>VOgKgV. JNNVUBCMF FIB FIDFIF LI>K ?Q HLKQUQ ?FN OLKN>HF ABNOPB DbNB@BeFV. !FN>V A>E> FIBNF DFABIFJ RB OB_BKBH KQJ>N>I>NgKgK EBM 0 FIB ABeFI, AQNQJ> DbNB ABeFjFH ?FN ABeBNIB ?>jI>J>OgKg FOPFULN LI>IgJ. !Q AQNQJA> ?>jI>KDg_ KQJ>N>OgKg A> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNB?FIFNFV. />N>JBPNBIBN RFNDcIIBNIB >UNgIgNI>N: WPJE NFOfZf(eTUFS(TUSJOH JML4FdFOFL, JOU JML/VNBSB) \ XSJUFMO(' ', JML/VNBSB, ' ', JML4FdFOFL); XSJUFMO(' ', JML/VNBSB + 1, " 5PQMBNB"); XSJUFMO(' ', JML/VNBSB + 2, " `jLBSNB"); XSJUFMO(' ', JML/VNBSB + 3, " `BSQNB"); XSJUFMO(' ', JML/VNBSB + 4, " #eMNF"); ^ . FjIBRB E>KDF KQJ>N>UI> ?>jI>U>@>egKg >NPgH ?FV ?FIAFNB?FIFNFV: NFOfZf(eTUFS("(FSJ %eO", 1);

35.2

OR:3C K/NP?;/9
fjIBRFK FjFKF U>MJ>Og F_FK ?>jI>PgIJ>OgK> FjIBRFK Q3TCV>?3DV ABKFN. fjIBR _>eNgOgKgK ObV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: i+le in_ismi(parametre_de(erleri) fjFKF U>M>NHBK HQII>KJ>Og F_FK FjIBRB RBNFIBK ?FIDFIBNB B3C3?7EC7 67T7C; ABKFN. />N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF FjIBRFK P>KgJgKA>HF M>N>JBPNBIBNIB ?FNB ?FN BjIBjFNIBN. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF NFOgZg(fTUFS() FjIBR _>eNgOgKA>HF "(FSJ %fO" RB 1 ABeBNIBNF OgN>UI> JML4FeFOFL RB JML/VNBSB M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIFNIBN. 'BN M>N>JBPNB ABeBNFKFK PcNc, H>NjgIgH DBIAFeF M>N>JBPNBKFK PcNcKB QUJ>IgAgN.

35.3

OR E/>;/9
'BJ A>E> bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB, EBJ AB ?Q ABNOPB ;X J3B?3=E3@ ObV BPPFJ. /NLDN>J >AgJI>NgKgK, FC>ABIBNFK, FjIBRIBNFK, ;X J3BEV=>3CV@V ObUIBAFJ. /NLDN>JgK Fj U>MJ>Og, FHF >KI>J> DBIB?FIFN:

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x "$1 (6., 2/7C6740$.: !>Vg FjIBJIBNFK U>IKgV@> U>K BPHFIBNF R>NAgN. [NKBeFK _gHgj> JBKc U>VAgN>K NFOgZg(fTUFS FjIBRF _gHgjg 7E=;>7?7=E76;C; LIQjPQNAQeQ ?FN ABeBN ULHPQN. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?FN biSFODJ KBOKBOFKF ?FN beNBK@FIBN IFOPBOFKB BHIBUBK ?FN FjIBRFK BPHFOF, IFOPBKFK ?cUcJBOFAFN. .KQK A> cNBPPFeF ?FN ABeBN ULHPQN. &BKBI LI>N>H, MNLDN>JgK AQNQJQKA> ?FN ABeFjFHIFeB KBABK LI>K ?FN FjIBJFK U>K BPHFOFKFK LIAQeQ ObUIBKFN. x D(@(4 ?4(60(.: !>Vg FjIBJIBN U>IKgV@> ABeBN cNBPFNIBN. [NKBeFK PLMI>J> FjIBJFKFK OLKQ@QKQ RBNBK ?FN FjIBR, PLMI>K>K ABeBNIBNFK PLMI>JgKg SC7E;C. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H; FOFJ, >ANBO, RO. DF?F HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?FIDFUF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH ?FN biSFODJ KBOKBOF LIQjPQN>K ?FN FjIBRFK AB ?FN KBOKB SC7EE;T; ObUIBKFN. !Q PcN FjIBJIBNFK >UNg@> U>K BPHFIBNF ULHPQN; MNLDN>JgK AQNQJQKA> EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFeB KBABK LIJ>VI>N; U>IKgV@> ABeBN cNBPFNIBN. x H(0 '(@(4 ?4(60(., +(0 :$1 (6., 2/7C6740$.: !>Vg FjIBJIBN EBJ ABeBN cNBPFNIBN, EBJ AB U>K BPHFIBNF R>NAgN. [NKBeFK DFNFjPBK LHQAQeQ O>UgI>NgK PLMI>JgKg EBO>MI>U>K ?FN FjIBR, EBJ PLMI>JgK OLKQ@QKQ cNBPJBHPBAFN; EBJ AB F_FKABK H>N>HPBNIBN _gH>NPPgeg F_FK DFNFjF BPHFIBJBHPBAFN. x E6.,5,;/,.: 'BN FjIBRFK KLNJ>IAB UQH>NgA>HF c_ DNQMP>K ?FNFOFKB DFNAFeFKF ObUIBUB?FIFNFV: ABeBN cNBPFNIBN RBU> U>K BPHFIBNF R>NAgN. !QK> N>eJBK, ?>Vg FjIBRIBN ?>Vg HLjQII>N> ?>eIg LI>N>H ?>VBK EF_ Fj U>MJ>U>?FIFNIBN.

35.4

OR:3C7< 2L<MR 23N3?7

#BeBN cNBPBK ?FN FjIBRFK cNBPPFeF ABeBNB L FjIBRFK 6R@SX 67T7C; ABKFN. !Q PBNFJ, FjIBRFK FjFKF ?FPFNAFHPBK OLKN> ?FVB DBNF AbKJBOF DF?F ?FN AcjcK@BABK PcNBJFjPFN. fjIBRF "_>egNgNgV" RB "AbKAcNAcec" ABeBNF HQII>KgNgV. 'BN ABeBNFK LIAQeQ DF?F, AbKcj ABeBNFKFK AB PcNc R>NAgN. !Q PcN FjIBRFK FOJFKABK bK@B U>VgIgN. [NKBeFK FHF P>KB JOU ABeBNF PLMI>U>K ?FN FjIBR, BeBN OLKQ_P> UFKB JOU PcNcKAB ?FN ABeBN cNBPFULNO>, AbKcj PcNc LI>N>H JOU U>VgIgN: JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ // ... ZBQjMBO JlMFNMFS ... ^ fjIBRFK AbKAcNAcec ABeBN, O>KHF L ABeBN FjIBR _>eNgOgKgK UBNFKB U>VgIJgj DF?F, LKQK UBNFKB DB_BN. [NKBeFK UPQMB(5, 7) _>eNgOgKgK ABeBN LI>N>H 12 cNBPPFeFKF AcjcKcNOBH, jQ FHF O>PgN ?FN?FNFKFK BjABeBNFAFN: XSJUFMO("5PQMBN: ", UPQMB(5, 7)); XSJUFMO("5PQMBN: ", 12); XSJUFMO _>eNgIJ>A>K bK@B, UPQMB(5, 7) FjIBRF _>eNgIgN RB LKQK AbKAcNAcec ABeBN LI>K 12, U>VAgNJ>Og F_FK XSJUFMO 'B M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIFN. !Q O>UBAB FjIBRIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNB?FIFN RB A>E> H>NJ>jgH FC>ABIBN LIQjPQN>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO("4POVd: ", UPQMB(5, CeM(100, LJlJ4BZjTj()))); . bNKBHPB LJmJ4BZkTk 'KgK AbKcj ABeBNF CfM 'B, CfM 'cK AbKcj ABeBNF UPQMB 'U>, RB BK OLKQKA> A> UPQMB 'KgK AbKcj ABeBNF XSJUFMO 'B M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIJBHPBAFN.

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35.5

SFUVSO 23E7;7
fjIBRFK cNBPPFeF ABeBN, "AbKAcN" >KI>JgK> DBIBK SFUVSO >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB ?FIAFNFIFN: JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ JOU UPQMBN = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; SFUVSO UPQMBN; ^ fjIBR, DBNBHBK FjIBJIBNF RB EBO>MI>Ng U>M>N>H AbKcj ABeBNFKF cNBPFN RB BK OLK LI>N>H SFUVSO FIB AbKAcNcN. fjIBRFK FjIBUFjF AB L KLHP>A> OLK> BNBN RB FjIBRABK AbKcIJcj LIQN. fjIBRIBNAB ?FNABK C>VI> SFUVSO >K>EP>N ObV@cec HQII>KgI>?FIFN. fC>AB RB ABUFJIBNB ?>eIg LI>N>H bK@B E>KDF SFUVSO FjIBPFIFNOB, FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H L SFUVSO 'cK AbKAcNAcec ABeBN HQII>KgIgN: JOU LBSNBljL)FTBQ(JOU CJS1BSBNFUSF, JOU CBlLB1BSBNFUSF) \ JG (CJS1BSBNFUSF == CBlLB1BSBNFUSF) \ SFUVSO 0; ^ ^ SFUVSO CJS1BSBNFUSF * CBlLB1BSBNFUSF;

. FjIBR; FHF M>N>JBPNBOF ?FN?FNIBNFKB BjFPOB 0 ABeBNFKF, ABeFIOB FHF M>N>JBPNBKFK _>NMgJgKg AbKAcNcN.

35.6

WPJE 7R:3C:3?
$eBN FjIBR ABeBN cNBPJBUBK ?FN FjIBROB, AbKcj PcNc LI>N>H "?LjIQH, ULHIQH" >KI>JgK> DBIBK WPJE U>VgIgN. . UcVABK NBJO 'FK RB NFOgZg(fTUFS 'FK AbKcj PcNIBNFKF WPJE LI>N>H U>VAgH; jFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV H>A>NgUI> FHFOF AB ABeBN cNBPJBUBK FjIBRIBNAFN. %AE: 7+38 3D>V@63 38= 67 6R@6SC74;>;C. BF@F DA@C3=; 4;C 67CDE7 9RC757T;K.

35.7

OR:3C7< 7@;7
fjIBRFK FOJF, MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K FjIBRFK U>MPgeg FjF >_gHI>U>@>H jBHFIAB OB_FIJBIFAFN. [NKBeFK FHF O>UgUg PLMI>U>K FjIBRFK FOJFKF UPQMB LI>N>H OB_PFH; RBU> JBKcUc DbOPBNBK FjIBRB NFOgZg(fTUFS ABAFH. fjIBRIBNB FOFJ RBNFNHBK FVIBKBK ?FN HQN>I, FOFJIBNF UPQMB 'A> RB NFOgZg(fTUFS 'AB LIAQeQ DF?F FHFK@F PBHFI j>EgO BJFN HFMFKAB OB_JBHPFN. 7>KF UPQMBN 'A> RB NFOg 'AB LIAQeQ DF?F FOFJ E>IFKAB ABeFI. !bUIB@B FjIBRFK ?FN BUIBJAB ?QIQKAQeQ FOJFKABK >KI>jgIgN. [PB U>KA>K EF_?FN U>K BPHFIBNF LIJ>U>K, U>KF U>IKgV@> ABeBN cNBPBK FjIBRIBNB F_FKAB BUIBJ ?QIQKJ>U>K FOFJIBN AB OB_FIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK jQ >KA>HF E>R> Og@>HIgegKg RBNBK ?FN FjIBR F_FK IBWB4kDBLMkikOk7FS UBNFKB IBWB4kDBLMkik DF?F ?FN FOJFK A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. fjIBR, KBOKB, ABeFjHBK, RO. FOFJ OB_FJIBNFKFK MNLDN>J@gIgegK D3@3E P>N>CgKA> H>IAgegKg AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. fjB U>N>N, UBPBNFK@B HgO>, RB MNLDN>JA>HF AFeBN FOFJIBNIB PQP>NIg LI>K FOFJIBN ?QIJ>H ?>VBK U>N>Pg@gIgH DBNBHPFNFN.

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35.8

OR:3C:3?7< 9=2 9/:7A3@7<3 3A97:3?7

fjIBRIBNFK HLA H>IFPBOFKB BPHFIBNF ?cUcHPcN. fjIBRIBNFK Hc_cH LIJ>I>Ng RB OLNQJIQIQHI>NgKgK >V LIJ>Og MNLDN>JI>NgK ?>HgJI>NgKg HLI>UI>jPgNgN. /NLDN>Jg ?FN ?cPcK E>IFKAB NBJO F_FKAB U>VJ>H UBNFKB Hc_cH M>N_>I>N> >UgNJ>H ?cPcK MNLDN>Jg HLI>UI>jPgNgN. *c_cH FjIBRIBNFK ?FNFJ LI>N>H FjIBJIBNF AB ?>OFP LI>@>egKA>K, PBHBN PBHBN U>VgIJ>I>Ng _LH A>E> HLI>U LIQN. /NLDN>JgK AFeBN FjIBJIBNF ?Q U>Mg P>jI>Ng cVBNFKB HQNQIQK@> ?cPcK MNLDN>J A>E> HLI>U U>VgIgN. #>E> A> bKBJIFOF, MNLDN>JA> A>E> OLKN>A>K DBNBHBK ABeFjFHIFHIBN AB _LH A>E> HLI>U E>IB DBIFNIBN.

35.8.1

"=2 A39?/?P<2/< 9/KP<P<

/NLDN>J@gIgHP> H>_gKgIJ>Og DBNBHBK ?FN BUIBJ, HLA PBHN>NgAgN. *LA PBHN>Ng, >UKg FjF U>M>K FjIBJIBNFK MNLDN>JA> ?FNABK C>VI> UBNAB PBHN>NI>KJ>Og >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !Q PBHN>N ?>VBK ?FIFK_IF LI>N>H O>PgNI>NgK ?FN UBNABK ?>jH> ?FN UBNB HLMU>I>KJ>Og FIB U>MgI>?FIFN. !>VBK AB C>NHgKA> LIJ>A>K, >UKg FjIBJIBNFK >UKg jBHFIAB HLAI>KJ>I>Ng jBHIFKAB LNP>U> _gH>?FIFN. *LA PBHN>NgKgK O>HgK@>I>NgKA>K ?FNFOF; PBHN>NI>K>K FjIBJIBNABHF LI>Og E>P>I>NgK ?cPcK HLMU>I>NA> A> ?QIQKJ>Og, RB >UKg E>P>KgK EBN HLMU>A> DFABNFIJBOFKFK DBNBHJBOFAFN. .UO>; PBHN>NI>K>K HLA PBH ?FN FjIBR F_FKAB ?QIQKQULN LIO>, E>P>Ug U>IKgV@> ?FN HBNB DFABNJBH UBPBN. 7QH>NgA> FjIBRIBNFK QOP>IgHI> FIDFIF LIAQHI>NgK> ABeFKJFjPFJ. 3OP> MNLDN>J@gI>N HLAA>HF FjIBJIBN >N>OgKA>HF ?BKVBNIFHIBNF U>H>I>J>U> RB HLA PBHN>NgKg LNP>A>K H>IAgNJ>U> _>IgjgNI>N. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H, DFNFjPBK >IAgeg O>UgI>Ng bK@B DFNFjPBK DBIAFHIBNF OgN>A>, OLKN> A> OgN>I>KJgj LI>N>H U>VAgN>K jQ MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS; JOU BEFU; XSJUF(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ[ SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); // 4BZjMBSj PLV GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF("4BZj ", J, " "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); ^ TBZjMBS _= TBZj; ");

// %J[JZJ djLjlB ZB[EjS XSJUFMO("4jSBMBNBEBO eODF:"); GPSFBDI (J, TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ XSJUFGMO("%3E:%5E", J, TBZj); ^ TBZjMBS.TPSU; // %J[JZJ djLjlB ZB[EjS XSJUFMO("4jSBMBEjLUBO TPOSB:"); GPSFBDI (J, TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ XSJUFGMO("%3E:%5E", J, TBZj); ^

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*LA PBHN>NgKg DbNcULN JQOQKQV? #FVFUF U>VAgNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgI>K OLK FHF GPSFBDI AbKDcOc ?FN?FNFKFK >UKgOg. ZB[EkS FOJFUIB ?FN FjIBR P>KgJI>O>H RB U>VAgNJ>OgKg FOPBAFeFJFV AFVFUF AB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNOBH, ?Q HLA PBHN>NgKg LNP>A>K H>IAgNJgj LIQNQV: WPJE ZB[EjS(JOU<> EJ[J) \ GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFGMO("%3T:%5T", J, FMFNBO); ^ ^ #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, M>N>JBPNBKFK FOJF LI>N>H TBZkMBS UBNFKB LKA>K A>E> DBKBI LI>K EJ[J FOJFKF OB_PFH. !QKQK KBABKF, ?Q FjIBR ?>eI>JgKA> AFVF U>VAgNJ>H AgjgKA> ?FN jBU ?FIJFULN LIAQeQJQVAQN. #FVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK KB LIAQHI>NgKA>K ?Q FjIBR F_FKAB E>?BNFJFV ULHPQN. #FVFABHF JOU BIBJ>KI>NgK KB >KI>J> DBIAFHIBNFKF >K@>H ?Q FjIBRF _>egN>K H>MO>J ?FIFN: ?BIHF beNBK@F H>UgP KQJ>N>I>NgAgN, ?BIHF ?FN jFCNBKFK M>N_>I>NgAgN, ?BIHF ?FN DNQM FKO>KgK U>jI>NgAgN... -B LIAQHI>NgKg ZB[EkS FjIBRF F_FKAB ?FIBJBAFeFJFV F_FK, >K@>H EJ[J RB FMFNBO DF?F DBKBI FOFJIBN HQII>K>?FIFULNQV. iFJAF HLA ?FN>V A>E> AcVBKIF ?FN E>IB DBIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE ZB[EjS(JOU<> EJ[J) \ GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFGMO("%3T:%5T", J, FMFNBO); ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS; JOU BEFU; XSJUF(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ[ SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); // 4BZjMBSj PLV GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF("4BZj ", J, " "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); ^ TBZjMBS _= TBZj; ");

// %J[JZJ djLjlB ZB[EjS XSJUFMO("4jSBMBNBEBO eODF:"); ZB[EjS(TBZjMBS); TBZjMBS.TPSU; // %J[JZJ djLjlB ZB[EjS XSJUFMO("4jSBMBEjLUBO TPOSB:"); ZB[EjS(TBZjMBS);

fjFJFV ?FPJBAF: FHF ZB[EkS _>eNgOgKA>K bK@B ?FNBN AB ?>jIgH U>VAgNgIgULN. 7>VAgNgI>K AFVDF C>NHIg LIO> A> FjIBJ >UKgAgN. $eBN ?>jIgeg A> ZB[EkS '> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFNOBH, ?>jIgeg U>VAgNJ> PBHN>NgKA>K A> HQNPQIJQj LIQNQV. /NLDN>JgK U>IKgV@> ABeFjBK ?bIcJIBNFKF DbOPBNFULNQJ: WPJE ZB[EjS(TUSJOH CBlMjL, JOU<> EJ[J) \

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XSJUFMO(CBlMjL, ":"); GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFGMO("%3T:%5T", J, FMFNBO); ^

// ... // %J[JZJ djLjlB ZB[EjS ZB[EjS("4jSBMBNBEBO eODF", TBZjMBS); // ... // %J[JZJ djLjlB ZB[EjS ZB[EjS("4jSBMBEjLUBO TPOSB", TBZjMBS);

!Q FjIBJFK ZB[EkS 'A>K bK@BHF >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>NgKg A> DBNBHOFV E>IB DBPFNAFeFKF DbNB?FIFNFV. fjIBJIBNB ZB[EkS AFUB >_gHI>Ug@g ?FN FOFJ RBNAFeFJFV F_FK, >UNg@> "#FVFUF _gHgj> U>VAgN" DF?F ?FN >_gHI>J>U> A> DBNBH H>IJ>Jgj LIQULN. iFJAF MNLDN>JgK OLK O>PgNI>Ng jbUIB HgO>IPgI>?FIFN: ZB[EjS("4jSBMBNBEBO eODF", TBZjMBS); TBZjMBS.TPSU; ZB[EjS("4jSBMBEjLUBO TPOSB", TBZjMBS); !Q MNLDN>JA> ?FN HLA PBHN>Ng A>E> R>N: DFNFjPBK BEFU RB TBZk F_FK >UKg jBHFIAB P>JO>Ug LHQKQULN. 2BH C>NHI>Ng, HQII>Kg@gU> DbOPBNFIBK JBO>G RB ABeFjHBKFK FOJF: JOU BEFU; XSJUF(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ[ SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); // ... JOU TBZj; XSJUF("4BZj ", J, " "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); TBZk0LV AFUB ?FN FjIBR U>V>NO>H RB HQII>Kg@gU> DbOPBNFIB@BH JBO>Gg ?FN M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IgNO>H, HLA _LH A>E> PBJFV ?FN E>IB DBIFN. !Q OBCBN ?Q FjIBRFK DFNFjPBK LHQAQeQ ABeBNF AbKAcNJBOF DBNBHPFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK: JOU TBZj0LV(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF(NFTBK, " "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); SFUVSO TBZj; ^ !Q FjIBRF _>egN>N>H BEFU 'FK ABeBNFKF LHQJ>H HLI>U. BEFU 'F FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNFUIB FIHIBUB?FIFNFV: JOU BEFU = TBZj0LV(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ["); TBZk 'Ug LHQNHBK HQII>KgI>K JBO>G AbKDc O>U>@g LI>K J 'UF AB F_BNAFeFKABK L JBO>G TUE.TUSJOH JLAcIcKABHF GPSNBU 'P>K U>N>NI>KgI>N>H EBN J F_FK C>NHIg LI>N>H LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; // ... JOU TBZj = TBZj0LV(GPSNBU("4BZj %T", J));

");

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TBZk 'KgK GPSFBDI F_FKAB PBH ?FN UBNAB HQII>KgIAgegKg DbNBNBH TBZk 'KgK P>KgJgKg A> P>J>JBK H>IAgN>?FIFN RB LKQK HQII>KgIAgeg PBH UBNAB ALeNQA>K TBZk0LV FjIBRFKF _>egN>?FIFNFV. !bUIB@B AbKDc F_FKABHF O>PgNI>N A> >V>IJgj LIQN: GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ TBZjMBS _= TBZj0LV(GPSNBU("4BZj %T", J)); ^ !BK ?Q MNLDN>JA> OLK ?FN ABeFjFHIFH A>E> U>M>@>egJ RB O>UgI>NgK LHQKJ>OgUI> FIDFIF ?cPcK FjIBJIBNF PBH ?FN FjIBRB P>jgU>@>egJ. !bUIB@B "1>UgI>Ng LHQ" >_gHI>J>Og A> LNP>A>K H>IH>@>H; _cKHc UBKF FjIBRFK FOJF V>PBK KB FjIBJ U>MgIJ>HP> LIAQeQKQ >_gHI>U>@>H. TBZkMBSk0LV FOJFKF RBNB?FIB@BeFJFV ?Q FjIBRFK EF_?FN M>N>JBPNB >IJ>Og DBNBHJBV, >J> ABeBN LI>N>H ?cPcK AFVFUF cNBPFNOB FOJF FIB AB QUQJIQ ?FN HQII>KgJg LIQN. !bUIB@B ?cPcK MNLDN>J OLK LI>N>H jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE ZB[EjS(TUSJOH CBlMjL, JOU<> EJ[J) \ XSJUFMO(CBlMjL, ":"); GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ XSJUFGMO("%3T:%5T", J, FMFNBO); ^

JOU TBZj0LV(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF(NFTBK, " "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); SFUVSO TBZj; ^ JOU<> TBZjMBSj0LV() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS; JOU BEFU = TBZj0LV(",Bd TBZj HJSFDFLTJOJ["); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ TBZjMBS _= TBZj0LV(GPSNBU("4BZj %T", J)); ^ ^ SFUVSO TBZjMBS;

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = TBZjMBSj0LV(); ZB[EjS("4jSBMBNBEBO eODF", TBZjMBS); TBZjMBS.TPSU; ZB[EjS("4jSBMBEjLUBO TPOSB", TBZjMBS); ^ /NLDN>JgK ?Q E>IFKF FIH E>IFUIB H>NjgI>jPgNgK. 7BKF MNLDN>JA> NBJO FjIBRF F_FKAB MNLDN>JgK >K> >AgJI>Ng >_gH ?FN jBHFIAB >KI>jgIJ>HP>AgN. .UO> FIH E>IFKAB MNLDN>JgK KB U>MPgegKg >K@>H HLAI>Ng RB >_gHI>J>I>NgKg LHQU>N>H >KI>J>H VLNQKA> H>IgULNAQH. /NLDN>JgK OLK E>IFKAB A>E> C>VI> O>PgN ?QIQKQULN LIJ>Og OFVF U>KgIPJ>OgK. fjIBRIBN >OIgKA> HLAQ Hc_cIPcNIBN, >J> ?QKQ _LH HgO> LI>K ?Q MNLDN>JA> DbNBJFULNQV. [NKBeFK TBZk0LV FjIBRFKF U>VJ>A>K bK@B DFNFjPBK P>JO>Ug LHQJ>H F_FK EBN OBCBNFKAB 3 O>PgN HLA U>VgULNAQH.

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iFJAF FOB TBZk0LV 'UQ _>egN>N>H EBN KLHP>A>HF HLA O>PgNg O>UgOgKg 1'B FKAFNJFj LIAQH. '>PP>, GPSFBDI AbKDcOc F_FKABHF TBZk 'KgK P>KgJgKg A> P>J>JBK H>IAgN>?FIAFH.
35.8.2

AKP9:/;/:P 9=2 @/AP?:/?P<P 7R:3C:3?3 2L<MRAM?M<

$eBN MNLDN>JA>HF FjIBJIBNFK ?>VgI>NgKgK KB U>MPgHI>NgKg >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>Ng U>V>N>H >_gHI>J> DBNBeF AQUQULNO>KgV, ?BIHF AB L FjIBJIBNFK ?FN FjIBRB P>jgKJ>I>Ng V>J>Kg DBIJFjPFN. fjIBRFK FOJFKF >_gHI>Ug@g LI>N>H OB_JBH, >_gHI>J> O>PgNgKgK DBNBeFKF AB LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF c_ >_gHI>J> O>PgNgKA>K ?Q O>UBAB HQNPQIJQj LIAQH. _gHI>J> O>PgNI>NgKA>K HQNPQIJ>KgK bKBJIF ?>jH> ?FN KBABKF A>E> R>NAgN: >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>Ng V>J>K F_FKAB HLAQK KB U>MPgeg E>HHgKA> U>KIgj ?FIDF RBNJBUB ?>jI>NI>N. !>jP>K FUF KFUBPIB RB ALeNQ LI>N>H U>VgI>K >_gHI>J> O>PgNg, HLA ABeFjPFeFKAB QKQPQIQN RB V>J>KI> HLAA>K FIDFOFV E>IB DBIB?FIFN. NPgH >_gHI>J> O>PgNg U> U>KIgj ?FIDF RBNFULNAQN, U> A> P>J>JBK FjB U>N>J>V AQNQJA>AgN. !Q UcVABK MNLDN>JI>Ng >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>NgK> DBNBH ?gN>HJ>A>K U>VJ>U> _>IgjJ>H bKBJIFAFN.

35.9

&?=0:3;:3?
!QKA>K OLKN>HF ?cPcK ABNOIBNAB RB U>V>@>egKgV ?cPcK MNLDN>JI>NA> EBM FjIBRIBN LI>@>H. . UcVABK EF_ FjIBR ABKBUFJF OgHgKPgOg _BHJBUB@BHOFKFV. !QN>A> FIDFK_ MNL?IBJIBN ?QI>?FIAFeFJB FK>KJgULNQJ. 'F_ LIJ>VO> _bVcJIBNFKF FIDFK_ ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. 1. NFOgZg(fTUFS FjIBRFKF ?cPcK OB_BKBHIBNFKF ?FN AFVF LI>N>H >I>@>H jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFK. [NKBeFK jQ jBHFIAB _>egN>?FIBIFJ: TUSJOH<> TFdFOFLMFS = < "4JZBI", ",jSNj[j", ":FlJM", ".BWJ", "#FZB[" >; NFOfZf(eTUFS(TFdFOFLMFS, 1); ZgHPgOg jbUIB LIOQK: 1 2 3 4 5 4JZBI ,kSNk[k :FmJM .BWJ #FZB[

2. fHF ?LUQPIQ ?FN AFVFUF ?FN NBOFJ H>egAg DF?F HQII>K>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>VAgJ. 1FV ?Q MNLDN>Jg FOPBAFeFKFV jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; FOVN TBUjS"EFEJ = 20; FOVN TfUVO"EFEJ = 60; /* * BMJBT, "UBLNB JTJN" BOMBNjOB HFMJS. 1SPHSBNjO HFSJ * LBMBOjOEB IFQ EDIBS<TfUVO"EFEJ> ZB[NBL ZFSJOF, EBIB * BdjLMBZjDj PMBSBL '4BUjS' ZB[BCJMNFNJ[J TBhMjZPS. * * %JLLBU FEFSTFOJ[ 4BUjS "TBCJU V[VOMVLMV EJ[J" UfSfEfS. */ BMJBT 4BUjS = EDIBS<TfUVO"EFEJ>; /* * #JS 4BUjS EJMJNJOF EF LjTBDB ',BhjU' UBLNB JTNJOJ * WFSJZPSV[.

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*/ BMJBT ,BhjU = 4BUjS<>; /* * 7FSJMFO LBhjEj TBUjS TBUjS WF LBSF LBSF djLjlB HeOEFSJS */ WPJE LBhjEj(eTUFS(,BhjU LBhjU) \ GPSFBDI (TBUjS; LBhjU) \ XSJUFMO(TBUjS); ^ ^ /* * 7FSJMFO LBhjEjO CFMJSUJMFO ZFSJOF CJS CFOFL LPZBS; CJS * BOMBNEB P LBSFZJ "CPZBS" */ WPJE CFOFL,PZ(,BhjU LBhjU, JOU TBUjS, JOU TfUVO) \ LBhjU<TBUjS><TfUVO> = '#'; ^ /* * ,BhjEjO CFMJSUJMFO ZFSJOEFO BlBhjZB EPhSV, CFMJSUJMFO * V[VOMVLUB dJ[HJ dJ[FS */ WPJE EflFZ`J[HJ`J[(,BhjU LBhjU, JOU TBUjS, JOU TfUVO, JOU V[VOMVL) \ GPSFBDI (dJ[JMFDFL4BUjS; TBUjS .. TBUjS + V[VOMVL) \ CFOFL,PZ(LBhjU, dJ[JMFDFL4BUjS, TfUVO); ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ 4BUjS CPl4BUjS = '.'; /* )Jd TBUjSj CVMVONBZBO CJS LBhjU */ ,BhjU LBhjU; /* 0OB CPl TBUjSMBS FLMJZPSV[ */ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. TBUjS"EFEJ) \ LBhjU _= CPl4BUjS; ^ /* 7F LVMMBONBZB CBlMjZPSV[ */ CFOFL,PZ(LBhjU, 7, 30); EflFZ`J[HJ`J[(LBhjU, 5, 10, 4); ^ ... QRKS?>7C LBhjEj(eTUFS(LBhjU);

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D7T;X?7K>;=

36

D3N7R;3F:79
#BeFjHBKIBNFK MNLDN>JI> FIDFIF LI>K H>RN>JI>Ng PBJOFI BPPFHIBNFKF DbNAcH. 2BJOFI BPPFHIBNF H>RN>JI>N >N>OgKA>HF BPHFIBjFJIBNF ?Q ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF ABeFjPFNBNBH O>eI>NgV: // 1BSBZj eEF UPQMBN'JZBU = GJZBUj)FTBQMB(GJZBU-JTUFTJ); Df[EBOEBLJ.JLUBS -= UPQMBN'JZBU; CBLLBMEBLJ.JLUBS += UPQMBN'JZBU; !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> ABeFjHBKIBN LIJ>A>K LIJ>V; 67T;X74;>?7 H>RN>Jg MNLDN>JI>NgK Fj U>M>?FIJBIBNF F_FK bKBJIFAFN. !QK> N>eJBK, ABeFjFJFK QUDQK LIJ>Ageg AQNQJI>N A> R>NAgN: x !>Vg H>RN>JI>N V>PBK 67T;X?7K6;C>7C. [NKBeFK E>CP>A>HF DcK O>UgOg 7'AFN, J>PBJ>PFHPBHF B; (l) O>?FPPFN, ?FN MNLDN>JgK ABOPBHIBAFeF AFI O>UgOg MNLDN>JgK _>IgjPgeg OcNB@B ABeFjJBUB@BHPFN (bNKBeFK U>IKgV@> 2cNH_B RB fKDFIFV@B'AFN), RO. x *LAA>HF ?cPcK FjIBJIBNFK EBN ABeFjHBKF ABeFjPFNB?FIB@BH H>A>N BOKBH LIJ>I>Ng, E>KDF FjIBJIBNFK E>KDF ABeFjHBKIBNF ABeFjPFNAFHIBNFKF C>VI> OBN?BOP ?gN>HPgeg F_FK HLAQK LHQKJ>Og RB DBIFjPFNFIJBOF Dc_IBjFN. [NKBeFK FNFLMJ&U(CBOLB, eBMkmBO) DF?F ?FN FjIBR _>eNgOg OLKQ@QKA> eBMkmBO 'gK CBOLB 'A>K BJBHIF BAFIAFeFKF >KI>U>?FIFNFV. K@>H, ?Q FjIBRABK AbKcIAcecKAB ?Q FHF ABeFjHBKFK ABeFjFM ABeFjJBUB@BHIBNFKF ?FIJBH AB bKBJIFAFN. 7LHO> EBN FjIBR _>eNgOgK> jcMEBUIB ?>HJ>U> ?>jI>NgV. 'BNE>IAB CBOLB 'KgK BIBJ>K O>UgOg >V>I>@>HPgN; MBHF eBMkmBO ABeFjHBKF AB ABeFjB@BH JFAFN; bNKBeFK ?Q FjIBR eBMkmBO ABeFjHBKFKFK F_FKABHF ?FN FOVN ABeFjHBKF AB aBMkmNB%VSVNV.FNFLMJ LI>N>H ABeFjPFNB@BH JFAFN? !>Vg H>RN>JI>NgK ?>Vg FjIBJIBN OgN>OgKA> ABeFjJBUB@BHIBNF DcRBK@BOFKB DBNBH AQU>NgV. !>Vg ?>jH> AFIIBNAB ?QIQKJ>U>K ?Q =7D;@>;=>7 67T;X?7K>;= H>RN>Jg E>P> _BjFPIBNFKABK ?>VgI>NgKgK LI>OgIgegKg AcjcNBK U>N>NIg ?FN LI>K>HPgN. D7T;X?7K>;= H>RN>JI>NgKg ?BIFNIBUBK FHF >K>EP>N ObV@cecK fKDFIFV@B'ABHF >KI>JI>Ng A> ?FN?FNIBNFKB _LH U>HgKAgN: DPOTU , "O>?FP, ABeFjJBV" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "@LKOP>KP"gK HgO>OgAgN. JNNVUBCMF FOB, "ABeFjB?FIBK" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "JQP>?IB"gK H>NjgP >KI>JIgOgAgN. fHFOF AB "ABeFjJBVIFH" >KI>JgKg P>jgULN LIO>I>N A>, JNNVUBCMF RB DPOTU ObV@cHIBNFKFK DbNBRIBNF C>NHIgAgN RB ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> ?FN?FNIBNFUIB QUQJOQVAQNI>N.

36.1

D3N7R;3F:3?
'BN KB H>A>N HQI>e> >KI>JOgV DBIOB AB, ?Q ?>jIgH UBNFKB "#BeFjJBV ABeFjHBK" AB AcjcKB?FIFNAF. !bUIB >KI>JOgV FC>ABIBN fKDFIFV@B H>UK>HI>NA> A> ?QIQKQN: "@LKOP>KP R>NF>?IB" RBU> "FJJQP>?IB R>NF>?IB" A> HQI>e> >UKg ABNB@BAB U>KIgj DBIBK PBNFJIBNAFN. *BOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBUB@BH LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN c_ C>NHIg ?F_FJAB P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN.

36.1.1

FOVN 23N7R93<:3?
!>Vg O>?FP ABeFjHBKIBNFK FOVN LI>N>H P>KgJI>K>?FIAFHIBNFKF FOVN ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH: FOVN EPTZBiTNJ = "MJTUF.UYU"; #BNIBJB V>J>KgKA> EBO>MI>K>?FIAFHIBNF OcNB@B FOVN ABeFjHBKIBN FjIBR _>eNgI>NgKgK OLKQ_I>Ng FIB AB FIHIBKB?FIFNIBN:

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JOU TBUjS"EFEJ() \ SFUVSO 42; ^ JOU TfUVO"EFEJ() \ SFUVSO 7; ^ TUSJOH JTJN() \ SFUVSO "MJTUF"; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ FOVN EPTZBiTNJ = JTJN() _ ".UYU"; FOVN UPQMBN,BSF = TBUjS"EFEJ() * TfUVO"EFEJ(); ^ #BNIBUF@F FOVN ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNFKB FVFK RBNJBV: ++UPQMBN,BSF; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BeFjJBVIFH H>RN>JgKg O>eI>U>K _LH BPHFIF ?FN LI>K>H LIJ>OgK> H>NjgK FOVN >K@>H ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKBK RBU> EBO>MI>K>?FIBK O>?FPIBN F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !BHIBKB@BeF DF?F, MNLDN>J ABNIBKFNHBK FOVN ABeFjHBKIBNFK UBNIBNFKB LKI>NgK ABeBNIBNF HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK, jbUIB ?FN FOVN P>KgJg RB LKQ HQII>K>K FHF FC>AB LIOQK: FOVN J = 42; XSJUFMO(J); GPP(J); 7QH>NgA>HF HLA, J 'KFK UBNFKB LKQK ABeBNF LI>K 42 'KFK U>VgIJ>OgKgK BjABeBNFAFN: XSJUFMO(42); GPP(42); !FN FOVN ABeFjHBKFK UBNFKB ABeBNFKFK HQII>KgIgULN LIJ>Og JOU DF?F ?>OFP PcNIBN F_FK KLNJ>I LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJBIFAFN. K@>H, FOVN ABeFjHBKIBNFK AFVF RBU> BjIBJB P>?ILOQ LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKgK DFVIF ?FN ?BABIF R>NAgN: FOVN B = < 42, 100 >; XSJUFMO(B); GPP(B); B 'KgK UBNFKB ABeBNFKF UBNIBjPFNAFeFJFVAB ABNIBUF@FKFK ABNIBUB@BeF >OgI HLAQK >j>egA>HF DF?F LIAQeQKQ DbNcNcV: XSJUFMO(< 42, 100 >); GPP(< 42, 100 >); // CJS EJ[J PMVlUVSVMVS // CBlLB CJS EJ[J PMVlUVSVMVS

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF DFVIF ?BABI, EBN FC>AB F_FK C>NHIg ?FN AFVF LIQjPQNQIQULN LIJ>OgAgN. !Q UcVABK, ?FNABK C>VI> UBNAB HQII>KgI>@>H LI>K AFVFIBNFK RB BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng _LeQ AQNQJ> A>E> QUDQKAQN.

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36.1.2

JNNVUBCMF 23N7R93<:3?
!Q >K>EP>N ObV@cH AB MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> ABeFjHBKFK =7D;@>;=>7 ABeFjJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN. FOVN 'A>K C>NHIg LI>N>H, JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKBK ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeBNIBNF _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> A> EBO>MI>K>?FIFN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J FOVN RB JNNVUBCMF >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNFKFK HQII>KgJI>NgKgK C>NHI>NgKg DbOPBNFULN. 2QPPQeQ O>UgUg HQII>Kg@gKgK P>EJFK BPJBOFKF ?BHIBUBK ?Q MNLDN>JA> PQPQI>K O>Ug ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKBJBAFeF F_FK FOVN LI>N>H P>KgJI>K>J>V. K@>H, ?FN HBNB OB_FIAFHPBK OLKN> ABeBNFKFK ABeFjJBOF FOPBKJBUB@BeFKABK RB E>PP> ABeFjJBOF ?FN E>P> LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB@BeFKABK ?Q ABeFjHBKFK JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBOF QUDQK LIQN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J HQII>Kg@gKgK P>EJFKFKF LHQNHBK UFKB ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB P>KgJI>AgegJgV TBZk0LV FjIBRFKABK U>N>NI>KgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; JOU TBZj0LV(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF(NFTBK, " "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); SFUVSO TBZj; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ FOVN FO"[ = 1; FOVN FO`PL = 10; JNNVUBCMF TBZj = VOJGPSN(FO"[, FO`PL + 1); XSJUFGMO("%T JMF %T BSBTjOEB CJS TBZj UVUUVN.", FO"[, FO`PL); BVUP EPhSV@NV = GBMTF; XIJMF (!EPhSV@NV) \ JNNVUBCMF UBINJO = TBZj0LV("5BINJOJOJ["); EPhSV@NV = (UBINJO == TBZj); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("%PhSV!");

&bVIBJIBN: x FO"[ 'gK RB FOaPL 'QK ABeBNIBNF MNLDN>JgK ABNIBKJBOF OgN>OgKA> ?FIFKAFHIBNFKABK RB ?FN >KI>JA> ?Q MNLDN>JgK A>RN>KgjgKgK ABeFjJBV M>N_>I>Ng LIAQHI>NgKA>K FOVN LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgjI>NAgN. x 0>ODBIB OB_FIJFj LI>K TBZk ABeBNFKFK RB HQII>Kg@gA>K LHQK>K EBN UBINJO ABeBNFKFK MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> ABeFjJBIBNF ALeNQ LIJ>U>@>egKA>K LKI>N JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgjI>NAgN. x . ABeFjHBKIBNFK P>KgJI>Ng OgN>OgKA> PcNIBNFKFK >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. BVUP 'A> LIAQeQ DF?F, FOVN RB JNNVUBCMF >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNF AB PcNcK O>e P>N>CgK ABeBNFKABK _gH>NO>KJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. /NLDN>J F_FKAB >_gH_> JNNVUBCMF(JOU) AFUB M>N>KPBVIB U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHJBOB AB JNNVUBCMF PcNcK ?FN M>N_>OgAgN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J c_ C>NHIg ?F_FJAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK PcNIBNFKFK P>J FOFJIBNFKFK >UKg LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP;

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WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF djLBSTBOBSBL = 0; JNNVUBCMF JOU UfSfZMF = 1; JNNVUBCMF(JOU) UBN0MBSBL = 2; XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(djLBSTBOBSBL).TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(UfSfZMF).TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(UBN0MBSBL).TUSJOHPG);

\_cKcK AB >OgI PcN FOJF JNNVUBCMF 'g A> F_BNFN RB M>N>KPBVIFAFN: JNNVUBCMF(JOU) JNNVUBCMF(JOU) JNNVUBCMF(JOU) />N>KPBVIBNFK F_FKABHF PcN bKBJIFAFN. !QKQ >j>egA> AFIFJFK RBU> BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ABeFjJBVIFeF HLKQOQKA> DbNB@BeFV.
36.1.3

DPOTU 23N7R93<:3?
!Q >K>EP>N ObV@cecK ABeFjHBKIBN cVBNFKAB JNNVUBCMF 'A>K ?FN C>NHg ULHPQN. DPOTU ABeFjHBKIBN AB ABeFjPFNFIBJBVIBN: DPOTU ZBSjTj = UPQMBN / 2; ZBSjTj = 10; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #BeFjHBKIBNFK ABeFjJBVIFeFKF ?BIFNIBNHBK DPOTU UBNFKB JNNVUBCMF HQII>KJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ _cKHc JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN, M>N>JBPNBKFK bVBIIFHIB JNNVUBCMF LIJ>OgKg FOPBUBK FjIBRIBNB AB DbKABNFIB?FIFNIBN. !QKQ >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.

36.2

D3N7R;3F >/?/;3A?3:3?
fjIBRIBNFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>@>HI>Ng ObVcKc RBNJBIBNF RB ABNIBUF@FKFK ?QKQ D>N>KPF BPJBOF MNLDN>J@gIgH >_gOgKA>K _LH U>N>NIgAgN. !QKQK K>OgI O>eI>K>@>egK> DB_JBABK bK@B AFIFJ BIBJ>KI>NgKgK FjIBRIBN P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIB?FIAFHIBNFKF DbNBIFJ. #FIFJIBN ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, AFIFJIBN HBKAF BIBJ>KI>NgK> O>EFM ABeFIIBNAFN, L BIBJ>KI>N> U>IKgV@> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. !BIFNIF ?FN >KA> >UKg BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LI>K ?FNABK C>VI> AFIFJ ?QIQK>?FIFN. !Q ?>jIgH >IPgKA>HF bNKBHIBNAB AFIFJIBNABK U>N>NI>KgULNQJ. !QN>A> >KI>PgI>KI>N BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN _cKHc LKI>N A> C787C3@D ESC>7C;6;C. fjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K ?FN AFIFJ, FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg UBNABHF AFIFJFK HBKAFOF ABeFI, ?FN HLMU>OgAgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20, 30, 40 >; ZBSjMB(EJMJN); XSJUFMO(EJMJN); ^ WPJE ZBSjMB(JOU<> TBZjMBS) \ GPSFBDI (SFG TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ TBZj /= 2;

// 1

// 2

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7QH>NgA>HF ZBSkMB FjIBRFKFK FjIBPFIAFeF OgN>A> >UKg AbNP BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LI>K FHF C>NHIg AFIFJ R>NAgN: 1. NBJO 'FK F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K RB ZBSkMB 'U> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFIBK EJMJN FOFJIF AFIFJ 2. ZBSkMB 'KgK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF LI>N>H >IJgj LIAQeQ RB NBJO 'ABHF AFIFJIB >UKg AbNP BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LI>K TBZkMBS FOFJIF AFIFJ GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKAB SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cec AB HQII>KgIJgj LIAQeQKA>K L AbNP BIBJ>KgK ABeBNIBNF U>NgI>KJgj LIQN: <5, 10, 15, 20> !Q bNKBHPB AB DbNcIAcec DF?F, ZBSkMB DF?F FjIBRIBNFK HBKAFIBNFKB DbKABNFIBK AFIFJIBNFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg ABeFjPFNB?FIJBIBNF HQII>KgjIgAgN _cKHc V>PBK BIBJ>KI>Ng ABeFjPFNJBH F_FK U>VgIJgjI>NAgN. #BNIBUF@F, JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBNFK ?bUIB FjIBRIBNB DbKABNFIJBIBNFKB FVFK RBNJBV: JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20, 30, 40 >; ZBSjMB(EJMJN); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #BNIBJB E>P>Og, JNNVUBCMF(JOU<>) PcNcKABHF ?FN ABeFjHBKFK JOU<> PcNcKABHF ?FN M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>J>U>@>egKg ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: GVODUJPO EFOFNF.ZBSkMB (JOU<> TBZkMBS) JT OPU DBMMBCMF VTJOH BSHVNFOU UZQFT (JNNVUBCMF(JOU<>))

36.2.1

DPOTU >/?/;3A?3:3?
JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBNFK ZBSkMB 'A> LIAQeQ DF?F M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>M>K FjIBRIBNB DbKABNFIJBIBNFKFK BKDBIIBKJBOF bKBJIFAFN. K@>H, M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>K RB E>PP> U>MJ>J>Og DBNBHBK ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB DbKABNFIBJBJBIBNF ?cUcH ?FN HgOgPI>J> LI>N>H DbNcIJBIFAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20, 30, 40 >; ZB[EjS(EJMJN); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^ WPJE ZB[EjS(JOU<> EJMJN) \ XSJUFGMO("%T FMFNBO: ", EJMJN.MFOHUI); GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; EJMJN) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, FMFNBO); ^

$IBJ>KI>NgK ABeFjPFNFIBJFULN LIJ>I>Ng LKI>NgK U>VAgNgIJ>I>NgK> BKDBI LIJ>J>IgAgN. DPOTU M>N>JBPNBIBN ?Q HLKQA> U>N>NIgAgNI>N.

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DPOTU >K>EP>N ObV@cec ?FN ABeFjHBKFK 47>;C>; 4;C C787C3@D (bNKBeFK AFIFJ) ULIQUI> ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BeFKF ?BIFNIBN. />N>JBPNBUF DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBJBH, L AFIFJFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK FjIBR F_BNFOFKAB ABeFjPFNFIBJBUB@BeFKF D>N>KPF BABN. !bUIB ?FN D>N>KPF O>eI>KAgeg F_FK MNLDN>J >NPgH ABNIBKFN: ZB[EjS(EJMJN); // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS // ... WPJE ZB[EjS(DPOTU JOU<> EJMJN) fjIBR K>OgI LIO> ABeFjPFNJBUB@BeFKB ObV RBNJFj LIAQeQKA>K, EBJ 67T;X74;>7@ ABeFjHBKIBN EBJ AB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN FjIBRIBNB DPOTU M>N>JBPNBIBN LI>N>H DbKABNFIB?FIFNIBN: JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20, 30, 40 >; ZB[EjS(EJMJN); // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS JOU<> EFhJlFCJMFO%JMJN = < 7, 8 >; ZB[EjS(EFhJlFCJMFO%JMJN); // CV TBUjS EB EFSMFOJS fjIBR P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBAFeF E>IAB DPOTU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>U>K ?FN M>N>JBPNB FjIBRFK HQII>KgjIgIgegKg AcjcNcN. $H LI>N>H, FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNF MNLDN>J@g >_gOgKA>K U>N>NIg ?FN ?FIDFAFN. #BeFjHBKFK ?BIFNIF ?FN H>MO>J F_FKAB ABeFjJBUB@BH LIAQeQKQ ?FIJBH HLAQK >KI>jgIJ>OgKg HLI>UI>jPgNgN. .I>Og E>P>I>Ng A> bKIBN: #BeFjJBUB@BH LIAQeQ AcjcKcIAcec F_FK DPOTU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKF OLKN>A>K ABeFjPFNJBUB _>IgjJ>U> ABNIBUF@F FVFK RBNJBV: WPJE ZB[EjS(DPOTU JOU<> EJMJN) \ EJMJN<0> = 42; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* . AQNQJA> MNLDN>J@g U> U>KIgjIgeg C>NHBABN U> A> P>O>NgJg DbVABK DB_FNBNBH DPOTU 'gK H>IAgNgIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKB H>N>N RBNFN. DPOTU M>N>JBPNBIBNFK EBJ ABeFjB?FIBK EBJ AB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBNF H>?QI BAB?FIJBIBNFKFK FIDFK_ ?FN BPHFOF R>NAgN. !QKQ >j>egA>HF "DPOTU M>N>JBPNB JF, JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNB JF?" ?>jIgeg >IPgKA> DbNB@BeFV.
36.2.2

JNNVUBCMF >/?/;3A?3:3?
DPOTU M>N>JBPNB UBNFKB HQII>KgI>K >OgI ABeFjHBKFK 67T;X74;>7@ RBU> JNNVUBCMF LI>?FIAFeFKF DbNAcH. DPOTU M>N>JBPNBIBN ?Q >KI>JA> BOKBHIFH DBPFNFNIBN. />N>JBPNBKFK JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBOF FOB >OgI ABeFjHBKFK AB HBOFKIFHIB JNNVUBCMF LIJ>Og j>NPgKg DBPFNFN. !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNBIBN FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg KLHP> cVBNFKAB HQRRBPIF ?FN P>IBMPB ?QIQKJ>HP>AgNI>N: WPJE CJSilMFN(JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN) \ /* ... */ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EFhJlNF[%JMJN = < 1, 2 >; JOU<> EFhJlFCJMFO%JMJN = < 8, 9 >; CJSilMFN(EFhJlNF[%JMJN); CJSilMFN(EFhJlFCJMFO%JMJN); // CV EFSMFOJS // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

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. UcVABK JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNBIBNF >K@>H DBN_BHPBK DBNBHBK AQNQJI>NA> AcjcKJBKFVF bKBNFNFJ. iFJAFUB H>A>N beNBKAFHIBNFJFV >N>OgKA> JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNBIBN U>IKgV@> AFVDF PcNIBNFKAB cOPc H>M>Ig LI>N>H DB_BNIBN. !QKQ ?FN>V >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ. DPOTU RBU> JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNFK, FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg UBNABHF >OgI ABeFjHBKF ABeFjPFNJBJB ObVc RBNAFHIBNFKF DbNAcH. !Q HLKQ U>IKgV@> NBCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNIB FIDFIFAFN. 0BCBN>KO RB ABeBN PcNIBNFKF FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB A>E> >UNgKPgIg LI>N>H DbNB@BeFV. !Q ?bIcJB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV PcNIBN >N>OgKA> AFIFJIBN RB BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF, AFeBNIBNF FOB ABeBN PcNIBNFAFN.
36.2.3

DPOTU >/?/;3A?3 ;7, JNNVUBCMF >/?/;3A?3 ;7?

7QH>NgA>HF FHF ?>jIge> ?>HgIAgegKA> BOKBHIFH DBPFNAFeF F_FK DPOTU ?BIFNPB@FKFK UBeIBKJBOFKFK ALeNQ LI>@>eg OLKQ@QK> R>NgI>?FIFN. !Q EBN V>J>K ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. DPOTU ?BIFNPB@F >OgI ABeFjHBKFK 67T;X74;>7@ JF ULHO> JNNVUBCMF Jg LIAQeQ ?FIDFOFKF FjIBR F_BNFOFKAB ?BIFNOFV E>IB DBPFNFN. !QKQ ABNIBUF@F AB ?FIBJBV. !QKQK ?FN BPHFOF, DPOTU M>N>JBPNBIBNFK JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB ALeNQA>K DbKABNFIBJBUB@BHIBNFAFN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF HLAA>HF GPP FjIBRF DPOTU M>N>JBPNBOFKF CBS '> DbKABNBJBV: WPJE NBJO() \ /* "TjM EFhJlLFO JNNVUBCMF */ JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20, 30, 40 >; GPP(EJMJN); ^ /* %BIB LVMMBOjlMj PMBCJMNFL JdJO QBSBNFUSFTJOJ DPOTU PMBSBL * BMBO CJS JlMFW. */ WPJE GPP(DPOTU JOU<> EJMJN) \ CBS(EJMJN); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^ /* 1BSBNFUSFTJOJ CFMLJ EF HFdFSMJ CJS OFEFOMF JNNVUBCMF PMBSBL * BMBO CJS JlMFW. */ WPJE CBS(JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN) \ /* ... */ ^ CBS , M>N>JBPNBOFKFK JNNVUBCMF LIJ>OgKg j>NP HLjJ>HP>AgN. [PB U>KA>K, GPP 'KQK DPOTU M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K EJMJN 'FK >OIgKA> JNNVUBCMF ?FN ABeFjHBKB JF ULHO> ABeFjB?FIBK ?FN ABeFjHBKB JF ?>eIg LIAQeQ ?FIFKBJBV. %AE: .F=3CV63=; =F>>3@V?3 43=V>6VTV@63 7+38 ;Q;@67=; 3DV> 67T;X=7@;@ 377>=+,6/ A>6FTF 3QV=EVC. BF@3 C3T?7@, 67C>7J;5; :7C ;X>7G; 3JCV 3JCV 67C>76;T; ;Q;@ 099 '@F@ -98<= B3C3?7EC7D;@;@ 3D>V@63 377>=+,6/ A>6FTF@F 4;>?7D; A>3@3=DVK6VC. D7C>7J;5;@;@ 9RKS@67 .3637 67T;X74;>7@ 67 A>34;>;C 377>=+,6/ 63. !bUIB ?FN AQNQJA> ?FN _bVcJ, CBS 'g M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeFjJBV ?FN HLMU>Og FIB _>egNJ>HPgN: WPJE GPP(DPOTU JOU<> EJMJN) \ CBS(EJMJN.JEVQ); ^

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*LA >NPgH ABNIBKB?FIFULN LIO> A> >OgI ABeFjHBKFK V>PBK JNNVUBCMF LIAQeQ AQNQJA> ?FIB HLMU>OgKgK >IgKgULN LIJ>Og DBNBHOFVAFN. !cPcK ?QKI>N> ?>HgIAgegKA> ?BIHF AB GPP 'KQK M>N>JBPNBOFKF DPOTU LI>N>H >IJ>OgKgK EBN V>J>K F_FK ALeNQ LIJ>Ageg AcjcKcIB?FIFN. ZcKHc M>N>JBPNBOFKF ?>jP>K JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H OB_JFj LIO> HLA HLMU>U> DBNBH H>IJ>A>K ABNIBKB?FIFN: WPJE GPP(JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EJMJN) // #V TFGFS JNNVUBCMF \ CBS(EJMJN); // "SUjL LPQZB HFSFLNF[ ^ K@>H, ?FN cOPPBHF ?>jIgHP> ?BIFNPFIAFeF DF?F, >OgI ABeFjHBKFK JNNVUBCMF LIJ>Ageg AQNQJI>NA> GPP 'KQK _>eNgI>?FIJBOF F_FK ?Q OBCBN AB .JEVQ FIB HLMU>I>KJ>Og DBNBHB@BHPF: GPP(EFhJlFCJMFO%JMJN.JEVQ); &bNcIAcec DF?F, ABeFjJBUB@BH LI>K M>N>JBPNBKFK PcNcKcK DPOTU RBU> JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJBOFKFK H>N>Ng HLI>U ABeFIAFN. fIBNFAB DbNB@BeFJFV j>?ILKI>N ?Q HLKQA> A> U>N>NIg LI>?FIFNIBN. j>egA>HF HLAI>Ng HFP>?gK ?Q >j>J>OgKA> >KI>J>KgVg ?BHIBJBOBJ AB M>N>JBPNBKFK DPOTU RBU> JNNVUBCMF LIJ>Og H>N>NgKg LNP>A>K H>IAgNAgegKg ?BIFNPJBH FOPFULNQJ. j>egA>HF GPP EBJ 67T;X74;>7@ EBJ AB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBNIB _>eNgI>?FIFN RB U>IKgV@> >OgI ABeFjHBK 67T;X74;>7@ LIAQeQKA> HLMU> ?BABIF bABN: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... /* kBCMPO PMEVhV JdJO IFN EFhJlFCJMFO IFN EF JNNVUBCMF * EFhJlLFOMFSMF dBhSjMBCJMJS. */ WPJE GPP(5)(5<> EJMJN) \ /* "TjM EFhJlLFO [BUFO JNNVUBCMF PMEVhVOEB 'UP' JMF * LPQZBMBNBOjO CFEFMJ ZPLUVS. */ CBS(UP!(JNNVUBCMF 5<>)(EJMJN)); ^

36.3

BMAM< 27:7;3 9/?RP:P9 3:3;/<:/?P<P< 23N7R;3F:7N7

JNNVUBCMF ?FN AFIFJFK PcNcKcK .TUSJOHPG FIB JNNVUBCMF(JOU<>) LI>N>H U>VAgNgIAgegKg UQH>NgA> DbNAcH. JNNVUBCMF 'A>K OLKN> HQII>KgI>K M>N>KPBVIBNABK >KI>jgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, ABeFjJBV LI>K AFIFJFK ?cPcKcAcN; L AFIFJAB EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MgI>J>V. [NKBeFK AFIFJB BIBJ>K BHIBKBJBV, AFIFJABK BIBJ>K _gH>NPgI>J>V, R>N LI>K BIBJ>KI>NgK ABeBNIBNF ABeFjPFNFIBJBV, RBU> AFIFJFK ?>jH> BIBJ>KI>Ng DbOPBNJBOF O>eI>K>J>V: JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EFhJlNF[%JMJN = < 1, 2 >; EFhJlNF[%JMJN _= 3; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* EFhJlNF[%JMJN<0> = 3; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* EFhJlNF[%JMJN.MFOHUI = 1; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EFhJlNF[#BlLB%JMJN = < 10, 11 >; EFhJlNF[%JMJN = EFhJlNF[#BlLB%JMJN; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #BeFjJBVIFeFK ?Q ABNB@B FIBNF DbPcNcIJBOF ?>Vg AQNQJI>N> QUDQK ABeFIAFN. ZLeQ AQNQJA> bKBJIF LI>K, U>IKgV@> BIBJ>KI>NgK ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BHIBNF DcRBK@BOFAFN. #FIFJ K>OgI LIO> BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN LI>K>H LIAQeQKA>K L BIBJ>KI>N ABeFjPFNFIJBAFHIBNF OcNB@B AFIFJFK HBKAFOFKAB LIQj>K ABeFjFHIFHIBN ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> bKBJIF ABeFIAFN.

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!FN AFIFJFK U>IKgV@> BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ABeFjJBUB@BeF, JNNVUBCMF 'A>K OLKN>HF M>N>KPBVFK U>IKgV@> BIBJ>KgK PcNcKc F_BNJBOF FIB O>eI>KgN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLA ?QK> QUDQK LI>N>H ABeFjPFNFIFNOB >NPgH U>IKgV@> BIBJ>Kg ABeFjPFNBK O>PgN ABNIBKBJBV; AFIFJFK HBKAFOF ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFN: JNNVUBCMF(JOU)<> EFhJlNF[%JMJN = < 1, 2 >; EFhJlNF[%JMJN _= 3; // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS EFhJlNF[%JMJN<0> = 3; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* EFhJlNF[%JMJN.MFOHUI = 1; // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS JNNVUBCMF JOU<> EFhJlNF[#BlLB%JMJN = < 10, 11 >; EFhJlNF[%JMJN = EFhJlNF[#BlLB%JMJN; // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS !FN?FNIBNFKB _LH U>HgK LI>K ?Q ObV AFVFJIBNFKF jbUIB H>NjgI>jPgN>?FIFNFV: JNNVUBCMF JOU<> B = <1>; /* /F FMFNBOMBSj OF LFOEJTJ EFhJlUJSJMFCJMFO EJMJN */

JNNVUBCMF(JOU<>) C = <1>; /* bTUUFLJZMF BZOj BOMBN */ JNNVUBCMF(JOU)<> D = <1>; /* &MFNBOMBSj EFhJlUJSJMFNFZFO BNB LFOEJTJ EFhJlUJSJMFCJMFO EJMJN */ #>E> bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB ?Q HLKQUI> cOPc H>M>Ig LI>N>H H>NjgI>jPgH. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, AFVDF PcNIBNFKFK >OgI PcNIBNFKFK JNNVUBCMF LIAQHI>NgKA>K ?>EOBPJFjPFH: x TUSJOH , JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> 'gK P>HJ> FOJFAFN x XTUSJOH , JNNVUBCMF(XDIBS)<> 'gK P>HJ> FOJFAFN x ETUSJOH , JNNVUBCMF(EDIBS)<> 'gK P>HJ> FOJFAFN !BKVBN jBHFIAB, AFVDF E>VgN ABeBNIBNF AB ABeFjJBVAFNIBN: x "NFSIBCB"D E>VgN AFVDFOFKFK PcNc TUSJOH 'AFN x "NFSIBCB"X E>VgN AFVDFOFKFK PcNc XTUSJOH 'AFN x "NFSIBCB"E E>VgN AFVDFOFKFK PcNc ETUSJOH 'AFN !QKI>N> ?>H>N>H # AFVDFIBNFKFK KLNJ>IAB 67T;XE;C;>7?7J7@ =3C3=E7C>7C67@ LIQjPQHI>NgKg ObUIBUB?FIFNFV.
36.3.1

.EVQ C3 .JEVQ
*>N>HPBNIBNF ABeFjJBV LIAQHI>NgKA>K AFVDFIBN FjIBRIBNB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DB_FNFIFNHBK QUQJOQV AQNQJI>NI> H>NjgI>jgI>?FIFN. !Q AQNQJI>NA> AFVFIBNFK .EVQ RB .JEVQ KFPBIFHIBNF U>N>NIgAgN: x .EVQ AFVFKFK ABeFjB?FIBK ?FN HLMU>OgKg LIQjPQNQN; FOJF, "HLMU>OgKg >I" >KI>JgKA>HF "AQMIF@>PB"PBK DBIFN x .JEVQ AFVFKFK ABeFjJBV ?FN HLMU>OgKg LIQjPQNQN; FOJF "FJJQP>?IB AQMIF@>PB"PBK DBIFN [NKBeFK, M>N>JBPNBOFKFK MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OcNBOFK@B HBOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBUB@BH LIJ>OgKg FOPBUBK RB ?Q UcVABK LKQ JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBJFj LI>K ?FN FjIBRF .JEVQ FIB >IgK>K ?FN HLMU> FIB _>egNJ>H DBNBHB?FIFN: WPJE GPP(TUSJOH EJ[HJ) \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> TFMBN; GPP(TFMBN);

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

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GPP(TFMBN.JEVQ);

// n EFSMFOJS

36.4

$/@P: 9B::/<;/:P
x &BKBI ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, LI>?FIAFeF H>A>N ABeFjJBVIFeF UBeIBUFK. x #BeFjHBK P>KgJI>NHBK, MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> HBOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBUB@BH LI>K RB ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKBK RBU> EBO>MI>K>?FIBK ABeBNIBNF FOVN LI>N>H P>KgJI>UgK. [NKBeFK, A>HFH>A>HF O>KFUB O>UgOg ABeFjJBV: FOVN JOU EBLJLB#BljOB4BOJZF = 60; 2cNcK O>e P>N>CP>K _gH>NO>K>?FIAFeF AQNQJI>NA> ABeFjHBKFK PcNc ?BIFNPFIJBUB?FIFN: FOVN EBLJLB#BljOB4BOJZF = 60; x FOVN AFVFOF RB FOVN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ HQII>KJ>KgK DFVIF ?BABIFKF DbV bKcKAB ?QIQKAQNQK. %>VI> ?cUcH LIAQHI>NgKA> RB MNLDN>JA> ?FNABK C>VI> UBNAB HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> LKI>Ng JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN LI>N>H P>KgJI>UgK. x *BOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBUB@BH LI>K >J> ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKJBUBK RBU> EBO>MI>K>J>U>K ABeFjHBKIBNF JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H P>KgJI>UgK. 2cNcK ?BIFNPFIJBOF UFKB FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN: JNNVUBCMF UBINJO = TBZj0LV("5BINJOJOJ["); x />N>JBPNB P>KgJI>NHBK, BeBN FjIBR M>N>JBPNBAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>@>HO> M>N>JBPNBUF DPOTU LI>N>H P>KgJI>UgK. [UIB U>MPgegKgVA> M>N>JBPNBUF ABeFjPFNJBJB ObVc RBNAFeFKFV F_FK 67T;X74;>7@ RB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBNF L FjIBRB DbKABNB?FIFNOFKFV: WPJE GPP(DPOTU DIBS<> EJ[HJ) \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> EFhJlFCJMFO%J[HJ; TUSJOH JNNVUBCMF%J[HJ; GPP(EFhJlFCJMFO%J[HJ); GPP(JNNVUBCMF%J[HJ); // n EFSMFOJS // n EFSMFOJS

x !FN cOPPBHF J>AABUF QUDQI>AgegKgVA>, DPOTU LI>N>H >IAgegKgV M>N>JBPNBUF JNNVUBCMF >I>K FjIBRIBNB DbKABNBJBUB@BeFKFVF QKQPJ>UgK. !Q HLKQKQK >UNgKPgI>NgKg UQH>NgA>HF " DPOTU M>N>JBPNB JF, JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNB JF?" ?>jIgegKA> DbNAcH. x $eBN M>N>JBPNBAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>M>@>HO>KgV L M>N>JBPNBUF ABeFjB?FIBK jBHFIAB P>KgJI>UgK (DPOTU RBU> JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KO> V>PBK ABNIBUF@F FVFK RBNJBV): JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE UFST`FWJS(EDIBS<> EJ[HJ) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. EJ[HJ.MFOHUI / 2) \ JNNVUBCMF HFdJDJ = EJ[HJ<J>; EJ[HJ<J> = EJ[HJ<$ - 1 - J>; EJ[HJ<$ - 1 - J> = HFdJDJ; ^ ^

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WPJE NBJO() \ EDIBS<> TFMBN = "NFSIBCB"E.EVQ; UFST`FWJS(TFMBN); XSJUFMO(TFMBN); ^ ZgHPgOg: BCBISFN

36.5

IF3A
x FOVN ABeFjHBKIBN, ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKBK RB HBOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBUB@BH LI>K H>RN>JI>Ng PBJOFI BABNIBN. x JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN, ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKBJBUBK >J> HBOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBUB@BH LI>K H>RN>JI>Ng PBJOFI BABNIBN. x DPOTU M>N>JBPNBIBN, FjIBRFK ABeFjPFNJBUB@BeF M>N>JBPNBIBNAFN. 'BJ 67T;X74;>7@ EBJ AB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN L M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. x JNNVUBCMF M>N>JBPNBIBN, FjIBRFK bVBIIFHIB JNNVUBCMF LIJ>OgKg P>IBM BPPFeF M>N>JBPNBIBNAFN. fjIBR _>eNgIgNHBK ?Q M>N>JBPNBIBNB H>NjgIgH U>IKgV@> JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN DbKABNFIB?FIFN. x JNNVUBCMF(JOU<>) , AFIFJFK AB BIBJ>KI>NgKgK A> ABeFjJBV LIAQHI>NgKg ?BIFNIBN. x JNNVUBCMF(JOU)<> , U>IKgV@> BIBJ>KI>NgK ABeFjJBV LIAQHI>NgKg ?BIFNIBN. x #BeFjJBVIFH MNLDN>J E>P>I>NgKg DFABNJBAB BPHFIF ?FN >N>_PgN. #BeFjHBKIBNFK RB M>N>JBPNBIBNFK ABeFjJBV LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng U>N>NIgAgN.

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UX>7G '3C3?7EC7>7C;

37

OR:3C &/?/;3A?3:3?7
!Q ?bIcJAB M>N>JBPNBIBNFK FjIBRIBNB DbKABNFIJBIBNF HLKQOQKA>HF >UNgKPgI>Ng DbOPBNB@BeFJ RB #'ABHF M>N>JBPNB _BjFPIBNFKF P>KgP>@>egJ. OIgKA> ?Q HLKQKQK ?FN ?bIcJcKB CLNB>@E #bKDcOc ?bIcJcKAB SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cecKc >KI>PgNHBK _LH HgO>@> ABeFKJFjPFH. . >K>EP>N ObV@cH HQII>KgIJ>AgegKA> GPSFBDI F_FKAB AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgKgK HBKAFIBNFKB ABeFI, HLMU>I>NgK> BNFjFIFULNAQ. $H LI>N>H, DPOTU RB JNNVUBCMF 'gK M>N>JBPNBIBNIB HQII>KgJgKg A> ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNJcjPcH. [K@BHF MNLDN>JI>NA> FjIBRIBNFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF HQII>K>N>H K>OgI OLKQ_I>N cNBPPFHIBNFKF DbNAcH. [NKBeFK EF_?FN U>K BPHFOF LIJ>U>K RB FjF U>IKgV@> ABeBN cNBPJBH LI>K ?FN FjIBR jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFULNAQ: EPVCMF TFOF4POV/PUV(EPVCMF WJ[F/PUV, EPVCMF GJOBM/PUV) \ JNNVUBCMF EPVCMF TPOVd = WJ[F/PUV * 0.4 + GJOBM/PUV * 0.6; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ . FjIBRAB RFVB KLPQ >egNIgegKgK %40, CFK>I KLPQKQKHFKFK AB %60 LI>N>H EBO>MI>KAgegKg DbNB?FIFULNQV. . FjIBRF bNKBeFK jQ jBHFIAB _>egN>?FIFNFV: JOU WJ[F0SUBMBNBTj = 76; JOU GJOBM/PUV = 80; XSJUFGMO("4FOF TPOV OPUV: %2.0G", TFOF4POV/PUV(WJ[F0SUBMBNBTj, GJOBM/PUV));

37.1

H=NB >/?/;3A?3 9=>E/:/<P?

7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK WJ[F0SUBMBNBTk RB GJOBM/PUV ABeFjHBKIBNFKF =F>>3@6VTV@V ObUIBAFeFJFVAB >OIgKA> PBJBIAB ?FN E>P>U> AcjJcj LIQNQV _cKHc >OIgKA> FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K HQII>KgI>KI>N ABeFjHBKIBNFK HBKAFIBNF ABeFI, =ABJ3>3CV6VC. !Q >UNgJ bKBJIFAFN, _cKHc M>N>JBPNBAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >K@>H HLMU>Ug BPHFIBN. !QKQ U>K BPHF cNBPJBUB Q3>VX3@ >j>egA>HF FjIBRAB DbNB?FIFNFV. !Q FjIBR ?FN LUQK H>N>HPBNFKFK BKBNGFOFKF >V>IPJ>H F_FK U>VgIJgj LIOQK: WPJE FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(EPVCMF FOFSKJ) \ FOFSKJ /= 4; ^ . FjIBRF ABKBJBH F_FK U>VgIJgj LI>K jQ MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(EPVCMF FOFSKJ) \ FOFSKJ /= 4; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF FOFSKJ = 100; FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(FOFSKJ);

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XSJUFMO(":FOJ FOFSKJ: ", FOFSKJ);

ZgHPgOg: :FOJ FOFSKJ: 100 p %FiJmNFEJ

FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU FjIBRF M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeBNFKF AbNPPB ?FNFKB AcjcNAcec E>IAB NBJO F_FKABHF FOFSKJ FOFJIF ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF >UKg H>IJ>HP>AgN. !QKQK KBABKF, NBJO F_FKABHF FOFSKJ FIB FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU FjIBRFKFK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K FOFSKJ 'KFK C>NHIg ABeFjHBKIBN LIJ>I>NgAgN. />N>JBPNB LI>K, NBJO F_FKABHF ABeFjHBKFK =ABJ3DV6VC. !Q LI>Ug ?FN>V A>E> U>HgKA>K FK@BIBJBH F_FK MNLDN>J> ?>Vg _gHPg FC>ABIBNF UBNIBjPFNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(EPVCMF FOFSKJ) \ XSJUFMO("ilMFWF HJSJMEJhJOEF FOFSKJ /= 4; XSJUFMO("ilMFWEFO djLjMjSLFO ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF FOFSKJ = 100; XSJUFMO("ilMFWJ dBhjSNBEBO eODF : ", FOFSKJ); FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(FOFSKJ); XSJUFMO("ilMFWEFO EeOfMEfLUFO TPOSB: ", FOFSKJ);

: ", FOFSKJ); : ", FOFSKJ);

ZgHPgOg: jmMFWJ eBikSNBEBO fODF : jmMFWF HJSJMEJiJOEF : jmMFWEFO ekLkMkSLFO : jmMFWEFO EfOgMEgLUFO TPOSB: 100 100 25 100

p QBSBNFUSF EFiJmJS, p BTkM FOFSKJ EFiJmNF[

ZgHPgA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, FOFJIBNF >UKg LIO> A> NBJO F_FKABHF FOFSKJ FIB FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU F_FKABHF FOFSKJ C>NHIg ABeFjHBKIBNAFN. fjIBRB NBJO F_FKABHF ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF =ABJ3>3@VC RB ABeFjFHIFH ?Q HLMU>Ug BPHFIBN. !Q, FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFJFV U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKAB AB ?bUIBAFN: 7>Mg KBOKBIBNF AB FjIBRIBNB HLMU>I>K>N>H DbKABNFIFNIBN.

37.2

'343?/<@ AM?:3?7<23< =:/< <3@<3:3? 9=>E/:/<;/F:/?

#FIFJIBNFK RB BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK BIBJ>KI>Ng RB A>E> OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFJFV OgKgC KBOKBIBNF M>N>JBPNBIBNFK HLMU>I>KJ>I>Ng HQN>IgK> QUJ>VI>N. !Q PcN ABeFjHBKIBN FjIBRIBNB C787C3@D LI>N>H DB_FNFIFNIBN. 0BCBN>KO LI>N>H DB_FNFIBK M>N>JBPNB, >OgI KBOKBUB BNFjPFNBK ?FN >N>_ LI>N>H FjIBJ DbNcN RB OLKQ_P> M>N>JBPNBAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >OgI KBOKBUF ABeFjPFNFN. #FVDFIBN AB AFVF LIAQHI>NgKA>K, ?Q AQNQJ LKI>N F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. />N>JBPNBOFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>M>K jQ FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE CBl)BSGJOJ/PLUB:BQ(EDIBS<> EJ[HJ)

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\ ^

EJ[HJ<0> = '.';

WPJE NBJO() \ EDIBS<> EJ[HJ = "BCD"E.EVQ; CBl)BSGJOJ/PLUB:BQ(EJ[HJ); XSJUFMO(EJ[HJ); ^ />N>JBPNBAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH NBJO F_FKABHF >OgI KBOKBUF ABeFjPFNJFjPFN: .CD !QKQK KBABKF, FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K EJ[HJ 'KFK NBJO F_FKABHF >OgI EJ[HJ FIB >UKg BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eIgULN LIJ>OgAgN.

37.3

&/?/;3A?3 K3R7A:3?7
/>N>JBPNBIBNFK FjIBRIBNB DB_FNFIJBIBNF KLNJ>IAB UQH>NgA>HF FHF PBJBI HQN>I> QU>N: x 0BCBN>KO PcNIBNF NBCBN>KO LI>N>H DB_FNFIFNIBN x #BeBN PcNIBNF HLMU>I>KgNI>N !QKI>N ?FN ?BIFNPB_ HQII>KgIJ>Ageg V>J>K R>NO>UgI>K HQN>II>NAgN. !Q DBKBI HQN>II>N >j>egA>HF >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBN U>NAgJgUI> AQNQJ> DbNB ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFNIBN.

37.3.1

JO
fjIBRIBNFK ABeBN RBU> U>K BPHF cNBPBK AcVBKBHIBN LIAQHI>NgKg H>?QI BPJFj RB L AcVBKBeFK FjIBUFjFKF M>N>JBPNBIBNFK ?BIFNIBAFeFKF DbNJcjPcH. JO >K>EP>N ObV@cec M>N>JBPNBKFK ?Q AcVBKBHPB U>IKgV@> ?FN DFNFj ?FIDFOF LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgegKg ?BIFNIBN. !Q PcN M>N>JBPNBIBN FjIBRAB U>IKgV@> ?FIDF LI>N>H HQII>KgIgNI>N, HBKAFIBNF ABeFjPFNFIBJBVIBN. JO ?Q >_gA>K DPOTU '> ?BKVBOB AB, fKDFIFV@B'AB "F_BNFUB" >KI>JgK> DBIAFeF F_FK, M>N>JBPNBKFK >J>@gKg A>E> >_gH ?FN jBHFIAB FC>AB BABN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; EPVCMF BhjSMjLMj5PQMBN(JO EPVCMF lJNEJLJ5PQMBN, JO EPVCMF BhjSMjL, JO EPVCMF FLMFOFDFL%FhFS) \ SFUVSO lJNEJLJ5PQMBN + (BhjSMjL * FLMFOFDFL%FhFS); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(BhjSMjLMj5PQMBN(1.23, 4.56, 7.89)); ^ JO M>N>JBPNBIBN ABeFjPFNFIBJBVIBN: WPJE EFOFNF(JO JOU EFhFS) \ EFhFS = 1; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^

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37.3.2

PVU
fjIBRFK cNBPPFeF ?FIDFKFK FjIBRABK AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H AbKAcNcIAcecKc DbNJcjPcH. fjIBRIBNABK U>IKgV@> PBH ?FN ?FIDF AbKAcNcIB?FIFULN LIJ>Og ?>VBK HgOgPI>Ug@g LI>?FIFN; ?>VBK FjIBRFK ?FNABK C>VI> OLKQ_ cNBPJBOF FOPBKB?FIFN. (%AE: AD>V@63 6R@SX ESCS A>3C3= 4;C67@ 83K>3 67T7C 67 6R@6SCS>74;>;C. BF@F, 6R@SX ESCS@S 4;C &>:6/ G7J3 <=;>-= ESCS A>3C3= 47>;C>7J7C7= 97CQ7=>7XE;C74;>;C;K. BF@>3CV 63 ;>7C;67=; 4R>S?>7C67 9RC757T;K. ) "#gj>NgU>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK PVU ?BIFNPB@F, FjIBRIBNFK M>N>JBPNBIBNF ULIQUI> A> OLKQ_ cNBPJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. fjIBR ?Q _BjFP M>N>JBPNBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF >P>J> ULIQUI> ABeFjPFNAFeFKAB, L ABeBNIBN FjIBRF _>egN>K LNP>JA> A> OLKQ_ LI>N>H DbNcIcNIBN. !FIDF ?FN >KI>JA> FjIBRABK 6VX3CVJ3 DbKABNFIJBHPBAFN. [NKBH LI>N>H FHF O>UgUg ?bIBK RB EBJ ?bIcJc EBJ AB H>I>Kg cNBPBK ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ. fjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNFKF ?bIcJc AbKAcNJBH F_FK HQII>KgNO>H H>I>Kg A> ?FN PVU M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H AbKAcNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU LBMBOMj#eM(JO JOU CeMfOFO, JO JOU CeMFO, PVU JOU LBMBO) \ LBMBO = CeMfOFO % CeMFO; SFUVSO CeMfOFO / CeMFO; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU LBMBO; JOU CeMfN = LBMBOMj#eM(7, 3, LBMBO); ^ XSJUFMO("CeMfN: ", CeMfN, ", LBMBO: ", LBMBO);

fjIBRFK LBMBO FOFJIF M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeFjPFNFIJBOF NBJO F_FKABHF LBMBO 'gK ABeFjJBOFKB KBABK LIQN (FOFJIBNFKFK >UKg LIJ>Og DBNBHJBV): CfMgN: 2, LBMBO: 1 #BeBNIBNF _>egN>K P>N>CP> KB LIQNO> LIOQK, FjIBRB DFNFIAFeFKAB PVU M>N>JBPNBIBN bK@BIFHIB PcNIBNFKFK FIH ABeBNFKB AbKcjcNIBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE EFOFNF(PVU JOU QBSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFMO("ilMFWF HJSJMEJhJOEF ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU EFhFS = 100; XSJUFMO("ilMFW dBhSjMNBEBO eODF: ", EFhFS); EFOFNF(EFhFS); XSJUFMO("ilMFWEFO EeOfMEfhfOEF : ", EFhFS);

: ", QBSBNFUSF);

. FjIBRAB M>N>JBPNBUB EF_?FN ABeBN >P>KJgULN ?FIB LIO>, FjIBRB DFNFIAFeFKAB M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNF JOU 'FK FIH ABeBNF LIJ>HP> RB ?Q NBJO F_FKABHF ABeBNF AB BPHFIBJBHPBAFN:

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jmMFW eBiSkMNBEBO fODF: 100 jmMFWF HJSJMEJiJOEF : 0 jmMFWEFO EfOgMEgigOEF : 0

p JOU.JOJU EFiFSJOEF

!QKA>K A> DbNcIAcec DF?F PVU M>N>JBPNBIBN Agj>NgA>K ?FIDF >I>J>VI>N, U>IKgV@> Agj>NgU> ?FIDF DbKABNB?FIFNIBN. PVU M>N>JBPNBIBN UBNFKB FjIBRFK AbKcj PcNcKc 5VQMF RBU> TUSVDU PcNIBNF LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>Ug A> AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. . LI>K>HI>N ?FNABK C>VI> ?FIDFUF ?FN >N>A> AbKAcNJBUF O>eI>NI>N.
37.3.3

DPOTU
!FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB AB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, M>N>JBPNBKFK FjIBR F_BNFOFKAB ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BeF D>N>KPFOFKF RBNFN. !Q O>UBAB, FjIBRF _>egN>KI>N EBJ M>N>JBPNBAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MgIJ>AgegKg ?FIJFj LIQNI>N, EBJ AB FjIBR DPOTU RBU> JNNVUBCMF LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNIB AB _>eNgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; EDIBS TPO)BSGJ(DPOTU EDIBS<> EJ[HJ) \ SFUVSO EJ[HJ<$ - 1>; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(TPO)BSGJ("TBCJU")); ^ !QN>A> ?FN OB_FJ U>MJ>H AQNQJQKA>OgKgV: JO RB DPOTU 'gK FHFOF AB M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB >UKg >KI>J> DBIAFHIBNF F_FK ?FNFOFKAB H>N>N HgIJ>H FOPBUB?FIFNOFKFV. JO 'FK U>N>Ng, >KI>Jg "F_BNFUB" LIAQeQ F_FK >J>@gKg A>E> >_gH ?FN jBHFIAB FC>AB BPJBOFAFN. DPOTU 'gK U>N>Ng FOB, M>N>JBPNB IFOPBIBNF AgjgKA> A> HQII>KgI>?FIBK ?FN >K>EP>N ObV@cH LIAQeQ F_FK 67T;X?7K>;= H>RN>JgKg ?BIFNPJB HLKQOQKA> PQP>NIgIgH O>eIgULN LIJ>OgAgN. 1B_FJ OFVFK...

37.3.4

JNNVUBCMF
!FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB AB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, M>N>JBPNBKFK MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OcNBOFK@B ABeFjJBJBOFKF j>NP HLj>N. !Q HLKQA> gON>NIg LIAQeQ F_FK, >j>egA>HF FjIBRF >K@>H JNNVUBCMF AFVDFIBNIB _>egN>?FIFNFV (bNKBeFK AFVDF E>VgN ABeBNIBNFUIB): JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; EDIBS<> LBSjlUjS(JNNVUBCMF EDIBS<> CJSJODJ, JNNVUBCMF EDIBS<> JLJODJ) \ EDIBS<> TPOVd; JOU J; GPS (J = 0; (J < CJSJODJ.MFOHUI) && (J < JLJODJ.MFOHUI); ++J) \ TPOVd _= CJSJODJ<J>; TPOVd _= JLJODJ<J>; ^ TPOVd _= CJSJODJ<J..$>; TPOVd _= JLJODJ<J..$>; ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

WPJE NBJO() \

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XSJUFMO(LBSjlUjS(".&3)"#"", "EfOZB"));

*gOgPI>Ug@g ?FN ?BIFNPB_ LIAQeQ F_FK, JNNVUBCMF 'g >K@>H DBN_BHPBK DBNBHBK AQNQJI>NA> RB HBKAF FjIBRIBNFKFVAB ?BIHF AB EF_?FN V>J>K HQII>KJ>U>@>HOgKgV.
37.3.5

SFG
fjIBRB KLNJ>IAB HLMU>I>K>N>H DB_FNFIB@BH LI>K ?FN M>N>JBPNBKFK NBCBN>KO LI>N>H DB_FNFIJBOFKF O>eI>N. 7QH>NgA> M>N>JBPNBOF KLNJ>IAB HLMU>I>KAgeg F_FK FOPBAFeFJFV DF?F _>IgjJ>U>K FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU FjIBRFKFK; NBJO F_FKABHF >OgI ABeFjHBKF ABeFjPFNB?FIJBOF F_FK, M>N>JBPNBOFKF NBCBN>KO LI>N>H >IJ>Og DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(SFG EPVCMF FOFSKJ) \ FOFSKJ /= 4; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF FOFSKJ = 100; FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU(FOFSKJ); XSJUFMO(":FOJ FOFSKJ: ", FOFSKJ);

fjIBR M>N>JBPNBOFKAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >NPgH NBJO F_FKABHF FOFSKJ 'KFK ABeBNFKF ABeFjPFNFN: :FOJ FOFSKJ: 25 &bNcIAcec DF?F, SFG M>N>JBPNBIBN FjIBR F_FKAB EBJ HQII>KgIJ>H cVBNB DFNFj ?FIDFOFAFNIBN, EBJ AB OLKQ_ cNBPJBH cVBNB _gHgj ?FIDFOFAFNIBN. SFG M>N>JBPNBIBN >OgI ABeFjHBKIBNFK P>HJ> FOFJIBNF LI>N>H A> AcjcKcIB?FIFNIBN. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K FOFSKJ , NBJO F_FKABHF FOFSKJ 'KFK ?FN P>HJ> FOJF DF?F FjIBJ DbNcN. SFG ULIQUI> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >OgI ABeFjHBKF ABeFjPFNFN. SFG M>N>JBPNBIBN FjIBRIBNFK U>K BPHF cNBPBK PcNABK FjIBRIBN LIJ>I>NgK> KBABK LIQNI>N: #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, FOFSKJTJOJ"[BMU FjIBRF ABeBN cNBPJFULN, M>N>JBPNBOFKAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MgULN. FA@=D;JA@7> BCA9C3?>3?3 ABKBK MNLDN>JI>J> J>KPgegKA> U>K BPHFIBNFK bVBIIFHIB >V>IPgIJ>OgK> _>IgjgIgN. '>PP> ?>Vg MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKAB U>K BPHFIBNB EF_ FVFK RBNFIJBV. #BeBN cNBPBK FjIBRIBNFK U>K BPHFOF LI>K FjIBRIBNABK MNLDN>J@gIgH >_gOgKA>K A>E> cOPcK LIAQHI>Ng H>?QI BAFIFN. fjIBRIBNFKFVF LI>?FIAFeFK@B ABeBN cNBPB@BH jBHFIAB P>O>NI>K>JgKgVg bKBNFNFJ. fjIBRIBNFK U>K BPHFIBNFKF >V>IPJ>H, MNLDN>JI>NgKgVgK DcRBKFIFNIFeF >_gOgKA>K BPHFIF LI>@>HPgN. UKg FjF 8A@=D;JA@7> BCA9C3?>3?3 J>KPge> QUDQK LI>@>H jBHFIAB DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH F_FK, U>KF ABeBN cNBPBK ?FN FjIBR HQII>K>@>H jBHFIAB U>VJ>H F_FK, MNLDN>Jg jbUIB ABeFjPFNJBH bKBNFIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; EPVCMF EflfL&OFSKJ(EPVCMF FOFSKJ) \ SFUVSO FOFSKJ / 4; ^ WPJE NBJO()

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EPVCMF FOFSKJ = 100; FOFSKJ = EflfL&OFSKJ(FOFSKJ); XSJUFMO(":FOJ FOFSKJ: ", FOFSKJ);

37.3.6

JOPVU
fOJFKFK JO RB PVU ObV@cHIBNFKABK LIQjPQeQK> ?>HgIAgegKA> ?Q ?BIFNPB@FK :7? 9;C;X :7? QV=VX >KI>JgK> DBIAFeF AcjcKB?FIFN, >K@>H ?Q ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. 'BJ DFNFj EBJ _gHgj >KI>JgK> DBIBK ?BIFNPB@FK SFG LIAQeQKQ UQH>NgA> DbNAcH. JOPVU , M>N>JBPNBKFK 67T;X?7K>;= ?FIDFOFKF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _gHgj ABeBNFKB P>jgJ>U> U>N>N. />N>JBPNB 67T;X74;>7@, DPOTU , RBU> JNNVUBCMF LIAQeQKA> AbKcj ABeBNF AB 67T;X74;>7@, DPOTU , RBU> JNNVUBCMF LIQN. !Q ?BIFNPB@FK U>N>NgKg DbNJBH F_FK HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK AFIFJFK ?>jP>HF RB OLKA>HF BIBJ>KI>Ng AgjgKA>HF ?bIcJcKc AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU<> LjSQjMNjlj(JOU<> EJMJN) \ JG (EJMJN.MFOHUI) \ --EJMJN.MFOHUI; JG (EJMJN.MFOHUI) \ EJMJN = EJMJN<1 .. $>; ^

// TPOEBO LjSQ // CBlUBO LjSQ

^ ^

SFUVSO EJMJN;

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 >; XSJUFMO(LjSQjMNjlj(TBZjMBS)); ^ ZgHPgOg: <6, 7, 8> !FN bK@BHF ?bIcJcK HLKQI>Ng ALeNQIPQOQKA> ?Q FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK >OIgKA> DPOTU(JOU)<> LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN. ZcKHc HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK AFIFJFK BIBJ>KI>NgKA> ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>J>HP>AgN. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV AFIFJFK HBKAFOFKFK ABeFjPFNFIJBOFKAB ?FN O>HgK@> ULHPQN _cKHc ABeFjPFNFIBK AFIFJ FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg UBNABHF AFIFJ ABeFI, LKQK HLMU>OgAgN. fjIBR ?QK> QUDQK LI>N>H PBHN>N U>VgIAgegKA> ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgKgN: JOU<> LjSQjMNjlj(DPOTU(JOU)<> EJMJN) \ // ... SFUVSO EJMJN; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^ #BNIBJB E>P>Og, BIBJ>KI>Ng ABeFjPFNFIBJBUBK ?FN AFIFJFK BIBJ>KI>Ng ABeFjPFNFIB?FIBK ?FN AFIFJ LI>N>H AbKAcNcIBJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN:

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&SSPS: DBOOPU JNQMJDJUMZ DPOWFSU FYQSFTTJPO (EJMJN) PG UZQF DPOTU(JOU)<> UP JOU<> !QKQK _bVcJc LI>N>H AbKcj PcNcKcK AB DPOTU(JOU)<> LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJBOF AcjcKcIB?FIFN: DPOTU(JOU)<> LjSQjMNjlj(DPOTU(JOU)<> EJMJN) \ // ... SFUVSO EJMJN; // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS ^ *LA, U>MgI>K L ABeFjFHIFHIB ABNIBKFN. K@>H, ?Q OBCBN LNP>U> C>NHIg ?FN HgOgPI>J> _gHJgjPgN: fjIBR 67T;X74;>7@ BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQj>K ?FN AFIFJIB ?FIB _>eNgIJgj LIO> AbKAcNAcec AFIFJ DPOTU BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQjJ>U> ?>jI>JgjPgN. !QKQK V>N>NgKg DbNJBH F_FK ?FN AFIFJFK ?>jP>HF RB OLKA>HF BIBJ>KI>Ng AgjgKA>HFIBNFK LK H>PI>NgKg >IJ>U> _>Igj>K jQ HLA> ?>H>IgJ: JOU<> PSUBEBLJMFS = LjSQjMNjlj(TBZjMBS); PSUBEBLJMFS<> *= 10; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

fjIBRFK AbKAcNAcec DPOTU(JOU)<> PcNcKABHF AFIFJFK JOU<> PcNcKABHF AFIFJB >P>K>J>J>Og ALe>IAgN: &SSPS: DBOOPU JNQMJDJUMZ DPOWFSU FYQSFTTJPO (LkSQkMNkmk(TBZkMBS)) PG UZQF DPOTU(JOU)<> UP JOU<> .UO>, >OgI AFIFJ ABeFjB?FIBK BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQjPQeQ E>IAB LNP>A>HF ?bIcJc cVBNFKB ?bUIB ?FN HgOgPI>J> DBPFNFIJBOF HQII>KgjOgV LIQN. fjPB JOPVU ABeFjJBVIFHIB FIDFIF LI>K ?Q OLNQKQ _bVBN. !Q >K>EP>N ObV@cH EBJ M>N>JBPNBAB EBJ AB AbKcj PcNcKAB HQII>KgIgN RB M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeFjB?FIJB AQNQJQKQ AbKcj ABeBNFKB P>jgN: JOPVU(JOU)<> LjSQjMNjlj(JOPVU(JOU)<> EJMJN) \ // ... SFUVSO EJMJN; ^ !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> A> >UKg FjIBR 67T;X74;>7@, DPOTU , RB JNNVUBCMF AFIFJIBNIB _>eNgI>?FIFN: \

^ \

JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 >; // %eOfl UfSf EFhJlFCJMFO FMFNBOMj EJMJNEJS JOU<> PSUBEBLJMFS = LjSQjMNjlj(TBZjMBS); PSUBEBLJMFS<> *= 10; XSJUFMO(PSUBEBLJMFS);

^ \

JNNVUBCMF JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 10, 11, 12 >; // %eOfl UfSf JNNVUBCMF FMFNBOMj EJMJNEJS JNNVUBCMF JOU<> PSUBEBLJMFS = LjSQjMNjlj(TBZjMBS); XSJUFMO(PSUBEBLJMFS);

DPOTU JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 13, 14, 15, 16 >; // %eOfl UfSf DPOTU FMFNBOMj EJMJNEJS DPOTU JOU<> PSUBEBLJMFS = LjSQjMNjlj(TBZjMBS); XSJUFMO(PSUBEBLJMFS);

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37.3.7

MB[Z
/>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKFK FjIBRIBNB DbKABNFIJBABK R@57 FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF ?Q KLHP>U> H>A>N ObUIBJB DBNBeF AQUJ>AgJ. !QKQK OFVB AB ALe>I DBIAFeFKF AcjcKcNcJ. [NKBeFK, UPQMB DF?F ?FN FjIBRF ?>jH> FHF FjIBRFK OLKQ@Q FIB _>egNAgegJgVg AcjcKBIFJ: TPOVd = UPQMB(CJS.JLUBS(), CBlLB#JS.JLUBS()); UPQMB 'KgK _>eNgI>?FIJBOF F_FK bK@BIFHIB CJS.JLUBS RB CBmLB#JS.JLUBS FjIBRIBNFKFK _>eNgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. 7LHO> UPQMB E>KDF FHF ABeBNF PLMI>U>@>egKg ?FIBJBV. fjIBJIBNFK ?Q jBHFIAB ALe>I LI>N>H FjIBPFIJBIBNF :7G7D>; LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN. /NLDN>J, FjIBJIBNF bK@BIFH OgN>I>NgK> DbNB EBRBOIB FjIBPFN. .UO> ?>Vg M>N>JBPNBIBN FjIBRFK FjIBUFjFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H ?BIHF AB EF_?FN V>J>K HQII>KgIJ>U>@>HI>NAgN. />N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKFK EBRBOIF LI>N>H bK@BABK FjIBPFIJBIBNF ?bUIB M>N>JBPNBIBNFK DBNBHOFV UBNB EBO>MI>KJgj LIJ>I>NgK> KBABK LI>@>HPgN. [NKBH LI>N>H, M>N>JBPNBIBNFKABK ?FNFOFKFK ABeBNFKF >K@>H ?BIFNIF ?FN HLjQI O>eI>KAgegKA> HQII>K>K ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ. j>egA>HF FjIBR FOPBKBK O>UgA>HF UQJQNP>Ug bK@BIFHIB ALI>MP> ?QIQK>KI>NI> U>MJ>U> _>IgjgULN, HLJjQI>NA> H>_ UQJQNP> ?QIQKAQeQK> FOB >K@>H ALI>MP> UBPBNFK@B UQJQNP> ?QIQKJ>AgegKA> ?>HgULN: WPJE ZVNVSUB:BQ(JO JOU JTUFOFO, JO JOU EPMBQUB0MBO, JO JOU LPNlVMBSEB0MBO) \ JG (JTUFOFO <= EPMBQUB0MBO) \ XSJUFMO(")FQTJOJ EPMBQUBLJ ZVNVSUBMBSMB ZBQBSjN"); ^ FMTF JG (JTUFOFO <= (EPMBQUB0MBO + LPNlVMBSEB0MBO)) \ XSJUFMO("%PMBQUBLJ ", EPMBQUB0MBO, " ZVNVSUBZB", " LPNlVMBSEBO EB ", JTUFOFO - EPMBQUB0MBO, " ZVNVSUB FLMFSJN"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("0 LBEBS ZVNVSUB ZBQBNBN"); ^

!QK> BH LI>N>H, HLJjQI>NA> ?QIQK>K UQJQNP> >ABAFKFK ?FN EBO>M OLKQ@QKA> ?FIFKB?FIAFeFKF R>NO>U>IgJ. *LJjQI>NA>HF UQJQNP> O>UgOg ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF LI>N>H EBJBK ?FIFKJBH UBNFKB, ?BIFNIF ?FN EBO>M OLKN>OgKA> ?QIQKQULN LIOQK: JOU UPQMBN:VNVSUB(JO JOU<TUSJOH> BEFUMFS) \ JOU UPQMBN; GPSFBDI (TBIJQ, BEFU; BEFUMFS) \ XSJUFMO(TBIJQ, ": ", BEFU, " UBOF"); UPQMBN += BEFU; ^ ^ SFUVSO UPQMBN;

. FjIBR HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKA> FIBNIFULN, UQJQNP> O>EF?FKF RB L HFjFAB H>_ UQJQNP> ?QIQKAQeQKQ _gHPgU> U>VAgNgULN, RB ?cPcK UQJQNP>I>NgK PLMI>JgKg AbKAcNcULN. iFJAF ZVNVSUB:BQ FjIBRFKF UPQMBN:VNVSUB 'Ug HQII>K>N>H jbUIB _>egN>?FIFNFV:

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WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<TUSJOH> LPNlVMBSEBLJ:VNVSUBMBS = < ";fNSfU 5FZ[F":5, ":BLVQ "CJ":3, "7FMJ &GFOEJ":7 >; ^ ZVNVSUB:BQ(2, 5, UPQMBN:VNVSUB(LPNlVMBSEBLJ:VNVSUBMBS));

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOgKA> DbNcIAcec DF?F, bK@B UPQMBN:VNVSUB FjIBRF FjIBPFIJBHPBAFN RB LKA>K OLKN> ZVNVSUB:BQ _>eNgIJ>HP>AgN: ;gNSgU 5FZ[F: 5 UBOF r 7FMJ &GFOEJ: 7 UBOF s LPNmVMBSEBLJ ZVNVSUB IFTBCk :BLVQ "CJ: 3 UBOF t )FQTJOJ EPMBQUBLJ ZVNVSUBMBSMB ZBQBSkN ZgHPgA> A> DbNcIAcec DF?F, OLKQ_P> ?cPcK UQJQNP>I>N ALI>MP>HFIBNIB U>MgI>?FIB@BH LIAQeQ E>IAB HLJjQI>NA>HF UQJQNP>I>N BK ?>jP> DBNBHOFV@B O>UgIJgj LIAQI>N. *BIFJB >KI>Jg "PBJ?BI" LI>K MB[Z , ?FN M>N>JBPNBKFK FjIBR F_FKAB ?BIHF AB EF_ FjIBPFIJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN. ZVNVSUB:BQ FjIBRFKFK LPNmVMBSEB0MBO M>N>JBPNBOFKFK EBN AQNQJA> EBO>MI>KJ>OgK> DBNBH LIJ>Ageg RB >K@>H DBNBHPFeFKAB EBO>MI>K>@>eg MB[Z FIB ?FIAFNFIFN: WPJE ZVNVSUB:BQ(JO JOU JTUFOFO, JO JOU EPMBQUB0MBO, MB[Z JOU LPNlVMBSEB0MBO) \ // ... HFSJTJ BZOj ... ^ iFJAFHF _gHPgA> DbNcIAcec DF?F, FOPBKBK UQJQNP> >ABAFKFK ALI>MP>HFIBNABK H>NjgI>K>?FIAFeF UQH>NgA>HF AQNQJA>, HLJjQI>NA>HF UQJQNP> PLMI>Jg >NPgH EBO>MI>KJ>J>HP>AgN: )FQTJOJ EPMBQUBLJ ZVNVSUBMBSMB ZBQBSkN . EBO>M UFKB AB DBNBHPFeF V>J>K U>MgI>@>HPgN. [NKBeFK ALI>MP> ?QIQK>KI>NA>K A>E> C>VI> UQJQNP> FOPBKAFeF ?FN AQNQJ> ?>H>IgJ: ZVNVSUB:BQ(9, 5, UPQMBN:VNVSUB(LPNlVMBSEBLJ:VNVSUBMBS)); !Q OBCBN HLJjQI>NA>HF UQJQNP> O>UgOg FjIBR F_FKAB DBN_BHPBK DBNBHPFeF F_FK EBO>MI>KJ>HP>AgN: ;gNSgU 5FZ[F: 5 UBOF 7FMJ &GFOEJ: 7 UBOF :BLVQ "CJ: 3 UBOF %PMBQUBLJ 5 ZVNVSUBZB LPNmVMBSEBO EB 4 ZVNVSUB FLMFSJN MB[Z M>N>JBPNBIBNFK ABeBNIBNF L ABeBN EBN HQII>KgIAgegKA> PBHN>N EBO>MI>KgN. [NKBeFK ?Q MNLDN>JA> MB[Z LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIJFj LI>K M>N>JBPNB c_ HBNB HQII>KgIAgeg F_FK, LKQ EBO>MI>U>K FjIBR AB c_ HBNB _>eNgIJ>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU QBSBNFUSFZJ)FTBQMBZBOilMFW() \

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XSJUFMO(")FTBQ ZBQjMjZPS"); SFUVSO 1;

WPJE UFNCFM1BSBNFUSFMJilMFW(MB[Z JOU EFhFS) \ JOU TPOVd = EFhFS + EFhFS + EFhFS; XSJUFMO(TPOVd); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ UFNCFM1BSBNFUSFMJilMFW(QBSBNFUSFZJ)FTBQMBZBOilMFW()); ^ ZgHPgOg: )FTBQ ZBQkMkZPS )FTBQ ZBQkMkZPS )FTBQ ZBQkMkZPS 3 MB[Z ?BIFNPB@FKF, ABeBNF >K@>H ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> HQII>KgI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNF ?BIFNIBJBH F_FK HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. K@>H, ABeBNFK ?FNABK C>VI> O>UgA> EBO>MI>K>?FIB@BeFKF AB QKQPJ>J>H DBNBHFN.
37.3.8

TDPQF
!Q >K>EP>N ObV@cH, ?BIFNIF ?FN M>N>JBPNBUF FjIBRFK FjIBR OLKI>KAgHP>K OLKN> HQII>KJ>U>@>egKg ?FIAFNFN. !FN >KI>JA>, FjIBRFK L M>N>JBPNBUIB FjFKFK HgO> LI>@>eg D>N>KPFOFKF RBNFN: JOU<> FWSFOTFM%JMJN; JOU<> JlMFW(TDPQF JOU<> QBSBNFUSF) \ FWSFOTFM%JMJN = QBSBNFUSF; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* SFUVSO QBSBNFUSF; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20 >; JOU<> TPOVd = JlMFW(EJMJN); ^ . FjIBR TDPQF FIB RBNAFeF ObVc FHF UBNAB ?LVJ>HP>AgN _cKHc LKQ EBJ BRNBKOBI ?FN AFIFJB >P>J>HP> EBJ AB AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KJ>HP>AgN. !Q A>RN>KgjI>NgK FHFOF AB M>N>JBPNBKFK FjIBRFK OLKI>KJ>OgKA>K OLKN> A> HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKB KBABK LI>@>egKA>K ABNIBJB E>P>OgK> KBABK LIQN. (%AE: BF 4R>S? J3KV>6VTV DVC363 =F>>3@V>3@ 6?6 2.058 4F 3@3:E3C DRK5STS 67DE7=>7?;JAC6F. )

37.3.9

TIBSFE
!Q >K>EP>N ObV@cH M>N>JBPNBKFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng >N>OgKA> M>UI>jgI>?FIBK PcNABK LIJ>OgKg DBNBHPFNFN: WPJE JlMFW(TIBSFE JOU<> J) \ // ... ^

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WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 10, 20 >; JlMFW(TBZjMBS); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J ABNIBKBJBV _cKHc M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBK TIBSFE ABeFIAFN. /NLDN>J >j>egA>HF ABeFjFHIFHIB ABNIBKB?FIFN: TIBSFE JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 10, 20 >; JlMFW(TBZjMBS); // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS TIBSFE >K>EP>N ObV@cecKc FIBNFABHF 4BNF />UI>j>N>H $j 8>J>KIg /NLDN>JI>J> ?bIcJcKAB HQII>K>@>egV.

37.4

IF3A
x '3C3?7EC7, FjIBRFK FjF F_FK HQII>KgI>K ?FIDFAFN. x '3C3?7EC7 67T7C;, FjIBRB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFIBK ?FN FC>ABAFN (bNKBeFK ?FN ABeFjHBK). x #BeBN PcNIBNFKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN M>N>JBPNBIBNB HLMU>I>KgNI>N, NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFKABK LI>KI>N HLMU>I>KJ>VI>N. (!Q HLKQUQ FIBNFAB PBHN>N DbNB@BeFV.) x JO , M>N>JBPNBKFK U>IKgV@> ?FIDF DFNFjF F_FK HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FIAFNFN. x PVU , M>N>JBPNBKFK U>IKgV@> ?FIDF _gHgjg F_FK HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FIAFNFN. x SFG , M>N>JBPNBKFK EBJ ?FIDF DFNFjF EBJ ?FIDF _gHgjg F_FK HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FIAFNFN. x DPOTU , M>N>JBPNBKFK FjIBR F_FKAB ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BH LIAQeQKQ ?FIAFNFN. x JNNVUBCMF , M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKFK JNNVUBCMF LIJ>Og j>NPgKg DBPFNFN. x JOPVU EBJ M>NBJBPNBAB EBJ AB AbKcj PcNcKAB HQII>KgIgN RB M>N>JBPNBKFK 67T;X74;>?7, DPOTU , RBU> JNNVUBCMF ?BIFNPB@FKF AbKcj PcNcKB P>jgN. x MB[Z , M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFIBK FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKFK >K@>H L ABeBN DBN_BHPBK HQII>KgIAgegKA> (RB EBN HQII>KgIAgegKA>) FjIBPFIJBOFKF O>eI>N. x TDPQF , M>N>JBPNBUB BNFjPFNBK EBNE>KDF ?FN NBCBN>KOgK FjIBRABK Agj>NgU> OgVAgNgIJ>U>@>egKg ?FIAFNFN. x TIBSFE , M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKFK TIBSFE LIJ>Og j>NPgKg DBPFNFN.

37.5

&?=0:3;
x *BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeBNIBNFKF ABeFj PLHQj BPJBH F_FK ?FN FjIBR U>VgIJgj: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ JOU HFdJDJ = CJSJODJ; CJSJODJ = JLJODJ; JLJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CJS4BZj = 1; JOU CBlLB4BZj = 2; EFhJl5PLVl(CJS4BZj, CBlLB4BZj); ^ XSJUFMO(CJS4BZj, ' ', CBlLB4BZj);

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. MNLDN>J FOPBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjJgULN: 1 2 p EFiJm UPLVm PMNBNkm

fjIBRF AcVBIPFK RB ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKFK ABeFj PLHQj BAFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>UgK. ... QRKS?

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38

)3;03: OR:3K:3?
2BJ?BI ABeBNIBKAFNJBIBN FjIBJIBNFK DBN_BHPBK DBNBHIF LIAQHI>Ng V>J>K> H>A>N DB@FHPFNFIJBIBNF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. fKDFIFV@BOF "I>VU BR>IQ>PFLK" LI>K PBJ?BI ABeBNIBKAFNJBIBN '>OHBII DF?F ?>Vg MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKFK AB PBJBI LI>K>HI>Ng >N>OgKA>AgN. fjIBJIBNFK DBNBHBKB H>A>N DB@FHPFNFIJBIBNF ALe>I LI>N>H EgV H>V>K@g O>eI>U>?FIFN _cKHc ?BIHF AB DBNBHJBUB@BH LI>K ?FN FjIBJ F_FK ?>jP>K V>J>K E>N@>KJ>Jgj LIQN. [PB U>KA>K, ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPB AB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, MB[Z M>N>JBPNBIBNFK EBN BNFjFIAFHIBNFKAB PBHN>N EBO>MI>KgULN LIJ>I>Ng V>J>K H>U?gK> A> KBABK LI>?FIFN. !Q LI>K>H, AFHH>PIF HQII>KgIAgegKA> FIDFK_ MNLDN>JI>J> UbKPBJIBNFKB LI>K>H RBNFN. 2BJ?BI ABeBNIBKAFNJBIBNB U>HgK LI>K ?FN H>RN>J, FjIB_IBNB RBNFIBK FC>ABIBNFK AQNQJ> DbNB EF_ FjIBPFIJFULN LIJ>I>NgAgN. !Q H>RN>Jg A>E> bK@B DbNAcecJcV c_ FjIB_PBK P>KgULNOQKQV: x ]] (G7J3) FjIB@F: fHFK@F FC>AB >K@>H ?FNFK@FOF GBMTF LIAQeQKA> FjIBPFIFN. JG (CJSiGBEF() ]] CFMLJ%FilMFUJMNFZFDFL0MBOiGBEF()) \ // ... ^ $eBN CJSjGBEF() 'KFK OLKQ@Q USVF FOB, OLKQ@QK A> USVF LI>@>eg A>E> FHFK@F FC>AB FjIBPFIJBABK ?BIIFAFN. . AQNQJA> FHFK@F FC>AB FjIBPFIJBV. x && (G7) FjIB@F: fHFK@F FC>AB >K@>H ?FNFK@FOF USVF LIAQeQKA> FjIBPFIFN. JG (CJSiGBEF() && CFMLJ%FilMFUJMNFZFDFL0MBOiGBEF()) \ // ... ^ $eBN CJSjGBEF() 'KFK OLKQ@Q GBMTF FOB, OLKQ@QK A> GBMTF LI>@>eg A>E> FHFK@F FC>AB FjIBPFIJBABK ?BIIFAFN. . AQNQJA> FHFK@F FC>AB FjIBPFIJBV. x : FjIB@F (c_Ic FjIB_): *LjQI USVF LIAQeQKA> ?FNFK@F FC>AB, GBMTF LIAQeQKA> FHFK@F FC>AB FjIBPFIFN. JOU J = CJS,PlVM() ZB#ViGBEF() : ZB%B#ViGBEF();

CJS,PmVM() 'QK OLKQ@QK> DbNB FC>ABIBNABK U>IKgV@> ?FNFOF FjIBPFIFN. !Q FjIB_IBNABHF PBJ?BIIFH U>IKgV@> EgV H>V>K@gUI> FIDFIF ABeFIAFN. fC>ABIBNABK ?FNFOFKFK FjIBPFIJBOF AQNQJ> DbNB E>P>Ig LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF 43X :3C8; A ;D7 HLjQIQ, AFVDFKFK ?Lj LIJ> LI>OgIgeg R>NO> E>P>IgAgN: ETUSJOH T; // ... JG (T<0> == '"') \ // ... ^ T 'KFK OgCgN FKABHOIF BIBJ>KgK> BNFjJBABK bK@B bUIB ?FN BIBJ>KgK R>NIgegKA>K BJFK LIJ>H DBNBHFN. !Q UcVABK >j>egA>HF HLjQI UQH>NgA>HF ABKBPFJF && FjIB@FKFK O>e P>N>CgK> >IJ>HP> RB ?bUIB@B L ABKBPFJF >K@>H AFVDF ALIQ LIAQeQKA> FjIBPJBHPBAFN: ETUSJOH T; // ... JG ((T.MFOHUI >= 1) && (T<0> == '"')) \ // ... ^

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2BJ?BI ABeBNIBKAFNJBIBN FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFJFV FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF, PBJOFI@FIBN, RB >N>IgHI>NI> A> O>eI>K>?FIFN.

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39

&?=5?/;P< H3C?3@7E:3 EA97:3R7;7

fjIBRIBNF >KI>PgNHBK NBJO 'FK AB ?FN FjIBR LIAQeQKQ ObUIBJFjPFJ. /NLDN>JgK FjIBUFjF NBJO 'IB ?>jI>N RB LN>A>K ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB A>II>KgN. NBJO 'FK jFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV P>KgJg jbUIBUAF: WPJE NBJO() . P>KgJ> ?>H>N>H NBJO 'FK ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNJBAFeFKF RB EF_?FN M>N>JBPNB >IJ>AgegKg AcjcKcNcV. OIgKA> ?Q JcJHcK ABeFIAFN, _cKHc MNLDN>Jg ?>jI>P>K LNP>J ?FN AbKcj ABeBNF ?BHIBN; NBJO , WPJE AbKAcNcULN DF?F U>VgIJgj LIO> A> >OIgKA> ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNcN.

39.1

NBJO '7< 2L<MR 23N3?7

/NLDN>JI>N EBN V>J>K F_FK ?>jH> ?FN LNP>J P>N>CgKA>K ?>jI>PgIgNI>N. !Q LNP>J, MNLDN>Jg FOJFKF U>VgM $KPBN'> ?>O>N>H ?>jI>PPgegJgV Q_ ?FNFJ LI>?FIFN, JBKcIBNFKABHF "Z>IgjPgN" DF?F ?FN HLJQPI> ?>jI>PPgegJgV ?FN DBIFjPFNJB LNP>Jg LI>?FIFN, MNLDN>Jg HBKAFOF ?>jI>P>K ?>jH> ?FN MNLDN>J LI>?FIFN, RO. /NLDN>J HBKAFOFKF ?>jI>P>K ?Q LNP>J> FjFKF ?>j>NgUI> P>J>JI>UgM P>J>JI>J>Ageg ?FIDFOFKF NBJO 'FK AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H ?FIAFNFN. /NLDN>JgK AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H 0 ABeBNF MNLDN>JgK ?>j>NgUI> OLKQ_I>KAgegKg, 0'A>K ?>jH> ?FN ABeBN FOB MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> ?FN E>P> LIQjPQeQKQ ?FIAFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN. fOPBAFeFJFV ABeBNF AbKAcNJBH ?FVB H>IJgj LIO> A>, 0'gK 43X3CV >KI>JgK> DBIJBOF OP>KA>NPI>jJgjPgN. %AE: DR@SX 67T7C; A>3C3= 3@53= 00,1271 3C3>VTV@63=; E3?D3JV>3C3 9SG7@74;>;CD;@;K. BF@F@ 6VXV@63=; 67T7C>7C :7C ACE3? E3C38V@63@ 67DE7=>7@?;JAC A>34;>;C. 1gCgNA>K ?>jH> ABeBNIBN EBN MNLDN>J> DbNB ABeFjFH >KI>JI>N P>jgU>?FIFN. [NKBeFK 3KFT PcNBRF LNP>JI>NA> ALOU>I>Ng IFOPBIBJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K MT MNLDN>Jg bKBJOFV E>P>I>NA> 1 ABeBNFKF, @FAAF E>P>I>NA> FOB 2 ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN. *LJQP O>PgNgKA>K ?>jI>PgI>K MNLDN>JI>NgK AbKcj ABeBNIBNF $ LNP>J ABeFjHBKFKABK LHQK>?FIFN. [NKBeFK HI>ObNAB ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN ALOU>Ug DbNJBH FOPBAFeFJFVAB, MNLDN>JgK AbKcj ABeBNF HLJQP O>PgNgKA> $ ABeFjHBKFKABK >j>eg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p MT'JO EfOgm EFiFSJ

39.1.1

DL<MR 23N3?7 WPJE =:/< NBJO ':3? 23 23N3? M?3A7?:3?

iFJAFUB H>A>N H>NjgI>jPgegJgV FjIBRIBNFK ?>VgI>NgKgK FjIBNFKF U>M>J>U>@>HI>Ng AQNQJI>N> AcjPcHIBNFKAB E>P> >PPgHI>NgKg DbNJcjPcH. iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV H>A>NgUI>, E>P> >PgIAgeg V>J>K MNLDN>J ?FN PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO JBO>GgUI> OLKI>KgULNAQ.

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'CA9C3?V@ M7GC7D;J>7 EE=;>7X;?;

!Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA>, NBJO 'FK AbKcj PcNc LI>N>H WPJE HQII>KgIJgj LIO> ?FIB, U>KF NBJO ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNJBUB@BHJFj DF?F U>VgIJgj LIO> ?FIB, MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgN>K LNP>J> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H 1 ABeBNF AbKAcNcIcN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK E>P> >P>N>H OLKI>K>K jQ ?>OFP MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgN>IgJ: WPJE NBJO() \ UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO("#JS IBUB PMEV"); ^ #bKcj PcNc WPJE LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgeg E>IAB MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgN>K LNP>J> 1 ABeBNF AbKAcNcIJcjPcN: # ./EFOFNF PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO: #JS IBUB PMEV # FDIP $ 1 !BKVBN jBHFIAB, AbKcj PcNc WPJE LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K NBJO FjIBRIBNF ?>j>NgUI> OLKI>KAgHI>NgKA>, LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H 0 cNBPFNIBN. !Q OBCBN 43X3CVJ>3 DA@>3@3@ jQ MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("#BlBSEjN!"); ^ !Q MNLDN>J AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H 0 cNBPJFjPFN: # ./EFOFNF #BmBSEkN! # FDIP $ 0

39.1.2

DL<MR 23N3?7<7 03:7?:3;39

*BKAF MNLDN>JI>NgJgVA>K ABeBN AbKAcNJBH, ?>jH> FjIBRIBNAB AB LIAQeQ DF?F, NBJO 'F AbKcj PcNcKc JOU LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>H RB ?FN SFUVSO ABUFJF HQII>KJ>H H>A>N ?>OFPPFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU NBJO() \ JOU TBZj; XSJUF("-fUGFO 3-6 BSBTjOEB CJS TBZj HJSJOJ[: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); JG ((TBZj < 3) ]] (TBZj > 6)) \ TUEFSS.XSJUFMO(")"5": ", TBZj, " VZHVO EFhJM!"); SFUVSO 111; ^ XSJUFMO("5FlFLLfS: ", TBZj); ^ SFUVSO 0;

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'CA9C3?V@ M7GC7D;J>7 EE=;>7X;?;

/NLDN>JgK FOJFKFK EFOFNF LIAQeQKQ H>?QI BABNOBH RB FOPBKBK >N>IgHP> ?FN O>Ug RBNFIAFeFKAB MNLDN>JgK AbKcj ABeBNF 0 LIQN: # ./EFOFNF -gUGFO 3-6 BSBTkOEB CJS TBZk HJSJOJ[: 5 5FmFLLgS: 5 # FDIP $ 0 N>IgegK AgjgKA> ?FN O>Ug RBNFIAFeFKAB FOB MNLDN>JgK AbKcj ABeBNF 111 LIQN: # ./EFOFNF -gUGFO 3-6 BSBTkOEB CJS TBZk HJSJOJ[: 10 )"5": 10 VZHVO EFiJM! # FDIP $ 111 -LNJ>IAB E>P> F_FK 1 ABeBNFKF HQII>KJ>H UBPBNIFAFN. !BK U>IKgV@> bNKBH LIJ>Og F_FK bVBI ?FN KBABKF LIJ>A>K 111 ABeBNFKF OB_PFJ.

39.2

(A/<2/?A 6/A/ /9P;P TUEFSS

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> TUEFSS >HgJgKg HQII>KAgJ. !Q >HgJ, OP>KA>NP >HgJI>NgK c_cK@cOcAcN RB MNLDN>JgK E>P> JBO>GI>NgKg U>VJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN: x TUEJO : OP>KA>NP DFNFj >HgJg x TUEPVU : OP>KA>NP _gHgj >HgJg x TUEFSS : OP>KA>NP E>P> >HgJg /NLDN>JI>N Q_ ?FNFJAB ?>jI>PgIAgHI>NgKA> TUEPVU RB TUEFSS >HgJI>NgK> U>VgI>KI>N KLNJ>IAB BHN>KA> ?BIFNFNIBN. !Q >HgJI>N> U>VgI>K JBO>GI>Ng FOPBKAFeFKAB >UNg >UNg BIAB BPJBH AB JcJHcKAcN.

39.3

NBJO '7< >/?/;3A?3:3?7

!>Vg MNLDN>JI>N HBKAFIBNFKF ?>jI>P>K LNP>JI>NA>K M>N>JBPNB >I>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV MT MNLDN>Jg M>N>JBPNBOFV LI>N>H U>IKgV@> MT U>V>N>H ?>jI>PgI>?FIFN: # MT EFOFNF EFOFNF.E fOPBeB ?>eIg LI>N>H A> ?FN RBU> A>E> _LH M>N>JBPNBUIB ?>jI>PgI>?FIFN. !Q M>N>JBPNBIBNFK >KI>JI>Ng ?cPcKcUIB MNLDN>J> ?>eIgAgN RB L MNLDN>JgK ?BIDBIBNFKAB ?BIFNPFIJFjPFN: # MT -M EFOFNF -SXYS-YS-Y 1 BDFISFMJ VTFST 460668 /PW

6 20:38 EFOFNF

# MNLDN>JI>NgKg ?>jI>PgNHBK HQII>KgI>K M>N>JBPNBIBN NBJO 'B ?FN TUSJOH AFVFOF LI>N>H DbKABNFIFNIBN. NBJO 'F TUSJOH<> M>N>JBPNB >I>@>H jBHFIAB P>KgJI>J>H ?Q M>N>JBPNBIBNB BNFjJBH F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK M>N>JBPNBIBNF _gHgjgK> U>VAgNgULN:

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'CA9C3?V@ M7GC7D;J>7 EE=;>7X;?;

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO(TUSJOH<> QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ GPSFBDI (J, QBSBNFUSF; QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ XSJUFGMO("%3T OVNBSBMj QBSBNFUSF: %T", J, QBSBNFUSF); ^ ^ 0>ODBIB M>N>JBPNBIBNIB jbUIB ?>jI>PgI>?FIFN: # ./EFOFNF LPNVU TBUJSJOB ZB[JMBO QBSBNFUSFMFS 42 --CJS@TFDFOFL 0 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: ./EFOFNF 1 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: LPNVU 2 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: TBUJSJOB 3 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: ZB[JMBO 4 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: QBSBNFUSFMFS 5 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: 42 6 OVNBSBMk QBSBNFUSF: --CJS@TFDFOFL />N>JBPNB AFVFOFKFK FIH BIBJ>Kg EBN V>J>K F_FK MNLDN>J ?>jI>PgIgNHBK HQII>KgI>K MNLDN>J FOJFAFN. #FeBN M>N>JBPNBIBN ?Q AFVFKFK DBNF H>I>K BIBJ>KI>NgAgN. !Q M>N>JBPNBIBNIB KB U>M>@>eg P>J>JBK MNLDN>J> H>IJgjPgN. [NKBeFK HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF ObV@cec PBNO OgN>A> U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU NBJO(TUSJOH<> QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ JG (QBSBNFUSFMFS.MFOHUI != 3) \ TUEFSS.XSJUFMO(")"5"! %PhSV LVMMBOjN:=O ", QBSBNFUSFMFS<0>, " CJS@Te[DfL CBlLB@Te[DfL"); SFUVSO 1; ^ XSJUFMO(QBSBNFUSFMFS<2>, ' ', QBSBNFUSFMFS<1>); ^ SFUVSO 0;

!Q MNLDN>J DBNBHPFeFKAB ALeNQ HQII>KgJgKg A> DbOPBNFULN: # ./EFOFNF )"5"! %PiSV LVMMBOkN: ./EFOFNF CJS@Tf[DgL CBmLB@Tf[DgL # ./EFOFNF EgOZB NFSIBCB NFSIBCB EgOZB

39.4

&?=5?/; @3K3<39:3?7 C3 TUE.HFUPQU ;=2M:M

NBJO 'FK M>N>JBPNBIBNFUIB RB AbKcj ABeBNFUIB FIDFIF LI>N>H ?FIFKJBOF DBNBHBKIBN >OIgKA> ?Q H>A>NAgN. K@>H M>N>JBPNBIBNF PBHBN PBHBN IFOPBABK >UgHI>J>H V>EJBPIF LI>?FIFN. .KQK UBNFKB, ?Q HLKQA> U>NAgJ >I>?FIB@BeFJFV TUE.HFUPQU JLAcIcKcK ?FN HQII>KgJgKg DbOPBNB@BeFJ.

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'CA9C3?V@ M7GC7D;J>7 EE=;>7X;?;

!>Vg M>N>JBPNBIBN MNLDN>J P>N>CgKA>K ?FIDF LI>N>H HQII>KgIgNI>N. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J> RBNFIBK "AcKU>" RB "JBNE>?>" M>N>JBPNBIBNF, L MNLDN>JgK BHN>K> U>VAgN>@>eg ?FIDFUF ?BIFNIFULNAQ. !>Vg M>N>JBPNBIBN FOB MNLDN>JgK FjFKF K>OgI U>M>@>egKg ?BIFNIBNIBN; ?QKI>N> BCA9C3? D7Q7@7T; ABKFN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA> HQII>KAgegJgV MT MNLDN>JgK> HLJQP O>PgNgKA> OB_BKBH LI>N>H -M RBNJFjPFH. /NLDN>J OB_BKBHIBNF MNLDN>JI>NgK HQII>KgjIgIgHI>NgKg >NPPgNgNI>N. !bUIB@B, MNLDN>JgK FOPBAFeF M>N>JBPNBIBN ?FN FKO>K P>N>CgKA>K PBHBN PBHBN HLJQP O>PgNgKA>K U>VgIJ>H UBNFKB bNKBeFK ?FN ?BPFH MNLDN>J F_FKABK RBNFIB?FIFNIBN. *LJQP O>PgNg M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK KB LIAQHI>Ng RB KB >KI>J> DBIAFHIBNF EBN KB H>A>N P>J>JBK MNLDN>J> ?>eIg LIO>I>N A> LKI>NgK A> ?FN OP>KA>NAg DBIFjJFjPFN. /.1(6 OP>KA>NAgK> QUDQK ?FN HQII>KgJA>, EBN OB_BKBH -- FIB ?>jI>N, OB_BKBH FOJF ?QKI>N> ?FPFjFH LI>N>H U>VgIgN, RB OB_BKBH ABeBNF AB ?FN = H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> DBIFN: # ./EFOFNF --CJS@TFDFOFL=17 /EL?LO'QK TUE.HFUPQU JLAcIc, MNLDN>J> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIBK ?Q PcN OB_BKBHIBNFK >UgHI>KJ>OgKA> U>NAgJ@g LIQN. !BK ?QN>A> C>VI> >UNgKPgOgK> DFNJBABK HFUPQU FjIBRFKFK HgO> ?FN HQII>KgJgKg DbOPBNB@BeFJ. ZgHgjgK> N>ODBIB OB_PFeF O>UgI>Ng U>VAgN>K ?FN MNLDN>J P>O>NI>U>IgJ. *>_ P>KB O>Ug U>VAgN>@>eg RB O>UgI>NgK ABeBNIBNFKFK E>KDF >N>IgHP> LI>@>eg MNLDN>J> HLJQP O>PgNgKA>K OB_BKBHIBN LI>N>H RBNFIOFK. /NLDN>J bNKBeFK jQ jBHFIAB ?>jI>PgI>?FIOFK: # ./EFOFNF --BEFU=7 --FO-LVDVL=10 --FO-CVZVL=15 HFUPQU FjIBRF ?Q ABeBNIBNF MNLDN>J M>N>JBPNBIBNF >N>OgKA> ?QIJ>HP> U>N>NIgAgN. HFUPQU 'QK LHQAQeQ ABeBNIBNFK E>KDF ABeFjHBKIBNB U>VgI>@>HI>Ng SFBEG HQII>KgJgKA>K P>KgAgegJgV & H>N>HPBNFUIB ?FN 9RDE7C97 LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.HFUPQU; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; WPJE NBJO(TUSJOH<> QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ JOU BEFU; JOU FO,fdfL%FhFS; JOU FO#fZfL%FhFS; HFUPQU(QBSBNFUSFMFS, "BEFU", &BEFU, "FO-LVDVL", &FO,fdfL%FhFS, "FO-CVZVL", &FO#fZfL%FhFS); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ XSJUF(VOJGPSN(FO,fdfL%FhFS, FO#fZfL%FhFS + 1), ' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

# ./EFOFNF --BEFU=7 --FO-LVDVL=10 --FO-CVZVL=15 11 11 13 11 14 15 10 ZLeQ V>J>K M>N>JBPNBIBNFK HBOPFNJBIBNF AB LIQN. [NKBeFK --BEFU U>VJ>H UBNFKB HgO>@> -B U>VgIgN. 1B_BKBHIBNFK HBOPFNJBIBNF HFUPQU '> ] >UN>@gKA>K OLKN> ?FIAFNFIFN:

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'CA9C3?V@ M7GC7D;J>7 EE=;>7X;?;

HFUPQU(QBSBNFUSFMFS, "BEFU]B", &BEFU, "FO-LVDVL]L", &FO,fdfL%FhFS, "FO-CVZVL]C", &FO#fZfL%FhFS); ZLeQ V>J>K HBOPFNJB OB_BKBHIBN F_FK = H>N>HPBNF AB HQII>KgIJ>V: # ./EFOFNF -B7 -L10 -C15 11 13 10 15 14 15 14 />N>JBPNBIBNFK MNLDN>J> TUSJOH PcNcKAB DBIAFHIBNFKF DbNJcjPcH. HFUPQU ?Q AFVDFIBNF ABeFjHBKIBNFK PcNIBNFKB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjPcNcN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF BEFU 'FK JOU LIAQeQKQ ?FIAFeF F_FK, LKQ TUSJOH 'ABK JOU 'B _BRFNFN. HFUPQU 'Q HQII>KJ>AgegJgV V>J>KI>NA> ?Q AbKcjcJc A>E> bK@B AB ?FN H>_ HBNB HQII>KAgegJgV UP FjIBRFUIB HBKAFJFV AB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFNFV. TUE.DPOW JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K UP 'UQ A>E> bK@B EBM P>JO>UgI>Ng TUSJOH 'B AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK UP!TUSJOH jBHIFKAB HQII>KJgjPgH. TUSJOH UBNFKB ?>jH> PcNIBNB AB AbKcjPcNB?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK 0'A>K ?>jI>U>N>H HBKAFOFKB HLJQP O>PgNgKA>K ?FIAFNFIBK O>UgA> FHFjBN FHFjBN O>U>K ?FN MNLDN>JA> UP 'UQ jbUIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; WPJE NBJO(TUSJOH<> QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ // 1BSBNFUSF WFSJMNFEJhJOEF 10 WBSTBZjZPSV[ TJ[F@U BEFU = 10; JG (QBSBNFUSFMFS.MFOHUI > 1) \ // #JS QBSBNFUSF WFSJMNJl BEFU = UP!TJ[F@U(QBSBNFUSFMFS<1>); ^ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ XSJUF(J * 2, ' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

/NLDN>J M>N>JBPNB RBNFIJBAFeFKAB 10, RBNFIAFeFKAB FOB ?BIFNPFIAFeF H>A>N O>Ug cNBPFN: # 0 # 0 ./EFOFNF 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 ./EFOFNF 3 2 4

39.5

%?A/; 23N7R93<:3?7
/NLDN>JI>Ng ?>jI>P>K LNP>JI>N, MNLDN>JI>NgK U>N>NI>KJ>I>Ng F_FK LNP>J ABeFjHBKIBNF AB OQK>NI>N. !Q ABeFjHBKIBNB TUE.QSPDFTT JLAcIcKABHF HFUFOW FjIBRFUIB BNFjFIFN. [NKBeFK _>IgjPgNgI>@>H LI>K MNLDN>JI>NgK E>KDF HI>ObNIBNAB >N>KAgHI>NgKg ?BIFNPBK 1"5) ABeFjHBKFKF U>VAgNJ>H F_FK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QSPDFTT; WPJE NBJO()

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'CA9C3?V@ M7GC7D;J>7 EE=;>7X;?;

\ ^

XSJUFMO(HFUFOW("1"5)"));

ZgHPgOg: # ./EFOFNF /VTS/MPDBM/CJO:/VTS/CJO:/IPNF/BDFISFMJ/ENE/MJOVY/CJO TUE.QSPDFTT.FOWJSPONFOU ?cPcK LNP>J ABeFjHBKIBNFKF BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK ObV AFVFJFUIB OQK>N: JNQPSU TUE.QSPDFTT; // ... XSJUFMO(FOWJSPONFOU<"1"5)">); !QK> N>eJBK HBKAFOF ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ ABeFIAFN. !cPcK ABeFjHBKIBNF PBH BjIBJB P>?ILOQ LI>N>H BIAB BPJBH F_FK: TUSJOH<TUSJOH> IFQTJ = FOWJSPONFOU.UP""();

39.6

B/R9/ >?=5?/;:/?P 0/R:/A;/9

/NLDN>JI>N ?>jH> MNLDN>JI>Ng ?>jI>PPgHI>NgKA> LKI>NgK ACE3?>3CV E>IFKB DBIFNIBN. /NLDN>J ?>jI>PJ>U> U>N>U>K FHF FjIBR TUE.QSPDFTT JLAcIcKABHF TZTUFN RB TIFMM 'AFN. TZTUFN , HBKAFOFKB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIBK AFVDFUF O>KHF HLJQP O>PgNgKA> U>VgIJgj DF?F ?>jI>PgN RB MNLDN>JgK AbKcj ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QSPDFTT; WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EeOfl%FhFSJ = TZTUFN("MT -M EFOFNF"); ^ XSJUFMO("MT QSPHSBNj ", EeOfl%FhFSJ," EFhFSJOJ EeOEfSEf.");

ZgHPgOg: # ./EFOFNF -SXYS-YS-Y 1 BDFISFMJ VTFST 461107 /PW MT QSPHSBNk 0 EFiFSJOJ EfOEgSEg.

7 17:33 EFOFNF

TIFMM , HBKAFOFKB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIBK AFVDFUF ?FN H>?QH F_FKAB FjIBPFN RB LKQK _gHPgOgKg AbKAcNcN. /NLDN>J ?>jI>PgI>J>AgegKA> RBU> E>P> FIB OLKI>KAgegKA> ?FN E>P> >PgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QSPDFTT; WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF djLUjTj = TIFMM("MT -M EFOFNF*"); XSJUFMO("MT QSPHSBNj lV djLUjZj fSFUUJ:"); XSJUFMO(djLUjTj);

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ZgHPgOg: # ./EFOFNF MT QSPHSBNk mV ekLUkZk gSFUUJ: -SXYSXYS-Y 1 BDFISFMJ BDFISFMJ 923117 2012-03-25 11:19 EFOFNF -SXYS-YS-Y 1 BDFISFMJ BDFISFMJ 1091303 2012-03-25 11:19 EFOFNF.E

39.7

IF3A
x #bKcj PcNc WPJE LI>N>H P>KgJI>KO> ?FIB NBJO ?>j>NgUI> OLKI>KAgegKA> 0, E>P> FIB OLKI>KAgegKA> 1 AbKAcNcN. x TUEFSS E>P> JBO>GI>NgKg U>VJ>U> QUDQK LI>K >HgJAgN. x NBJO , TUSJOH<> PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB >I>?FIFN. x TUE.HFUPQU JLAcIc MNLDN>J M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF >UNgjPgNJ>U> U>N>N. x TUE.QSPDFTT JLAcIc LNP>J ABeFjHBKIBNFKB BNFjPFNJBUB RB ?>jH> MNLDN>JI>Ng ?>jI>PJ>U> U>N>N.

39.8

&?=0:3;:3?
1. *LJQP O>PgNgKA>K M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H FHF ABeBN RB ?FN FjIBJ H>N>HPBNF >I>K ?FN EBO>M J>HFKBOF U>VgK. ibUIB _>IgjOgK: # ./EFOFNF 3.4 Y 7.8 26.52 %AE: * =3C3=E7C;@;@ =A?FE D3EVCV@63 RK7> 4;C 3@>3?V A>6FTF ;Q;@ Q3CB?3 ;X>7?; ;Q;@ A =3C3=E7C;@; =F>>3@V@. .;@7 67 * =3C3=E7C;@; =F>>3@?3= ;DE7CD7@;K =A?FE D3EVCV@63 (* X7=>;@67 J3K?3@VK 97C7=;C. 2. '>KDF MNLDN>Jg ?>jI>PJ>H FOPBAFeFKFVF OLN>K, ?Q MNLDN>Jg ?>jI>P>K RB AbKcj PcNcKc ?FIAFNBK ?FN MNLDN>J U>VgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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/A/ ,L<3A7;7
!BHIBKJBAFH AQNQJI>N MNLDN>JI>NgK U>j>JI>NgKgK ALe>I M>N_>I>NgAgN. *QII>Kg@g E>P>I>Ng, MNLDN>J@g E>P>I>Ng, LNP>JA>HF ?BHIBKJBAFH ABeFjFHIFHIBN, RO. MNLDN>JI>NgK _>IgjJ>I>Ng OgN>OgKA> EBN V>J>K H>NjgI>jgI>K AQNQJI>NAgN. !Q AQNQJI>N ?>VBK KLNJ>I FjIBUFjB ABR>J BAFIBJBUB@BH H>A>N R>EFJ LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK DBNBHBK ?FN ?FIDF BIAB BAFIBJFULNAQN, BIABHF ?FIDF DB_BNOFVAFN, ?FN _BRNB >UDgPg _>IgjJgULNAQN, RO. !bUIB _>NBOFV H>IgK>K AQNQJI>NA> #'KFK E>P> >PJ> AcVBKBeF HQII>KgI>N>H FjIBJB OLK RBNFIFN. #BR>J BAFIBJBUB@BH H>A>N HbPc ?FN AQNQJ bNKBeF LI>N>H U>IKgV@> AbNP >NFPJBPFH FjIBJF ABOPBHIBUBK ?FN FjIBRFK ?QKI>NgK AgjgKA>HF ?FN FjIBJIB _>eNgIJ>Og AQNQJQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. [K@BHF ABNOFK MNL?IBJ _bVcJIBNFKAB AB LIAQeQ DF?F: TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ DBTF "+": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ + JLJODJ); CSFBL; DBTF "-": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ - JLJODJ); CSFBL; DBTF "Y": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ * JLJODJ); CSFBL; DBTF "/": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ / JLJODJ); CSFBL; EFGBVMU: UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO(GPSNBU("(FdFSTJ[ JlMFN: %T", JlMFN)); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF TXJUDI ABUFJFKAB DBTF 'IBNIB ?BIFNPFIJFj LI>K AbNP FjIBJ AgjgKA> KB U>MgI>@>eg ?FIFKJBJBHPBAFN. . UcVABK ABUFJFK EFGBVMU H>MO>JgKA> ?FN E>P> >PgIJ>HP>AgN. Z>NBOFV AQNQJI>NA> >PgI>K E>P> bNKBHIBNFUIB /EL?LO'P> A> H>NjgI>jgNgV. [NKBeFK ?FN AFVDFUF JOU PcNcKB AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K UP!JOU , JOU LI>J>U>@>H ?FN AFVDFUIB _>eNgIAgegKA> E>P> >P>N: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; WPJE NBJO() \ DPOTU JOU TBZj = UP!JOU("NFSIBCB"); ^ "JBNE>?>" AFVDFOF ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBN FC>AB BPJBAFeF F_FK; L MNLDN>J, UP!JOU 'FK >PPgeg ?FN E>P>UI> OLKI>KgN. # ./EFOFNF TUE.DPOW.$POW&YDFQUJPO!TUE/DPOW.E(37): TUE.DPOW(1161): $BO'U DPOWFSU WBMVF ANFSIBCB' PG UZQF DPOTU(DIBS)<> UP UZQF JOU UP!JOU 'FK >PPgeg UQH>NgA>HF E>P>Ug jQ jBHFIAB _BRFNB?FIFNFV: "@LKOP(@E>N)9; PcNcKABHF =JBNE>?>' ABeBNF FKP PcNcKB AbKcjPcNcIBJBV".

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'>P> JBO>GgKgK ?>j P>N>CgKA>HF OPA.@LKR."LKR$T@BMPFLK A> E>P>KgK PcNcKc ?BIFNPFN. !Q E>P>KgK FOJFKB ?>H>N>H LKQK TUE.DPOW JLAcIc F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LIAQeQKQ >KI>U>?FIFULNQV. fOJF AB "AbKcjcJ E>P>Og" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "@LKRBNOFLK BT@BMPFLK"A>K PcNBJFj LI>K $POW&YDFQUJPO 'AgN.

40.1

/A/ /A;/9 7K7< UISPX

!QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF EBJ UQH>NgA>HF TXJUDI ABUFJFKAB, EBJ AB A>E> bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB DbNAcH. KI>Jg ">P, CgNI>P" LI>K UISPX ABUFJF, HBKAFOFKABK OLKN> U>VgI>K FC>ABKFK ABeBNFKF ?FN :3E3 @7D@7D; A>3C3= 3E3C RB FjIBJB EBJBK OLK RBNFIJBOFKB KBABK LIQN. UISPX ABUFJFKABK OLKN>HF >AgJI>N FjIBPFIJBV. !Q, E>P> H>RN>JgK> QUDQK ?FN A>RN>KgjPgN: E>P>I>N FjIBJIBNB ABR>J BAFIBJBUB@BH AQNQJI>NA> >PgIAgHI>Ng F_FK, V>PBK ABR>J BPJBH ObV HLKQOQ LIJ>J>IgAgN. !>jH> ?FN ?>Hgj >_gOgUI>; BeBN FjIBJB ABR>J BAFIB?FIB@BH DF?F ?FN AQNQJI> H>NjgI>jJgjO>H, E>P> >PgI>@>H H>A>N _>NBOFV ?FN AQNQJ ULH ABJBHPFN. . AQNQJA> E>P> >PgIJ>V RB FjIBR ?FN _>NBOFKF ?QIQN RB FjFKB ABR>J BAB?FIFN.

40.1.1

&YDFQUJPO C3 &SSPS 6/A/ AM?:3?7

UISPX ABUFJF FIB U>IKgV@> 5ISPXBCMF PcNcKABK PcNBJFj LI>K KBOKBIBN >PgI>?FIFN. !QK> N>eJBK, MNLDN>JI>NA> LKA>K A> PcNBJFj LI>K &YDFQUJPO RB &SSPS PcNIBNF HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK /EL?LO'P>HF E>P>I>N U> &YDFQUJPO OgKgCgKA>K, U> A> &SSPS OgKgCgKA>K PcNBJFjIBNAFN. &SSPS , DFABNFIBJBV ABNB@BAB E>P>Ig AQNQJI>Ng FC>AB BABN. . E>P>KgK U>H>I>KJ>Og bKBNFIJBV. !Q UcVABK, >P>@>egKgV E>P>I>Ng U> ALeNQA>K &YDFQUJPO 'A>K, U> A> LKA>K PcNBPB@BeFKFV A>E> ?BIFNDFK PcNIBNABK >PJ>KgV DBNBHFN. (%AE: )V@V8>3C>3 ;>9;>; 4;C =A@F A>3@ ESC7?7J; 63:3 DA@C3 9RC757T;K.) &YDFQUJPO KBOKBIBNF, HQNQIQNI>NHBK E>P> JBO>GgKg TUSJOH LI>N>H >IgNI>N. !Q JBO>Gg, TUE.TUSJOH JLAcIcKABHF GPSNBU FjIBRF FIB LIQjPQNJ>H HLI>UIgH O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; JOU<> SBTHFMF;BSMBS"U(JOU BEFU) \ JG (BEFU < 0) \ UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO( GPSNBU("(FdFSTJ[ 'BEFU' EFhFSJ: %T", BEFU)); ^ JOU<> TBZjMBS; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ TBZjMBS _= VOJGPSN(1, 7); ^ ^ SFUVSO TBZjMBS;

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(SBTHFMF;BSMBS"U(-5)); ^

# ./EFOFNF PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO: (FeFSTJ[ 'BEFU' EFiFSJ: -5

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40.1.2

/A/ /AP:2PNP<2/ 0MAM< 9/>@/;:/?2/< KP9P:P?

/NLDN>JgK, NBJO FjIBRFKABK ?>jI>U>N>H ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB, LKI>NA>K A> A>E> ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB A>II>KAgegKg DbNJcjPcH. fjIBRIBNFK ?FN?FNIBNFKF H>PJ>KI>N E>IFKAB _>egNJ>I>Ng, _>eNgI>K FjIBRIBNFK HBKAFIBNFKF _>egN>K FjIBRIBNB AbKJBIBNF, >NAgKA>K ?>jH> FjIBRIBNFK _>eNgIJ>I>Ng, RO. ?FN >e>@gK A>II>Ng E>IFKAB DbOPBNFIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK NBJO 'ABK _>eNgI>K ZVNVSUB:BQ >AIg ?FN FjIBR, HBKAFOF NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[kSMB >AIg ?>jH> ?FN FjIBRF _>egN>?FIFN, RB L FjIBR AB ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB >AIg ?>jH> ?FN FjIBRF _>egN>?FIFN. .HI>NgK FjIBR _>eNgI>Ng >KI>JgK> DBIAFHIBNFKF H>?QI BABNOBH, ?bUIB ?FN MNLDN>JgK A>II>KJ>OgKg jQ jBHFIAB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: NBJO ] +--v ZVNVSUB:BQ ] ] ] +--v NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB ] ] ] ] ] +-v ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB ] ] +-v ZBh)B[jSMB ] ] +-v UBWB)B[jSMB ] ] ] +--v ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS ] +--v NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS ] +--v ZVNVSUB:F 2LMI>J 3 >IP AcVBUB A>II>K>K ?Q MNLDN>Jg, A>II>KJ> AcVBUIBNFKF ABeFjFH JFHP>NI>NA> DFNFKPFUIB DbOPBNB@BH jBHFIAB >j>egA>HF DF?F U>V>?FIFNFV. 2>?FF ?Q MNLDN>JA> FjIBRIBN U>N>NIg FjIBN U>MJgULNI>N; ?QN>A> >J>_, U>IKgV@> MNLDN>JgK A>II>KJ>OgKg DbOPBNJBH: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE HJSJOUJ(JO JOU NJLUBS) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. NJLUBS * 2) \ XSJUF(' '); ^ ^ WPJE CBlMjZPS(JO DIBS<> JlMFW, JO JOU HJSJOUJ.JLUBSj) \ HJSJOUJ(HJSJOUJ.JLUBSj); XSJUFMO("v ", JlMFW, " JML TBUjS"); ^ WPJE CJUJZPS(JO DIBS<> JlMFW, JO JOU HJSJOUJ.JLUBSj) \ HJSJOUJ(HJSJOUJ.JLUBSj); XSJUFMO("x ", JlMFW, " TPO TBUjS"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ CBlMjZPS("NBJO", 0); ZVNVSUB:BQ(); ZVNVSUB:F(); CJUJZPS("NBJO", 0); ^ WPJE ZVNVSUB:BQ() \ CBlMjZPS("ZVNVSUB:BQ", 1); NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB(); ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS(); NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS();

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CJUJZPS("ZVNVSUB:BQ", 1);

WPJE ZVNVSUB:F() \ CBlMjZPS("ZVNVSUB:F", 1); CJUJZPS("ZVNVSUB:F", 1); ^ WPJE NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB() \ CBlMjZPS("NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB", 2); ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB(); ZBh)B[jSMB(); UBWB)B[jSMB(); CJUJZPS("NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB", 2); ^ WPJE ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS() \ CBlMjZPS("ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS", 2); CJUJZPS("ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS", 2); ^ WPJE NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS() \ CBlMjZPS("NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS", 2); CJUJZPS("NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS", 2); ^ WPJE ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB() \ CBlMjZPS("ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB", 3); CJUJZPS("ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB", 3); ^ WPJE ZBh)B[jSMB() \ CBlMjZPS("ZBh)B[jSMB", 3); CJUJZPS("ZBh)B[jSMB", 3); ^ WPJE UBWB)B[jSMB() \ CBlMjZPS("UBWB)B[jSMB", 3); CJUJZPS("UBWB)B[jSMB", 3); ^ -LNJ>I FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> MNLDN>J jQ _gHPgUg cNBPFN:

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u NBJO JML TBUkS u ZVNVSUB:BQ JML TBUkS u NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[kSMB JML TBUkS u ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB JML TBUkS v ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB TPO TBUkS u ZBi)B[kSMB JML TBUkS v ZBi)B[kSMB TPO TBUkS u UBWB)B[kSMB JML TBUkS v UBWB)B[kSMB TPO TBUkS v NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[kSMB TPO TBUkS u ZVNVSUBMBSk1JmJS JML TBUkS v ZVNVSUBMBSk1JmJS TPO TBUkS u NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEkS JML TBUkS v NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEkS TPO TBUkS v ZVNVSUB:BQ TPO TBUkS u ZVNVSUB:F JML TBUkS v ZVNVSUB:F TPO TBUkS v NBJO TPO TBUkS CBmMkZPS RB CJUJZPS FjIBRIBNF O>UBOFKAB u Fj>NBPF FIB FjIBRFK FIH O>PgNgKg, v Fj>NBPF FIB AB OLK O>PgNgKg DbOPBNAFH. /NLDN>J NBJO 'FK FIH O>PgNgUI> ?>jIgULN, ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB A>II>KgULN, RB BK OLK NBJO 'FK OLK O>PgNgUI> OLKI>KgULN. iFJAF, MNLDN>Jg ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB FjIBRFKB ALI>MP>K H>_ UQJQNP> _gH>NP>@>egKg M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H ?BIFNPB@BH jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNBIFJ; RB ?Q FjIBR ?FNABK >V ?FN ABeBN DBIAFeFKAB E>P> >POgK: WPJE ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB(JOU BEFU) \ CBlMjZPS("ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB", 3); JG (BEFU < 1) \ UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO( GPSNBU("%PMBQUBO %T ZVNVSUB djLBSUjMBNB[", BEFU)); ^ ^ CJUJZPS("ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB", 3);

/NLDN>JgK ALeNQ LI>N>H ABNIBKB?FIJBOF F_FK P>?FF ?>jH> FjIBRIBNF AB ABeFjPFNJBJFV DBNBHFN. #LI>MP>K H>_ UQJQNP> _gH>NPgI>@>egKg FjIBRIBN >N>OgKA> NBJO 'ABK ?>jI>U>N>H BIABK BIABK FIBPB?FIFNFV. !Q AQNQJA> MNLDN>JgK AFeBN P>N>CI>Ng A> >j>egA>HF DF?F ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFN. !Q bNKBHPB, NBJO 'ABK ?FIBNBH DB_BNOFV LI>K -8 ABeBNFKF DbKABNFULNQV; >J>_, MNLDN>JgK A>II>KJ>OgKg ?FN HBNB AB E>P> >PgIAgegKA> DbNJBH: // ... WPJE NBJO() \ CBlMjZPS("NBJO", 0); ZVNVSUB:BQ(-8); ZVNVSUB:F(); CJUJZPS("NBJO", 0); ^ WPJE ZVNVSUB:BQ(JOU BEFU) \ CBlMjZPS("ZVNVSUB:BQ", 1); NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB(BEFU); ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS();

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NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS(); CJUJZPS("ZVNVSUB:BQ", 1);

// ... WPJE NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB(JOU BEFU) \ CBlMjZPS("NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB", 2); ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB(BEFU); ZBh)B[jSMB(); UBWB)B[jSMB(); CJUJZPS("NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB", 2); ^ // ... /NLDN>JgK ?Q E>IFKF _>IgjPgNAgegJgVA>, UISPX FIB E>P> >PgIAgeg UBNABK OLKN>HF EF_?FN O>PgNgK FjIBPFIJBAFeFKF DbNcNcV: u NBJO JML TBUkS u ZVNVSUB:BQ JML TBUkS u NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[kSMB JML TBUkS u ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB JML TBUkS PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO: %PMBQUBO -8 ZVNVSUB ekLBSUkMBNB[ '>P> LIQjPQeQ >K; BK >IP AcVBUABK BK cOP AcVBUB ALeNQ, bK@B ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB FjIBRFKABK, OLKN> NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[kSMB FjIBRFKABK, A>E> OLKN> ZVNVSUB:BQ FjIBRFKABK, RB BK OLKQKA> A> NBJO FjIBRFKABK _gHgIgN. !Q _gHgj OgN>OgKA>, FjIBRIBNFK EBKcV FjIBPFIJBJFj LI>K >AgJI>Ng FjIBPFIJBV. fjIBJIBNB ABR>J BPJBABK ?cPcK FjIBRIBNABK _gHgIJ>OgKgK J>KPgeg; BK >IP AcVBUABHF ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB FjIBRFKFK ?>j>NgOgVIgHI> OLKQ_I>KJgj LIJ>OgKgK, LKQ _>egN>K A>E> cOP AcVBUABHF FjIBRIBNFK AB ?>j>NgOgV LI>@>HI>Ng >KI>JgK> DBIJBOFAFN. IP AcVBU ?FN FjIBRABK >PgI>K E>P>, PBHBN PBHBN L FjIBRF _>egN>K cOP AcVBU FjIBRIBNB DB_BN RB BK OLKQKA> NBJO 'ABK AB _gH>N>H MNLDN>JgK OLKI>KJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. '>P>KgK FVIBAFeF ULIQ HgNJgVg FIB jQ jBHFIAB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: u ] NBJO w---+ ] ] +--v ZVNVSUB:BQ w-+ ] ] ] ] +--v NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[jSMB w-------+ ] ] ] ]IBUB ] ] +-v ZVNVSUB)B[jSMB 9-+ ] ] +-v ZBh)B[jSMB ] ] +-v UBWB)B[jSMB ] ] ] +--v ZVNVSUBMBSj1JlJS ] +--v NBM[FNFMFSJ,BMEjS ] +--v ZVNVSUB:F '>P> >PJ> AcVBKBeFKFK U>N>Ng, E>P>Ig ?FN AQNQJI> H>NjgI>jgIAgegKA> A>II>KgIJgj LI>K ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFK ABNE>I PBNHBAFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>J>OgAgN. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA>, >PgI>K E>P>KgK J3=3>3@?3DV RB MNLDN>JgK ABR>J BAB?FIJBOF AB JcJHcKAcN. !QKQ O>eI>U>K DBUDI >K>EP>N ObV@cecKc ?FN>V >j>egA> DbOPBNFULNQJ.

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40.1.3

UISPX 'B <3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P

UISPX 'Q DBN_BHPBK FjB ABR>J BAFIBJBUB@BH AQNQJI>NA> HQII>KgK. [NKBeFK H>UgPIg beNBK@F >ABAFKF ?FN ALOU>A>K LHQU>K ?FN FjIBR, ?Q ABeBN OgCgNA>K Hc_cH _gHPgegKA> E>P> >P>?FIFN. ZcKHc bNKBeFK BHOF >ABP beNBK@F FIB FjFKB ABR>J BPJBOF LI>K>HOgVAgN. [PB U>KA>K; BeBN ABR>J BAFIBJBJBOFKFK KBABKF HQII>Kg@gKgK DFNAFeF ?FN ?FIDFUOB, HQII>Kg@gKgK DFNAFeF ?Q ?FIDFUF ABKBPIBJBH A>E> QUDQK LI>?FIFN. *QII>Kg@gU> ?FN E>P> JBO>Gg DbOPBNFIB?FIFN RB ?FIDFUF DB_BNIF LI>@>H jBHFIAB PBHN>N DFNJBOF FOPBKB?FIFN. *QII>Kg@gUI> BPHFIBjFIBK ?bUIB ?FN AQNQJ, MNLDN>JgK >PgI>K ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KJ>OgKA>K A>E> QUDQK LI>?FIFN.

40.2

/A/ E/9/:/;/9 7K7< USZ-DBUDI 23E7;7

7QH>NgA>, >PgI>K E>P>KgK ?cPcK FjIBRIBNABK RB BK OLKQKA> A> MNLDN>JA>K EBJBK _gHgIJ>OgK> KBABK LIAQeQKQ >KI>PPgJ. OIgKA> >PgI>K ?Q E>P> J3=3>3@34;>;C RB E>P>KgK PcNcKB RBU> AQNQJ> DbNB A>RN>KgI>N>H MNLDN>JgK OLKI>KJ>Og bKIBKB?FIFN. '>P>, >PgIAgeg FjIBRABK cOP AcVBU FjIBRIBNB ALeNQ >AgJ >AgJ FIBNIBNHBK, LKQKI> FIDFIBKBK ?FN KLHP>A> USZ-DBUDI ABUFJF FIB U>H>I>K>?FIFN. "PNU"gK >KI>Jg "ABKB", "@>P@E"FK >KI>Jg A> "U>H>I>"AgN. USZ-DBUDI ABUFJFKF, ?Q >KI>JI>Ng DbVB >I>N>H "_>IgjPgNJ>Ug 67@7, BeBN E>P> >PgIgNO> J3=3>3" LI>N>H >KI>P>?FIFNFV. 1bV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: USZ \ // dBMjlUjSjMNBTj JTUFOFO WF CFMLJ EF // IBUB BUBDBL PMBO LPE CMPhV ^ DBUDI (JMHJMFOJMFO@CJS@IBUB@UfSf@OFTOFTJ) \ // CV UfSEFO IBUB BUjMEjhjOEB // JlMFUJMFDFL PMBO JlMFNMFS ^ DBUDI (JMHJMFOJMFO@EJhFS@CJS@IBUB@UfSf@OFTOFTJ) \ // CV EJhFS UfSEFO IBUB BUjMEjhjOEB // JlMFUJMFDFL PMBO JlMFNMFS // ... TFdJNF CBhMj PMBSBL CBlLB DBUDI CMPLMBSj ... ^ GJOBMMZ \ // IBUB BUjMTB EB BUjMNBTB EB; // NVUMBLB JlMFUJMNFTJ HFSFLFO JlMFNMFS ^ !Q ?ILeQ >KI>J>H F_FK bK@B >j>egA>HF USZ-DBUDI HQII>KJ>U>K MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ. !Q MNLDN>J, V>N ABeBNFKF ?FN ALOU>A>K LHQULN RB _gHgj> U>VAgNgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU EPTZBEBO;BS0LV() \ BVUP EPTZB = 'JMF("[BSJO@ZB[JMJ@PMEVHV@EPTZB", "S"); JOU [BS; EPTZB.SFBEG(" %T", &[BS); ^ SFUVSO [BS;

WPJE NBJO() \ DPOTU JOU [BS = EPTZBEBO;BS0LV(); ^ XSJUFMO(";BS: ", [BS);

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#FHH>P BABNOBKFV, EPTZBEBO;BS0LV FjIBRF EF_ E>P>I>NI> FIDFIBKJBABK RB O>KHF ALOU> ?>j>NgUI> >_gI>@>HJgj RB F_FKABK ?FN V>N ABeBNF LHQK>@>HJgj DF?F U>VgIJgj. ., U>IKgV@> HBKAF FjFKF U>MgULN. !Q, E>P> >PJ> AcVBKBeFKFK ?>jH> ?FN U>N>NgAgN: FjIBRIBN EBN jBU ULIQKA> DFAB@BHJFj DF?F U>VgI>?FIFNIBN. iFJAF L MNLDN>Jg HI>ObNAB [BSJO@ZB[JMJ@PMEVHV@EPTZB FOJFKAB ?FN ALOU> ?QIQKJ>Ageg V>J>K ?>jI>P>IgJ: # ./EFOFNF TUE.FYDFQUJPO.&SSOP&YDFQUJPO!TUE/TUEJP.E(286): $BOOPU PQFO GJMF A[BSJO@ZB[JMJ@PMEVHV@EPTZB' JO NPEF AS' (/P TVDI GJMF PS EJSFDUPSZ) *I>ObNAB ALOU> ?QIQKJ>Ageg V>J>K, JBO>Gg "'V>NFK<U>VFIF<LIAQDQ<ALOU>' 'N' JLAQKA> >_gI>JgULN" LI>K ?FN &SSOP&YDFQUJPO >PgIJgjPgN. 7QH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV AFeBN bNKBHIBNB QUDQK LI>N>H, MNLDN>J _gHgjgK> "8>N: " U>VAgN>J>Jgj RB EBJBK OLKI>KJgjPgN. iFJAF MNLDN>J> EPTZBEBO;BS0LV FjIBRFKF ?FN USZ ?ILeQ F_FKAB _>egN>K ?FN FjIBR BHIBUBIFJ, RB NBJO 'ABK ?Q FjIBRF _>egN>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU EPTZBEBO;BS0LV() \ BVUP EPTZB = 'JMF("[BSJO@ZB[JMJ@PMEVHV@EPTZB", "S"); JOU [BS; EPTZB.SFBEG(" %T", &[BS); ^ SFUVSO [BS;

JOU EPTZBEBO;BS0LVNBZj%FOF() \ JOU [BS; USZ \ [BS = EPTZBEBO;BS0LV(); ^ DBUDI (TUE.FYDFQUJPO.&SSOP&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ XSJUFMO("(%PTZBEBO PLVZBNBEjN; 1 WBSTBZjZPSVN)"); [BS = 1; ^ ^ SFUVSO [BS;

WPJE NBJO() \ DPOTU JOU [BS = EPTZBEBO;BS0LVNBZj%FOF(); ^ XSJUFMO(";BS: ", [BS);

$eBN MNLDN>Jg UFKB >UKg jBHFIAB HI>ObNAB [BSJO@ZB[JMJ@PMEVHV@EPTZB ALOU>Og LIJ>A>K ?>jI>PgNO>H, ?Q OBCBN MNLDN>JgK E>P> FIB OLKI>KJ>AgegKg DbNcNcV: $ ./EFOFNF (%PTZBEBO PLVZBNBEkN; 1 WBSTBZkZPSVN) ;BS: 1 !Q HLAA>, EPTZBEBO;BS0LV FjIBRFKFK FjIBUFjF ?FN USZ ?ILeQ F_FKAB 67@7@?7=E76;C. $eBN E>P>OgV _>IgjgNO>, FjIBR LKA>K OLKN> SFUVSO [BS; O>PgNg FIB KLNJ>I LI>N>H OLKI>KgN. J> BeBN

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bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJFj LI>K TUE.FYDFQUJPO.&SSOP&YDFQUJPO E>P>Og >PgIgNO>, FjIBRFK FjIBUFjF L DBUDI ?ILeQK> DB_BN RB L ?ILeQK F_FKABHF HLAI>Ng _>IgjPgNgN. !QKQ MNLDN>JgK UQH>NgA>HF _gHPgOgKA> DbNcULNQV. [VBPIB, HI>ObNAB V>N ALOU>Og ?QIQKJ>Ageg F_FK x bK@BHF MNLDN>JA>HF DF?F ?FN TUE.FYDFQUJPO.&SSOP&YDFQUJPO E>P>Og >PgIJ>HP>, (?QKQ ?FVFJ HLAQJQV ABeFI, 'JMF >PgULN) x ?Q E>P> DBUDI FIB U>H>I>KJ>HP>, x DBUDI ?ILeQKQK KLNJ>I FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> V>N F_FK 1 ABeBNF R>NO>UgIJ>HP>, x RB MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjFKB ABR>J BAFIJBHPBAFN. fjPB DBUDI , >PgI>?FIB@BH LI>K E>P>I>Ng U>H>I>U>N>H L AQNQJI>N> QUDQK LI>N>H A>RN>KgIJ>OgKg, RB MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjFKB ABR>J BPJBOFKF O>eI>N. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, UQJQNP>Ig MNLDN>J> AbKBIFJ RB LKQK NBJO FjIBRFKB ?FN USZ-DBUDI ABUFJF BHIBUBIFJ: WPJE NBJO() \ CBlMjZPS("NBJO", 0); USZ \ ZVNVSUB:BQ(-8); ZVNVSUB:F(); ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ XSJUF(":VNVSUB ZJZFNFEJN: "); XSJUFMO('"', IBUB.NTH, '"'); XSJUFMO(",PNlVEB ZJZFDFhJN..."); ^ ^ CJUJZPS("NBJO", 0);

7QH>NgA>HF USZ ?ILeQKA> FHF O>PgN HLA ?QIQKQULN. DBUDI , ?Q O>PgNI>NgK EBNE>KDF ?FNFOFKABK >PgI>@>H LI>K E>P>Ug U>H>I>N. u NBJO JML TBUkS u ZVNVSUB:BQ JML TBUkS u NBM[FNFMFSJ)B[kSMB JML TBUkS u ZVNVSUB)B[kSMB JML TBUkS :VNVSUB ZJZFNFEJN: "%PMBQUBO -8 ZVNVSUB ekLBSUkMBNB[" ,PNmVEB ZJZFDFiJN... v NBJO TPO TBUkS &bNcIAcec DF?F, ?Q MNLDN>J ?FN E>P> >PgIAg AFUB >NPgH EBJBK OLKI>KJ>J>HP>AgN. /NLDN>J; E>P>U> H>Njg bKIBJ >IJ>HP>, FjIBUFjFKB ABR>J BPJBHPB, RB NBJO FjIBRF KLNJ>I LI>N>H OLKQK> H>A>N FjIBPFIJBHPBAFN.
40.2.1

DBUDI 0:=9:/?P @P?/E:/ A/?/<P?

[NKBHIBNAB HBKAFJFV E>P> >P>NHBK HQII>KAgegJgV &YDFQUJPO , 97@7> ?FN E>P> PcNcAcN. !Q E>P>KgK >PgIJgj LIJ>Og, MNLDN>JA> ?FN E>P> LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNPFN; RB E>P>KgK F_FKAB O>HI>KJ>HP> LI>K JBO>G, L JBO>Gg LHQU>K FKO>KI>N> A> E>P>UI> FIDFIF ?FIDF RBNFN. K@>H, &YDFQUJPO OgKgCg E>P>KgK ESCS HLKQOQKA> ?FN ?FIDF P>jgJ>V.

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!Q ABNOPB A>E> bK@B DbNAcecJcV $POW&YDFQUJPO RB &SSOP&YDFQUJPO FOB 63:3 RK7> E>P> PcNIBNFAFN: ?FNFK@FOF, >PgI>K E>P>KgK ?FN AbKcjcJ FIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKQ; FHFK@FOF FOB OFOPBJ FjIBJIBNFUIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKQ >KI>PgN. /EL?LO'P>HF _LeQ ?>jH> E>P> DF?F $POW&YDFQUJPO RB &SSOP&YDFQUJPO , &YDFQUJPO OgKgCgKA>K PcNBJFjIBNAFN. PgI>K E>P> PcNIBNF, &SSPS RB &YDFQUJPO DBKBI E>P> PcNIBNFKFK A>E> bVBI E>IIBNFAFN. &SSPS RB &YDFQUJPO A> HBKAFIBNFKABK A>E> DBKBI LI>K 5ISPXBCMF OgKgCgKA>K PcNBJFjIBNAFN. ("2ENLS>?IB"gK >KI>Jg ">PgI>?FIBK"AFN.) 'BN KB H>A>N DBUDI FIB U>H>I>K>?FIFULN LIO> A>, &SSPS PcNcKABK RBU> LKA>K PcNBJFj LI>K E>P>I>NgK U>H>I>KJ>I>Ng bKBNFIJBV. &SSPS 'A>K A>E> DBKBI LIAQeQ F_FK 5ISPXBCMF 'gK U>H>I>KJ>Og A> bKBNFIJBV. 7>H>I>KJ>OgKgK ALeNQ LIAQeQ OgN>AcVBK, &YDFQUJPO OgN>AcVBKFAFN. 5ISPXBCMF (ZBLBMBNBZjO) s r &YDFQUJPO &SSPS (ZBLBMBNBZjO) s r s r ... ... ... ... %AE: )VC36SK7@ 9RDE7C;?;@; 63:3 DA@C3=; *SC7?7 67CD;@67 9RDE7C757T;?. .F=3CV63=; X7=;>, &2;9@+,6/ 'V@ 7@ 97@7>, EA-/:=398 G7 E;;9; 'V@ 63:3 RK7> ESC>7C A>6F=>3CV@V ;8367 767C. PgI>K E>P>I>Ng bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNIF ?FN PcNABK LI>@>H jBHFIAB U>H>I>U>?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK &SSOP&YDFQUJPO PcNcKc U>H>I>U>N>H ALOU> >_J> OLNQKQ FIB H>NjgI>jgIAgegKg >KI>U>?FIFN RB MNLDN>JA> ?QK> DbNB E>NBHBP BAB?FIFNFV. PgI>K E>P>, >K@>H BeBN DBUDI ?ILeQKA> ?BIFNPFIBK PcNB QUQULNO> U>H>I>KgN. [NKBeFK b[FM#JS)BUB PcNcKc U>H>I>J>U> _>Igj>K ?FN DBUDI ?ILeQ, &SSOP&YDFQUJPO E>P>OgKg U>H>I>J>V. !FN USZ ABUFJF F_BNFOFKABHF HLAI>NgK (RBU> LKI>NgK _>egNAgeg ?>jH> HLAI>NgK) >PPgeg E>P>, L USZ ABUFJFKFK DBUDI ?ILHI>NgKA> ?BIFNPFIBK E>P> PcNIBNFKB DVC3J>3 QUAQNQIJ>U> _>IgjgIgN. $eBN >PgI>K E>P>KgK PcNc OgN>UI> ?>HgI>K DBUDI ?ILeQKQK E>P> PcNcKB QUQULNO>, L E>P> U>H>I>KJgj LIQN RB L DBUDI ?ILeQKQK F_BNFOFKABHF HLAI>N FjIBPFIFN. 3U>K ?FN DBUDI ?ILeQ ?QIQKQNO>, >NPgH AFeBN DBUDI ?ILHI>NgK> ?>HgIJ>V. DBUDI ?ILHI>NgKgK ?bUIB OgN>UI> P>N>KJ>I>NgKgK ALeNQ LI>N>H _>IgjJ>Og F_FK DBUDI ?ILHI>NgKgK A>E> bVBI E>P> PcNIBNFKABK A>E> DBKBI E>P> PcNIBNFKB ALeNQ OgN>I>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. !QK> DbNB; DBKBI ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H BeBN U>H>I>KJ>Og QUDQK ?QIQKQULNO>, U>H>I>KJ>Og bKBNFIBK BK DBKBI E>P> PcNc LIAQeQ F_FK &YDFQUJPO EBN V>J>K BK OLKA>HF DBUDI ?ILeQKA> ?BIFNPFIJBIFAFN. [NKBeFK beNBK@F H>UgPI>NgUI> FIDFIF E>P>I>Ng U>H>I>J>U> _>Igj>K ?FN USZ ABUFJF, DBUDI ?ILHI>NgKA>HF E>P> PcNIBNFKF bVBIABK DBKBIB ALeNQ jQ jBHFIAB U>V>?FIFN: USZ \ // ... IBUB BUBCJMFDFL LBZjU JlMFNMFSJ ... ^ DBUDI (,BZjU/VNBSBTj)BOFTJ)BUBTj IBUB) \ // e[FMMJLMF LBZjU OVNBSBTjOjO CJS IBOFTJZMF JMHJMJ // PMBO CJS IBUB ^ DBUDI (,BZjU/VNBSBTj)BUBTj IBUB) \ // LBZjU OVNBSBTjZMB JMHJMJ PMBO, BNB IBOFTJ JMF // JMHJMJ PMNBZBO EBIB HFOFM CJS IBUB ^ DBUDI (,BZjU)BUBTj IBUB) \ // LBZjUMB JMHJMJ EBIB HFOFM CJS IBUB ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \

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// LBZjUMB JMHJTJ PMNBZBO HFOFM CJS IBUB ^

40.2.2

GJOBMMZ 0:=NB
USZ-DBUDI ABUFJFKFK OLK ?ILeQ LI>K GJOBMMZ , E>P> >PgIO> A> >PgIJ>O> A> JQPI>H> FjIBPFIB@BH LI>K FjIBJIBNF F_BNFN. GJOBMMZ ?ILeQ FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN; DBNBHJFULNO> U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN. GJOBMMZ 'KFK BPHFOFKF DbNJBH F_FK %50 LI>OgIgHI> E>P> >P>K jQ MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; WPJE Zf[EF&MMJ)BUB"UBOilMFW() \ JG (VOJGPSN(0, 2) == 1) \ UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO("IBUB NFTBKj"); ^ ^ WPJE EFOFNF() \ XSJUFMO("JML TBUjS"); USZ \ XSJUFMO("USZ'jO JML TBUjSj"); Zf[EF&MMJ)BUB"UBOilMFW(); XSJUFMO("USZ'jO TPO TBUjSj"); // ... JTUFhF CBhMj PMBSBL DBUDI CMPLMBSj EB PMBCJMJS ... ^ GJOBMMZ \ XSJUFMO("GJOBMMZ JlMFNMFSJ"); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("TPO TBUjS");

WPJE NBJO() \ EFOFNF(); ^ . FjIBR E>P> >PJ>AgegKA> MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg jbUIBAFN: JML TBUkS USZ'kO JML TBUkSk USZ'kO TPO TBUkSk GJOBMMZ JmMFNMFSJ TPO TBUkS '>P> >PPgegKA> FOB jbUIB: JML TBUkS USZ'kO JML TBUkSk GJOBMMZ JmMFNMFSJ PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO!EFOFNF.E(7): IBUB NFTBKk &bNcIAcec DF?F, E>P> >PgIAgegKA> "PNU'gK OLK O>PgNg" RB "OLK O>PgN" U>VAgNgIJ>Jgj, >J> GJOBMMZ ?ILeQKQK F_F FHF AQNQJA> A> FjIBPFIJFjPFN.

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40.2.3

USZ-DBUDI '7 <3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P

USZ-DBUDI ABUFJF, >PgIJgj LI>K E>P>I>Ng U>H>I>J>H RB ?Q AQNQJI>NA> bVBI FjIBJIBN U>MJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN. #LI>UgOgUI>, USZ-DBUDI ABUFJFKF >K@>H RB >K@>H >PgI>K ?FN E>P> FIB FIDFIF bVBI FjIBJIBN U>MJ>KgV DBNBHBK RBU> U>M>?FIAFeFKFV AQNQJI>NA> HQII>KgK. !>jH> AQNQJI>NA> E>P>I>N> H>NgjJ>UgK. '>P>I>Ng, LKI>Ng U>H>I>J>U> _>Igj>K FjIBRIBNB ?gN>HgK.

40.3

/A/ K3R7A:3?7
'>P> >PJ> AcVBKBeFKFK KB H>A>N U>N>NIg LIAQeQKQ DbNAcH. 'BJ >IP AcVBUABHF FjIBJIBNFK, EBJ AB L FjIBJB ?>egJIg LI>K A>E> cOP AcVBU FjIBJIBNFK EBJBK OLKI>KJ>I>NgK> KBABK LIQN. !bUIB@B MNLDN>J U>KIgj ?FIDFUIB RBU> BHOFH FjIBJIB ABR>J BPJBJFj LIQN. !QK> ?>H>N>H EBN E>P>Ig AQNQJA> E>P> >PgIJ>OgKgK QUDQK LIAQeQKQ AcjcKJBUFK. '>P>KgK _BjFAFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H C>NHIg A>RN>KJ>H DBNBHB?FIFN.

40.3.1

"B::/<P1P 6/A/:/?P
'>P>I>NgK ?>VgI>Ng HQII>Kg@gA>K DBIFN. 7QH>NgA> A> DbNAcecJcV DF?F, bNKBeFK ?FN O>Ug ?BHIBKBK AQNQJA> "JBNE>?>" DF?F ?FN AFVDF DFNFIJFj LI>?FIFN. /NLDN>JgK HQII>Kg@gUI> BPHFIBjPFeF ?FN AQNQJA> MNLDN>JgK E>P> FIB OLKI>KJ>Og QUDQK LIJ>U>@>eg F_FK, ?bUIB AQNQJI>NA> HQII>Kg@gU> ?FN E>P> JBO>Gg DbOPBNJBH RB ALeNQ ?FIDF DFNJBOFKF FOPBJBH A>E> QUDQK LI>?FIFN. 7FKB AB, HQII>Kg@gKgK DFNAFeF ?FIDFKFK ALeNQA>K FjIBKJBOFKAB RB L FjIBJIBN OgN>OgKA> ?FN E>P> >PgIJ>OgKA> A> ?FN O>HgK@> LIJ>U>?FIFN. [KBJIF LI>K, ?Q PcN ?FN E>P>KgK MNLDN>JgK OLKI>KJ>OgK> KBABK LIJ>H UBNFKB, HQII>Kg@gU> DB_BNIF ?FIDF DFNJBOFKF ObUIBJBOFAFN. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H, HQII>Kg@gA>K ALOU> FOJF >I>K ?FN MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ. DB_BNIF LIQM LIJ>Ageg HLKQOQKA> FHF ULI FVIBUB?FIFNFV: IAgegJgV ALOU> FOJFKFK

x B,/*,:, '(1(6/(0(.: TUE.GJMF JLAcIcKABHF FYJTUT FjIBRFKF HQII>K>N>H RBNFIBK FOFJAB ?FN ALOU> LIQM LIJ>AgegK> ?>H>?FIFNFV: JG (FYJTUT(EPTZB@JTNJ)) \ // EPTZB NFWDVU ^ FMTF \ // EPTZB NFWDVU EFhJM ^ #LOU>Ug >K@>H ALOU> JBR@QP LIAQeQKA> >_>NgV. K@>H; ALOU>, MNLDN>J ?Q ABKBPFJF U>MPgeg >KA> JBR@QP LIAQeQ E>IAB, >V OLKN> 'JMF FIB >_gIJ>U> _>IgjgIAgegKA> JBR@QP LIJ>U>?FIFN. ZcKHc bNKBeFK OFOPBJAB _>IgjJ>HP> LI>K ?>jH> ?FN MNLDN>J P>N>CgKA>K OFIFKJFj RBU> FOJF ABeFjPFNFIJFj LI>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK, ?BIHF AB >j>egA>HF AFeBN UbKPBJ A>E> QUDQKAQN. x B,/*,:, '2@47'$1 .7//$10$.: *QII>Kg@gA>K >IgK>K ?FIDFUB DcRBKB?FIFN RB ALeNQA>K FjIBJIBNB DB_B?FIFNFV. $eBN RBNFIBK ?FIDF DB_BNOFVOB, V>PBK 'JMF ?FN E>P> >P>@>HPgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE EPTZBZj,VMMBO(TUSJOH EPTZBiTNJ) \ BVUP EPTZB = 'JMF(EPTZBiTNJ, "S"); // ... ^

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TUSJOH EJ[HJ0LV(JO DIBS<> TPSV) \ XSJUF(TPSV, ": "); TUSJOH EJ[HJ = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); ^ SFUVSO EJ[HJ;

WPJE NBJO() \ CPPM EPTZB,VMMBOjMBCJMEJ = GBMTF; XIJMF (!EPTZB,VMMBOjMBCJMEJ) \ USZ \ EPTZBZj,VMMBO( EJ[HJ0LV("%PTZBOjO JTNJOJ HJSJOJ[")); /* * &hFS CV OPLUBZB HFMFCJMEJZTFL, EPTZBZj,VMMBO * JlMFWJ CBlBSjZMB TPOMBONjl EFNFLUJS. :BOJ, * WFSJMFO EPTZB JTNJ HFdFSMJEJS. * * #V Zf[EFO CV OPLUBEB CV EFhJlLFOJO EFhFSJOJ * 'USVF' ZBQBSBL XIJMF'jO TPOMBONBTjOj * TBhMjZPSV[. */ EPTZB,VMMBOjMBCJMEJ = USVF; XSJUFMO("%PTZB CBlBSjZMB LVMMBOjMEj"); ^ DBUDI (TUE.FYDFQUJPO.&SSOP&YDFQUJPO BdNB)BUBTj) \ TUEFSS.XSJUFMO("#V EPTZB BdjMBNBEj"); ^

40.3.2

&?=5?/;1P 6/A/:/?P
!>Vg E>P>I>N MNLDN>J@gKgK HBKAFOFKABK H>UK>HI>KgN. [NKBeFK U>VgI>K ?FN FjIBRFK MNLDN>JA> HBOFKIFHIB OgCgNA>K Hc_cH ?FN ABeBNIB _>eNgIJ>U>@>egKA>K BJFKFVAFN. /NLDN>JgK P>O>NgJgK> DbNB ?Q FjIBR HBOFKIFHIB BHOF ?FN ABeBNIB _>eNgIJgULNAQN. fjIBRFK ?QK> N>eJBK BHOF ?FN ABeBN >IJ>Og; U> MNLDN>JgK J>KPgegKA>HF ?FN E>P>A>K H>UK>HI>KgULNAQN, U> A> L J>KPgegK DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJBOFKABHF ?FN E>P>A>K. !QKI>NgK FHFOF AB MNLDN>J@g E>P>Og LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFN. !bUIB, MNLDN>JgK U>VgJgUI> FIDFIF LI>K, U>KF MNLDN>J@gKgK HBKAFOFKABK H>UK>HI>K>K E>P>Ig AQNQJI>NA> E>P> >PJ>H UBNFKB ?FN BTTFSU HQII>KJ>H A>E> QUDQK LI>?FIFN (%AE: +<</;= 'S 63:3 DA@C3=; 4;C 4R>S?67 9RC757T;K.): WPJE NFOf4FdFOFhJ(JOU TjSB/VNBSBTj) \ BTTFSU(TjSB/VNBSBTj >= 0); // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ NFOf4FdFOFhJ(-1); ^ /NLDN>J ?FN BTTFSU E>P>Og FIB OLKI>KgN: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF.E(3): "TTFSUJPO GBJMVSF

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BTTFSU E>KDF H>UK>H ALOU>KgK E>KDF O>PgNgKA>HF ?BHIBKPFKFK DBN_BHIBjJBAFeFKF AB ?FIAFNFN. (!Q JBO>GA> ABKBJB.A ALOU>OgKgK c_cK@c O>PgNg LIAQeQ >KI>jgIgULN.)
40.3.3

B39:3<;3E3< 2B?B;:/?
7QH>NgA>HF FHF AQNQJQK AgjgKA> H>I>K EBN PcNIc E>P>Ig AQNQJA> E>P> >PJ>H QUDQKAQN. 8>PBK ?>jH> _>NB H>IJ>JgjPgN: KB ?FN HQII>Kg@g E>P>OgUI> KB AB ?FN MNLDN>J@g E>P>OgUI> H>Njg H>NjgU>UgVAgN. $eBN FjFJFVB ABR>J BABJFULNO>H, E>P> >PJ>HP>K ?>jH> _>NB ULHPQN. !FVFJ >PPgegJgV E>P>I>N H>NjgOgKA> KB U>M>@>HI>Ng ?FVF _>egN>K cOP AcVBU FjIBRIBNFK DbNBRFAFN. $eBN QUDQKO>, >PPgegJgV E>P>Ug U>H>I>U>N>H ?FN _>NB ?QI>?FIFNIBN.

40.4

IF3A
x $eBN ?FN HQII>Kg@g E>P>OgUI> H>NjgI>jJgjO>KgV U> HQII>Kg@gUg QU>NgK, U> A> UFKB AB FjIBJIBNB ABR>J BABNBH K>OgI LIO> ?FN E>P> >PgI>@>egK> DcRBKFK x /NLDN>JgK J>KPgegKA> RBU> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJBOFKAB E>P> LIJ>AgegKg D>N>KPFIBJBH F_FK BTTFSU 'c HQII>KgK x !QKI>NgK AgjgKA>HF AQNQJI>NA> UISPX FIB E>P> >PgK x '>P>I>Ng >K@>H RB >K@>H, U>H>I>AgegKgVA> U>N>NIg ?FN FjIBJ U>M>?FIB@BHOBKFV U>H>I>UgK. 7LHO> EF_ USZ-DBUDI ABUFJF F_FKB >IJ>UgK; ?BIHF AB FjIBRFKFVF _>egN>K A>E> cOP AcVBUABHF ?FN FjIBR U>H>I>U>@>HPgN x DBUDI ?ILHI>NgKg bVBIABK DBKBIB ALeNQ OgN>I>UgK x fjIBPFIJBIBNF JQPI>H> DBNBHBK FjIBJIBNF GJOBMMZ ?ILeQK> U>VgK

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D5AB7

41

TDPQF
*BOFKIFHIB FjIBPFIJBIBNF DBNBHBK FC>ABIBNFK GJOBMMZ ?ILHI>NgK>, E>P>Ig AQNQJI>NA> FjIBPFIJBIBNF DBNBHBK FC>ABIBNFK AB DBUDI ?ILHI>NgK> U>VgIAgHI>NgKg ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNAcH. !Q ?ILHI>NgK HQII>KgJI>NgUI> FIDFIF ?FN H>_ DbVIBJAB ?QIQK>?FIFNFV: x DBUDI RB GJOBMMZ ?ILHI>Ng USZ ?ILeQ LIJ>A>K HQII>KgI>J>V. x !Q ?ILHI>NA> HQII>KgIJ>H FOPBKBK ?>Vg ABeFjHBKIBN L KLHP>I>NA> DB_BNIF LIJ>U>?FIFNIBN: WPJE CJSilMFW(SFG JOU djLjl) \ USZ \ JOU CJS%FhFS = 42; djLjl += CJS%FhFS; IBUB"UBCJMFDFL#JSilMFW(); ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ djLjl -= CJS%FhFS; ^ // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR, NBCBN>KO PcNcKABHF M>N>JBPNBOFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>HP> RB E>P> >PgIJ>Og AQNQJQKA> LKQ BOHF E>IFKB DBPFNJBUB _>IgjJ>HP>AgN. -B U>VgH HF, CJS%FiFS U>IKgV@> USZ ?ILeQ F_FKAB P>KgJIg LIAQeQ F_FK ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgKgN. (%AE: .3X3? DSC7Q>7C;J>7 ;>9;>; A>3@ 4F =A@FJF ;>7C;67=; 4;C 4R>S?67 E7=C3C 67T;@757T;?.) x !FN H>MO>JA>K _gHgIgNHBK HBOFKIFHIB FjIBPFIJBOF DBNBHBK FC>ABIBNFK EBMOFKFK ?FN >N>A> BK >j>egA>HF GJOBMMZ ?ILeQK> U>VgIJ>I>Ng, FIDFIF LIAQHI>Ng HLAI>NA>K QV>HP> H>I>@>HI>Ng F_FK FOPBKJBUB?FIFN. DBUDI RB GJOBMMZ ?ILHI>NgK> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB FjIBUBK RB ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> A>E> QUDQK LI>K LI>K>H TDPQF ABUFJFAFN. \_ C>NHIg TDPQF HQII>KgJg, UFKB FC>ABIBNFK H>MO>JI>NA>K _gHgIgNHBK HBOFKIFHIB FjIBPFIJBIBNF FIB FIDFIFAFN: x TDPQF(TVDDFTT) : *>MO>JA>K ?>j>NgUI> _gHgIgNHBK FjIBPFIB@BH LI>K FC>ABIBNF ?BIFNIBN. x TDPQF(GBJMVSF) : *>MO>JA>K E>P>UI> _gHgIgNHBK FjIBPFIB@BH LI>K FC>ABIBNF ?BIFNIBN. x TDPQF(FYJU) : *>MO>JA>K ?>j>NgUI> RBU> E>P>UI> _gHgIgNHBK FjIBPFIB@BH LI>K FC>ABIBNF ?BIFNIBN. !Q ABUFJIBN UFKB >PgI>K E>P>I>NI> FIDFIF LIO>I>N A> USZ-DBUDI ?ILHI>NgKgK M>N_>Og ABeFIIBNAFN. [NKBeFK, E>P> >PgIAgegKA> ekLkm 'gK ABeBNFKF AcVBIPJBUB _>Igj>K UQH>NgA>HF FjIBRF ?FN TDPQF(GBJMVSF) ABUFJFUIB A>E> HgO> LI>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: WPJE CJSilMFW(SFG JOU djLjl) \ JOU CJS%FhFS = 42; djLjl += CJS%FhFS; TDPQF(GBJMVSF) djLjl -= CJS%FhFS; ^ IBUB"UBCJMFDFL#JSilMFW();

7QH>NgA>HF TDPQF ABUFJF, HBKAFOFKABK OLKN> U>VgI>K FC>ABKFK FjIBRABK E>P> FIB _gHgIAgeg AQNQJA> FjIBPFIB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN. !QKQK ?FN U>N>Ng, U>MgI>K ?FN ABeFjFHIFeFK E>P>Ig AQNQJA> DBNF _BRNFIB@BH LIAQeQKQK P>J A> ABeFjFHIFeFK U>MgIAgeg UBNAB DbNcIB?FIJBOFAFN. TDPQF ABUFJIBNF ?ILHI>N E>IFKAB AB ?FIAFNFIB?FIFNIBN:

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TDPQF(FYJU) \ // ... djLBSLFO JlMFUJMFDFL PMBO JGBEFMFS ... ^ !Q H>RN>JI>Ng ABKBUBK ?FN FjIBRF jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: WPJE EFOFNF() \ TDPQF(FYJU) XSJUFMO("djLBSLFO 1"); TDPQF(TVDDFTT) \ XSJUFMO("CBlBSjMjZTB 1"); XSJUFMO("CBlBSjMjZTB 2"); ^ TDPQF(GBJMVSF) XSJUFMO("IBUB BUjMjSTB 1"); TDPQF(FYJU) XSJUFMO("djLBSLFO 2"); TDPQF(GBJMVSF) XSJUFMO("IBUB BUjMjSTB 2"); ^ Zf[EF&MMJ)BUB"UBOilMFW();

fjIBRFK _gHPgOg, E>P> >PgIJ>U>K AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> TDPQF(FYJU) RB TDPQF(TVDDFTT) FC>ABIBNFKF F_BNFN: ekLBSLFO 2 CBmBSkMkZTB 1 CBmBSkMkZTB 2 ekLBSLFO 1 '>P> >PgI>K AQNQJA> FOB TDPQF(FYJU) RB TDPQF(GBJMVSF) FC>ABIBNFKF F_BNFN: IBUB BUkMkSTB 2 ekLBSLFO 2 IBUB BUkMkSTB 1 ekLBSLFO 1 PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO: IBUB NFTBKk ZgHPgI>NA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, TDPQF ABUFJIBNFKFK FC>ABIBNF PBNO OgN>A> FjIBPFIJBHPBAFN. !QKQK KBABKF, A>E> OLKN> DBIBK HLAI>NgK A>E> bK@BHF ABeFjHBKIBNFK AQNQJI>NgK> ?>eIg LI>?FIB@BHIBNFAFN. TDPQF ABUFJIBNFKABHF FC>ABIBNFKFK PBNO OgN>A> FjIBPFIJBIBNF MNLDN>JgK AQNQJQKA> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFHIBNFK DBNF >AgJI>N >PgI>N>H PBNO OgN>A> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N.

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42

BTTFSU C3 FOGPSDF
/NLDN>JI>Ng U>V>NHBK _LH O>UgA> R>NO>UgJA> ?QIQKQNQV RB ?>Vg ?BHIBKPFIBNFK ALeNQ _gHJ>I>NgKg QJ>NgV. /NLDN>JI>N >K@>H ?Q R>NO>UgJI>N RB ?BHIBKPFIBN ALeNQ _gHPgHI>NgKA> ALeNQ _>IgjgNI>N. BTTFSU , MNLDN>JgK A>U>KAgeg ?Q R>NO>UgJI>Ng RB ?BHIBKPFIBNF ABKBPIBJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN. /NLDN>J@gKgK BK BPHFIF U>NAgJ@gI>NgKA>KAgN. !>VBK E>P> >PJ>HI> BTTFSU 'PBK U>N>NI>KJ>H >N>OgKA> H>N>N RBNJBH Dc_PcN. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNAB C>VI> >_gHI>J>U> DFNJBABK BTTFSU 'IBN HQII>K>@>egJ. '>KDF AQNQJA> E>KDF UbKPBJFK A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQKQ FOB A>E> >j>egA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ. ZLeQ V>J>K MNLDN>JA>HF R>NO>UgJI>NgK C>NHgK> R>NgIJ>V. [NKBeFK FHF HFjFKFK U>jI>NgKgK LNP>I>J>OgKg >I>K >j>egA>HF FjIBRAB HQII>KgI>K EBO>M, U>j M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK FHFOFKFK AB OgCgN RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LI>@>HI>Ng R>NO>UgI>N>H U>VgIJgjPgN: EPVCMF PSUBMBNB:Bl(EPVCMF CJSJODJ:Bl, EPVCMF JLJODJ:Bl) \ SFUVSO (CJSJODJ:Bl + JLJODJ:Bl) / 2; ^ 7>jI>NA>K BK >V ?FNFOFKFK BHOF ?FN ABeBN LI>N>H DBIJBOF E>P>Ig ?FN AQNQJAQN. !QK> N>eJBK, FjIBR J>KPgHIg ?FN LNP>I>J> cNBPB?FIFN RB MNLDN>J ?Q E>P> EF_ C>NHBAFIJBABK FjFKB U>KIgj A> LIO> ABR>J BAB?FIFN. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, >j>egA>HF FjIBR U>IKgV@> FHF HLJQPP>K ?FNFOF FIB _>eNgI>@>egKg R>NO>UJ>HP>AgN: "j>NHg ObUIB" RB "A>KO BP": WPJE LPNVUilMFU(TUSJOH LPNVU) \ JG (LPNVU == "lBSLj TeZMF") \ SPCPUBkBSLj4eZMFU(); ^ FMTF \ SPCPUV%BOT&UUJS(); ^

!bUIB ?FN R>NO>UgJA> ?QIQKAQeQ F_FK, "j>NHg ObUIB" AgjgKA>HF DB_BNIF LIOQK LIJ>OgK EBN HLJQP> H>NjgIgH SPCPUV%BOT&UUJS FjIBRFKF _>egN>@>HPgN. !Q R>NO>UgJI>Ng HBKAFJFVB O>HI>AgegJgVA> OLKQ_P> LNP>U> _gH>K MNLDN>J E>P>Ig A>RN>K>?FIFN. BTTFSU , ?Q R>NO>UgJI>NgJgVg AFIB DBPFNJBJFVF O>eI>U>K RB R>NO>UgJI>N E>P>Ig _gHPgegKA> FjIBJIBNFK AQNAQNQIJ>I>NgK> KBABK LI>K ?FN LI>K>HPgN. BTTFSU , ?FN >KI>JA> MNLDN>J> "?bUIB LIAQeQKQ R>NO>UgULNQJ, BeBN U>KIgjO> FjIBJF AQNAQN" ABJBJFVF O>eI>N.

42.1

(LF 27F7;7
BTTFSU FHF ?F_FJAB U>VgI>?FIFN: BTTFSU(mant*ksal_ifade); BTTFSU(mant*ksal_ifade, mesaj); BTTFSU , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUF FjIBPFN. fC>ABKFK ABeBNF USVF FOB R>NO>UgJ ALeNQ _gHJgj H>?QI BAFIFN RB BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK EF_?FN BPHFOF ULHPQN. fC>ABKFK ABeBNF GBMTF LIAQeQKA> FOB R>NO>UgJ U>KIgj _gHJgj H>?QI BAFIFN RB ?FN "TTFSU&SSPS E>P>Og >PgIgN. fOJFKABK AB >KI>jgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, ?Q E>P> &SSPS 'A>K PcNBJFjPFN RB '>P>I>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV

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DF?F, U>H>I>KJ>J>Og DBNBHBK ?FN E>P> PcNcAcN. !bUIB ?FN E>P> >PgIAgegKA> MNLDN>JgK EBJBK OLKI>KJ>Og bKBJIFAFN _cKHc MNLDN>JgK U>KIgj R>NO>UgJI>N> A>U>K>N>H U>KIgj LI>?FIB@BH OLKQ_I>N cNBPJBOF ?bUIB@B bKIBKJFj LIQN. 7QH>NgA>HF PSUBMBNB:Bm FjIBRFKABHF R>NO>UgJI>NgJgVg FHF BTTFSU FIB jbUIB FC>AB BAB?FIFNFV: EPVCMF PSUBMBNB:Bl(EPVCMF CJSJODJ:Bl, EPVCMF JLJODJ:Bl) \ BTTFSU(CJSJODJ:Bl >= 0); BTTFSU(JLJODJ:Bl >= 0); ^ SFUVSO (CJSJODJ:Bl + JLJODJ:Bl) / 2;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TPOVd = PSUBMBNB:Bl(-1, 10); ^ . BTTFSU 'IBN "?FNFK@F7>j'gK 0 RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LIAQeQKQ R>NO>UgULNQJ" RB "FHFK@F7>j'gK 0 RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LIAQeQKQ R>NO>UgULNQJ" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !>jH> ?FN ?>Hgj >_gOgUI>, ">OOBNP" ObV@cecKcK "BJFK LI>N>H bKB OcNJBH" H>NjgIgegKg HQII>K>N>H, "?FNFK@F7>j'gK 0 RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LIAQeQKA>K BJFKFJ" DF?F AB AcjcKcIB?FIFN. BTTFSU ?Q R>NO>UgJI>Ng ABKBPIBN RB UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> LIAQeQ DF?F, R>NO>UgJgK U>KIgj _gHPgeg AQNQJA> MNLDN>Jg ?FN "TTFSU&SSPS E>P>OgUI> OLKI>KAgNgN: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF(3): "TTFSUJPO GBJMVSF '>P>KgK ! H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> DBIBK ?bIcJc E>KDF ALOU>KgK E>KDF O>PgNgKA>HF R>NO>UgJgK ALeNQ _gHJ>AgegKg DbOPBNFN. !Q bNKBHPBHF EFOFNF(3) 'B ?>H>N>H E>P>KgK EFOFNF.E ALOU>OgKgK c_cK@c O>PgNgKA> LIAQeQ >KI>jgIgN. BTTFSU ?BHIBKPFOFKFK U>KIgj _gHPgeg AQNQJA> >_gHI>Ug@g ?FN JBO>G U>VAgNgIJ>H FOPBKAFeFKAB BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK FHFK@F HQII>KgJgKA>K U>N>NI>KgIgN: BTTFSU(CJSJODJ:Bl >= 0, ":Bl TjGjSEBO LfdfL PMBNB["); ZgHPgOg: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF.E(3): :Bm TkGkSEBO LgegL PMBNB[ /NLDN>JA> HBOFKIFHIB DBIFKJBUB@BeF AcjcKcIBK RBU> DBIFKJBJBOF DBNBHBK KLHP>I>NA>, bVBIIFHIB ?>j>NgOgV LIOQK AFUB J>KPgHO>I FC>AB LI>N>H ?FIBNBH GBMTF O>?FP ABeBNF HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF "j>NHg ObUIB" RB "A>KO BP" bNKBeFKAB ?>jH> HLJQPI>NgK DB_BNOFV LIAQHI>NgKg ?BIFNPJBH RB ?Q AQNQJI>NA> E>P> >PgIJ>OgKg O>eI>J>H F_FK jbUIB ?FN BTTFSU ABKBPFJF HQII>KgI>?FIFN: WPJE LPNVUilMFU(JO DIBS<> LPNVU) \ JG (LPNVU == "lBSLj TeZMF") \ SPCPUBkBSLj4eZMFU(); ^ FMTF JG (LPNVU == "EBOT FU") \ SPCPUV%BOT&UUJS(); ^ FMTF \ BTTFSU(GBMTF); ^

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NPgH FjIBR U>IKgV@> L FHF HLJQPQ H>?QI BABN RB ?>jH> HLJQP DBIAFeFKAB BTTFSU(GBMTF) KBABKFUIB FjIBJ AQNAQNQIQN. (%AE: BFC363 3J@V 3?3Q ;Q;@ 4;C 038+6 <@3=-2 67J;?; 67 =F>>3@V>34;>;C.)

42.2

TUBUJD BTTFSU
BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> FjIBPFIFNIBN _cKHc MNLDN>JgK ALeNQ FjIBUFjF FIB FIDFIFAFNIBN. !>Vg ABKBPFJIBN FOB A>E> _LH MNLDN>JgK U>MgOg FIB FIDFIFAFNIBN RB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIB FjIBPFIB?FIFNIBN. TUBUJD BTTFSU , ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB?FIB@BH LI>K ABKBPFJIBN F_FKAFN. !QKQK ?FN U>N>Ng, ?BIFNIF HLjQII>NgK O>eI>K>J>J>Og AQNQJQKA> MNLDN>JgK ABNIBKJBOFKFK bKIBKB?FIJBOFAFN. #Le>I LI>N>H, ?cPcK FC>ABKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB?FIFULN LIJ>Og j>NPPgN. [NKBeFK, _gHgj >UDgPgKgK DBKFjIFeF DF?F ?FN HgOgPI>J> KBABKFUIB JBKc ?>jIgegKgK ?BIFNIF ?FN QVQKIQHP>K HgO> LIJ>Og DBNBHBK ?FN AQNQJA> TUBUJD BTTFSU 'PBK U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: FOVN ETUSJOH NFOf#BlMjhj = ",PNVU .FOfTf"; TUBUJD BTTFSU(NFOf#BlMjhj.MFOHUI <= 16); fC>ABKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB?FIJBOF F_FK AFVDFKFK FOVN LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. 7>IKgV@> ETUSJOH LIO>UAg ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og LIQjQNAQ. !FN MNLDN>J@gKgK L ?>jIgeg A>E> >_gHI>Ug@g LIAQeQKQ AcjcKAcec F_FK ABeFjPFNAFeFKF AcjcKBIFJ: FOVN ETUSJOH NFOf#BlMjhj = ":eO ,PNVUMBSj .FOfTf"; TUBUJD BTTFSU(NFOf#BlMjhj.MFOHUI <= 16); /NLDN>J >NPgH TUBUJD BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKF DB_BJBAFeF F_FK ABNIBKBJBV: &SSPS: TUBUJD BTTFSU (20-6 <= 16-6) JT GBMTF

/NLDN>J@g A> ?bUIB@B MNLDN>JgK QUJ>Og DBNBHBK ?Q HgOgPI>J>Ug C>NHBPJFj LIQN. TUBUJD BTTFSU 'cK U>N>Ng, UQH>NgA> LIAQeQ DF?F PcNIBNFK RB ABeBNIBNFK >_gH_> ?BIIF LIAQHI>Ng bNKBHIBNAB >KI>jgI>JgULN. TUBUJD BTTFSU bVBIIFHIB j>?ILK RB HLjQIIQ ABNIBJB LI>K>HI>Ng FIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> U>N>NIgAgN. !Q LI>K>HI>Ng FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFV.

42.3

Kesinlikle do"ru olan (!) C/?@/EP;:/? 7K7< 07:3 BTTFSU

"*BOFKIFHIB ALeNQ LI>K"gK bVBIIFHIB cVBNFKB ?>OgULNQJ. 'F_?FN R>NO>UgJ ?FIBNBH U>KIgj LIJ>U>@>eg F_FK, V>PBK _LeQ E>P> =7D;@>;=>7 6ATCF A>3@ R>NO>UgJI>N> A>U>KgN. !Q UcVABK ?>VBK HBOFKIFHIB DBNBHOFVJFj DF?F AQN>K BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF AB HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK ?BIFNIF ?FN OBKBKFK >UI>NgKgK H>_ DcK _BHPFHIBNF ?FIDFOFKF ?FN AFVF LI>N>H AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBR BIB >I>IgJ: JOU<> BZ(fOMFSJ(JO JOU ZjM) \ JOU<> HfOMFS = < 31, lVCBU(fOMFSJ(ZjM), 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 >; BTTFSU((EJ[J5PQMBNj(HfOMFS) == 365) ]] (EJ[J5PQMBNj(HfOMFS) == 366));

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SFUVSO HfOMFS;

#Le>I LI>N>H ?Q FjIBRFK AbKAcNAcec AFVFABHF DcK PLMI>JI>Ng U> 365 LI>@>HPgN, U> A> 366. !Q UcVABK UQH>NgA>HF BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK DBNBHOFV LIAQeQ AcjcKcIB?FIFN. .UO>, EBN KB H>A>N DBNBHOFV DF?F DbNcKOB AB, L ABKBPFJ mVCBU(gOMFSJ FjIBRFKAB FIBNFABHF ?FN V>J>KA> U>MgI>?FIB@BH ?FN E>P>U> H>Njg ?FN DcRBK@B O>eI>N. mVCBU(gOMFSJ FjIBRF ?FN E>P> KBABKFUIB bNKBeFK 30 ABeBNFKF AbKAcNOB, L BTTFSU O>UBOFKAB ?Q E>P> EBJBK C>NHBAFIB@BHPFN. '>PP> ?FN>V A>E> FIBNF DFABNBH AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKQK EBN V>J>K F_FK 12 LI>@>egKg A> ABKBPIBUB?FIFNFV: BTTFSU(HfOMFS.MFOHUI == 12); !bUIB@B HLAQ AFVFABK U>KIgjIgHI> OFIFKB?FIB@BH RBU> AFVFUB U>KIgjIgHI> BHIBKB?FIB@BH ?FN BIBJ>K> H>Njg A> DcRBK@B >IPgK> >IJgj LIQNQV. !bUIB ABKBPFJIBN EBN KB H>A>N DBNBHOFVJFj DF?F DbNcKOBIBN AB OLK ABNB@B U>N>NIgAgNI>N. *LAQK O>eI>JIgegKg >NPPgN>K RB HLAQ FIBNFABHF ABeFjFHIFHIBN H>NjgOgKA> DcRBK@BAB PQP>K _LH BPHFIF U>MgI>NAgN. *LAQK O>eI>JIgegKg >NPPgN>K RB MNLDN>JgK U>KIgj OLKQ_I>N ALeQN>@>H FjIBJIBNIB ABR>J BPJBOFKF bKIBUBK ?FN LI>K>H LIAQeQ F_FK, BTTFSU ?QKA>K OLKN>HF ABNOIBNAB DbNB@BeFJFV 4;C;? E7DE>7C; RB DRK>7X?7>; BCA9C3?>3?3 LI>K>HI>NgKgK A> PBJBIFKF LIQjPQNQN.

42.4

D3N3? M?3A;3F C3 E/< 3A97@7 E=9AB?

fC>ABIBNFK ABeBN cNBPB?FIAFHIBNFKF RB U>K BPHFIBNFKFK LI>?FIAFeFKF DbNJcjPcH. BTTFSU ABeBN cNBPJBUBK ?FN ABKBPFJAFN. $H LI>N>H, BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK HBKAFOFKFK ?FN U>K BPHFOF AB ULHPQN. .K> RBNFIBK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK U>K BPHFOFKFK LIJ>J>Og A> # OP>KA>NAg P>N>CgKA>K j>NP HLjQIJQjPQN. BTTFSU , MNLDN>JgK AQNQJQKQ ABeFjPFNJBUBK RB U>IKgV@> R>NO>UgJI>Ng ABKBPIBUBK ?FN U>Mg LI>N>H H>IJ>H VLNQKA>AgN.

42.5

BTTFSU 23<3A7;:3?7<7 3A97@7F:3RA7?;39

BTTFSU MNLDN>JgK ALeNQIQeQ FIB FIDFIFAFN. /NLDN>JgK UBPBNFK@B ABKBKFM >J>@g ALeNQIPQOQKA> ALeNQ LI>N>H FjIBAFeFKB H>N>N RBNFIAFHPBK OLKN> MNLDN>JA> ?>jH>@> U>N>Ng ULHPQN. \OPBIFH, KB ABeBNIBNF KB AB U>K BPHFIBNF LIAQeQKA>K, BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF MNLDN>JA>K ?cPcKcUIB H>IAgNgI>?FIJBIFAFNIBN RB ?Q AQNQJA> MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjFKAB EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFH LIJ>J>IgAgN. #BNIBUF@F OB_BKBeF -SFMFBTF , BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKFK O>KHF MNLDN>J> EF_ U>VgIJ>JgjI>N DF?F DbV>NAg BAFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N: ENE EFOFNF.E -SFMFBTF !bUIB@B LI>OgIgHI> QVQK OcNBK ABKBPFJIBNFK MNLDN>Jg U>R>jI>PJ>I>Ng bKIBKJFj LIQN. !FN FOPFOK> LI>N>H, GBMTF RBU> LK> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjBK ?FN E>VgN ABeBNIB _>eNgI>K BTTFSU 'IBN nSFMFBTF FIB ABNIBKAFHIBNFKAB ?FIB MNLDN>JA>K _gH>NPgIJ>VI>N. !QKQK KBABKF, BTTFSU(GBMTF) ABKBPFJIBNFKFK EF_?FN V>J>K DBIFKJBJBOF DBNBHBK O>PgNI>Ng ?BIFNIFULN LIJ>I>Ng RB L O>PgNI>N> DBIFKJBOFKFK EBN V>J>K F_FK E>P>Ig LI>@>egAgN.

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42.6

/A/ /A;/9 7K7< FOGPSDF

/NLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> H>NjgI>jgI>K EBN ?BHIBKJBAFH AQNQJ MNLDN>JA>HF ?FN U>KIgjIgeg DbOPBNJBV. !BHIBKJBAFH AQNQJI>N MNLDN>JgK BIFKABHF RBNFIBNIB RBU> _BRNBOFUIB AB FIDFIF LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, HQII>Kg@gKgK DFNJFj LIAQeQ DB_BNOFV ?FN ABeBNFK BTTFSU FIB ABKBPIBKJBOF ALeNQ LIJ>V _cKHc HQII>Kg@gKgK DFNAFeF U>KIgj ABeBNFK BCA9C3?V@ 6ATCF>FTF FIB FIDFOF ULHPQN. !Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> BTTFSU 'PBK U>N>NI>KJ>H UBNFKB A>E> bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB AB U>MPgegJgV DF?F UISPX FIB E>P> >PJ>H ALeNQ LIQN. TUE.FYDFQUJPO JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K RB ?QN>A>HF HQII>KgJgKA> "j>NP HLjQULNQJ" >KI>JgK> DBIBK FOGPSDF , E>P> >P>NHBK A>E> bK@B AB HQII>KAgegJgV UISPX FC>ABOFKFK UBNFKB DB_BN. [NKBeFK, ?BIFNIF ?FN HLjQI> ?>eIg LI>N>H ?FN E>P> >PgIAgegKg R>NO>U>IgJ: JG (BEFU < 3) \ UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO("&O B[ 3 UBOF PMNBMj."); ^ FOGPSDF ?FN >KI>JA> JG ABKBPFJFKF RB UISPX ABUFJFKF O>NJ>I>N. >j>egA>HF DF?F U>VgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; // ... FOGPSDF(BEFU >= 3, "&O B[ 3 UBOF PMNBMj."); ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK bK@BHFKFK PBNOF LIAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK. !QKQK KBABKF, FOGPSDF 'QK "?QKQ j>NP HLjQULNQJ" >KI>JgKg P>jgJ>OgAgN. &bNcIAcec DF?F, FOGPSDF HLjQI ABKBPFJFKB RB UISPX ABUFJFKB DBNBH ?gN>HJ>V. UKg HLA FOGPSDF FIB

42.7

$/@P: 9B::/<;/:P
BTTFSU BCA9C3?5V :3E3>3CV@V U>H>I>J>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF BZ(gOMFSJ FjIBRFKAB RB NFOg#BmMkik ABeFjHBKFUIB FIDFIF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K BTTFSU 'IBN P>J>JBK MNLDN>J@gIgHI> FIDFIF E>P>I>N> H>Njg ?FN DcRBK@B LI>N>H HQII>KgIJgjI>NAgN. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> BTTFSU HQII>KJ>HI> E>P> >PJ>H >N>OgKA> H>N>N RBNJBH Dc_ LI>?FIFN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> ?BHIBKJBAFH AQNQJQK MNLDN>JgK HBKAFOF FIB JF FIDFIF LIAQeQK> ?>HJ>H DBNBHFN. $eBN ABKBPFJ MNLDN>JgK HBKAFOF FIB FIDFIF FOB BTTFSU HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN. 'BNE>KDF ?FN FjIBJ DBN_BHIBjPFNFIBJBAFeFKAB FOB E>P> >PgIJ>IgAgN. !Q Fj F_FK A>E> HQII>KgjIg LIAQeQ F_FK FOGPSDF 'P>K U>N>NI>KJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ. !Q HLKQA>HF ?>jH> ?FN HgOP>O, H>NjgI>jgI>K AQNQJQK DFABNFIB?FIBK ?FN E>P> _BjFAF LIQM LIJ>AgegAgN. $eBN DFABNFIB?FIBK ?FN AQNQJO> E>P> >PJ>H QUDQK LI>?FIFN. !bUIB@B A>E> cOP AcVBUABHF ?FN FjIBR >PgI>K ?Q E>P>Ug U>H>I>U>?FIFN RB AQNQJ> DbNB C>NHIg A>RN>K>?FIFN.

42.8

&?=0:3;:3?
1. !Q MNL?IBJAB OFVB bK@BABK U>VgIJgj ?FN MNLDN>J DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ. !Q MNLDN>JgK E>P> LI>OgIgegKg >V>IPJ>H F_FK ?>Vg KLHP>I>NgK> BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF UBNIBjPFNFIJFj. J>@gJ, ?Q BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKFK MNLDN>JA>HF E>P>I>Ng LNP>U> _gH>NPJ> HLKQOQKA> KB H>A>N BPHFIF LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNJBH. /NLDN>J HQII>Kg@gA>K ?FN ?>jI>KDg_ V>J>Kg RB ?FN FjIBJ OcNBOF >IgULN RB L FjIBJFK KB V>J>K OLKQ_I>K>@>egKg EBO>MIgULN. /NLDN>J, O>UgI>NA>K OLKN> DBIBK 'A>' BHIBNFKF AB ALeNQ LI>N>H U>VAgNgULN:

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09:06'EB CBmMBZBO WF 1 TBBU 2 EBLJLB TgSFO JmMFN 10:08'EF TPOMBOkS. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; /* * 7FSJMFO NFTBKj LVMMBOjDjZB HeTUFSJS WF HJSJMFO [BNBO * CJMHJTJOJ TBBU WF EBLJLB PMBSBL PLVS */ WPJE [BNBO0LV(JO TUSJOH NFTBK, PVU JOU TBBU, PVU JOU EBLJLB) \ XSJUF(NFTBK, " (44:%%) "); SFBEG(" %T:%T", &TBBU, &EBLJLB); FOGPSDF((TBBU >= 0) && (TBBU <= 23) && (EBLJLB >= 0) && (EBLJLB <= 59), "(FdFSTJ[ [BNBO!");

/* * ;BNBOj EJ[HJ Ef[FOJOEF EeOEfSfS */ TUSJOH [BNBO%J[HJTJ(JO JOU TBBU, JO JOU EBLJLB) \ BTTFSU((TBBU >= 0) && (TBBU <= 23)); BTTFSU((EBLJLB >= 0) && (EBLJLB <= 59)); ^ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB);

/* * iLJ [BNBO CJMHJTJOJ CJSCJSJOF FLMFS WF fdfODf QBSBNFUSF * dJGUJ PMBSBL EeOEfSfS */ WPJE [BNBO&LMF( JO JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, JO JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL4BBU, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB, PVU JOU TPOVd4BBUJ, PVU JOU TPOVd%BLJLBTj) \ TPOVd4BBUJ = CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ + FLMFOFDFL4BBU; TPOVd%BLJLBTj = CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj + FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB; JG (TPOVd%BLJLBTj > 59) \ ++TPOVd4BBUJ; ^

/* * 4BZjMBSEBO TPOSB LFTNF JlBSFUJZMF BZSjMBSBL LVMMBOjMBDBL * PMBO "EF, EB" FLJOJ EeOEfSfS */ TUSJOH EB&LJ(JO JOU TBZj) \ TUSJOH FL; JNNVUBCMF JOU TPO)BOF = TBZj % 10; TXJUDI (TPO)BOF) \ DBTF 1, 2, 7, 8: FL = "EF"; CSFBL; DBTF 3, 4, 5: FL = "UF"; CSFBL;

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DBTF 6, 9: FL = "EB"; CSFBL; EFGBVMU: CSFBL; ^ BTTFSU(FL.MFOHUI != 0); ^ SFUVSO FL;

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ; JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj; [BNBO0LV("#BlMBOHjd [BNBOj", CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ); JOU JlMFN4BBUJ; JOU JlMFN%BLJLBTj; [BNBO0LV("ilMFN TfSFTJ", JlMFN4BBUJ, JlMFN%BLJLBTj); JOU CJUJl4BBUJ; JOU CJUJl%BLJLBTj; [BNBO&LMF(CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JlMFN4BBUJ, JlMFN%BLJLBTj, CJUJl4BBUJ, CJUJl%BLJLBTj); TPOVDV:B[EjS(CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JlMFN4BBUJ, JlMFN%BLJLBTj, CJUJl4BBUJ, CJUJl%BLJLBTj);

WPJE TPOVDV:B[EjS( JO JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, JO JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JO JOU JlMFN4BBUJ, JO JOU JlMFN%BLJLBTj, JO JOU CJUJl4BBUJ, JO JOU CJUJl%BLJLBTj) \ XSJUFG("%T'%T CBlMBZBO", [BNBO%J[HJTJ(CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj), EB&LJ(CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj)); XSJUFG(" WF %T TBBU %T EBLJLB TfSFO JlMFN", JlMFN4BBUJ, JlMFN%BLJLBTj); XSJUFG(" %T'%T TPOMBOjS.", [BNBO%J[HJTJ(CJUJl4BBUJ, CJUJl%BLJLBTj), EB&LJ(CJUJl%BLJLBTj)); ^ XSJUFMO();

!Q MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgNgK RB DFNFjFKB ?>jI>KDg_ LI>N>H 06:09 RB OcNB LI>N>H 1:2 RBNFK. /NLDN>JgK KLNJ>I LI>N>H OLKI>KAgegKg DbNB@BHOFKFV. %AE: AD>V@63 QV=EV@V@ :3E3>V A>6FTF@F 83C=7674;>;CD;@;K. BF@F X;?6;>;= 9RC?7K67@ 97>;@; QS@=S 3K DA@C3 +<</;= '>7C;@ J3C6V?VJ>3 4F>353=DV@VK. 2. !Q OBCBN MNLDN>J> 06:09 RB 15:2 V>J>KI>NgKg DFNFK. !FN "TTFSU&SSPS >PgIAgegKg DbNB@BHOFKFV. '>P>A> ?BIFNPFIBK O>PgN> DFAFK RB MNLDN>JI> FIDFIF LI>K E>KDF ?BHIBKPFKFK DBN_BHIBjJBAFeFKB ?>HgK. !Q E>P>KgK H>UK>egKg ?QIJ>KgV V>J>K >I>?FIFN. 3. !Q OBCBN MNLDN>J> 06:09 RB 1:1 V>J>KI>NgKg DFNFK. 7BKF ?FN E>P> FIB H>NjgI>j>@>HOgKgV. . O>PgN> A> DFAFK RB L E>P>Ug A> DFABNFK.

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4. !Q OBCBN MNLDN>J> 06:09 RB 20:0 ?FIDFIBNFKF DFNFK. 7FKB BTTFSU P>N>CgKA>K U>H>I>K>K ?FN MNLDN>J E>P>Og FIB H>NjgI>j>@>HOgKgV. . E>P>Ug A> DFABNFK. 5. !Q OBCBN MNLDN>J> 06:09 RB 1:41 ?FIDFIBNFKF DFNFK. /NLDN>JgK 63 BHFKFK ALeNQ _>IgjJ>AgegKg DbNB@BHOFKFV: #BmMBOHke [BNBOk (44:%%) 06:09 jmMFN TgSFTJ (44:%%) 1:41 06:09'EB CBmMBZBO WF 1 TBBU 41 EBLJLB TgSFO JmMFN 07:50'EB TPOMBOkS !QKQ AcVBIPFK RB AQNQJ> DbNB ALeNQ BH U>VJ>OgKg O>eI>UgK: 7:10'A>, 7:50'AB, 7:40'P>, RO. ... QRKS?>7C

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43

B7?7; )3@A:3?7
/NLDN>J@gIgegK H>_gKgIJ>V QeN>jI>NgKA>K ?FNFOF E>P> >UgHI>J>HPgN. 'BN HQII>Kg@gKgK U>HgKA>K P>KgAgeg DF?F, F_FKAB ?FIDFO>U>N MNLDN>Jg _>Igj>K EBN @FE>V U>VgIgJ E>P>I>Ng F_BNFN. 7>VgIgJ E>P>I>Ng, HLI O>>PF DF?F ?>OFP BIBHPNLKFH >IBPIBNABK QV>U >N>@g DF?F ?cUcH OFOPBJIBNB H>A>N EBN UBNAB ?QIQKQN.

43.1

/A/ <323<:3?7
7>VgIgJ E>P>I>NgKgK _LH _BjFPIF KBABKIBNF R>NAgN. /NLDN>JgK CFHFN >j>J>OgKA>K ?>jI>U>N>H HLAI>KJ>OgK> ALeNQ H>?>@> OgN>I>NO>H: x /NLDN>JA>K FOPBKBKIBN >_gH ?FN jBHFIAB LNP>U> HLKJ>Jgj LI>?FIFN. '>PP>, ?BIHF AB MNLDN>JgK P>J LI>N>H KB U>M>@>eg ?>jgKA>K ?BIIF ABeFIAFN. x /NLDN>J@g MNLDN>JA>K FOPBKBKIBNF U>KIgj >KI>Jgj LI>?FIFN. x /NLDN>JI>J> AFIF MNLDN>JA>K FOPBKBKIBNF FC>AB BPJBHPB UBPBNOFV H>I>?FIFN. !FN FKO>K> 2cNH_B >KI>PgNHBK ?FIB >KI>jJ>VIgHI>N U>j>KAgegKg DbV bKcKB >IgNO>H, ?FIDFO>U>N AFIFKFK H>NJ>jgH ObV AFVFJIBNF RB HQN>II>Ng FOPBKBKIBNFK P>J LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIJBOF F_FK UBPBNIF LIJ>U>?FIFN. x /NLDN>J@gKgK R>NO>UgJI>Ng U>KIgj _gH>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, MF O>UgOg LI>N>H 3.14 ABeBNFKFK UBPBNIF LIAQeQ R>NO>UgIJgj LI>?FIFN. x /NLDN>J@gKgK ?FIDFOF EBNE>KDF ?FN HLKQA> UBPBNOFV RBU> U>KIgj LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, HBOFNIF O>UgI>NgK BjFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>NgKA> HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKgK DcRBKOFV LIAQeQKQ ?FIJFULNAQN. x /NLDN>J ?>jP>K AcjcKcIJBJFj LI>K ?FN AQNQJI> H>NjgI>j>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, ?FN HI>ObNABHF ALOU>I>NA>K ?FNFOF MNLDN>J L IFOPBUF ?FN AbKDcAB HQII>KgNHBK OFIFKJFj RBU> L ALOU>KgK FOJF ABeFjPFNFIJFj LI>?FIFN. x /NLDN>J@g HLAQ U>V>NHBK AFHH>POFVIFH U>M>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, ?FN FjIBJ OgN>OgKA> UPQMBN'JZBU UBNFKB UPQUBO'JZBU U>V>?FIFN. x RO. -B U>VgH HF, DcKcJcVAB EBKcV P>J LI>N>H O>eI>J HLA cNBPBK U>VgIgJ DBIFjPFNJB UbKPBJIBNF ?QIQK>J>JgjPgN. !Q HLKQ, OcNBHIF LI>N>H _bVcJ ?QIQKJ>U> _>IgjgI>K RB EBN ?Bj LK UgIA> ?FN cJFP RBNF@F UbKPBJIBNFK LNP>U> _gHPgeg ?FN HLKQAQN.

43.2

/A/<P< 4/?9327:27N7 F/;/<

7>VgIgJ E>P>OgKgK KB V>J>K C>NHgK> R>NgIAgeg A> _BjFPIFIFH DbOPBNFN. $K BNHBKABK BK DB_B ALeNQ OgN>I>U>N>H: x *LA U>VgIgNHBK { /NLDN>Jg U>V>K HFjF P>N>CgKA>K { !>jH> ?FN MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K; bNKBeFK Q;8E>; BCA9C3?>3?3 (M>FN MNLDN>JJFKD) UbKPBJF QUDQI>KAgegKA>, U>MgI>K ?FN U>VgJ E>P>OgKg MNLDN>Jg U>V>K HFjFKFK U>KgKA>HF MNLDN>J@g C>NHBAB?FIFN { #BNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K; ABNIBUF@FKFK RBNAFeF E>P> JBO>GI>Ng RBU> QU>NgI>N _LeQKIQHI> MNLDN>J@g E>P>I>NgKg DbOPBNFNIBN { /NLDN>JgK MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K LIQjPQNQIJ>Og OgN>OgKA> %,4,0 6(56/(4, P>N>CgKA>K x *LA FK@BIBKFNHBK { *>UK>H HLAQ FK@BIBUBK >N>_ MNLDN>JI>N P>N>CgKA>K

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B;C;? *7DE>7C;

{ *LAQ FK@BIBUBK ?>jH> MNLDN>J@gI>N P>N>CgKA>K =A6 ;@57>7?7D; (@LAB NBRFBS) OgN>OgKA> x /NLDN>J HQII>KgJA>UHBK { /NLDN>JgK FjIBUFjFKF FK@BIBUBK >N>_ MNLDN>JI>N P>N>CgKA>K (bNKBeFK +FKQT LNP>JI>NgKA>HF >_gH HLAIQ 'R>IDNFKA' MNLDN>Jg FIB) { 1cNcJABK bK@B PBOP BAFIFNHBK, U> BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKFK ?>j>NgOgVIgegKA>K U> A> MNLDN>JgK DbVIBJIBKBK A>RN>KgjgKA>K { 1cNcJABK bK@B 47E3 HQII>Kg@gI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K PBOP BAFIFNHBK { 1cNcJABUHBK OLK HQII>Kg@gI>N P>N>CgKA>K '>P> KB H>A>N BNHBK C>NHBAFIFNOB EBJ V>N>Ng L H>A>N >V LIQN, EBJ AB L H>A>N >V O>UgA> FKO>KgK V>J>KgKg >IJgj LIQN. !Q UcVABK BK FUFOF, E>P>KgK HLAQK U>VgIAgeg OgN>A> U>H>I>KJ>OgAgN. &B_ C>NHBAFIBK E>P> FOB ?>jH> MNLDN>J@gI>NgK, MNLDN>Jg PBOP BABKIBNFK, RB _LH O>UgA>HF HQII>Kg@gKgK A> V>J>KgKg >IgN. 1LK HQII>Kg@gU> DFABKB H>A>N C>NHBAFIJBJFj LI>K ?FN E>P>KgK HLAQK E>KDF KLHP>OgKA>K H>UK>HI>KAgegKg ?QIJ>H A> _LeQ AQNQJA> LIAQH_> VLNAQN. !Q KLHP>U> H>A>N C>NHBAFIJBJFj LI>K ?FN E>P>, ?>VBK >UI>N@> OcNB?FIBK QeN>jI>N OLKQ@QKA> PBJFVIBKB?FIFN.

43.3

/A/ E/9/:/;/2/ 07?7; A3@A:3?7

*LAQ U>V>K MNLDN>J@g LIJ>VO> V>PBK HLA LIJ>V. UNg@>, ABNIBJBIF ?FN AFI LIAQeQ F_FK # MNLDN>JI>Ng V>PBK ABNIBUF@F HQII>KJ>A>K LIQjPQNQI>J>VI>N. !QKI>Ng ?FN HBK>N> ?gN>HPgegJgVA>, MNLDN>J E>P>I>NgKg U>H>I>J>A> BK BNHBK RB ?Q UcVABK AB BK BPHFK UbKPBJ LI>N>H ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF H>IgN. !FNFJ PBOPIBNF, JLABNK MNLDN>J@gIgegK >UNgIJ>V >N>_I>NgKA>KAgN. *LA E>P>I>NgKg >V>IPJ> HLKQOQKA> BK BPHFIF UbKPBJIBNABKAFN. !FNFJ PBOPIBNF LIJ>U>K HLA, E>P>Ig HLA LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFN. -B U>VgH HF ?QKQK PBNOF ALeNQ ABeFIAFN: ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK LIJ>Og, HLAQK E>P>OgV LIAQeQKQ H>KgPI>J>V; >J> E>P> LN>KgKg _LH ?cUcH bI_cAB >V>IPgN. !FNFJ PBOPIBNF >UNg@> HLAQK N>E>P_> RB DcRBKIB DBIFjPFNFIB?FIJBOFKF AB O>eI>NI>N. *LA cVBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>H, bNKBeFK UBKF LI>K>HI>N BHIBJBH, ALe>I LI>N>H L HLAQK BOHF LI>K>HI>NgKgK >NPgH E>P>Ig E>IB DBIJBIBNFKB KBABK LI>?FIFN. *LAQK DBIFjPFNFIJBOF OgN>OgKA> LNP>U> _gH>K ?bUIB E>P>I>N, U> _LH OLKN>HF OcNcJ PBOPIBNF OgN>OgKA> C>NHBAFIFNIBN, U> A> A>E> HbPcOc, MNLDN>J OLK HQII>Kg@gI>N P>N>CgKA>K HQII>KgIgNHBK. !Q PcN E>P>I>N HLAQK UBKFABK AcVBKIBKJBOFKABK _BHFKFIJBOFKB RB HLAQK DFPPFH_B QSCS?7D;@7 (@LAB NLP) KBABK LIQNI>N. [NKBeFK ?>Vg O>PgNI>NgK >OIgKA> UBKF ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H U>VgIJ>OgKgK DBNBHPFeF ?FN AQNQJA>, UBKF E>P>I>NA>K HLNHQIAQeQ F_FK HLA> ALHQKQIJ>V RB =A6 E7=C3CV DF?F V>N>NIg AQNQJI>N> AcjcIB?FIFN. /NLDN>J@g HcIPcNcKAB AQUQI>K "?LVQH ABeFIOB AcVBIPJB" ("FC FP FOK'P ?NLHBK, ALK'P CFT FP") DF?F ObVIBN, EBM ?Q HLNHQKQK cNcKcAcN. !Q DF?F ObVIBN, U>VgIJgj LI>K HLA> ALHQKJ>J>Ug BNABJ LI>N>H DbOPBNAFHIBNF F_FK V>J>K DB_PFH_B HLAQK _cNcJBOFKB RB cVBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MgI>J>V E>IB DBIJBOFKB KBABK LIQNI>N. ,LABNK MNLDN>J@gIgHP> ?Q AcjcK@BIBNFK UBNF ULHPQN. 2>J PBNOFKB, HLA _cNcJBOFKFK bKcKB DB_JBH F_FK HLAQK DBNBHPFH_B OBN?BOP_B DBIFjPFNFIJBOF bKBNFIFN: ">@gJ>OgV@> DBIFjPFN" ("NBC>@PLN JBN@FIBOOIU"). fjPB ?Q U>N>NIg U>HI>jgJgK BK Dc_Ic OFI>Eg ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFAFN. !FNFJ PBOPF, MNLDN>Jg LIQjPQN>K BK >IP ?FNFJIBNFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK LI>?FIAFeFK@B ?>egJOgV LI>N>H PBOP BAFIJBIBNF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. IP ?FNFJIBNFK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H PBOPIBNABK DB_JBIBNF, L

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?FNFJIBNFK ?FNIFHPB _>IgjJ>I>Ng OgN>OgKA> LIQj>@>H E>P>I>NgK LI>OgIgegKg ?cUcH bI_cAB >V>IPgN. $eBN M>N_>I>N ALeNQ _>IgjgULNO>, ?cPcKcK AB ALeNQ _>IgjJ> LI>OgIgeg >NP>N. !FNFJ PBOPIBNF ?>jH> ?>Vg AFIIBNAB )3KFP, "MM3KFP, 3KFPPBOP++, RO. DF?F HcPcME>KB LI>K>HI>Ng LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFjIBNAFN. #'AB FOB ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF AFIFK F_ LI>K>HI>Ng >N>OgKA>AgN. 'BN FHF U>HI>jgJgK A> cOPcK LIAQeQ U>KI>N DbOPBNFIB?FIFN. # ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF HLKQOQKA> ?>Vg HcPcME>KBIBNFK OQKAQeQ ?>Vg LI>K>HI>Ng F_BNJBV. !Q UcVABK ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF F_FK >UNg ?FN HcPcME>KBABK U>N>NI>KJ>H A> AcjcKcIB?FIFN. #'AB ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF, bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNAcecJcV BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKFK VOJUUFTU ?ILHI>Ng F_FKAB HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKA>K LIQjQNI>N. !BK ?QN>A> U>IKgV@> #'KFK ?Q F_ LI>K>egKg DbOPBNB@BeFJ.

43.4

B7?7; A3@A:3?7<7 0/R:/A;/9

/NLDN>JgK >OgI FjIBUFjF FIB FIDFIF LIJ>AgHI>Ng F_FK, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK U>IKgV@> MNLDN>JgK DBIFjPFNFIJBOF >j>J>OgKA> _>IgjPgNgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. !FNFJ PBOPIBNF ABNIBUF@F RBU> DBIFjPFNJB LNP>Jg P>N>CgKA>K, RB >K@>H bVBIIFHIB FOPBKAFeFKAB ?>jI>PgIgN. !FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK K>OgI ?>jI>PgIAgHI>Ng HQII>KgI>K ABNIBUF@FUB RB DBIFjPFNJB LNP>JgK> DbNB ABeFjFN. !BK ?QN>A> bNKBH LI>N>H #FDFP>I ,>NO'gK ABNIBUF@FOF LI>K ENE 'KFK nVOJUUFTU OB_BKBeFKF DbOPBNB@BeFJ. /NLDN>JgK EFOFNF.E FOFJIF ?FN H>UK>H ALOU>U> U>VgIAgegKg R>NO>U>NO>H HLJQP O>PgNgK> nVOJUUFTU OB_BKBeFKF BHIBJBH ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKF BPHFKIBjPFNJBH F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: ENE EFOFNF.E -X -VOJUUFTU !Q jBHFIAB LIQjPQNQI>K MNLDN>J _>IgjPgNgIAgegKA> bK@B ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF FjIBPFIFN RB >K@>H LKI>N ?>j>NgUI> P>J>JI>KJgjO> MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjF NBJO FIB ABR>J BABN.

43.5

VOJUUFTU 0:=9:/?P
!FNFJ PBOPIBNFKF LIQjPQN>K HLAI>N ?Q ?ILHI>NgK F_FKB U>VgIgN. !Q HLAI>NgK MNLDN>JgK KLNJ>I FjIBUFjF FIB FIDFIBNF ULHPQN; U>IKgV@> MNLDN>Jg RB bVBIIFHIB FjIBRIBNF ABKBJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgNI>N: VOJUUFTU \ /* ... CJSJN UFTUMFSJ WF UFTUMFS JdJO HFSFLFO LPEMBS ... */ ^ VOJUUFTU ?ILHI>NgKg O>KHF FjIBR P>KgJIgULN DF?F HBKAF ?>jI>NgK> U>V>?FIFNOFKFV. ?Q ?ILHI>Ng ABKBPIBAFHIBNF FjIBRIBNFK EBJBK >IPgK> U>VJ>HPgN. J> A>E> FUFOF,

[NKBH LI>N>H, ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNAcecJcV RB HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK O>UgU> 2cNH_B OBO QUQJQK> QUDQK LI>N>H 63 7=; AbKAcNBK FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ. !Q FjIBRFK ALeNQ _>IgjJ>OgKg ABKBPIBJBH F_FK, VOJUUFTU ?ILeQK> ?Q FjIBRFK AbKAcNJBOFKF ?BHIBAFeFJFV HLjQII>N U>V>NgV: ETUSJOH EB&LJ(JO JOU TBZj) \ // ... ^ VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(EB&LJ(1) == "EF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(5) == "UF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(9) == "EB"); ^

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.N>A>HF c_ HLjQI; 1, 5, RB 9 O>UgI>Ng F_FK OgN>OgUI> "AB", "PB", RB "A>" AbKAcNcIAcecKc ABKBPIBN. 'BN KB H>A>N PBOPIBNFK PBJBIF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF LIO> A>, VOJUUFTU ?ILHI>NgKgK F_FKAB EBN PcNIc # LI>K>egKg HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK, ?FN AFVDF F_FKABHF ?BIFNIF ?FN E>NCF L AFVDFKFK BK ?>jgKA> LI>@>H jBHFIAB AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBRFK PBOPIBNF jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: ETUSJOH IBSG#BlB(ETUSJOH EJ[HJ, JO EDIBS IBSG) \ // ... ^ VOJUUFTU \ JNNVUBCMF EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB"E; BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'N') == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'F') == "FNSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'B') == "BBNFSIC");

.N>A>HF c_ BTTFSU ABKBPFJF IBSG#BmB FjIBRFKFK K>OgI _>IgjJ>OgKgK ?BHIBKAFeFKF ABKBPIFULNI>N. !Q bNKBHIBNAB DbNcIAcec DF?F, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF >UKg V>J>KA> FjIBRIBNFK ?BIDBIBNF RB bNKBH HLAI>Ng LI>N>H A> HQII>KgjIgAgNI>N. 7>IKgV@> ?FNFJ PBOPFKB ?>H>N>H FjIBRFK HQII>KgIgjg E>HHgKA> EgVIg@> CFHFN BAFKB?FIFNFV.

43.6

)3@A EL<3:7;:7 >?=5?/;:/;/:

nce test, sonra kod

,LABNK MNLDN>J@gIgH UbKPBJIBNFKABK LI>K E7DE JR@7>;?>; BCA9C3?>3?3 ("PBOP ANFRBK ABRBILMJBKP" - 2##), ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK HLA U>VgIJ>A>K R@57 U>VgIJ>OgKg bKDbNcN. !Q UbKPBJAB >OgI LI>K ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFAFN. *LAQK U>VgIJ>Og, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK ?>j>NgU> QI>jJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>K FHFK@FI ?FN QeN>jPgN. 7QH>NgA>HF EB&LJ FjIBRFKB ?Q ?>Hgj >_gOgUI> U>HI>j>N>H LKQ bK@B ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFUIB jbUIB U>VJ>JgV DBNBHFN: ETUSJOH EB&LJ(JO JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO "CJMFSFL IBUBMj"; ^ VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(EB&LJ(1) == "EF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(5) == "UF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(9) == "EB"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \^ 'BN KB H>A>N L FjIBRFK E>P>Ig LIAQeQ >_gH LIO> A>, bK@B MNLDN>JgK ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK ALeNQ LI>N>H _>IgjPgHI>NgKg, U>KF ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F E>P> >PPgHI>NgKg DbNJBH FOPBNFV: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -X -0 -VOJUUFTU $ ./EFOFNF DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF(8): VOJUUFTU GBJMVSF fjIBR >K@>H LKA>K OLKN> RB ?Q PBOPIBNF DB_B@BH jBHFIAB U>VgIgN:

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ETUSJOH EB&LJ(JO JOU TBZj) \ ETUSJOH FL; JNNVUBCMF TPO)BOF = TBZj % 10; GJOBM TXJUDI (TPO)BOF) \ DBTF DBTF DBTF DBTF 1: 2: 7: 8: FL = "EF"; CSFBL;

DBTF 3: DBTF 4: DBTF 5: FL = "UF"; CSFBL; DBTF 6: DBTF 9: DBTF 0: FL = "EB"; CSFBL; ^ ^ SFUVSO FL;

VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(EB&LJ(1) == "EF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(5) == "UF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(9) == "EB"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \^ NPgH MNLDN>J ?Q PBOPIBNF DB_BN, RB ?FVFJ AB EB&LJ FjIBRF HLKQOQKA> DcRBKFJFV DBIFjFN. !Q FjIBRAB A>E> OLKN>A>K U>MgI>@>H LI>Og DBIFjPFNJBIBN, VOJUUFTU ?ILeQK> U>VAgegJgV HLjQII>Ng HLNQJ>H VLNQKA>AgNI>N. !bUIBIFHIB HLAQ DBIFjPFNJBUB DcRBKIB ABR>J BAB?FIFNFV.

43.7

B/F3< 23

nce hata, sonra test, ve en sonunda kod

!FNFJ PBOPIBNF ?cPcK AQNQJI>Ng H>MO>U>J>VI>N. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF PBOPIBNAB c_ C>NHIg BHF cNBPBK c_ O>Ug ABeBNF OB_FIJFj, RB EB&LJ FjIBRF ?Q c_ PBOPPBK DB_PFeF F_FK ?>j>NgIg H>?QI BAFIJFjPFN. !Q UcVABK, EBN KB H>A>N _LH BPHFIF UbKPBJIBN LIO>I>N A>, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF ?cPcK E>P>I>Ng U>H>I>U>J>VI>N RB ?>Vg E>P>I>N ?>VBK OLK HQII>Kg@gI>N> H>A>N O>HIg H>I>?FIFN. EB&LJ FjIBRF F_FK ?QKQK bNKBeFKF BTTFSU ABNOFKFK MNL?IBJIBNFKAB AB DbNJcjPcH. . MNL?IBJAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ?Q FjIBR 50 DF?F ?FN ABeBN DBIAFeFKAB E>P>IgAgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFGMO("%T'%T", 50, EB&LJ(50)); ^ ZgHPgOg:

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$ ./EFOFNF 50'EB fjIBR U>IKgV@> OLK E>KBUB ?>HPgeg F_FK 50 F_FK "AB" UBNFKB E>P>Ig LI>N>H "A>" AbKAcNJBHPBAFN. 2BOP UbKBIFJIF MNLDN>JI>J> FjIBRF EBJBK AcVBIPJBH UBNFKB bK@BIFHIB ?Q E>P>Ig AQNQJQ U>H>I>U>K ?FN ?FNFJ PBOPFKFK BHIBKJBOFKF bKBNFN. ZcKHc E>P>KgK ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK DbVcKABK H>_>N>H MNLDN>JgK HQII>KgJg OgN>OgKA> LNP>U> _gHJgj LIJ>Og, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK ?FN UBPBNOFVIFeF LI>N>H DbNcIcN. !QK> QUDQK LI>N>H ?Q AQNQJQ U>H>I>U>K ?FN PBOP bNKBeFK jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(EB&LJ(1) == "EF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(5) == "UF"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(9) == "EB"); BTTFSU(EB&LJ(50) == "EF"); ^ /NLDN>J ?Q OBCBN ?Q ?FNFJ PBOPF ABKBPFJF KBABKFUIB OLKI>KgN: $ ./EFOFNF DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF(39): VOJUUFTU GBJMVSF NPgH ?Q E>P>Ig AQNQJQ ABKBPIBUBK ?FN PBOP ?QIQKAQeQ F_FK, FjIBRAB FIBNFAB U>MgI>?FIB@BH DBIFjPFNJBIBNFK PBHN>NA>K ?bUIB ?FN E>P>U> KBABK LIJ>OgKgK bKcKB DB_FIJFj LIQN. *LA >K@>H ?Q ?FNFJ PBOPF U>VgIAgHP>K OLKN>, RB L PBOPF DB_FNJBH F_FK U>VgIgN. %AE: BF ;X>7G, DA@F "4;@" G7 "?;>JA@" 9;4; A=F@3C3= 4;E7@ 43X=3 D3JV>3C>3 63 DACF@>F A>6FTF ;Q;@ 4FC363 =3BD3?>V 4;C QRKS? 4F>?3J3 Q3>VX?3J353TV?.

43.8

&?=0:3;
x 7QH>NgA> ObVc DB_BK IBSG#BmB FjIBRFKF, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKF DB_B@BH jBHFIAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFK: ETUSJOH IBSG#BlB(ETUSJOH EJ[HJ, JO EDIBS IBSG) \ ETUSJOH TPOVd; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ VOJUUFTU \ ETUSJOH EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB"E; BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'N') == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'F') == "FNSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'B') == "BBNFSIC");

WPJE NBJO() \^ . P>KgJA>K ?>jI>UgK; FIH PBOP UcVcKABK E>P> >PgIAgegKg DbNcK; RB FjIBRF E>P>Ug DFABNB@BH jBHFIAB U>VgK. ... QRKS?

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44

(LF:3R;3:7 &?=5?/;:/;/
1bVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J>, FjIBRIBNFK EFVJBP OQK>K ?FNFJIBN LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJBIBNF AcjcK@BOF cVBNFKB HQNQIQ ?FN MNLDN>JI>J> UbKPBJFAFN. !Q AcjcK@BUB DbNB, FjIBRIBN RB LKI>Ng _>egN>K HLAI>N >N>OgKA> U>VgOgV ?>Vg >KI>jJ>I>N R>NAgN. 1bVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J>, ?Q >KI>jJ>I>Ng AFI AcVBUFKAB ?BIFNIBJBUB U>N>U>K LI>K>HPgN. 1bVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J>, PF@>NF ?FN AFI LI>K $FCCBI P>N>CgKA>K "ABOFDK ?U @LKPN>@P (#!")" >AgUI> U>UgIJgjPgN. !Q UbKPBJ # AFIFKAB "@LKPN>@P MNLDN>JJFKD" LI>N>H DB_BN. !FNFJ PBOPIBNFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKB A>U>KgN RB #'KFK HLA O>eI>JIgeg O>eI>U>K ?FN ?>jH> LI>K>egAgN. #'AB ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> c_ PBJBIABK LIQjQN: x fjIBRIBNFK JO ?ILHI>Ng x fjIBRIBNFK PVU ?ILHI>Ng x 7>Mg RB OgKgCI>NgK JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>Ng JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>NgKg RB DRK>7X?7 =3>VEV?V@V FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB RB U>Mg RB OgKgCI>NA>K A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFV.

44.1

G7?7R 9=RB::/?P 7K7< JO 0:=9:/?P

fjIBRIBNFK ALeNQ _>Igj>?FIJBIBNF, >IAgHI>Ng M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKB ?>eIg LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK H>NBHbH >I>K ?FN FjIBR HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK M>N>JBPNBKFK OgCgNA>K Hc_cH LIJ>J>OgKg j>NP HLj>N; RBU> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H P>NFE ?FIDFOF >I>K ?FN FjIBR >UgK 1 FIB 12 >N>OgKA> LIJ>OgKg j>NP HLj>N. !Q PcN HLjQII>Ng A>E> bK@B BTTFSU RB FOGPSDF ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. fjIBRIBNFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFUIB FIDFIF LI>K BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF FjIBRFK P>KgJI>KAgeg ?ILH F_FKAB U>MgIgULNAQ: TUSJOH [BNBO%J[HJTJ(JO JOU TBBU, JO JOU EBLJLB) \ BTTFSU((TBBU >= 0) && (TBBU <= 23)); BTTFSU((EBLJLB >= 0) && (EBLJLB <= 59)); ^ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB);

#'KFK ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> >KI>UgjgKA> FjIBRIBNFK DFNFj HLjQII>Ng "DFNFj" >KI>JgK> DBIBK JO ?ILHI>NgKA> ABKBPIBKFN. 1bVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> ?ILHI>Ng HQII>KgIAgeg V>J>K, FjIBRFK >OgI ?ILeQ A> "DbRAB" >KI>JgK> DBIBK CPEZ FIB ?BIFNIBKFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSJOH [BNBO%J[HJTJ(JO JOU TBBU, JO JOU EBLJLB) JO \ BTTFSU((TBBU >= 0) && (TBBU <= 23)); BTTFSU((EBLJLB >= 0) && (EBLJLB <= 59)); ^ CPEZ \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO([BNBO%J[HJTJ(12, 34)); ^

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)RK>7X?7>; 'CA9C3?>3?3

fjIBRFK JO ?ILeQKQK U>N>Ng, FjIBRFK ?>jI>PgIJ>OgUI> FIDFIF LI>K ABKBPFJIBNFK ?FN >N>A> RB >UNg ?FN ?ILH F_FKAB U>MgIJ>OgAgN. !bUIB@B BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF FjIBRFK >OgI FjIBJIBNFKFK >N>OgK> H>NgjJ>Jgj LIQNI>N. fjIBRFK F_FKAB UFKB AB DBNBHPFH_B BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF HQII>KgI>?FIFN, >J> DFNFj HLjQII>Ng ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> >KI>UgjgK> QUDQK LI>N>H JO ?ILeQK> U>VgIgNI>N. JO ?ILHI>NgKA>HF HLAI>N MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> FjIBRFK EBN _>eNgIgjgKA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIFNIBN. fjIBRFK >OgI FjIBUFjF, >K@>H ?Q HLjQII>N O>eI>KAgegKA> ABR>J BABN. !bUIB@B FjIBRFK DB_BNOFV ?>jI>KDg_ HLjQII>Ng FIB _>IgjJ>Og RB MNLDN>JgK U>KIgj OLKQ_I>NI> ABR>J BPJBOF bKIBKJFj LIQN. JO ?ILeQKA>HF ?FN BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK ?>j>NgOgV LIJ>Og ObVIBjJBUF FjIBRF _>egN>K P>N>CgK ?LVAQeQKQ DbOPBNFN. fjIBR ObVIBjJBKFK DBNBHPFNAFeF jBHFIAB _>eNgIJ>Jgj ABJBHPFN.

44.2

HP9PR 5/?/<A7:3?7 7K7< PVU 0:=9:/?P

fjIBRFK U>MPgeg H>?QI BAFIBK ObVIBjJBKFK H>Njg P>N>Cg A> FjIBRFK O>eI>Ageg D>N>KPFIBNAFN. [NKBeFK ?BIFNIF ?FN OBKBABHF iQ?>P >UgKgK H>_ DcK _BHPFeF ?FIDFOFKF AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBRFK _gHgj D>N>KPFOF, AbKAcNAcec ABeBNFK 28 RBU> 29 LIJ>OgAgN. ZgHgj D>N>KPFIBNF, FjIBRIBNFK "_gHgj" >KI>JgK> DBIBK PVU ?ILHI>NgKA> ABKBPIBKFNIBN. fjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNFKFK bVBI ?FN FOJF ULHPQN; ?Q ABeBN SFUVSO FIB FOFJOFV LI>N>H AbKAcNcIcN. !Q AQNQJ, AbKcj ABeBNFUIB FIDFIF D>N>KPFIBNF U>V>NHBK ?FN OLNQK ALeQNQN: FOJF LIJ>UgK@>, AbKcj ABeBNFUIB FIDFIF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF AB U>VgI>J>V. !Q OLNQK PVU >K>EP>N ObV@cecKABK OLKN> RBNFIBK FOFJIB E>IIBAFIJFjPFN. !Q FOFJ AbKcj ABeBNFKF PBJOFI BABN RB ABKBPIBKB@BH LI>K D>N>KPFIBNAB ?Q FOFJ HQII>KgIgN: JOU lVCBUUB,Bd(fO(JO JOU ZjM) PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU((TPOVd == 28) ]] (TPOVd == 29)); ^ CPEZ \ SFUVSO BSUjL:jM@Nj(ZjM) 29 : 28; ^ !BK PVU ?ILeQKQK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK FOJF LI>N>H TPOVe U>VJ>Ug QUDQK ?QIAQJ; OFV EfOgm%FiFSJ DF?F ?>jH> ?FN FOFJ AB RBNB?FIFNOFKFV. '>KDF FOJF HQII>KgNO>KgV HQII>KgK, L FOFJ FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNFKF PBJOFI BABN. !>VBK FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNF ULHPQN, RBU> AbKcj ABeBNFKFK ABKBPIBKJBOF DBNBHJFULNAQN. . V>J>K PVU ?ILeQ M>N>JBPNBOFV LI>N>H U>VgIgN: PVU \ ^

// ...

fjIBRB DFNBNHBK JO ?ILHI>NgKgK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIJBIBNF DF?F, PVU ?ILHI>Ng A> FjIBRABK _gH>NHBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIFNIBN. PVU ?ILeQKA>HF ?FN BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK ?>j>NgOgV LIJ>Og ObVIBjJBKFK FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K ?LVQIAQeQKQ DbOPBNFN. fjIBR ObVIBjJBKFK DBNBHPFNAFeF ABeBNF RBU> U>K BPHFUF cNBPBJBJFj ABJBHPFN.

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)RK>7X?7>; 'CA9C3?>3?3

#>E> bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB EF_ HQII>KJ>Jgj LIAQeQJQVA>K A> >KI>jgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, JO RB PVU ?ILHI>NgKgK HQII>KgJg OB_FJB ?>eIgAgN. !QKI>N> UFKB OB_FJB ?>eIg LI>K VOJUUFTU ?ILHI>NgKg A> BHIBNOBH, #'AB FjIBRIBN AbNP ?ILH E>IFKAB U>VgI>?FIFNIBN: x &FNFj HLjQII>Ng F_FK JO ?ILeQ: OB_FJB ?>eIgAgN RB DFNFj HLjQII>NgKg ABKBPIBN x ZgHgj D>N>KPFIBNF F_FK PVU ?ILeQ: OB_FJB ?>eIgAgN RB _gHgj D>N>KPFIBNFKF ABKBPIBN x fjIBRFK >OgI FjIBJIBNFKF F_BNBK CPEZ ?ILeQ: ?Q ?ILeQK U>VgIJ>Og j>NPPgN, >J> BeBN JO RB PVU ?ILHI>Ng HQII>KgIJ>JgjO> CPEZ >K>EP>N ObV@cec U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN x fjIBRFK ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKF F_BNBK VOJUUFTU ?ILeQ: ?Q >OIgKA> FjIBRFK M>N_>Og ABeFIAFN RB HBKAF ?>jgK> FjIBR DF?F U>VgIgN; >J> ABKBPIBAFeF FjIBRFK EBJBK >IPgK> U>VgIJ>Og, >N>I>NgKA>HF ?>eg DbOPBNJB ?>HgJgKA>K QUDQK LIQN !cPcK ?Q ?ILHI>Ng F_BNBK ?FN FjIBR P>KgJg jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; /* * 5PQMBNj JLJ QBSdB PMBSBL CeMflUfSfS. * * 5PQMBNEBO eODFMJLMF CJSJODJZF WFSJS, BNB CJSJODJZF IJdCJS * [BNBO 7'EFO GB[MB WFSNF[. (FSJTJOJ JLJODJZF WFSJS. */ WPJE CeMflUfS(JO JOU UPQMBN, PVU JOU CJSJODJ, PVU JOU JLJODJ) JO \ BTTFSU(UPQMBN >= 0); ^ PVU \ BTTFSU(UPQMBN == (CJSJODJ + JLJODJ)); ^ CPEZ \ CJSJODJ = (UPQMBN >= 7) 7 : UPQMBN; JLJODJ = UPQMBN - CJSJODJ; ^ VOJUUFTU \ JOU CJSJODJ; JOU JLJODJ; // 5PQMBN 0 JTF JLJTJ EF 0 PMNBMj CeMflUfS(0, CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); BTTFSU(CJSJODJ == 0); BTTFSU(JLJODJ == 0); // 5PQMBN 7'EFO B[ JTF CJSJODJTJ UPQMBN'B, JLJODJTJ 0'B // FlJU PMNBMj CeMflUfS(3, CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); BTTFSU(CJSJODJ == 3); BTTFSU(JLJODJ == 0); // 4jOjS LPlVMVOV EFOFZFMJN CeMflUfS(7, CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); BTTFSU(CJSJODJ == 7); BTTFSU(JLJODJ == 0); // 7'EFO GB[MB PMEVhVOEB CJSJODJ 7 PMNBMj, HFSJTJ JLJODJZF // HJUNFMJ CeMflUfS(8, CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); BTTFSU(CJSJODJ == 7); BTTFSU(JLJODJ == 1); // #JS UBOF EF CfZfL CJS EFhFSMF EFOFZFMJN CeMflUfS(1@000@007, CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); BTTFSU(CJSJODJ == 7);

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BTTFSU(JLJODJ == 1@000@000);

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CJSJODJ; JOU JLJODJ; CeMflUfS(123, CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); XSJUFMO("CJSJODJ: ", CJSJODJ, " JLJODJ: ", JLJODJ);

/NLDN>J >j>egA>HF DF?F ABNIBKB?FIFN RB _>IgjPgNgI>?FIFN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -X -VOJUUFTU $ ./EFOFNF CJSJODJ: 7 JLJODJ: 116 !Q FjIBRFK >OgI FjF U>IKgV@> 2 O>PgNA>K LIQjQULN; ABKBPIBUBK HLAI>N FOB P>J 19 O>PgN! !Q H>A>N Hc_cH ?FN FjIBR F_FK ?Q H>A>N BJBeFK DBNBHOFV LIAQeQ AcjcKcIB?FIFN. J> AFHH>P BABNOBKFV, MNLDN>J@g EF_?FN V>J>K ?FIBNBH E>P>Ig HLA U>VJ>V. /NLDN>J@gKgK U>VAgeg HLA EBN V>J>K F_FK 6ATCF Q3>VX353= X7=;>67 U>VgIJgjPgN. !QK> N>eJBK, E>P>I>N A> EBM ?bUIB ALeNQ _>Igj>@>eg AcjcKcIBK HLAI>N >N>OgKA>K _gH>N. fjIBRIBNABK ?BHIBKBKIBNFK ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF RB ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> FIB ?bUIB >_gH_> LNP>U> HLUQIJ>I>Ng, ALeNQ LI>N>H U>VAgegJgV FjIBRIBNFK EBN V>J>K F_FK ALeNQ H>IJ>I>NgK> U>NAgJ BABN. /NLDN>J E>P>I>NgKg >V>IP>K EF_?FN LI>K>eg Hc_cJOBJBJBKFVF bKBNFNFJ. !FNFJ PBOPIBNF RB ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>Ng ?FVF VLNIQ E>P>I>NA>K HLNQU>K _LH BPHFIF >N>_I>NAgN. !bUIB@B V>J>KgJgVg E>P> >UgHI>J>H UBNFKB, LKA>K _LH A>E> VBRHIF RB RBNFJIF LI>K HLA U>VJ>U> >UgN>?FIFNFV.

44.3

(LF:3R;3:7 >?=5?/;:/;/EP 3A97@7F:3RA7?;39

!FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK PBNOFKB, ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> KLNJ>IAB BPHFIFAFN; BPHFOFVIBjPFNJBH F_FK bVBI ?FN ABNIBUF@F RBU> DBIFjPFNJB LNP>Jg >U>Ng DBNBHFN. !QKQK F_FK ENE ABNIBUF@FOFKAB SFMFBTF OB_BKBeF HQII>KgIgN: ENE EFOFNF.E -X -SFMFBTF /NLDN>J L OB_BKBHIB ABNIBKAFeFKAB JO , PVU , RB JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>Ng MNLDN>J> A>EFI BAFIJBVIBN.

44.4

JO 0:=NB ;B FOGPSDF ;B
BTTFSU RB FOGPSDF ?bIcJcKAB H>NjgI>jPgegJgV BTTFSU FIB FOGPSDF >N>OgKA>HF H>N>N Dc_Icec JO ?ILHI>Ng FIB FOGPSDF() >N>OgKA> A> R>NAgN. JO ?ILeQKA>HF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKFK JF ULHO> FjIBR P>KgJg F_FKABHF FOGPSDF ABKBPFJIBNFKFK JF A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQK> H>N>N RBNJBH ?>VBK Dc_ LI>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV DF?F, ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> ?cPcKcUIB BPHFOFVIBjPFNFIB?FIFN. !QKA>K A> >KI>jgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> A> BTTFSU RB VOJUUFTU DF?F BCA9C3?5V :3E3>3CV@3 H>Njg HLNQJ> DBPFNBK ?FN LI>K>HPgN. !Q UcVABK FjIBRIBNFK DFNFj HLjQIQ ABKBPFJIBNFKFK E>KDF UbKPBJIB O>eI>K>@>egKgK H>N>Ng A> UFKB BTTFSU ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV J>AABIBNIB RBNFIB?FIFN:

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x $eBN ABKBPFJ MNLDN>JgK HBKAFOF FIB FIDFIF FOB, U>KF MNLDN>J@gKgK LI>Og E>P>I>NgK> H>Njg HLNQJ> DBPFNFULNO> JO ?ILHI>NgKA>HF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN. [NKBeFK, FjIBR U>IKgV@> MNLDN>JgK HBKAF FjIBJIBNF F_FK _>egNAgeg ?FN U>NAgJ@g FjIBROB, L FjIBRFK DFNFj HLjQII>NgKg O>eI>J>H ?cPcKcUIB MNLDN>Jg U>V>K MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQKA> ABJBHPFN. . UcVABK ?bUIB ?FN FjIBRFK DFNFj HLjQII>NgKgK ABKBPFJF JO ?ILHI>NgKA> U>MgIJ>IgAgN. x 'BNE>KDF ?FN FjIBJ ?>jH> ?>Vg HLjQII>N O>eI>KJ>Ageg F_FK DBN_BHIBjPFNFIBJFULNO> FOGPSDF FIB E>P> >PgIJ>IgAgN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK ?FN AFIFJFK BK LNP>OgKg UFKB ?FN AFIFJ LI>N>H AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ. !Q FjIBR ?FN HcPcME>KBUB >FP LIOQK; U>KF, ?BIFNIF ?FN JLAcIcK bVBI ?FN U>NAgJ@g FjIBRF ABeFI, ?FN HcPcME>KBKFK >N>UcVcKcK ?FN M>N_>Og LIOQK. *QII>Kg@gI>N ?bUIB ?FN FjIBRF ALeNQ RBU> U>KIgj EBN PcNIc M>N>JBPNB ABeBNFUIB _>egN>?FIB@BHIBNF F_FK ?Q FjIBRFK DFNFj HLjQII>NgKgK EBN V>J>K F_FK ABKBPIBKJBOF DBNBHB@BHPFN. . UcVABK >j>egA>HF FjIBRAB JO ?ILeQKA>HF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKABK ABeFI, FjIBRFK P>KgJgKA>HF ?FN FOGPSDF 'P>K U>N>NI>KgIJ>HP>AgN. 7LHO> JO ?ILeQ HQII>KgIJgj LIO>, ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> BPHFOFVIBjPFNFIAFeFKAB ?bUIB ?FN ABKBPFJFK LNP>A>K H>IHJ>Og DcRBKOFV LIQNAQ. JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; JOPVU(JOU)<> PSUBEBLJMFS(JOPVU(JOU)<> BTjM%JMJN, TJ[F@U V[VOMVL) PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.MFOHUI == V[VOMVL); ^ CPEZ \ FOGPSDF(BTjM%JMJN.MFOHUI >= V[VOMVL); JNNVUBCMF CBl = (BTjM%JMJN.MFOHUI - V[VOMVL) / 2; JNNVUBCMF TPO = CBl + V[VOMVL; ^ SFUVSO BTjM%JMJN<CBl .. TPO>;

VOJUUFTU \ BVUP EJMJN = <1, 2, 3, 4, 5>; BTTFSU(PSUBEBLJMFS(EJMJN, 3) == <2, 3, 4>); BTTFSU(PSUBEBLJMFS(EJMJN, 2) == <2, 3>); BTTFSU(PSUBEBLJMFS(EJMJN, 5) == EJMJN);

WPJE NBJO() \^ PVU ?ILHI>Ng FIB FIDFIF ?QK> ?BKVBN ?FN H>N>N Dc_Icec ULHPQN. 'BN FjIBR AbKAcNAcec ABeBNABK HBKAFOF OLNQJIQ LIAQeQKA>K RB ?FN >KI>JA> AbKcj ABeBNF MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQKA> LIAQeQKA>K _gHgj ABKBPFJIBNF EBN V>J>K F_FK PVU ?ILHI>NgK> U>VgIJ>IgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR ?QK> QUDQK LI>N>H PVU ?ILeQKA>K U>N>NI>KgULN. x JO ?ILHI>Ng RB FOGPSDF >N>OgKA> H>N>N RBNFNHBK ?>jH> ?FN HgOP>O, H>NjgI>jgI>K AQNQJQK DFABNFIB?FIBK ?FN E>P> _BjFAF LIQM LIJ>AgegAgN. $eBN DFABNFIB?FIBK ?FN AQNQJO> E>P> >PJ>H QUDQK LI>?FIFN. !bUIB@B A>E> cOP AcVBUABHF ?FN FjIBR >PgI>K ?Q E>P>Ug U>H>I>U>?FIFN RB E>P>KgK PcNcKB DbNB C>NHIg A>RN>K>?FIFN.

44.5

&?=0:3;
x fHF CQP?LI P>HgJgKgK MQ>KI>NgKg ?FN J>_gK OLKQ@QK> DbNB >NPPgN>K ?FN FjIBR U>VgK.

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!Q FjIBRFK FIH FHF M>N>JBPNBOF ?FNFK@F RB FHFK@F P>HgJgK >PPgHI>Ng DLIIBN LIOQK. 1LK FHF M>N>JBPNBOF AB ?Q P>HgJI>NgK J>_P>K bK@BHF MQ>KI>Ng LIOQK. !Q FjIBR DLIIBNF AFHH>PB >I>N>H ?FNFK@F RB FHFK@F P>HgJgK MQ>KI>NgKg AcVBKIBOFK: C>VI> DLI >P>K P>N>C c_ MQ>K H>V>KOgV, DLIIBN BjFPOB FHF P>HgJ A> ?FNBN MQ>K H>V>KOgKI>N. $H LI>N>H, FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNF AB H>V>K>K P>N>Cg ?BIFNPOFK: ?FNFK@F H>V>KJgjO> 1, FHFK@F H>V>KJgjO> 2, ?BN>?BNB H>IJgjI>NO> 0. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JI> ?>jI>UgK RB FjIBRFK AbNP ?ILeQKQ QUDQK jBHFIAB ALIAQNQK. !BKFJ NBJO F_FKB U>VAgegJ BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKF OFIJBUFK. .KI>N ?BKFJ ?Q FjIBRFK _>IgjJ>Og HLKQOQKA>HF ?BHIBKPFIBNFJF ?BIDBIFULNI>N. JOU QVBO&LMF(JO JOU HPMMFS1, JO JOU HPMMFS2, SFG JOU QVBO1, SFG JOU QVBO2) JO \ // ... ^ PVU (TPOVd) \ // ... ^ CPEZ \ JOU LB[BOBO; // ... ^ SFUVSO LB[BOBO;

VOJUUFTU \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CJSJODJOJO1VBOj = 10; JOU JLJODJOJO1VBOj = 7; JOU LB[BOBO5BSBG; LB[BOBO5BSBG = QVBO&LMF(3, 1, CJSJODJOJO1VBOj, JLJODJOJO1VBOj); BTTFSU(CJSJODJOJO1VBOj == 13); BTTFSU(JLJODJOJO1VBOj == 7); BTTFSU(LB[BOBO5BSBG == 1); LB[BOBO5BSBG = QVBO&LMF(2, 2, CJSJODJOJO1VBOj, JLJODJOJO1VBOj); BTTFSU(CJSJODJOJO1VBOj == 14); BTTFSU(JLJODJOJO1VBOj == 8); BTTFSU(LB[BOBO5BSBG == 0);

%AE: BFC363 SQ 67T7C>; 4;C /8>7 ESCS 6R@6SC?7= 63:3 FJ9F@ A>34;>;C: FOVN .Bd4POVDV \ CJSJODJ,B[BOEj, JLJODJ,B[BOEj, CFSBCFSF ^ .Bd4POVDV QVBO&LMF(JO JOU HPMMFS1, JO JOU HPMMFS2, SFG JOU QVBO1,

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// ...

SFG JOU QVBO2)

#bKcj ABeBNF 0, 1, RB 2 ABeBNIBNFUIB PVU ?ILeQKA> H>NjgI>jPgNgI>?FIOFK AFUB ?BK ?Q MNL?IBJAB JOU PcNcKc OB_PFJ. ... QRKS?

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45

,/R/; (M?3K:3?7 C3 )3;3: OR:3;:3?

ZLH U>HgKA> U>Mg RB OgKgCI>Ng >KI>PJ>U> ?>jI>U>@>egJ. 7>MgI>NgK HQII>Kg@g PcNIBNFKFK PBJBIF LIAQHI>NgKg DbNB@BeFV. .KI>N O>UBOFKAB PBJBI PcNIBNF RB ?>jH> U>MgI>Ng ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH UBKF PcNIBN LIQjPQN>?FIB@BeFV. #>E> OLKN> #'KFK KBOKBUB A>U>Ig MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>NgKgK PBJBIFKF LIQjPQN>K OgKgCI>Ng P>KgU>@>egV. 1gKgCI>N ?>jH> PcNIBNF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNJBKFK U>KgKA> L PcNIBNIB FIDFIF bVBI FjIBJIBNF AB ?BIFNIBJBJFVF O>eI>U>@>HI>N. . HLKQI>N> DB_JBABK bK@B jFJAFUB H>A>N EF_ cVBNFKAB AQNJ>A>K HQII>KAgegJgV ?>Vg PBJBI H>RN>JI>Ng RB PBJBI FjIBJIBNF >_gHI>J>J DBNBHFULN. !Q H>RN>JI>N FIBNFAB U>Mg RB OgKgC P>O>NgJI>Ng OgN>OgKA> U>N>NIg LI>@>H. iFJAFUB H>A>N H>RN>JI>Ng PBJOFI BABK RBNF U>MgI>NgK> 67T;X=7@ >AgKg RBNAFH. !FN H>_ KLHP>A> A> U>Mg RB OgKgC PcNcKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNB bVBI LI>N>H @7D@7 ABAFH. !BK ?Q ABNOPB ?QKI>NgK EBMOFKB ?FNABK DBKBI LI>N>H 67T;X=7@ AFUB@BeFJ. 'BNE>KDF ?FN PcNABK LI>K EBNE>KDF ?FN RBNF U>MgOg BK >VgKA>K ?Q ABNO H>MO>JgKA> 67T;X=7@ >AgKg >I>@>H. !Q ABNOPB U>IKgV@> jFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV PBJBI PcNIBNF, AFVFIBNF, RB BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKg HQII>K>@>egJ; OFV ?Q H>RN>JI>NgK ?cPcK PcNIBN F_FK DB_BNIF LIAQHI>NgKg >HIgKgVA> PQPQK.

45.1

D3N7R93<:3?7< E/R/; @M?3K:3?7

!FN ABeFjHBKFK P>KgJI>KJ>Og FIB ?>jI>U>K RB 97Q7C>;>;T;@;@ 4;E?7D;@7 H>A>N DB_BK OcNBUB L ABeFjHBKFK J3X3? DSC75; ABKFN. &B_BNIFIFeFK ?FPJBOF H>RN>JgKg FOFJ >I>Kg ABNOFKAB 67T;X=7@;@ E3@V?>3@6VTV =3BD3?63@ QV=V>?3DV LI>N>H P>KgJI>JgjPgJ. . HLKQUQ E>PgNI>J>H F_FK jQ bNKBeB ?>H>IgJ: WPJE Ij[%FOFNFTJ() \ JOU Ij[; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 10) \ Ij[ = 100 + J; // ... ^ ^ // n ZBlBNj CVSBEB TPOMBOjS

// UFL EFhJlLFO ... // ... 10 GBSLMj EFhFS BMjS

. HLAA>HF Ik[ ABeFjHBKFKFK U>j>J OcNB@F Ik[%FOFNFTJ FjIBRFKABK _gHgIAgegKA> OLK> BNBN. .N>A> 100 FIB 109 >N>OgKA> 10 ABeFjFH ABeBN >I>K PBH ABeFjHBK R>NAgN. j>egA>HF HLAA> FOB AQNQJ U>j>J OcNB_IBNF >_gOgKA>K _LH C>NHIgAgN: WPJE Ij[%FOFNFTJ() \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 10) \ JOU Ij[ = 100 + J; // 10 GBSLMj EFhJlLFO WBSEjS // ... ^ // n ZBlBNMBSj CVSBEB TPOMBOjS ^ . HLAA> EBN ?FNFOF PBH ABeBN >I>K 10 C>NHIg ABeFjHBK R>NAgN: AbKDcKcK EBN PBHN>NgKA> Ik[ FOJFKAB UBKF ?FN ABeFjHBK U>j>J>U> ?>jI>N; U>j>Jg, AbKDcKcK H>M>J> M>N>KPBVFKAB OLK> BNBN.

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45.2

&/?/;3A?3:3?7< E/R/; @M?3K:3?7

fjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNFKB ?FN AB U>j>J OcNB_IBNF >_gOgKA>K ?>H>IgJ: SFG : />N>JBPNB >OIgKA> FjIBR _>eNgIAgegKA> HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKFK P>HJ> FOJFAFN. />N>JBPNBKFK >OgI ABeFjHBKFK U>j>J OcNB@F cVBNFKAB BPHFOF ULHPQN. JO : D7T7C ESCS@67=; ?FN M>N>JBPNBKFK U>j>Jg FjIBRB DFNFIAFeF >K ?>jI>N RB FjIBRABK _gHgIAgeg >K OLK> BNBN. (787C3@D ESCS@67=; ?FN M>N>JBPNBKFK U>j>Jg FOB SFG 'PB LIAQeQ DF?FAFN. (#BeBN PcNc FIB NBCBN>KO PcNc >UNgJgKg ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.) PVU : />N>JBPNB >OIgKA> FjIBR _>eNgIAgegKA> HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKFK P>HJ> FOJFAFN. SFG 'PBK C>NHIg LI>N>H, FjIBRB DFNFIAFeFKAB >OgI ABeFjHBKB bK@B LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H PcNcKcK .JOJU ABeBNF >P>KgN. !Q ABeBN A>E> OLKN> FjIBR F_FKAB ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFN. MB[Z : />N>JBPNB PBJ?BI LI>N>H FjIBPFIAFeFKABK U>j>Jg HQII>KgIAgeg >K ?>jI>N RB L >K OLK> BNBN. !Q AbNP M>N>JBPNB PcNcKc HQII>K>K RB U>j>J OcNB_IBNFKF >_gHI>U>K ?FN bNKBH jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: WPJE NBJO() \ JOU NBJO@JO; JOU NBJO@SFG; JOU NBJO@PVU;

// EFhFSJ JlMFWF LPQZBMBOjS // JlMFWF LFOEJTJ PMBSBL WF LFOEJ // EFhFSJZMF HeOEFSJMJS // JlMFWF LFOEJTJ PMBSBL HeOEFSJMJS; // JlMFWF HJSJMEJhJ BO EFhFSJ TjGjSMBOjS

JlMFW(NBJO@JO, NBJO@SFG, NBJO@PVU, CJS)FTBQ());

WPJE JlMFW( JO JOU Q@JO,

// ZBlBNj NBJO@JO'JO LPQZBTj PMBSBL // JlMFWF HJSJMJSLFO CBlMBS WF JlMFWEFO // djLjMjSLFO TPOMBOjS // NBJO@SFG'JO UBLNB JTNJEJS // NBJO@PVU'VO UBLNB JTNJEJS; SFG'UFO // GBSLMj PMBSBL, JlMFWF HJSJMEJhJOEF // EFhFSJ eODF JOU.JOJU PMBSBL BUBOjS // // // // // ZBlBNj JlMFW JdJOEF LVMMBOjMEjhj BO CBlMBS WF FhFS LVMMBOjNj CJUNJlTF IFNFO P BO TPOMBOjS; EFhFSJ JdJO, IFS LVMMBOjMEjhj BO 'CJS)FTBQ' JlMFWJ dBhSjMjS

SFG JOU Q@SFG, PVU JOU Q@PVU,

MB[Z JOU Q@MB[Z)

\ ^

// ...

JOU CJS)FTBQ() \ JOU TPOVd; // ... SFUVSO TPOVd; ^

45.3

)3;3: 7R:3;:3?
'>KDF PcNABK LIQNO> LIOQK, ?FN ABeFjHBKFK U>j>Jg ?LUQK@> BPHFIF LI>K c_ PBJBI FjIBJ R>NAgN: x K740$: 7>j>JgK ?>jI>KDg@g.

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x S21/$1'B40$: 7>j>JgK OLKQ. x A6$0$: #BeBNFK ABeFjJBOF. #BeFjHBKIBNFK U>j>J OcNB_IBNF HQNJ> FjIBJFUIB ?>jI>N RB OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJFUIB OLK> BNBN. !Q OcNB_ ?LUQK@> ABeFjHBKB UBKF ABeBNIBN >P>K>?FIFN.
45.3.1

"B?;/
'BN ABeFjHBK, HQII>KgIJ>A>K bK@B HQNQIJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. !QN>A> "HQNJ>" ObV@cecKc "E>VgNI>J>H, FKj> BPJBH" >KI>JI>NgKA> HQII>KgULNQJ. *QNJ> FHF >IP >AgJA>K LIQjQN: 1. "(4 $:4B/0$5B: #BeFjHBKFK U>j>U>@>eg UBN ?BIFNIBKFN. 2. A/. '(@(4,1,1 8(4,/0(5,: . >ANBOB FIH ABeBNF UBNIBjPFNFIFN. 'BN ABeFjHBK ?FIDFO>U>NgK ?BIIBeFKAB HBKAFOFKB >UNgI>K ?FN UBNAB U>j>N. #BNIBUF@FKFK FOPBAFeFJFV FjIBNF U>MPgNJ>H F_FK JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK >KI>Ageg AFIAB HLAI>N cNBPPFeFKF ?FIFULNOQKQV. #BNIBUF@FKFK cNBPPFeF HLAI>NgK ?FN ?bIcJcKcK DbNBRF, P>KgJI>K>K ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK ?BIIBHPBK UBN >UgNJ>HPgN. [NKBeFK, EgVg PBJOFI BABK jbUIB ?FN ABeFjHBK LIOQK: JOU Ij[ = 123; . ABeFjHBK ?BIIBHPB ?FN JOU 'FK ?cUcHIcec H>A>N UBN PQP>N. !BIIBeF OLIA>K O>e> ALeNQ ?FN jBNFP E>IFKAB ABR>J BAFULNJQj DF?F DbOPBNFNOBH, L ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB jQ jBHFIAB U>j>AgegKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV: --+-----+-----+-----+-] ] 123 ] ] --+-----+-----+-----+-'BN ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB ?QIQKAQeQ UBNB L ABeFjHBKFK 36C7D; ABKFN. !FN >KI>JA> L ABeFjHBK L >ANBOPB U>j>J>HP>AgN. /NLDN>JA> ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF ABeFjPFNAFeFJFVAB, ABeFjHBKFK UBKF ABeBNF >UKg UBNB UBNIBjPFNFIFN: ++Ij[; UKg >ANBOPBHF ABeBN ?FN >NP>N: --+-----+-----+-----+-] ] 124 ] ] --+-----+-----+-----+-*QNJ>, ABeFjHBKFK U>j>Jg ?>jI>Ageg >KA> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN _cKHc ABeFjHBKF HQII>KgJ> E>VgNI>U>K FjIBJIBNF F_BNFN. #BeFjHBKFK EBNE>KDF ?FN ?F_FJAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK HQNQIJQj LIJ>Og bKBJIFAFN. #BeFjHBKIBN c_ C>NHIg jBHFIAB HQNQI>?FIFNIBN: x !$45$:B/$1 C(.,/'(: /NLDN>J@g ABeBN ?BIFNPJBJFjOB x K23:$/$1$4$.: !>jH> ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFUIB x B(/,4/, %,4 '(@(4/(: /NLDN>J@gKgK ?BIFNIBAFeF ABeBNIB 'F_?FN ABeBN HQII>KgIJ>A>K HQNQIAQeQKA> ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF L PcNcK G3CD3JV>3@ ABeBNFAFN. 4>NO>UgI>K ABeBN, EBN PcNcK .JOJU KFPBIFeFAFN: JOU Ij[;

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. AQNQJA> Ik[ 'gK ABeBNF JOU.JOJU 'PFN (U>KF 0). 4>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIB HQNQIJQj LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKFK MNLDN>JA> OLKN>A>K ?>jH> ABeBNIBN >I>@>egKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV. 'JMF EPTZB; #LOU>I>N ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV TUE.TUEJP.'JMF PcNcKABK LI>K UQH>NgA>HF EPTZB KBOKBOF ALOU> OFOPBJFKFK EF_?FN ALOU>OgK> ?>eIg LIJ>U>K ?FN 'JMF U>MgOg KBOKBOFAFN. .KQK ALOU> OFOPBJFKFK E>KDF ALOU>OgK> BNFjJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>@>egKgK A>E> OLKN>A>K ?BIFNIBKB@BeFKF AcjcKB?FIFNFV; R>NO>UgI>K jBHFIAB HQNQIJQj LIAQeQ F_FK EBKcV HQII>KgI>J>V. #BeFjHBK ?>VBK ?>jH> ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF =ABJ3>3@3C3= HQNQIQN: JOU Ij[ = CBlLB)j[; . AQNQJA> Ik[ 'gK ABeBNF CBmLB)k[ 'gK ABeBNFKABK HLMU>I>KgN RB Ik[ U>j>JgK> L ABeBNIB ?>jI>N. 1gKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKAB FOB AQNQJ C>NHIgAgN: BVUP TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = CBlLB4jOjG%FhJlLFOJ; TkOkG%FiJmLFOJ AB U>j>JgK> CBmLB4kOkG%FiJmLFOJ 'KFK HLMU>Og LI>N>H ?>jI>N. N>I>NgKA>HF bKBJIF >UNgJ, Ik[ FIB CBmLB)k[ 'gK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK C>NHIg FHF ABeBN LIJ>I>NgK> H>NjgK TkOkG%FiJmLFOJ FIB CBmLB4kOkG%FiJmLFOJ 'KFK >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>I>NgAgN. !Q _LH bKBJIF >UNgJ 67T7C ESC>7C; FIB C787C3@D ESC>7C; >N>OgKA>HF C>NHP>K FIBNF DBIFN. !Q HLKQUQ ?FN OLKN>HF ABNOPB >KI>P>@>egJ. 1LK LI>N>H, ABeFjHBKIBN ?BIFNIF ABeBNIBNIB RBU> bVBI jBHFIIBNAB HQNQI>?FIFNIBN: JOU Ij[ = CJS)FTBCjO4POVDV(); 7QH>NgA>HF Ik[ 'gK FIH ABeBNF MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA>HF ?FN EBO>?gK ABeBNF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJBHPBAFN. BVUP TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = OFX #JS4jOjG; 7QH>NgA>HF TkOkG%FiJmLFOJ , U>j>JgK> OFX FIB HQNQI>K KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>@>H jBHFIAB ?>jI>J>HP>AgN.
45.3.2

(=<:/<2P?;/
#BeFjHBKFK U>j>JgKgK OLK> BNJBOF OgN>OgKA> U>MgI>K FjIBJIBNB OLKI>KAgNJ> ABKFN. *QNJ> DF?F OLKI>KAgNJ> A> FHF >AgJA>K LIQjQN: 1. S21 ,C/(0/(4: #BeFjHBKFK U>MJ>Og DBNBHBK OLK FjIBJIBN FjIBPFIFN 2. B(//(@,1 *(4, 8(4,/0(5,: #BeFjHBKFK U>j>Ageg UBN DBNF RBNFIFN 2BJBI PcNIBNFK _LeQKA> OLKI>KAgNJ> OgN>OgKA> bVBI FjIBJIBN DBNBHJBV. [NKBeFK JOU PcNcKABK ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB U>j>J>HP> LIAQeQ UBNB OgCgN DF?F bVBI ?FN ABeBN >P>KJ>V. /NLDN>J L >ANBOFK >NPgH ?Lj LIAQeQKQK EBO>?gKg PQP>N RB LN>Ug A>E> OLKN> ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK HQII>KgN. [PB U>KA>K, ?>Vg PcNIBNABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK U>j>JI>NgKgK OLKI>KJ>Og OgN>OgKA> bVBI FjIBJIBN DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN 'JMF KBOKBOF, BeBN R>NO>, >N> ?BIIBeFKAB PQPJ>HP> LIAQeQ H>N>HPBNIBNF AFOHB U>VJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. $H LI>N>H, ALOU>UI> FjFKFK ?FPPFeFKF ALOU> OFOPBJFKB ?FIAFNJBH F_FK AB ALOU>Ug H>M>PJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. !Q FjIBJIBN 'JMF 'gK OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNFAFN.

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#FVFIBNAB AQNQJ ?FN>V A>E> cOP AcVBUABAFN: L AFVFKFK BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP> LIAQeQ ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>N A> OLKI>KgNI>N. $eBN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>Ng PBJBI PcNIBNABKOB bVBI ?FN OLKI>KJ> FjIBJF DBNBHJBV. J> BeBN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>Ng OLKI>KJ> DBNBHPFNBK ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC PcNcKABKOB, L PcNcK OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF EBN BIBJ>K F_FK QUDQI>KgN. 1LKI>KAgNJ> BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> A> AFVFIBNABHF DF?FAFN. $H LI>N>H, BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK O>EFM LIAQeQ FKABHO ABeFjHBKIBNF AB OLKI>KAgNgIgNI>N. $eBN FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC PcNc HQII>KgIJgjO>, EBN FKABHO KBOKBOF F_FK L PcNcK DBNBHPFNAFeF OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF QUDQI>KgN. <>3 623/$:B&B: # QRB EAB>3JV5V>V ?FN AFIAFN. !Q PcN AFIIBNAB OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K >_gH_> U>MgIJ>H VLNQKA> ABeFIAFN. 7>j>Jg OLK> BNBK ?FN ABeFjHBKFK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>Og LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _bM PLMI>Ug@g ABKBK AcVBKBH P>N>CgKA>K E>IIBAFIFN. ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK >UNgKPgI>NgKg FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. #BeFjHBKIBN FHF jBHFIAB OLKI>KAgNgI>?FIFNIBN: x H(0(1: 1LKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF EBJBK FjIBPFIFN x S214$: ZbM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K FIBNFABHF ?FN V>J>KA> !FN ABeFjHBKFK ?QKI>NA>K E>KDF jBHFIAB OLKI>KAgNgI>@>eg bK@BIFHIB HBKAF PcNcKB ?>eIgAgN. 2BJBI PcNIBNFK EBJBK OLKI>KAgNgIAgHI>NgKg AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV _cKHc V>PBK OLKI>KAgNJ> F_FK bVBI FjIBJIBNF ULHPQN. !>Vg PcNIBNFK ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK OLK FjIBJIBNF FOB _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN V>J>KA> FjIBPFIB?FIFN.
45.3.3

AA/;/
!FN ABeFjHBKFK U>j>Jg ?LUQK@> H>NjgI>jPgeg AFeBN bKBJIF FjIBJ >P>J>AgN. 2BJBI PcNIBNAB >P>J> FjIBJF U>IKgV@> ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKFK ABeFjPFNFIJBOF LI>N>H DbNcIB?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF ?BIIBH DbOPBNFJFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ABeFjHBK bNKBeFK 123 LI>K ?FN ABeBN UBNFKB >NPgH 124 ABeBNFKB O>EFM LI>?FIFN. #>E> DBKBI LI>N>H >OIgKA> >P>J> FjIBJF AB FHF >AgJA>K LIQjQN: 1. E5., '(@(4,1 521/$1'B4B/0$5B: $eBN R>NO>, OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF U> EBJBK U> A> _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K A>E> OLKN> FjIBPFIFN 2. "(1, '(@(4,1 8(4,/0(5,: $OHF ABeBNFK UBNFKB UBKF ABeBN >P>KgN !Q FHF >AgJ OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF ?QIQKJ>Ageg F_FK PBJBI PcNIBNAB bKBJIF ABeFIAFN. J> OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF ?QIQK>K PcNIBNAB >P>J>KgK ?bUIB FHF >AgJA>K LIQjPQeQKQ >HgIA> PQPJ>HP> U>N>N R>NAgN: >P>J> >OIgKA> ?FN OLKI>KAgNJ> RB ?FN UBKF ABeBN RBNJB FjIBJFAFN.

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46

D3N3?:3? C3 '343?/<@:/?
7>HgKA> ?>jI>U>@>egJgV U>MgI>N> RB OgKgCI>N> DB_JBABK bK@B 67T7C ESC>7C; RB C787C3@D ESC>7C; H>RN>JI>NgKg >KI>J>H DBNBHFULN. !Q ?FIDFIBNF ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPBHF KBOKB U>j>J OcNB_IBNF HLKQOQUI> ?>eA>jPgNgK@> U>Mg RB OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKF >KI>J>H A>E> HLI>U LI>@>H. !Q ABNOPB >UNg@> ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKF ?FIAFNBK & FjIB@FKF AB P>KgP>@>egJ. $K OLKA> A> jQ FHF bKBJIF H>RN>Jg DbOPBNBK ?FN P>?IL RBNB@BeFJ: x ABeBN H>NjgI>jPgNJ>Og x >ANBO H>NjgI>jPgNJ>Og

46.1

D3N3? AM?M
!QKQK P>KgJg OLK ABNB@B ?>OFPPFN: #BeFjHBKIBNF ABeBN P>jgU>K PcNIBNB ABeBN PcNc ABKFN. [NKBeFK ?cPcK P>JO>Ug RB HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNF ABeBN PcNIBNFAFN _cKHc ?Q PcNIBNABK LI>K EBN ABeFjHBKFK HBKAF ABeBNF R>NAgN. /BH >_gH LIJ>O> A> O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBN AB ABeBN PcNIBNFAFN. [NKBeFK, JOU PcNcKABK LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBK ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBN P>jgN: JOU Ij[ = 123; !BIIBeF bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNAcecJcV DF?F ?FN jBNFP LI>N>H E>U>I BABNOBH, ?Q ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB jQ jBHFIAB U>j>AgegKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV: Ij[ ---+-----+--] 123 ] ---+-----+--#BeBN PcNIBNFKFK ABeFjHBKIBNF HLMU>I>KAgHI>NgKA> HBKAF bVBI ABeBNIBNFKF BAFKFNIBN: JOU ZFOJ)j[ = Ij[; 7BKF ABeFjHBKB ?BIIBHPB HBKAFOFKB >FP ?FN UBN >UNgIgN RB ZFOJ)k[ 'gK A> HBKAF ABeBNF LIQN: Ij[ ---+-----+--] 123 ] ---+-----+--ZFOJ)j[ ---+-----+--] 123 ] ---+-----+---

#Le>I LI>N>H, >NPgH ?Q ABeFjHBKIBNAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFHIBN ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgVAgN: Ij[ = 200; #FeBN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF ABeFjJBV: Ij[ ---+-----+--] 200 ] ---+-----+--ZFOJ)j[ ---+-----+--] 123 ] ---+-----+---

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46.1.1

BTTFSU 6/AP?:/A;/@P
!Q ABNOPB H>RN>JI>NgK ALeNQIQHI>NgKg DbOPBNJBH F_FK >OOBNP ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>@>egJ. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNAB HQII>KAgegJ BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKF "?Q ALeNQAQN" ABJFjFJ DF?F H>?QI BAFK. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF BTTFSU(Ik[ == ZFOJ)k[) FC>ABOF, "EgV, UBKF'gV'> BjFPPFN" >KI>JgK> DBIFULN.

46.1.2

D3N3? 97;:7N7
7QH>NgA>HF DbOPBNFJIBNABK AB >KI>jgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, ABeFjHBKIBNFK BjFPIFHIBNF FHF >KI>JA> BIB >IgK>?FIFN: x D(@(4 (C,6/,@,: iFJAFUB H>A>N ?FN _LH bNKBHPB HQII>KAgegJgV == FjIB@F, ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF H>NjgI>jPgNgN. !FN?FNIBNFKABK C>NHIg LI>K FHF ABeFjHBKFK ?Q >_gA>K 7X;E A>?3>3CV, LKI>NgK ABeBNIBNFKFK BjFP LIJ>I>Ng >KI>JgK> DBIFN. x D(@(4 .,0/,@,: *BKAF ABeBNIBNFKB O>EFM LIJ>I>Ng >_gOgKA>K ?>HgIAgegKA>, Ik[ RB ZFOJ)k[ 'gK >UNg HFJIFHIBNF R>NAgN. #BeBNIBNF BjFP LIO>I>N ?FIB, ?FNFOFKAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH AFeBNFKF BPHFIBJBV. JOU Ij[ = 123; JOU ZFOJ)j[ = Ij[; BTTFSU(Ij[ == ZFOJ)j[); Ij[ = 200; BTTFSU(Ij[ != ZFOJ)j[);

46.1.3

A2?3@ /:;/ 7R:317 &

#>E> bK@B SFBEG HQII>KgJgKA> DbNAcecJcV DF?F, ?Q FjIB_ ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKF AbKAcNcN. .HQAQeQ ?FIDFUF E>KDF ABeFjHBKB U>V>@>egKg SFBEG 'B L ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKF RBNBNBH ?FIAFNFULNAQH. #BeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKF ?>jH> >J>_I>N F_FK AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H FHF C>NHIg ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKF U>VAgN>K ?FN HLA jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JOU Ij[ = 123; JOU ZFOJ)j[ = Ij[; XSJUFMO("Ij[ : ", Ij[, " BESFTJ: ", &Ij[); XSJUFMO("ZFOJ)j[: ", ZFOJ)j[, " BESFTJ: ", &ZFOJ)j[); Ik[ RB ZFOJ)k[ ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNF >UKgAgN, >J> UQH>NgA> A> DbOPBNFIAFeF DF?F ?Q ABeBNIBN ?BIIBeFK C>NHIg >ANBOIBNFKAB ?QIQKJ>HP>AgNI>N: Ik[ : 123 BESFTJ: #'9"78'0 ZFOJ)k[: 123 BESFTJ: #'9"78'4 %AE: 'CA9C3?V :7C Q3>VXEVC6VTV@VK63 83C=>V 36C7D>7C 9RC?7@;K @AC?3>6;C. BF 67T;X=7@>7C ;X>7E;? D;DE7?;@67@ 3>V@3@ 47>>7T;@ 4AX J7C>7C;@7 J7C>7XE;C;>;C>7C. #BeFjHBK >ANBOIBNF KLNJ>IAB LK>IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB U>VAgNgIgN. UNg@>, >ANBOIBNFK JOU 'FK QVQKIQeQ LI>K 4 H>A>N C>NHIg LIJ>I>NgK> ?>H>N>H L ABeFjHBKIBNFK ?BIIBHPB U>K U>K> AQNAQHI>NgKg A> >KI>U>?FIFNFV.

46.2

'343?/<@ 23N7R93<:3?7
(787C3@D ESC>7C;@; >KI>PJ>U> DB_JBABK bK@B NBCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNFKF P>KgPJ>J DBNBHFULN.

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0BCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNF, ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNFK P>HJ> FOFJIBNF DF?F HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKIBNAFN. 'BN KB H>A>N HBKAFIBNF ABeFjHBK DF?F LIO>I>N A>, HBKAF bVBI ABeBNIBNF ULHPQN. !bUIB ?FN ABeFjHBKAB U>MgI>K ?FN ABeFjFHIFH >OgI ABeFjHBKF BPHFIBN. 0BCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNFKF >OIgKA> jFJAFUB H>A>N FHF HLKQA> DbNJcj >J> cVBNFKAB C>VI> AQNJ>JgjPgH: x GPSFBDI '>1*?5?1'( SFG ,/(: !FN DNQM BIBJ>K> GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKAB OgN>UI> BNFjFIFNHBK SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cec HQII>KgIAgegKA>; BIBJ>K, AFVF BIBJ>KgKgK =7@6;D; >KI>JgK> DBIFULNAQ. *QII>KgIJ>AgegKA> FOB AFVF BIBJ>KgKgK =ABJ3DV LIQULNAQ. !QKQ, & FjIB@F FIB AB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV. ANBOIBNF >UKg FOB, FHF C>NHIg ABeFjHBK >OIgKA> ?BIIBeFK >UKg UBNFKABHF ?FN ABeBNB BNFjFJ O>eIgULNI>N ABJBHPFN: JOU<> EJMJN = < 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 >; GPSFBDI (J, SFG FMFNBO; EJMJN) \ BTTFSU(&FMFNBO == &EJMJN<J>); ^ 'BN KB H>A>N C>NHIg FHF ABeFjHBK LIO>I>N A>, & FjIB@F FIB >IgK>K >ANBOIBNFKFK BjFP LIJ>I>Ng, AbKDcKcK EBN PBHN>NgKA> P>KgJI>K>K FMFNBO RB EJMJN<J> 'KFK ABeBN HFJIFeF >_gOgKA>K >OIgKA> >UKg LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFN. !FN ?>jH> ABUFjIB, FMFNBO , EJMJN<J> 'KFK P>HJ> FOJFAFN. #>E> ?>jH> ?FN ABUFjIB, FMFNBO FIB EJMJN<J> >UKg ABeBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. !FNFOFKAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH, >OgI ABeBNF BPHFIBN. FMFNBO P>HJ> FOJF, OgN>UI> >OgI AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgKgK P>HJ> FOJF E>IFKB DBIFN. !Q AQNQJQ AbKDcKcK J 'KFK bNKBeFK 3 LIAQeQ PBHN>Ng F_FK jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: EJMJN<0> EJMJN<1> EJMJN<2> EJMJN<3> EJMJN<4> t t t (FMFNBO) --+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+-] 0 ] 1 ] 2 ] 3 ] 4 ] --+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+-x SFG 8( PVU ,C/(8 3$4$0(64(/(4,1'(: fjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF SFG RBU> PVU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgHI>NgKA> FjIBRB DbKABNFIBK >OgI ABeFjHBKFK P>HJ> FOJF DF?F FjIBJ DbNcNIBN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK ?bUIB FHF M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?FN FjIBRFK FHF M>N>JBPNBOFKB AB >UKg ABeFjHBKF DbKABNBIFJ. UKg ABeBN HFJIFeFKB O>EFM LIAQHI>NgKg UFKB & FjIB@F FIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU BTjM%FhJlLFO; XSJUFMO("BTjM%FhJlLFO'JO BESFTJ : ", &BTjM%FhJlLFO); JlMFW(BTjM%FhJlLFO, BTjM%FhJlLFO); ^ WPJE JlMFW(SFG JOU SFG1BSBNFUSF, PVU JOU PVU1BSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFMO("SFG1BSBNFUSF'OJO BESFTJ: ", &SFG1BSBNFUSF); XSJUFMO("PVU1BSBNFUSF'OJO BESFTJ: ", &PVU1BSBNFUSF); BTTFSU(&SFG1BSBNFUSF == &PVU1BSBNFUSF); ^ 'BN KB H>A>N C>NHIg M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H P>KgJI>KO>I>N A>, SFG1BSBNFUSF RB PVU1BSBNFUSF >OIgKA> >UKg ABeBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N _cKHc V>PBK FHFOF AB NBJO F_FKABHF BTkM%FiJmLFO 'FK P>HJ> FOJFAFN:

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BTkM%FiJmLFO'JO BESFTJ : 7'''1%$7%7%8 SFG1BSBNFUSF'OJO BESFTJ: 7'''1%$7%7%8 PVU1BSBNFUSF'OJO BESFTJ: 7'''1%$7%7%8

46.3

'343?/<@ AM?M
!>Vg PcNIBNABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN HBKAF HFJIFHIBNF LIAQeQ E>IAB HBKAFIBNF ABeBN P>jgJ>VI>N; ABeBN P>jgU>K ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. !bUIB PcNIBNB NBCBN>KO PcNc ABKFN. !Q H>RN>Jg A>E> bK@B AFVF AFIFJIBNFKAB DbNJcjPcH. #FIFJIBN, R>NLI>K ?>jH> ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K PcNIBNAFN; HBKAF BIBJ>KI>Ng ULHPQN: // iTNJ CVSBEB 'EJ[J' PMBSBL ZB[jMNjl PMTB EB BTMjOEB CV // EFhJlLFO EF EJMJNEJS; CfUfO FMFNBOMBSB FSJlJN TBhMBS. JOU<> EJ[J = < 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 >; // #BlUBLJ WF TPOEBLJ FMFNBOj EjlMBZBSBL PSUBEBLJ fdfOF // FSJlJN TBhMBZBO CJS EJMJN: JOU<> EJMJN = EJ[J<1 .. $ - 1>; // kJNEJ EJMJN<0> JMF EJ[J<1> BZOj EFhFSF FSJlJSMFS: BTTFSU(&EJMJN<0> == &EJ[J<1>); // (FSdFLUFO EF EJMJN<0>'EB ZBQjMBO EFhJlJLMJL EJ[J<1>'J // FULJMFS: EJMJN<0> = 42; BTTFSU(EJ[J<1> == 42); 0BCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK PBNOFKB, NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF U>IKgV@> P>HJ> FOFJ ABeFIAFNIBN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK >UKg AFIFJFK HLMU>Og LI>K ?FN AFIFJ A>E> LIQjPQN>IgJ: JOU<> EJMJN2 = EJMJN; !Q FHF AFIFJ HBKAF >ANBOIBNF LI>K, ?FN ?>jH> ABUFjIB HBKAF HFJIFHIBNF LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNAFN; EJMJN2 FIB EJMJN C>NHIg >ANBOIBNAB U>j>NI>N: BTTFSU(&EJMJN != &EJMJN2); fjPB C787C3@D 67T;X=7@>7C; FIB C787C3@D ESC>7C;@;@ >UNgJg ?QK> A>U>KgN: x 0BCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK HBKAF HFJIFHIBNF ULHPQN, ?>jH> ? ABeFjHBKIBNFK P>HJ> FOFJIBNFAFNIBN. x 0BCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN FOB HBKAF HFJIFHIBNF LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNAFN >J> UFKB ?>jH> ABeBNIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF EJMJN RB EJMJN2 'UF ?BIIBH cVBNFKAB jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: EJMJN EJMJN2 ---+---+---+---+---+---+--- ---+---+--- ---+---+--] 0 ] 1 ] 2 ] 3 ] 4 ] ] P ] ] P ] ---+---+---+---+---+---+--- ---+-]-+--- ---+-]-+--u ] ] ] ] ] +--------------------+------------+ . AFIFJIBNFK BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng >OgI AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgKg J>RF FIB DbOPBNAFJ.

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#'KFK Dc_Ic ?FN LI>K>eg LI>K OgKgCI>Ng A>E> FIBNFABHF ABNOIBNAB DbNB@BeFV. #'UF "++'A>K >UgN>K bKBJIF C>NHI>NA>K ?FNFOF, #'KFK OgKgCI>NgKgK NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF LIJ>I>NgAgN. 7>IKgV@> ?QKQ DbOPBNJFj LIJ>H F_FK _LH ?>OFP ?FN OgKgC P>KgJI>U>@>egJ: DMBTT #JS4jOjG \ JOU fZF; ^ 1gKgC KBOKBIBNF, A>E> bK@B E>P> >P>NHBK AB HQII>KAgegJgV OFX FIB LIQjPQNQIQNI>N: BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX #JS4jOjG; !Q AQNQJA> EFiJmLFO , OFX FjIB@FUIB LIQjPQNQIJQj LI>K FOFJOFV ?FN #JS4kOkG KBOKBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN NBCBN>KOPgN: (JTJNTJ[ #JS4jOjG OFTOFTJ) EFhJlLFO ---+-------------------+--- ---+---+--] ... ] ] P ] ---+-------------------+--- ---+-]-+--u ] ] ] +--------------------+ #FIFJIBNB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, EFiJmLFO HLMU>I>KAgegKA> HLMU>Og A> >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>N >J> HLMU>KgK C>NHIg >ANBOF R>NAgN: BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX #JS4jOjG; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = EFhJlLFO; BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO == EFhJlLFO2); BTTFSU(&EFhJlLFO != &EFhJlLFO2); 7QH>NgA> DbNcIAcec DF?F, BNFjFJ O>eI>J> >_gOgKA>K BjFP LIO>I>N A>, >ANBOIBNF C>NHIg LIAQeQ F_FK C>NHIg ABeFjHBKIBNAFN: (JTJNTJ[ #JS4jOjG OFTOFTJ) EFhJlLFO EFhJlLFO2 ---+-------------------+--- ---+---+--- ---+---+--] ... ] ] P ] ] P ] ---+-------------------+--- ---+-]-+--- ---+-]-+--u ] ] ] ] ] +--------------------+------------+ !bUIB FHF C>NHIg #JS4kOkG KBOKBOFKFK DBN_BHPBK AB >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>NgKg ?FN AB jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX #JS4jOjG; EFhJlLFO.fZF = 1; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = EFhJlLFO; EFhJlLFO2.fZF = 2; BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO.fZF == 2); // BZOj OFTOFZJ QBZMBljSMBS // EFhJlLFO'JO EF FSJlJN // TBhMBEjhj OFTOF // EFhJlNJlUJS

EFiJmLFO2 ULIQUI> 2 ABeBNFKF >I>K cUB, EFiJmLFO 'FK AB BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg KBOKBKFK cUBOFAFN. !>jH> ?FN NBCBN>KO PcNc, BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgAgN. $jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng A> >P>KAgHI>NgKA> >UKg >OgI P>?ILU> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N:

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TUSJOH<JOU> JTJNMF4BZjMBS = < 1 : "CJS", 10 : "PO", 100 : "Zf[", >; // "ZOj BTjM UBCMPZV QBZMBlNBZB CBlMBSMBS: TUSJOH<JOU> JTJNMF4BZjMBS2 = JTJNMF4BZjMBS; // aSOFhJO JLJODJTJOF FLMFOFO FMFNBO ... JTJNMF4BZjMBS2<4> = "EeSU"; // ... CJSJODJTJOEF EF HeSfOfS. BTTFSU(JTJNMF4BZjMBS<4> == "EeSU");

46.3.1

AA/;/ 7R:3;7<7< 4/?9P

#BeBN PcNIBNFKAB RB NBCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNFKAB >P>J> FjIBJFKFK OLKQ@QKA> 3DV> 67T7C ABeFjFN: WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = 8; ZBSjZB#eM(TBZj); BTTFSU(TBZj == 4); // BTjM EFhFS EFhJlJS

WPJE ZBSjZB#eM(SFG JOU CeMfOFO) \ CeMfOFO /= 2; ^ 0BCBN>KO PcNIBNFKAB FOB >P>J> FjIBJF, :3@9; 3DV> @7D@7J7 7C;X;? D3T>3@6VTV@V ABeFjPFNFN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF HLAA> EJMJN3 'B U>MgI>K >P>J> FjIBJF LKQK BNFjPFNAFeF BIBJ>KI>NgK ABeBNIBNFKF ABeFjPFNJBV; EJMJN3 'cK ?>jH> BIBJ>KI>Ng DbOPBNJBOFKF O>eI>N: WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN1 = < 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 >; JOU<> EJMJN2 = < 20, 21, 22 >; JOU<> EJMJN3 = EJMJN1<1 .. 3>; // 1 WF 2 JOEFLTMJ FMFNBOMBSB // FSJlUJSJS EJMJN3<0> = 777; BTTFSU(EJMJN1 == < 10, 777, 12, 13, 14 >); // #V BUBNB JlMFNJ EJMJN3'fO FSJlUJSEJhJ FMFNBOMBSj // EFhJlUJSNF[, EJMJN3'fO BSUjL CBlLB FMFNBOMBSB // FSJlJN TBhMBNBTjOB OFEFO PMVS EJMJN3 = EJMJN2<$ - 1 .. $>; // TPOVODV FMFNBOB FSJlUJSJS EJMJN3<0> = 888; BTTFSU(EJMJN2 == < 20, 21, 888 >);

P>J> FjIB@FKFK NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFKABHF ?Q BPHFOFKF ?FN AB #JS4kOkG PcNcKAB DbNBIFJ: BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX #JS4jOjG; EFhJlLFO1.fZF = 1; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = OFX #JS4jOjG; EFhJlLFO2.fZF = 2; BVUP LPQZB = EFhJlLFO1;

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LPQZB.fZF = 3; LPQZB = EFhJlLFO2; LPQZB.fZF = 4; BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO1.fZF == 3); BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO2.fZF == 4); .N>A>HF >P>J> FjIBJIBNF OLKQ@QKA> LPQZB bK@B EFiJmLFO1 'FK KBOKBOFKB, OLKN> A> EFiJmLFO2 'KFK KBOKBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>N. LPQZB ULIQUI> ABeBNF ABeFjPFNFIBK gZF FIH OBCBNAB EFiJmLFO1 'FKHFAFN, OLKN> FOB EFiJmLFO2 'KFKHFAFN.
46.3.2

'343?/<@ AM?:3?7 67K07? 23N3?3 3?7R7; @/N:/;PE=? =:/07:7?:3?

0BCBN>KO 67T;X=7@>7C;@67 JQPI>H> ?FN >OgI ABeBN R>NAgN; LKI>NgK U>j>J OcNB_IBNF BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng ?FN >OgI ABeBN LIJ>A>K ?>jI>J>V. 0BCBN>KO ESC>7C;@;@ ABeFjHBKIBNF FOB, EBKcV EF_?FN ABeBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U>@>H jBHFIAB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK ?FN #JS4kOkG ABeFjHBKF, BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg KBOKB EBKcV ?BIIF LIJ>A>K jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: #JS4jOjG EFhJlLFO; !bUIB ABeFjHBKIBN OVMM bVBI ABeBNFKB BjFPPFNIBN. !Q bVBI ABeBNF RB JT >K>EP>N ObV@cecKc ?FN OLKN>HF ABNOPB >KI>P>@>egJ.

46.4

(/07A BFB<:B9:B 27F7:3? de"er t!r!, 27</;79 27F7:3? referans t!r!

#'KFK FHF AFVF PcNc ?Q HLKQA> C>NHIgIgH DbOPBNFN. #FK>JFH AFVFIBN (AFIFJIBN), UQH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNAB AB DbNcIAcec DF?F NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFAFN. #FK>JFH AFVFIBN HBKAFIBNFKB >FP LIJ>U>K BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. 2BJBI FjIBJIBN >_gOgKA>K NBCBN>KO LI>N>H A>RN>KgNI>N. 1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBN FOB ABeBN PcNIBNFAFN. *BKAF BIBJ>KI>NgK> O>EFMPFNIBN RB ABeBN PcNc LI>N>H A>RN>KgNI>N: JOU<3> EJ[J1 = < 10, 20, 30 >; // EJ[J2'OJO FMFNBOMBSj EJ[J1'JOLJMFSEFO GBSLMj PMVS BVUP EJ[J2 = EJ[J1; EJ[J2<0> = 11; // iML EJ[J EFhJlNF[ BTTFSU(EJ[J1<0> == 10); 2>KgJI>KAgeg V>J>K QVQKIQeQ A> ?BIFNIBKAFeF F_FK EJ[J1 O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ ?FN AFVFAFN. BVUP >K>EP>N ObV@cec KBABKFUIB EJ[J2 AB >UKg PcNc BAFKFN. 'BN FHFOF AB HBKAF BIBJ>KI>NgK> O>EFMPFNIBN. !FNFOFKAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH AFeBNFKF BPHFIBJBV.

46.5

D3<3E
7QH>NgA> >KI>PgI>K C>NHIg PcNIBNFK ABeFjHBKIBNFKB RB LKI>NgK >ANBOIBNFKB == FjIB@FKF QUDQI>UgK@> LNP>U> jbUIB ?FN P>?IL _gHgULN:

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%FhJlLFO 5fSf B == C &B == &C ===================================================================== BZOj EFhFSMJ EFhJlLFOMFS (EFhFS UfSf) USVF GBMTF GBSLMj EFhFSMJ EFhJlLFOMFS (EFhFS UfSf) GBMTF GBMTF SFG EFhJlLFOMJ GPSFBDI USVF USVF SFG PMNBZBO EFhJlLFOMJ GPSFBDI USVF GBMTF PVU QBSBNFUSFMJ JlMFW USVF USVF SFG QBSBNFUSFMJ JlMFW USVF USVF JO QBSBNFUSFMJ JlMFW USVF GBMTF BZOj FMFNBOMBSB FSJlFO EJMJNMFS USVF GBMTF GBSLMj FMFNBOMBSB FSJlFO EJMJNMFS GBMTF GBMTF BZOj OFTOFZF FSJlFO #JS4jOjG'MBS (SFGFSBOT UfSf) USVF GBMTF GBSLMj OFTOFZF FSJlFO #JS4jOjG'MBS (SFGFSBOT UfSf) GBMTF GBMTF . P>?IL >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JI> cNBPFIJFjPFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; JOU NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ = 9; DMBTT #JS4jOjG \ JOU fZF; ^ WPJE CBlMjL`J[() \ JNNVUBCMF EDIBS<> CBlMjL = " %FhJlLFO 5fSf" " B == C &B == &C"; XSJUFMO(); XSJUFMO(CBlMjL); XSJUFMO(SFQMJDBUF("=", CBlMjL.MFOHUI));

WPJE CJMHJ4BUjSj(DPOTU EDIBS<> CBlMjL, CPPM EFhFS&lJUMJhJ, CPPM BESFT&lJUMJhJ) \ XSJUFGMO("%50T%9T%9T", CBlMjL, UP!TUSJOH(EFhFS&lJUMJhJ), UP!TUSJOH(BESFT&lJUMJhJ)); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ CBlMjL`J[(); JOU TBZj1 = 12; JOU TBZj2 = 12; CJMHJ4BUjSj("BZOj EFhFSMJ EFhJlLFOMFS (EFhFS UfSf)", TBZj1 == TBZj2, &TBZj1 == &TBZj2); JOU TBZj3 = 3; CJMHJ4BUjSj("GBSLMj EFhFSMJ EFhJlLFOMFS (EFhFS UfSf)", TBZj1 == TBZj3, &TBZj1 == &TBZj3); JOU<> EJMJN = < 4 >; GPSFBDI (J, SFG FMFNBO; EJMJN) \ CJMHJ4BUjSj("SFG EFhJlLFOMJ GPSFBDI", FMFNBO == EJMJN<J>, &FMFNBO == &EJMJN<J>); ^

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GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; EJMJN) \ CJMHJ4BUjSj("SFG PMNBZBO EFhJlLFOMJ GPSFBDI", FMFNBO == EJMJN<J>, &FMFNBO == &EJMJN<J>); ^ PVU1BSBNFUSF(NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ); SFG1BSBNFUSF(NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ); JO1BSBNFUSF(NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ); JOU<> V[VO%JMJN = < 5, 6, 7 >; JOU<> EJMJN1 = V[VO%JMJN; JOU<> EJMJN2 = EJMJN1; CJMHJ4BUjSj("BZOj FMFNBOMBSB FSJlFO EJMJNMFS", EJMJN1 == EJMJN2, &EJMJN1 == &EJMJN2); JOU<> EJMJN3 = EJMJN1<0 .. $ - 1>; CJMHJ4BUjSj("GBSLMj FMFNBOMBSB FSJlFO EJMJNMFS", EJMJN1 == EJMJN3, &EJMJN1 == &EJMJN3); BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX #JS4jOjG; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = EFhJlLFO1; CJMHJ4BUjSj( "BZOj OFTOFZF FSJlFO #JS4jOjG'MBS (SFGFSBOT UfSf)", EFhJlLFO1 == EFhJlLFO1, &EFhJlLFO1 == &EFhJlLFO2); BVUP EFhJlLFO3 = OFX #JS4jOjG; CJMHJ4BUjSj( "GBSLMj OFTOFZF FSJlFO #JS4jOjG'MBS (SFGFSBOT UfSf)", EFhJlLFO1 == EFhJlLFO3, &EFhJlLFO1 == &EFhJlLFO3);

WPJE PVU1BSBNFUSF(PVU JOU QBSBNFUSF) \ CJMHJ4BUjSj("PVU QBSBNFUSFMJ JlMFW", QBSBNFUSF == NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ, &QBSBNFUSF == &NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ); ^ WPJE SFG1BSBNFUSF(SFG JOU QBSBNFUSF) \ CJMHJ4BUjSj("SFG QBSBNFUSFMJ JlMFW", QBSBNFUSF == NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ, &QBSBNFUSF == &NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ); ^ WPJE JO1BSBNFUSF(JO JOU QBSBNFUSF) \ CJMHJ4BUjSj("JO QBSBNFUSFMJ JlMFW", QBSBNFUSF == NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ, &QBSBNFUSF == &NPEfM%FhJlLFOJ); ^ -LPI>N: x /NLDN>JA> FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF H>NjgI>jPgNJ>H F_FK ?FN AB JLAcI ABeFjHBKF HQII>KgIgULN. ,LAcI ABeFjHBKIBNF FjIBRIBNFK AgjgKA> P>KgJI>KgNI>N RB F_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgHI>Ng JLAcIABHF ?cPcK HLAI>N P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIFNIBN. x TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIcKcK SFQMJDBUF() FjIBRF HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>Igeg (UQH>NgA>HF "=") ?BIFNPFIBK O>UgA> PBHN>NI>N.

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46.6

IF3A
x #BeBN PcNIBNFKABK LI>K EBN ABeFjHBKFK HBKAF ABeBNF RB HBKAF >ANBOF R>NAgN. x 0BCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK KB ABeBNIBNF R>NAgN KB AB >ANBOIBNF; P>HJ> FOFJ DF?FAFNIBN. x 0BCBN>KO PcNIBNFKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK HBKAF >ANBOIBNF R>NAgN; >J> BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng ABeBN HBKAFIBNFKFK ABeFIAFN. x 0BCBN>KO PcNIBNFKAB >P>J> FjIBJF ABeBN ABeFjPFNJBV, E>KDF >OgI KBOKBUB BNFjFIAFeFKF ABeFjPFNFN. x 0BCBN>KO PcNIBNFKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN OVMM LI>?FIFNIBN.

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47

OVMM D3N3?7 C3 JT OR:317

!FN bK@BHF ABNOPB NBCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK EF_?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>A>K A> LIQjPQNQI>?FIB@BHIBNFKF ObUIBJFjPFJ: #JS4jOjG FSJlJN4BhMBZBO = OFX #JS4jOjG; #JS4jOjG EFhJlLFO; // FSJlJN TBhMBNBZBO

!FN NBCBN>KO PcNc LIAQeQ F_FK UQH>NgA>HF EFiJmLFO 'FK ?FN HFJIFeF R>NAgN; >J> BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg ?FN KBOKB EBKcV ULHPQN. !bUIB ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB jQ jBHFIAB AQNAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV: EFhJlLFO ---+------+--] OVMM ] ---+------+--'F_?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U>K NBCBN>KOI>NgK ABeBNIBNF OVMM 'AgN. !QKQ >j>egA> >KI>PgULNQJ. !bUIB ?FN ABeFjHBK HBKAFOFKB ?FN KBOKB >P>K>K> H>A>N HQII>KgI>J>V ?FN AQNQJA>AgN. #Le>I LI>N>H, BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg ?FN #JS4kOkG KBOKBOF LIJ>Ageg F_FK L ABeFjHBK FIB FjIBJIBN U>MJ>JgV ?BHIBKBJBV: WPJE LVMMBO(#JS4jOjG EFhJlLFO) \ XSJUFMO(EFhJlLFO.fZF); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ #JS4jOjG EFhJlLFO; LVMMBO(EFhJlLFO); ^ LVMMBO FjIBRFKB RBNFIBK ABeFjHBK EF_?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>Ageg F_FK, LIJ>U>K KBOKBKFK gZF 'OFKB BNFjFIJBUB _>IgjgIJ>Og MNLDN>JgK _bHJBOFKB KBABK LIQN: $ ./EFOFNF 4FHNFOUBUJPO GBVMU "1BDJBKP>PFLK C>QIP", MNLDN>JgK DB_BNIF LIJ>U>K ?FN ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKB BNFjJBUB _>IgjPgeg F_FK FjIBPFJ OFOPBJF P>N>CgKA>K >@FI LI>N>H OLKI>KAgNgIAgegKg DbOPBNFN.

47.1

OVMM 23N3?7
$NFjFJ O>eI>Ageg KBOKB EBKcV ?BIIF LIJ>U>K NBCBN>KO PcNc ABeFjHBKIBNF OVMM bVBI ABeBNFKB O>EFMPFN. !Q ABeBNF AB EBNE>KDF ?>jH> ?FN ABeBN DF?F U>VAgN>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(DBTU(JOU)OVMM); !Q ABeBN, AFeBN ?cPcK AFIIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, #'AB AB 0 bVBI ABeBNFKF P>jgN. 7QH>NgA>HF O>PgNgK _gHPgOg: 0 #BeBNF OVMM LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBK _LH HgOgPIg O>UgA> FjIBJAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN:

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@F>> D7T7C; G7 ;D UX>75;

1. $NFjFJ O>eI>J>Og F_FK DB_BNIF ?FN KBOKB >P>J>H EFhJlLFO = OFX #JS4jOjG; // BSUjL OFTOFTJ WBS

. >P>J>A>K OLKN> >NPgH EFiJmLFO 'FK BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg ?FN KBOKB R>NAgN. EFiJmLFO >NPgH #JS4kOkG FjIBJIBNF F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 2. OVMM LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ABKBPIBJBH JG (EFhJlLFO == OVMM) // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

-B U>VgH HF, == FjIB@F >OgI KBOKBIBNF H>NjgI>jPgNAgeg F_FK; RB OVMM ?FN ABeFjHBKFK BNFjPFNAFeF DB_BNIF ?FN KBOKB LIJ>Ageg F_FK, L FC>AB ABNIBKBJBV. !Q UcVABK, ?FN ABeFjHBKFK OVMM LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ABKBPIBJBH F_FK JT FjIB@F HQII>KgIgN.

47.2

JT 7R:317
JT , fKDFIFV@B'AB "LIJ>H" CFFIFKFK "bUIBAFN" HQII>KgJgKA>HF >KI>JgK> O>EFMPFN. !Q ABNOF FIDFIBKAFNBK HQII>KgJgKA> FHFIF ?FN FjIB_PFN, U>KF OLI RB O>e P>N>CgK> FHF ABeBN >IgN. !Q FHF ABeBN >UKgUO> USVF , ABeFIOB GBMTF cNBPFN. %AE: 3< ';@ RC@7T;@ X34>A@ A>3@3TV@63 E7=>; ;X>7Q A>3C3= =F>>3@V>6VTV 6FCF?>3C 63 G3C6VC. fHF ABeBNABK ?FNFOFKFK OVMM LI>?FIAFeF AQNQJI>NA> == FjIB@FKFK HQII>KgI>J>AgegKg UQH>NgA> DbNAcH. .KQK UBNFKB JT 'F HQII>KJ>H DBNBHFN. "!Q ABeFjHBK KQII FOB" HLjQIQKQ ABKBPIBJBUB U>N>N: JG (EFhJlLFO JT OVMM) \ // IJdCJS OFTOFZF FSJlJN TBhMBNjZPS ^ JT , ?>jH> PcNIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK FHF P>JO>Ug ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNIBNF jbUIB H>NjgI>jPgNgI>?FIFN: JG (Ij[ JT ZFOJ)j[) \ // JLJTJ BZOj EFhFSEF ^ FMTF \ // JLJTJ GBSLMj EFhFSEF ^ #FIFJIBNAB AB FHF AFIFJFK >UKg BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>UgM O>eI>J>AgHI>NgKg ABKBPIBN: JG (EJMJN JT EJMJN2) \ // BZOj FMFNBOMBSj QBZMBljZPSMBS ^

47.3

!JT 7R:317
== RB != FjIB_IBNFKB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, JT 'FK PBNOF !JT FjIB@FAFN. #BeBNIBN BjFP LIJ>AgegKA> USVF cNBPFN: JG (Ij[ !JT ZFOJ)j[) \ // GBSLMj EFhFSMFSF TBIJQMFS ^

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47.4

OVMM 23N3? /A/;/9

0BCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKB OVMM ABeBNFKF >P>J>H, L ABeFjHBKFK >NPgH EF_?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>J>OgK> KBABK LIQN. $eBN ?Q >P>J> OLKQ@QKA> >OgI KBOKBUB BNFjBK ?>jH> NBCBN>KO ABeFjHBKF H>IJ>JgjO>, >OgI KBOKB _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K OLKI>KAgNgI>@>HPgN. 'F_?FN NBCBN>KO P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIJFULN LIJ>Og, L KBOKBKFK >NPgH HQII>KgIJ>AgegKg DbOPBNFN. [NKBH LI>N>H, bK@BHF ABNOPBHF FHF ABeFjHBKFK PBH ?FN KBOKBUB BNFjPFHIBNF AQNQJ> ?>H>IgJ: BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX #JS4jOjG; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = EFhJlLFO; (JTJNTJ[ #JS4jOjG OFTOFTJ) EFhJlLFO EFhJlLFO2 ---+-------------------+--- ---+---+--- ---+---+--] ... ] ] P ] ] P ] ---+-------------------+--- ---+-]-+--- ---+-]-+-u ] ] ] ] ] +--------------------+------------+ !Q ABeFjHBKIBNABK ?FNFOFKB OVMM >P>J>H, LKQK ?Q ABeBNIB FIFjHFOFKF HBOBN: EFhJlLFO = OVMM; #JS4kOkG KBOKBOFKB >NPgH U>IKgV@> EFiJmLFO2 P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIJBHPBAFN: (JTJNTJ[ #JS4jOjG OFTOFTJ) EFhJlLFO EFhJlLFO2 ---+-------------------+--- ---+----+--- ---+---+--] ... ] ]OVMM] ] P ] ---+-------------------+--- ---+----+--- ---+-]-+-u ] ] ] +----------------------------------+ fOFJOFV #JS4kOkG KBOKBOFKB BNFjBK OLK NBCBN>KO LI>K EFiJmLFO2 'UB AB OVMM >P>KJ>Og, >OgI KBOKBKFK OLKI>KJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN: EFhJlLFO2 = OVMM; ZbM PLMI>Ug@g >OgI KBOKBUF PcNcKB DbNB U> EBJBK, U> A> FIBNFABHF ?FN V>J>KA> OLKI>KAgN>@>HPgN. /NLDN>J >_gOgKA>K >NPgH L KBOKB ULHPQN _cKHc L KBOKBUB BNFjBK NBCBN>KO H>IJ>JgjPgN: EFhJlLFO ---+----+--]OVMM] ---+----+--EFhJlLFO2 ---+----+--]OVMM] ---+----+--

---+-------------------+--] ] ---+-------------------+---

$jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng ABNOFKFK ?FNFK@F MNL?IBJF, ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQ ?Lj>IP>K c_ UbKPBJ DbOPBNFULNAQ. iFJAF L UbKPBJIBNB ?FN AbNAcK@cOcKc BHIBUB?FIFNFV; BjIBJB P>?ILOQ ABeFjHBKFKB OVMM ABeBN >P>J>H, ABeFjHBKFK BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg >OgI P>?IL FIB FIFjHFOFKF HBOBN: TUSJOH<JOU> JTJNMF4BZjMBS; // ... JTJNMF4BZjMBS = OVMM; // BSUjL IJdCJS FMFNBOB FSJlJN // TBhMBNB[

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@F>> D7T7C; G7 ;D UX>75;

7QH>NgA>HF #JS4kOkG bNKBeFKB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, BeBN JTJNMF4BZkMBS >OgI P>?ILU> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K OLK NBCBN>KO FAFUOB, >OgI P>?ILKQK BIBJ>KI>Ng _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K OLKI>KAgNgI>@>HI>NAgN. !FN AFIFJFK AB >NPgH EF_?FN BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>Og FOPBKJFULNO> OVMM >P>K>?FIFN: JOU<> EJMJN = EJ[J< 10 .. 20 >; // ... EJMJN = OVMM; // BSUjL IJdCJS FMFNBOB FSJlJN TBhMBNB[

47.5

IF3A
x OVMM , EF_?FN ABeBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U>K NBCBN>KO ABeBNFAFN x OVMM NBCBN>KOI>N U>IKgV@> FHF FjIBJAB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN: ABeBN >P>J>H, OVMM LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ABKBPIBJBH x == FjIB@F >OgI KBOKBUB BNFjJBUF DBNBHPFNB?FIB@BeF F_FK, OVMM LIJ> LI>OgIgeg ?QIQK>K NBCBN>KOI>N JT FIB ABKBPIBKJBIFAFN x JT 'FK PBNOF !JT 'AFN x OVMM >P>K>K NBCBN>KO >NPgH EF_?FN BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>V x 'F_?FN NBCBN>KOgK BNFjFJ O>eI>J>Ageg KBOKBIBN _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K OLKI>KAgNgIgNI>N

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*SC DR@SXS?>7C;

48

)M? DL<MRM;:3?7
fjIBJIBNAB HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBK RB KBOKB PcNIBNFKFK EBJ L FjIBJIBNIB EBJ AB ?FN?FNIBNFUIB QUQJIQ LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. 7LHO> >KI>JOgV RBU> U>KIgj OLKQ_I>N ALe>?FIFN. #'KFK AB >N>I>NgKA> ?QIQKAQeQ ?>Vg AFIIBN PcNIBNFK QUQJIQIQHI>NgKg ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ABKBPIBNIBN. !bUIB AFIIBNB "PcNIBNF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?BIIF LI>K" >KI>JgKA> "OP>PF@>IIU PUMBA" AFI ABKFN. KI>JOgV FjIBJ bNKBeF LI>N>H, ?FN PLMI>J> FjIBJFKAB O>KHF ?FN O>UgUJgj DF?F AFVDF HQII>KJ>U> _>Igj>K jQ HLA> ?>H>IgJ: DIBS<> EJ[HJ; XSJUFMO(EJ[HJ + 5);

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BNIBUF@F L HLAQ PcN QUQjJ>VIgeg KBABKFUIB NBAABABN. !Q U>VgUg U>VAgegJ OgN>A> HQII>KAgegJ ABNIBUF@F, PcNIBNFK QUQJOQV LIAQeQKQ ?FIAFNBK jQ E>P>Ug RBNFULN: &SSPS: JODPNQBUJCMF UZQFT GPS ((EJ[HJ) + (5)): 'DIBS<>' BOE 'JOU' . E>P> JBO>Gg, ((EJ[HJ) + (5)) FC>ABOFKAB QUQJOQV PcNIBN LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNPFN: DIBS<> RB JOU . 2cN QUQJOQVIQeQ, 83C=>V ESC ABJBH ABeFIAFN. ZcKHc C>NHIg PcNIBNFK DcRBKIB HQII>KgI>?FIAFeF FjIBJIBN AB R>NAgN. [NKBeFK EPVCMF PcNcKABHF ?FN ABeFjHBKB JOU PcNcKAB ?FN ABeBN BHIBKJBOFKAB ?FN O>HgK@> ULHPQN: EPVCMF UPQMBN = 1.25; JOU BSUjl = 3; UPQMBN += BSUjl; UPQMBN RB BSUkm C>NHIg PcNIBNABK LIAQHI>Ng E>IAB L FjIBJAB ?FN U>KIgjIgH ULHPQN; _cKHc ?FN HBOFNIF O>Ug ABeFjHBKFKFK ?FN JOU ABeBN H>A>N >NPPgNgIJ>OgKA> ?FN QUQJOQVIQH ULHPQN.

48.1

%A=;/A79 AM? 2L<MRM;:3?7

'BN KB H>A>N ?FN EPVCMF ABeBNFK ?FN JOU ABeBN H>A>N >NPPgNgIJ>OgKA> ?FN O>HgK@> LIJ>O> A>, L FjIBJFK JFHNL FjIBJ@FAB UFKB AB ?BIFNIF ?FN PcNAB U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. *BOFNIF O>UgI>N ABNOFKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F; 64 ?FPIFH LI>K EPVCMF , 32 ?FPIFH LI>K JOU 'PBK A>E> 4SJS= (RBU> 97@;X) ?FN PcNAcN. !FN JOU 'B Oge>?FIBK EBN ABeBN ?FN EPVCMF '> A> Oge>?FIFN. !FN?FNFKABK C>NHIg PcNIBN HQII>KgI>K FjIBJIBNIB H>NjgI>jPgegKA>, ABNIBUF@F bK@B ABeBNIBNABK ?FNFOFKF AFeBN PcNB AbKcjPcNcN, RB FjIBJF LKA>K OLKN> DBN_BHIBjPFNFN. !Q AbKcjcJAB HQII>KgI>K PcN, ABeBN H>U?gK> KBABK LIJ>U>@>H jBHFIAB OB_FIFN. [NKBeFK EPVCMF PcNc JOU PcNcKcK ?cPcK ABeBNIBNFKF PQP>?FIFN, >J> ?QKQK PBNOF ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. . UcVABK UQH>NgA>HF UPQMBN += BSUkm FjIBJF EPVCMF PcNcKAB DcRBKIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN. #bKcjPcNcIBK ABeBN, EBN V>J>K F_FK FOFJOFV RB DB_F@F ?FN ABeFjHBK RBU> KBOKBAFN. OgI ABeBNFK HBKAFOF ABeFjJBV. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF += FjIBJF OgN>OgKA> BSUkm 'gK HBKAF PcNc ABeFjPFNFIJBV, >J> BSUkm 'gK ABeBNFKB BjFP LI>K DB_F@F ?FN ABeBN HQII>KgIgN. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBJAB MBNAB >NH>OgKA> KBIBN LIAQeQKQ jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: \ ^

EPVCMF asl*nda_isimsi#_olan_double_bir_deger = BSUjl; UPQMBN += asl*nda_isimsi#_olan_double_bir_deger;

#BNIBUF@F, JOU ABeBNF bK@B EPVCMF PcNcKABHF DB_F@F ?FN >N> ABeBNB AbKcjPcNcN RB FjIBJAB L AbKcjPcNAcec ABeBNF HQII>KgN. !Q bNKBHPBHF DB_F@F ABeBN U>IKgV@> += FjIBJF OcNBOFK@B U>j>N.

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*SC DR@SXS?>7C;

!bUIB LPLJ>PFH AbKcjcJIBN >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNIB OgKgNIg ABeFIAFN. !FN?FNFKFK >UKgOg LIJ>U>K PcNIBNFK HQII>KgIAgeg ?>jH> AQNQJI>NA> A> LPLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJIBNF QUDQI>KgN. $eBN HQII>KgI>K PcNIBN ?FN AbKcjcJ OLKQ@QKA> ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgI>?FIFULNI>NO>, ABNIBUF@F DBNBHPFH_B ABeBNIBNF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjPcNcN. [NKBeFK JOU PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?FN FjIBRB CZUF PcNcKAB ?FN ABeBN DbKABNFIB?FIFN: WPJE CJSilMFN(JOU TBZj) \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ CZUF LfdfL%FhFS = 7; CJSilMFN(LfdfL%FhFS); ^

// PUPNBUJL UfS EeOflfNf

.N>A> A> bK@B LgegL%FiFS 'B BjFP DB_F@F ?FN JOU LIQjPQNQIQN, RB CJSjmMFN L DB_F@F JOU ABeBNF FIB _>eNgIgN.
48.1.1

JOU A3?47:3?7
j>egA>HF P>?ILA> OLI P>N>CP>HF PcNIBN _LeQ >NFPJBPFH FjIBJAB ALeNQA>K HQII>KgIJ>VI>N, bK@B LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H O>e P>N>CP>HF PcNIBNB AbKcjPcNcIcNIBN: )BOHJ 5gSEFO CPPM CZUF VCZUF TIPSU VTIPSU DIBS XDIBS EDIBS )BOHJ 5gSF JOU JOU JOU JOU JOU JOU JOU VJOU

JOU PBNCFIBNF FOVN PcNIBNFKB AB QUDQI>KgN. !Q PBNCFIBNFK KBABKF JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK ALe>I PcNcKcK JOU LIJ>OgAgN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF EBN FHF ABeFjHBK AB VCZUF LIAQHI>Ng E>IAB PLMI>J> FjIBJF L ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeBNIBNF JOU PcNcKB PBNCF BAFIAFHPBK OLKN> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN: VCZUF B = 1; VCZUF C = 2; XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(B + C).TUSJOHPG); ZgHPgOg: JOU 2BNCF BAFIBK B RB C ABeFjHBKIBNF ABeFIAFN. 2LMI>J> FjIBJFKAB HQII>KgI>?FIOFKIBN AFUB U>IKgV@> LKI>NgK ABeBNIBNF DB_F@F ABeBNIBN LI>N>H PBNCF BAFIFNIBN.
48.1.2

// JlMFN VCZUF EFhJMEJS

A?7A;3A79 2L<MRM;:3?
NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNAB HQII>KgI>K ABeBNIBN DcRBKIF UbKAB, U>KF Hc_cH PcNABK ?cUcH PcNB ALeNQ DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFNIBN. !Q H>A>NgKg >HgIA> PQPJ>H _LeQ AQNQJA> UBPBNIF LIO> A> >OIgKA> ?Q HQN>II>N

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LIAQH_> H>NgjgHPgN, RB Fj>NBPIF PcNIBNABK Fj>NBPOFV PcNIBNB U>MgI>K AbKcjcJIBNAB AB E>P>U> ULI >_>?FIFNIBN. #bKcjcJ HQN>II>Ng jbUIBAFN: 1. 2. 3. 4. #BeBNIBNABK ?FNFOF SFBM FOB AFeBNF SFBM 'B AbKcjPcNcIcN #BeFIOB >J> ?FNFOF EPVCMF FOB AFeBNF EPVCMF '> AbKcjPcNcIcN #BeFIOB >J> ?FNFOF GMPBU FOB AFeBNF GMPBU '> AbKcjPcNcIcN #BeFIOB UQH>NgA>HF JOU PBNCFOF AbKcjcJIBNF QUDQI>KgN RB OLKN> jQ FjIBJIBNB DB_FIFN: 1. $eBN FHF PcN AB >UKg FOB AQNQIQN 2. $eBN EBN FHFOF AB Fj>NBPIF FOB, RBU> EBN FHFOF AB Fj>NBPOFV FOB; Hc_cH PcN ?cUcH PcNB AbKcjPcNcIcN 3. $eBN Fj>NBPIF PcN Fj>NBPOFV PcNABK ?cUcHOB, Fj>NBPOFV LI>K Fj>NBPIFUB AbKcjPcNcIcN 4. 'F_?FNFOF ABeFIOB Fj>NBPIF PcN Fj>NBPOFV PcNB AbKcjPcNcIcN 7QH>NgA>HF OLK HQN>I KB U>VgH HF E>P>I>N> ULI >_>?FIFN: JOU B = 0; JOU C = 1; TJ[F@U D = 0; XSJUFMO(B - C + D);

// kBljSUjDj TPOVd!

ZgHPgOg j>jgNPg@g ?F_FJAB TJ[F@U.NBY LIQN: 18446744073709551615 7QH>NgA>HF OLK HQN>I KBABKFUIB FC>AB JOU PcNcKAB ABeFI, TJ[F@U PcNcKAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. TJ[F@U AB Fj>NBPOFV ?FN PcN LIAQeQKA>K -1 ABeBNFKF P>jgU>J>V RB OLKQ_ >IPP>K P>j>N>H TJ[F@U.NBY LIQN.
48.1.3

DPOTU 2L<MRM;:3?7
'BN NBCBN>KO PcNc HBKAFOFKFK DPOTU LI>KgK> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcN. !Q DcRBKIF ?FN AbKcjcJAcN _cKHc EBJ V>PBK PcNcK ?cUcHIcecKAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH LIJ>V EBJ AB DPOTU ABeBNIBN ABeFjPFNFIBJBVIBN: EDIBS<> QBSBOUF[idJOEF(DPOTU EDIBS<> NFUJO) \ SFUVSO "\" _ NFUJO _ "^"; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EDIBS<> CJS4e[; CJS4e[ _= "NFSIBCB EfOZB"; QBSBOUF[idJOEF(CJS4e[); ^ . HLAA> O>?FP LIJ>U>K CJS4f[ , O>?FP M>N>JBPNB >I>K FjIBRB DcRBKIB DbKABNFIB?FIFN, _cKHc ABeBNIBN O>?FP NBCBN>KOI>N >N>@gIgegUI> ABeFjPFNFIBJBVIBN. !QKQK PBNOF ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. DPOTU ?FN NBCBN>KO PcNc, DPOTU LIJ>U>K ?FN PcNB AbKcjJBV: EDIBS<> QBSBOUF[idJOEF(DPOTU EDIBS<> NFUJO) \ EDIBS<> QBSBNFUSF%FhFSJ = NFUJO; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // ... ^

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!Q HLKQ U>IKgV@> NBCBN>KO ABeFjHBKIBNF RB NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF FIB FIDFIFAFN. ZcKHc ABeBN PcNIBNFKAB V>PBK ABeBN HLMU>I>KAgeg F_FK, HLMU>KgK DPOTU LI>K >OgI KBOKBUF ABeFjPFNJBOF ObV HLKQOQ LI>J>V: DPOTU JOU LelF"EFEJ = 4; JOU LPQZBTj = LelF"EFEJ;

// EFSMFOJS (EFhFS UfSf)

7QH>NgA>HF AQNQJA> DPOTU PcNABK DPOTU LIJ>U>K PcNB AbKcjcJ U>O>IAgN _cKHc AbKcjPcNcIBK ABeBN >OgI ABeBNFK ?FN HLMU>Og E>IFKB DBIFN.
48.1.4

JNNVUBCMF 2L<MRM;:3?7
JNNVUBCMF ?BIFNPB@F HBOFKIFHIB ABeFjJBVIFH DBNBHPFNAFeFKABK KB JNNVUBCMF PcNIBNB AbKcjcJIBN KB AB JNNVUBCMF PcNIBNABK AbKcjcJIBN LPLJ>PFHPFN: TUSJOH B = "NFSIBCB"; DIBS<> C = B; TUSJOH D = C;

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

DPOTU AbKcjcJIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F ?Q HLKQ A> U>IKgV@> NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFUIB FIDFIFAFN. #BeBN PcNIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNF HLMU>I>KAgHI>NgKA>K, ABeBN PcNIBNFKAB EBN FHF UbKB ALeNQ AbKcjcJIBN AB LPLJ>PFHPFN: JNNVUBCMF B = 10; JOU C = B;

// EFSMFOJS (EFhFS UfSf)

48.1.5

FOVN 2L<MRM;:3?7
FOVN ABNOFKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, FOVN PcNIBNF ;D;?>; 67T7C>7C HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg OQK>NI>N: FOVN 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ \ NBdB, LVQB, LBSP, TJOFL ^ #BeBNIBNF bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJBAFeF F_FK L P>KgJA> ABeBNIBN OgCgNA>K ?>jI>U>N>H RB ?FNBN ?FNBN >NPPgNgI>N>H >P>KgN. !QK> DbNB bNKBeFK 0ZVO,BikEk3FOHJ.TJOFL 'FK ABeBNF 3 LIQN. !bUIB FOFJIF FOVN ABeBNIBNF, LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H P>JO>Ug PcNIBNB AbKcjcNIBN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF HLAA>HF PLMI>J> FjIBJF OgN>OgKA> 0ZVO,BikEk3FOHJ.LVQB 1 ABeBNFKF >IgN RB OLKQ_ 11 LIQN: JOU TPOVd = 10 + 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ.LVQB; BTTFSU(TPOVd == 11); !QKQK PBNOF ALeNQ ABeFIAFN: P>JO>Ug ABeBNIBN FOVN PcNIBNFKB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjJBVIBN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF HLAA> SFOL ABeFjHBKFKFK 2 ABeBNFKFK H>NjgIgeg LI>K 0ZVO,BikEk3FOHJ.LBSP ABeBNFKF >IJ>OgKg ?BHIBUB?FIFNFV; >J> ABNIBKBJBV: 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ SFOL = 2; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

2>JO>UgA>K FOVN ABeBNIBNB AbKcjcJcK >_gH_> U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. !QKQ >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.
48.1.6

CPPM 2L<MRM;:3?7
GBMTF 0'>, USVF A> 1'B LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcN: JOU CJS,PlVM = GBMTF; BTTFSU(CJS,PlVM == 0);

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JOU CBlLB,PlVM = USVF; BTTFSU(CBlLB,PlVM == 1); !QKQK PBNOF >K@>H FHF bVBI ABeBN F_FK ALeNQAQN: 0 :3KVC 67T7C; GBMTF '>, 1 :3KVC 67T7C; AB USVF 'U> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcN: CPPM CJS%VSVN = 0; BTTFSU(!CJS%VSVN); CPPM CBlLB%VSVN = 1; BTTFSU(CBlLB%VSVN);

// GBMTF // USVF

1gCgN RB ?FN AgjgKA>HF E>VgN ABeBNIBN LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjJBVIBN: CPPM C = 2; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

48.1.7

"=RB: 23E7;:3?7<23 =A=;/A79 CPPM 2L<MRM;:3?7

!>Vg ABUFJIBNFK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNABK U>N>NI>KAgHI>NgKg ?FIFULNOQKQV: JG , XIJMF , RO. OIgKA> ?bUIB ABUFJIBNAB U>IKgV@> CPPM ABeFI, ?>jH> PcNIBN AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !>jH> PcNIBN HQII>KgIAgegKA> OgCgN ABeBNF GBMTF '>, OgCgNA>K ?>jH> ABeBNIBN AB USVF 'U> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcNIBN: JOU J; // ... JG (J) \ // n JOU, NBOUjLTBM JGBEF ZFSJOF LVMMBOjMjZPS // ... 'J' TjGjS EFhJMNJl ^ FMTF \ // ... 'J' TjGjSNjl ^ !BKVBN ?F_FJAB, OVMM ABeBNIBN LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H GBMTF '>, OVMM LIJ>U>K ABeBNIBN AB USVF 'U> AbKcjcNIBN. !Q, NBCBN>KOI>NgK OVMM LIQM LIJ>AgHI>NgKgK ABKBPIBKJBOFKAB HLI>UIgH O>eI>N: JOU<> B; // ... JG (B) \ // n PUPNBUJL CPPM EeOflfNf // ... OVMM EFhJM; 'B' LVMMBOjMBCJMJS ... ^ FMTF \ // ... OVMM; 'B' LVMMBOjMBNB[ ... ^

48.2

AKP9K/ E/>P:/< AM? 2L<MRM;:3?7

!>Vg AQNQJI>NA> ?>Vg PcN AbKcjcJIBNFKFK BIIB >_gH_> U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHB?FIFN _cKHc ?>Vg AbKcjcJIBN RBNF H>U?g PBEIFHBOF RB DcRBKOFVIFH KBABKFUIB LPLJ>PFH ABeFIIBNAFN: x x x x x !cUcH PcNABK Hc_cH PcNB AbKcjcJIBN DPOTU PcNABK ABeFjB?FIBK PcNB AbKcjcJIBN JNNVUBCMF AbKcjcJIBNF 2>JO>UgI>NA>K FOVN ABeBNIBNB AbKcjcJIBN RO.

/NLDN>J@gKgK FOPBeF FIB >_gH_> U>MgI>K PcN AbKcjcJIBNF F_FK c_ UbKPBJ R>NAgN:

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x TUE.DPOW.UP FjIBRF x TUE.FYDFQUJPO.BTTVNF6OJRVF FjIBRF x DBTU FjIB@F

48.2.1

H=NB 2L<MRM; 7K7< UP()

#>E> bK@B EBM ABeBNIBNF TUSJOH PcNcKB AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK UP!TUSJOH LI>N>H HQII>KAgegJgV UP >OIgKA> JcJHcK LI>K EBN AbKcjcJc O>eI>U>?FIFN. 1bV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: UP!(HedefT'r)(EFhFS) OIgKA> ?FN j>?ILK LI>K UP , j>?ILKI>NgK A>E> FIBNFAB DbNB@BeFJFV HgO> ObV AFVFJFKABK AB U>N>NI>K>?FIAFeF F_FK EBABC PcNcK PBH ObV@cHIB ?BIFNPFIB?FIAFeF AQNQJI>NA> EBABC PcN M>N>KPBVOFV LI>N>H A> U>VgI>?FIFN: UP!HedefT'r(EFhFS) UP 'KQK HQII>KgJgKg DbNJBH F_FK ?FN EPVCMF ABeBNFKF TIPSU PcNcKB RB ?FN TUSJOH ABeBNFKF AB JOU PcNcKB AbKcjPcNJBUB _>Igj>K >j>egA>HF HLA> ?>H>IgJ: WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF E = -1.75; TIPSU T = E; JOU J = "42"; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

'BN EPVCMF ABeBN TIPSU LI>N>H FC>AB BAFIBJBUB@BeFKABK RB EBN AFVDF JOU LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIB@BH H>N>HPBNIBN F_BNJBAFeFKABK L AbKcjcJIBN LPLJ>PFH ABeFIAFN. /NLDN>J@g, QUDQK LI>K AQNQJI>NA> ?Q AbKcjcJIBNF >_gH_> UP FIB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF E = -1.75; TIPSU T = UP!TIPSU(E); BTTFSU(T == -1); JOU J = UP!JOU("42"); BTTFSU(J == 42);

#FHH>P BABNOBKFV TIPSU PcNc HBOFNIF ABeBN >I>J>Ageg F_FK T 'KFK ABeBNF -1 LI>N>H AbKcjPcNcIB?FIJFjPFN. UP() DcRBKIFAFN: ,cJHcK LIJ>U>K AbKcjcJIBNAB E>P> >P>N.
48.2.2

PF:P JNNVUBCMF 2L<MRM;:3?7 7K7< BTTVNF6OJRVF()

UP() , JNNVUBCMF AbKcjcJIBNFKF AB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFN: JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 20, 30 >; BVUP EFhJlNF[ = UP!(JNNVUBCMF JOU<>)(EJMJN); 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF ABeFjPFNFIB?FIBK BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQj>K EJMJN 'B BH LI>N>H JNNVUBCMF ?FN AFIFJ A>E> LIQjPQNQIJ>HP>AgN. EFiJmNF[ 'FK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK DBN_BHPBK ABeFjJBJBIBNFKFK

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O>eI>K>?FIJBOF F_FK EJMJN FIB >UKg BIBJ>KI>Ng M>UI>jJ>J>Og DBNBHFN. HOF P>HPFNAB, EJMJN ULIQUI> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFHIBN EFiJmNF[ 'FK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK A> ABeFjJBOFKB RB ?bUIB@B JNNVUBCMF ?BIFNPB@FKB >UHgNg AQNQJ> AcjJBOFKB KBABK LIQNAQ. !Q UcVABK UP() , JNNVUBCMF AbKcjcJIBNFKF >OgI ABeBNFK HLMU>OgKg >I>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFN. UKg AQNQJ AFVFIBNFK .JEVQ KFPBIFeF F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN; E>PgNI>NO>KgV .JEVQ 'QK FOJF "HLMU>I>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "AQMIF@>PB"PBK PcNBJFjPFN. EFiJmNF[ 'FK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK EJMJN 'FKHFIBNABK C>NHIg LIAQHI>NgKg FIH BIBJ>KI>NgKgK >ANBOIBNFKFK C>NHIg LIJ>OgK> ?>H>N>H DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: BTTFSU(&(EJMJN<0>) != &(EFhJlNF[<0>)); !>VBK ?Q HLMU> DBNBHOFV LI>?FIFN RB K>AFNBK AB LIO> MNLDN>J EgVgKg BPHFIBUB?FIFN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK ABeFjJBV ?FN P>JO>Ug AFIFJF ?BHIBUBK ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ: WPJE JlMFW(JNNVUBCMF JOU<> LPPSEJOBUMBS) \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS; TBZjMBS _= 10; // ... dFlJUMJ EFhJlJLMJLMFS ... TBZjMBS<0> = 42; ^ JlMFW(TBZjMBS); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

7QH>NgA>HF HLA, TBZkMBS M>N>JBPNBOF FjIBRFK DBNBH_BOFKF UBNFKB DBPFNJBAFeF F_FK ABNIBKBJBV _cKHc MNLDN>JgK ABNIBKB?FIJBOF F_FK JmMFW() 'B JNNVUBCMF ?FN AFIFJ RBNFIJBOF j>NPPgN. !QKQK ?FN ULIQKQK UP() LIAQeQKQ DbNAcH: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... BVUP EFhJlNF[4BZjMBS = UP!(JNNVUBCMF JOU<>)(TBZjMBS); JlMFW(EFhJlNF[4BZjMBS); K@>H, BeBN TBZkMBS AFIFJF U>IKgV@> ?Q M>N>JBPNBUF LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK DBNBHJFjOB RB JmMFW() _>eNgIAgHP>K OLKN> ?FN A>E> EF_ HQII>KgIJ>U>@>HO>, BIBJ>KI>NgK EFiJmNF[4BZkMBS AFIFJFKB HLMU>I>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHOFV LI>@>HPgN. BTTVNF6OJRVF() , ?FN AFIFJFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ?BIFNIF ?FN KLHP>A>K OLKN> ABeFjJBV LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNFKF O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; // ... BVUP EFhJlNF[4BZjMBS = BTTVNF6OJRVF(TBZjMBS); JlMFW(EFhJlNF[4BZjMBS); BTTFSU(TBZjMBS JT OVMM); // BTjM EJMJN OVMM PMVS "2BH HLMU> LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U" >KI>JgK> DBIBK BTTVNF6OJRVF() BIBJ>K HLMU>I>J>V; >UKg BIBJ>KI>N> JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K UBKF ?FN AFIFJ AbKAcNcN. $IBJ>KI>NgK >OgI AFIFJ >N>@gIgegUI> U>KIgjIgHI> ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNFKF bKIBJBH F_FK AB >OgI AFIFJF OVMM '> BjFPIBN.
48.2.3

DBTU 7R:317
UP() 'KQK RB BTTVNF6OJRVF() 'FK HBKAF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBIBNFKAB AB U>N>NI>KAgHI>Ng >IP AcVBU AbKcjcJ FjIB@F DBTU FjIB@FAFN. 'BABC PcN DBTU M>N>KPBVFKFK F_FKB U>VgIgN:

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DBTU(HedefT'r)EFhFS DBTU , UP() 'KQK DcRBKIB DBN_BHIBjPFNBJBAFeF AbKcjcJIBNF AB U>M>@>H H>A>N Dc_IcAcN. [NKBeFK, UP() >j>egA>HF AbKcjcJIBNF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBV: 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ SFOL = UP!0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ(2); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* CPPM C = UP!CPPM(2); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* !FN P>JO>UgKgK 0ZVO,BikEk3FOHJ ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeFKABK RBU> ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBNFK CPPM >KI>JgKA> HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeFKABK >K@>H MNLDN>J@g BJFK LI>?FIFN. !Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> DBTU FjIB@FKABK U>N>NI>KgIJ>IgAgN: 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ SFOL = DBTU(0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ)2; BTTFSU(SFOL == 0ZVO,BhjEj3FOHJ.LBSP); CPPM C = DBTU(CPPM)2; BTTFSU(C);

48.3

IF3A
x .PLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJIBNF DcRBKIF UbKAB U>MgIgN: *c_cH PcNABK ?cUcH PcNB ALeNQ RB ABeFjB?FIBK PcNABK ABeFjJBV PcNB ALeNQ. x K@>H, Fj>NBPOFV PcNIBNB ALeNQ U>MgI>K AbKcjcJIBN L PcNIBN BHOF ABeBNIBN PQP>J>AgHI>Ng F_FK j>jgNPg@g OLKQ_I>N ALeQN>?FIFNIBN. x FOVN PcNIBN P>JO>Ug PcNIBNB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcNIBN >J> P>JO>UgI>N FOVN PcNIBNB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjJBVIBN. x GBMTF 0'>, USVF A> 1'B LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcN. !BKVBN ?F_FJAB, OgCgN ABeBNIBN GBMTF '>, OgCgN LIJ>U>K ABeBNIBN AB USVF 'U> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcN. x OVMM NBCBN>KOI>N LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H GBMTF ABeBNFKB, OVMM LIJ>U>K NBCBN>KOI>N A> USVF ABeBNFKB AbKcjcNIBN. x _gH_> U>MgI>K _LeQ AbKcjcJ F_FK UP() HQII>KgIgN. x *LMU>I>J>A>K JNNVUBCMF '> AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK BTTVNF6OJRVF() HQII>KgIgN. x DBTU BK >IP AcVBU RB BK Dc_Ic AbKcjcJ FjIB@FAFN.

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,/>P:/?
#BNOIBNFK ?>jgKA> PBJBI PcNIBNFK cOP AcVBU H>RN>JI>Ng FC>AB BPJBAB UBPBNOFV H>I>@>HI>NgKg ObUIBJFjPFJ. JOU PcNcKABK ?FN P>JO>Ug bNKBeFK FHF LI>U >N>OgKA> DB_BK OcNBUF A>HFH> PcNcKABK FC>AB BPJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN; >J> ?bUIB ?FN ABeBN EBN V>J>K PBH ?>jgK> HQII>KgjIg LI>J>V. #BeFjHBKIBN ?>VBK ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNIB ?FN >N>U> DBIAFHIBNFKAB >KI>J H>V>KgNI>N. 7>MgI>N PBJBI PcNIBNF, ?>jH> U>MgI>Ng, RBU> OgKgCI>Ng ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH UBKF PcNIBN LIQjPQNJ>U> U>N>U>K LI>K>HI>NAgN. 7BKF PcN TUSVDU >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB LIQjPQNQIQN. TUSVDU , "U>Mg" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "OPNQ@PQNB"gK HgO>IPJ>OgAgN. !Q ABNOPB U>MgI>NI> FIDFIF LI>N>H >KI>P>@>egJ _LeQ ?FIDF, A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV OgKgCI>Ng >KI>J>A> A> U>NAgJ@g LI>@>H. [VBIIFHIB 4;C 3C3J3 97E;C7C7= J7@; ESC E3@V?>3?3 H>RN>Jg, U>MgI>NA> RB OgKgCI>NA> >UKgAgN. 7>Mg H>RN>JgKg >KI>J>H F_FK A>E> bK@B BTTFSU RB FOGPSDF ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV [BNBO&LMF FjIBRFKB ?>H>IgJ. j>egA>HF P>KgJ L ?bIcJcK MNL?IBJ _bVcJIBNFKAB DB_FULNAQ: WPJE [BNBO&LMF( JO JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, JO JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL4BBU, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB, PVU JOU TPOVd4BBUJ, PVU JOU TPOVd%BLJLBTj) \ TPOVd%BLJLBTj = CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj + FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB; TPOVd4BBUJ = CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ + FLMFOFDFL4BBU; TPOVd4BBUJ += TPOVd%BLJLBTj / 60; TPOVd%BLJLBTj %= 60; TPOVd4BBUJ %= 24;

%AE: UX>7G;@ 38 , 9>= , G7 >83==/<= 4>A=>3CV@V 83K>3 J7C EFE?3?3= ;Q;@ 4F 67CDE7 9RDE7C?;JACF?. 'BN KB H>A>N L FjIBR >IPg P>KB M>N>JBPNB >IgULN DF?F DbNcKOB AB, ?FN?FNIBNFUIB FIDFIF LI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNF _FCPBN _FCPBN AcjcKcNOBH, >OIgKA> c_ _FCP ?FIDF >IAgegKg DbNcNcV. . _FCPIBNABK FIH FHFOF DFNFj LI>N>H, OLKQK@QOQ A> _gHgj LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN.

49.1

)/<P;:/<;/@P
TUSVDU ?FN?FNIBNFUIB FIFjHFIF ABeFjHBKIBNF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH UBKF ?FN PcN LI>N>H HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg RBNFN: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; ^ 7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJ, TBBU RB EBLJLB FOFJIF FHF JOU ABeFjHBKF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBK RB FOJF (gOgO4BBUJ LI>K UBKF ?FN PcN P>KgJI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJA>K OLKN> >NPgH ?>jH> PcNIBN DF?F HQII>K>?FIB@BeFJFV (gOgO4BBUJ FOJFKAB UBKF ?FN PcNcJcV LIQN. [NKBH LI>N>H JOU PcNcKB ?BKVBN HQII>KgJgKg jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: JOU TBZj; TBZj = CBlLB4BZj; (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO; [BNBO = CBlLB;BNBO; // CJS EFhJlLFO // CBlLB4BZj'OjO EFhFSJOJ BMNBTj // CJS OFTOF // CBlLB;BNBO'jO EFhFSJOJ BMNBTj

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7>Mg PcNIBNF jbUIB P>KgJI>KgN: TUSVDU T'r)smi \ // ... UfSf PMVlUVSBO fZFMFS WF WBSTB e[FM JlMFWMFSJ ... ^ 7>MgI>N F_FK bVBI FjIBRIBN AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. !QKI>Ng A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ABNOPB >KI>P>@>egJ. !Q ABNOPB U>IKgV@> U>Mg cUBIBNFKF DbOPBNFULNQJ. 7>MgKgK ?FN >N>U> DBPFNAFeF M>N_>I>N> SJ7 >Ag RBNFIFN. !Q P>KgJ> DbNB, UQH>NgA>HF (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOgKgK FHF cUBOF R>NAgN: TBBU RB EBLJLB .
49.1.1

TUSVDU AM? A/<P;P2P?, 23N7R93< A/<P;P 23N7:27?

!QN>A> ?FN QU>NgA> ?QIQKJ>J DBNBHFULN: fOFJ I>Kg ABNOFKAB RB 7>j>J 1cNB_IBNF ABNOFKAB >KI>PgI>KI>N ALeNQIPQOQKA>; U>Mg P>KgJgKA> HQII>KgI>K HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNFKB ?>H>N>H, L H>MO>J F_FKABHF cUBIBNFK U>MgKgK P>KgJI>KAgeg >K U>j>J>U> ?>jI>AgHI>NgKg AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. !Q ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. 7>Mg P>KgJg, ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J>V: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; ^

// p EFiJmLFO UBOkNk EFiJM! // p EFiJmLFO UBOkNk EFiJM!

7>Mg P>KgJg, A>E> OLKN>A>K U>Mg KBOKBIBNF LIQjPQNQIAQeQKA> KB PcN cUB ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK LI>@>egKg ?BIFNIBN: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; ^

// n TPOSB, OFTOFOJO JdJOEF PMVlUVSVMBDBL // n TPOSB, OFTOFOJO JdJOEF PMVlUVSVMBDBL

. cUB ABeFjHBKIBN ?Q U>Mg PcNcKABK ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNQIAQeQ V>J>K L KBOKBKFK M>N_>Og LI>N>H LIQjPQNQIQNI>N: (fOfO4BBUJ ZBUNB;BNBOj; (fOfO4BBUJ LBMLNB;BNBOj; // JdJOEF LFOEJ TBBU WF EBLJLB // EFhJlLFOMFSJOJ CBSjOEjSjS // // // // // CV EB LFOEJ TBBU WF EBLJLB EFhJlLFOMFSJOJ CBSjOEjSjS; CVOVO TBBU WF EBLJLB EFhJlLFOMFSJ eODFLJOEFO CBhjNTj[EjS

49.1.2

"=2:/;/ 9=:/E:PNP
1>>P RB A>HFH> DF?F FHF ?FIDFUF ?bUIB ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH PBH ?FN PcN DF?F HQII>K>?FIJBH ?cUcH HLI>UIgH O>eI>N. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF FjIBR >IPg P>KB JOU UBNFKB, >OgI >J>@gK> _LH A>E> QUDQK LI>@>H jBHFIAB c_ P>KB (gOgO4BBUJ PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB >I>?FIFN: WPJE [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO (fOfO4BBUJ FLMFOFDFL, PVU (fOfO4BBUJ TPOVd) \ // ... ^

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%AE: GS@S@ D33E;@; 47>;CE7@ 4RJ>7 ;=; 67T7C;@ 7=>7@?7D; 3D>V@63 @AC?3> 4;C ;X>7? A>3C3= =34F> 76;>?7?7>;6;C. NC@7T;@ =3:G3>EV K3?3@V A>3@ 7:30'3 RT>7 J7?7T; K3?3@V A>3@ 12:00'J; 7=>7?7= 6AT3> 67T;>6;C. BFC363 3D>V@63 %K;/ 6;J7 J7@; 4;C ESC E3@V?>3?3= G7 GK8K8%++=3 @7D@7>7C;@7 %K;/ @7D@7>7C;@; 7=>7?7= QA= 63:3 6ATCF A>FC6F. B7@ 4F 67CDE7 J;@7 67 J3>@VK53 GK8K8%++=3 ESCS@S =F>>3@353TV?. '>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, FjIBRIBN SFUVSO ABUFJFUIB PBH ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNB?FIFNIBN. [BNBO&LMF cNBPPFeF O>>P RB A>HFH> ABeBNIBNFKF V>PBK ?Q UcVABK FHF P>KB PVU M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>H VLNQKA> H>IgULNAQ. \NBPPFeF FHF P>KB OLKQ@Q PBH ?FN ABeBN LI>N>H AbKAcNBJFULNAQ. 7>MgI>N ?Q HgOgPI>J>Ug A> LNP>A>K H>IAgNgNI>N: !FNABK C>VI> ?FIDFUF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH PBH ?FN PcN LIQjPQNAQHI>Ng F_FK, FjIBRIBNFK AbKcj PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. NPgH FjIBRABK PBH ?FN (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBOF AbKAcNB?FIFNFV: (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO (fOfO4BBUJ FLMFOFDFL) \ // ... ^ !bUIB@B [BNBO&LMF >NPgH U>K BPHF LIQjPQN>K ABeFI, ABeBN cNBPBK ?FN FjIBR E>IFKB AB DBIJFj LIQN. fjIBRIBN ABNOFKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F; FjIBRIBNFK U>K BPHF LIQjPQNJ>H UBNFKB ABeBN cNBPJBIBNF PBN@FE BAFIFN. 7>MgI>N A> U>Mg cUBOF LI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOgKA>K FHF cUBOF ?QIQK>K ?>jH> ?FN U>Mg jbUIB P>O>NI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU 5PQMBOUj \ TUSJOH LPOV; TJ[F@U LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj; (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd; (fOfO4BBUJ CJUJl; ^ 5PQMBOUk U>MgOg A> ?>jH> ?FN U>MgKgK cUBOF LI>?FIFN. :FNFL AFUB ?FN U>Mg LIAQeQKQ A> R>NO>U>NO>H: TUSVDU (fOMfL1MBO \ 5PQMBOUj QSPKF5PQMBOUjTj; :FNFL ehMF:FNFhJ; 5PQMBOUj CfUdF5PQMBOUjTj; ^

49.2

JE3 3?7R7;7
7>Mg cUBIBNFKF AB EBNE>KDF ?FN ABeFjHBK DF?F HQII>K>?FIFNFV. 2BH C>NH, cUBIBNB BNFjJBH F_FK KBOKBKFK FOJFKABK OLKN> bK@B BNFjFJ FjIB@F LI>K @A=E3, LKA>K OLKN> A> cUBKFK FOJFKFK U>VgIJ>OgAgN: CBlMBOHjd.TBBU = 10; . O>PgN, CBmMBOHke KBOKBOFKFK TBBU cUBOFKB 10 ABeBNFKF >P>N. 7>MgI>NI> FIDFIF ?Q H>A>NIgH ?FIDFUF HQII>K>N>H [BNBO&LMF FjIBRFKF >NPgH jQ jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNB?FIFNFV:

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(fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO (fOfO4BBUJ FLMFOFDFL) \ (fOfO4BBUJ TPOVd; TPOVd.EBLJLB = CBlMBOHjd.EBLJLB + FLMFOFDFL.EBLJLB; TPOVd.TBBU = CBlMBOHjd.TBBU + FLMFOFDFL.TBBU; TPOVd.TBBU += TPOVd.EBLJLB / 60; TPOVd.EBLJLB %= 60; TPOVd.TBBU %= 24; ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

!Q FjIBRAB HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBK FOFJIBNFKFK >NPgH _LH A>E> HgO> OB_FIB?FIAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK: KBOKBIBNB CBmMBOHke , FLMFOFDFL , RB TPOVe DF?F HgO> FOFJIBN RBNB?FIFULNQV. CBmMBOHke4BBUJ DF?F ?FIBjFH FOFJIBN HQII>KJ>H UBNFKB AB KBOKBIBNFK cUBIBNFKB KLHP> FIB CBmMBOHke.TBBU jBHIFKAB BNFjFULNQV. . FjIBRF HQII>K>K ?FN HLA >j>egA>HF jBHFIAB U>VgI>?FIFN. !Q MNLDN>J, 1 O>>P 15 A>HFH> OcNBK RB 8:30'A> ?>jI>U>K ABNOFK ?FPFj V>J>KgKg 9:45 LI>N>H EBO>MI>N: WPJE NBJO() \ (fOfO4BBUJ EFST#Blj; EFST#Blj.TBBU = 8; EFST#Blj.EBLJLB = 30; (fOfO4BBUJ EFST4fSFTJ; EFST4fSFTJ.TBBU = 1; EFST4fSFTJ.EBLJLB = 15; JNNVUBCMF EFST4POV = [BNBO&LMF(EFST#Blj, EFST4fSFTJ); XSJUFGMO("%FST TPOV: %T:%T", EFST4POV.TBBU, EFST4POV.EBLJLB);

ZgHPgOg: %FST TPOV: 9:45 7QH>NgA>HF NBJO 'F jFJAFUB H>A>N ?FIAFHIBNFJFVF HQII>K>N>H U>VAgJ. !FN>V >j>egA> ?Q FjIBJIBNFK _LH A>E> HLI>U RB HgO> LI>KI>NgKg DbOPBNB@BeFJ.

49.3

"B?;/
7QH>NgA>HF NBJO 'FK FIH c_ O>PgNg, EFST#Bmk KBOKBOFKFK HQNQIJ>Og FIB FIDFIFAFN; LKA>K OLKN>HF c_ O>PgN A> EFST4gSFTJ KBOKBOFKFK HQNQIJ>OgAgN. . O>PgNI>NA> bK@B KBOKB P>KgJI>KJ>HP>, OLKN> O>>P RB A>HFH> cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNF >P>KJ>HP>AgN. 'BNE>KDF ?FN ABeFjHBKFK RBU> KBOKBKFK PQP>NIg ?FN jBHFIAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK JQPI>H> HQNQIJ>Og DBNBHFN. !Q _LH bKBJIF RB U>UDgK ?FN FjIBJ LIAQeQ F_FK, U>Mg KBOKBIBNF F_FK HgO> ?FN HQNJ> ObV AFVFJF R>NAgN: (fOfO4BBUJ EFST#Blj = (fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30); (fOfO4BBUJ EFST4fSFTJ = (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 15);

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-BOKBIBN ?Q jBHFIAB HQNQIQNHBK ?BIFNPFIBK ABeBNIBN, U>MgKgK cUBIBNFKB U>Mg F_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgHI>Ng OgN> FIB >P>KgNI>N: U>Mg F_FKAB TBBU bK@B P>KgJI>KAgeg F_FK 8 ABeBNF EFST#Bmk.TBBU 'B, 30 ABeBNF AB EFST#Bmk.EBLJLB 'U> >P>KgN.
49.3.1

JNNVUBCMF =:/?/9 9B?/07:;3 =:/</NP

-BOKBIBNF >UKg >KA> EBJ P>KgJI>J>H EBJ AB ABeBNIBNFKF RBNB?FIJBH, LKI>Ng JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBJB LI>K>eg A> O>eI>N: JNNVUBCMF EFST#Blj = (fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30); JNNVUBCMF EFST4fSFTJ = (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 15); *QNQIAQHP>K OLKN> >NPgH EF_ ABeFjJBUB@BH LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA>, ?Q KBOKBIBNFK OLKN>HF O>PgNI>NA> U>KIgjIgHI> ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNF ?bUIB@B bKIBKJFj LIQN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> FOB KBOKBIBNF JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBUBJBVAFH, _cKHc LKA>K OLKN> cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKF >P>J>JgV JcJHcK LIJ>VAg: JNNVUBCMF (fOfO4BBUJ EFST#Blj; EFST#Blj.TBBU = 8; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* EFST#Blj.EBLJLB = 30; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #Le>I LI>N>H, JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKAFeF F_FK ABeFjBJBUBK EFST#Bmk KBOKBOFKFK cUBIBNFKF ABeFjPFNJBH LI>K>HOgVAgN.

49.3.2

(=<2/97 ME3:3?7< 23N3?:3?7 0=R 0P?/9P:/07:7?

7>Mg KBOKBIBNF HQNQIQNHBK DA@63=; cUBIBNFK ABeBNIBNF ?BIFNPFIJBUB?FIFN. !Q AQNQJA> OLKA>HF cUBIBN UFKB AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H HBKAF PcNIBNFKFK .JOJU ABeBNF FIB FIHIBKFNIBN. !QKQ DbOPBNBK >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA> %FOFNF PcNc DFPPFH_B >V>I>K O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB FIB HQNQIQULN RB DBNF H>I>K M>N>JBPNBIBNFK AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FIHIBKAFHIBNF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF FIB DbOPBNFIFULN (MNLDN>JA> HQII>KJ>H VLNQKA> H>IAgegJ JT/B/ FjIBRFKF MNLDN>JA>K OLKN> >_gHIgULNQJ): JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; TUSVDU %FOFNF \ DIBS LBSBLUFS; JOU UBNTBZj; EPVCMF LFTJSMJ; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ // #fUfO EFhFSMFSMF BVUP E1 = %FOFNF('B', 1, 2.3); BTTFSU(E1.LBSBLUFS == 'B'); BTTFSU(E1.UBNTBZj == 1); BTTFSU(E1.LFTJSMJ == 2.3); // 4POVODVTV FLTJL BVUP E2 = %FOFNF('B', 1); BTTFSU(E2.LBSBLUFS == 'B'); BTTFSU(E2.UBNTBZj == 1); BTTFSU(JT/B/(E2.LFTJSMJ)); // 4PO JLJTJ FLTJL BVUP E3 = %FOFNF('B'); BTTFSU(E3.LBSBLUFS == 'B'); BTTFSU(E3.UBNTBZj == JOU.JOJU); BTTFSU(JT/B/(E3.LFTJSMJ));

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// )JdCJSJTJ ZPL BVUP E4 = %FOFNF(); BTTFSU(E4.LBSBLUFS == DIBS.JOJU); BTTFSU(E4.UBNTBZj == JOU.JOJU); BTTFSU(JT/B/(E4.LFTJSMJ)); // :VLBSjEBLJZMF BZOj lFZ %FOFNF E5; BTTFSU(E5.LBSBLUFS == DIBS.JOJU); BTTFSU(E5.UBNTBZj == JOU.JOJU); BTTFSU(JT/B/(E5.LFTJSMJ));

*BOFNIF O>UgI>N ABNOFKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F EPVCMF 'gK FIH ABeBNF EPVCMF.OBO 'AgN RB ?FN ABeBNFK .OBO '> BjFP LIQM LIJ>Ageg == FjIB@F FIB ABKBPIBKBJBV. . UcVABK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> TUE.NBUI.JT/B/ 'A>K U>N>NI>KgIJgjPgN.
49.3.3

+/?@/EP:/< ME3 23N3?:3?7<7< 03:7?:3<;3@7

\UBIBNFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FIHIBKFULN LIJ>I>Ng _LH U>N>NIg ?FN LI>K>HPgN. \UBIBNFK N>ODBIB ABeBNIBNIB HQII>KgIJ>I>Ng bKIBKJFj LIQN. K@>H, EBN cUBKFK HBKAF PcNcKcK .JOJU ABeBNFKF >IJ>Og EBN AQNQJ> QUDQK ABeFIAFN. [NKBeFK DIBS.JOJU ABeBNF DB_BNIF ?FN H>N>HPBN ?FIB ABeFIAFN. !Q UcVABK cUBIBNFK AEA?3E;= A>3C3= >I>@>HI>Ng ABeBNIBN MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN. !Q O>UBAB bNKBeFK UQH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV RB EF_?FN HQII>KgjIgIgeg LIJ>U>K EPVCMF.OBO ABeBNF UBNFKB, _LeQ V>J>K _LH A>E> QUDQK LI>K 0.0 ABeBNFKF HQII>K>?FIFNFV. \UBIBNFK >IAgHI>Ng ?Q bVBI FIH ABeBNIBNB G3CD3JV>3@ 67T7C ABKFN RB cUB P>KgJgKA>K OLKN>HF >P>J> ObV AFVFJFUIB ?BIFNIBKFN: TUSVDU %FOFNF \ DIBS LBSBLUFS = '"'; JOU UBNTBZj = 11; EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = 0.25; ^ \UB P>KgJg OgN>OgKA> HQII>KgI>K ?Q U>VgJ jBHIFKFK ?FN >P>J> FjIBJF LIJ>AgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK PBH >J>@g, cUBIBN F_FK E>KDF ABeBNIBNFK R>NO>UgI>@>egKg ?BIFNIBJBHPFN. !Q ABeBNIBN, A>E> OLKN> KBOKB LIQjPQNQIQNHBK DBNBHFNOB HQII>KgI>@>HPgN. -BOKB HQNQIQNHBK ABeBNIBNF bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJBUBK cUBIBN L R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNF >IgNI>N. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF HQII>KgJA> KBOKBKFK EF_?FN cUBOFKFK ABeBNF RBNFIJBJBHPBAFN: %FOFNF E; // IJdCJS fZF EFhFSJ CFMJSUJMNJZPS XSJUFGMO("%T,%T,%T", E.LBSBLUFS, E.UBNTBZj, E.LFTJSMJ); !cPcK cUBIBN PcNcK P>KgJgKA> ?BIFNPFIJFj LI>K FIH ABeBNIBNB O>EFM LIQNI>N: ",11,0.25

49.3.4

\ ^ 9/?/9A3?:3?7E:3 9B?;/
7QH>NgA>HF HQNJ> ObV AFVFJF R>NHBK HQII>KJ>U> DBNBH LIJ>O> A>, ?QKQ A> ?FIJBKFV DBNBHFN. 7>Mg KBOKBIBNFKF ?>jH> ?FN ObV AFVFJFUIB AB HQN>?FIFNOFKFV: (fOfO4BBUJ EFST#Blj = \ 8, 30 ^;

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!BIFNIBKBK ABeBNIBN ?Q HQII>KgJA> A> cUBIBNB OgN> FIB >P>KgNI>N; RB ?Q HQII>KgJA> A> cUB O>UgOgKA>K A>E> >V ABeBN RBNFIB?FIFN. !Q ObV AFVFJF #'UB " MNLDN>JI>J> AFIFKABK DB_JFjPFN: BVUP EFST#Blj = (fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30); (fOfO4BBUJ EFST4POV = \ 9, 30 ^; // n aOFSJMFO // n $'EFLJ HJCJ

49.4

"=>E/:/;/ C3 AA/;/
7>MgI>N ABeBN PcNIBNFAFN. !QKA>K; #BeBNIBN RB 0BCBN>KOI>N ABNOFKAB >_gHI>KAgeg DF?F, EBN U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK HBKAFOFKB >FP ABeBNF LIAQeQKQ >KI>NgV. *QNQIAQHI>NgKA> HBKAF ABeBNIBNFKF BAFKFNIBN; >P>KAgHI>NgKA> A> U>IKgV@> HBKAF ABeBNIBNF ABeFjFN. BVUP TFOJO:FNFL4BBUJO = (fOfO4BBUJ(12, 0); BVUP CFOJN:FNFL4BBUJN = TFOJO:FNFL4BBUJO; // :BMOj[DB CFOJN ZFNFL TBBUJN 12:05 PMVS: CFOJN:FNFL4BBUJN.EBLJLB += 5; // ... TFOJO ZFNFL TBBUJO EFhJlNF[: BTTFSU(TFOJO:FNFL4BBUJO.EBLJLB == 0); *LMU>I>J> OgN>OgKA> ?FN KBOKBKFK ?cPcK cUBIBNF OgN>UI> AFeBN cUBUB HLMU>I>KgN. !BKVBN jBHFIAB, >P>J> FjIBJF AB ?cPcK cUBIBNFK OgN>UI> >P>KJ>I>Ng >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !Q HLKQA> NBCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K cUBIBNB bVBIIFHIB AFHH>P BPJBH DBNBHFN.

49.4.1

'343?/<@ AM?M<23< =:/< ME3:3?3 2799/A!

!QN>A> _LH bKBJIF ?FN HLKQUQ E>PgNI>PJ>H DBNBHFULN: 0BCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN HLMU>I>KAgHI>NgKA> RBU> >P>KAgHI>NgKA> >OgI KBOKB ABeFjJBV, LK> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K NBCBN>KO ABeFjFN, RB OLKQ_P> >OgI KBOKBUB ?FNABK C>VI> NBCBN>KO P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFJ O>eI>KJgj LIQN. !QKQK U>Mg cUBIBNF >_gOgKA>K bKBJF, FHF C>NHIg U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK cUBIBNFKFK >UKg >OgI KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eIgULN LI>@>HI>NgAgN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK NBCBN>KO PcNcKABK ?FN cUBOF LI>K ?FN U>MgU> ?>H>IgJ. !FN beNBK@FKFK KQJ>N>OgKg RB KLPI>NgKg F_BNBK jbUIB ?FN U>Mg P>KgJI>KJgj LIOQK: TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ JOU OVNBSB; JOU<> OPUMBS; ^ . PcNABK ?FN KBOKBKFK ?>jH> ?FN KBOKBKFK ABeBNFUIB HQNQIAQeQ jQ HLA> ?>H>IgJ: // #JSJODJ ehSFODJZJ LVSBMjN: BVUP ehSFODJ1 = ahSFODJ(1, < 70, 90, 85 >); // iLJODJ ehSFODJZJ CJSJODJOJO LPQZBTj PMBSBL LVSBMjN ... BVUP ehSFODJ2 = ehSFODJ1; // ... WF TPOSB OVNBSBTjOj EFhJlUJSFMJN: ehSFODJ2.OVNBSB = 2; // %i,,"5: iLJ ehSFODJ CV OPLUBEB BZOj OPUMBSj QBZMBlNBLUBEjSMBS! // iML ehSFODJOJO OPUVOEB CJS EFhJlJLMJL ZBQUjhjNj[EB ... ehSFODJ1.OPUMBS<0> += 5;

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.3BV>3C

// ... JLJODJ ehSFODJOJO OPUVOVO EB EFhJlUJhJOJ HeSfSf[: XSJUFMO(ehSFODJ2.OPUMBS<0>); fiSFODJ2 KBOKBOF HQNQIAQeQ V>J>K, cUBIBNF OgN>UI> fiSFODJ1 'FK cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKF >IgN. JOU ?FN ABeBN PcNc LIAQeQ F_FK, EBN FHF biSFODJ KBOKBOFKFK >UNg OVNBSB ABeBNF LIQN. 'BN FHF biSFODJ KBOKBOFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>K OPUMBS cUBIBNF AB R>NAgN. K@>H, AFVF AFIFJIBNF NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF LIAQHI>NgKA>K, EBN KB H>A>N OPUMBS cUBIBNF ?>egJOgV LIO>I>N A>, >OIgKA> >UKg >OgI AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. 1LKQ_P>, ?FN KBOKBKFK OPUMBS cUBOFKAB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH AFeBNFKF AB BPHFIBN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK _gHPgOg, FHF beNBK@F KBOKBOFKFK >UKg >OgI KLPI>Ng M>UI>jPgHI>NgKg DbOPBNFN: 75 !BIHF AB ?QN>A> EF_ HLMU>I>J> FjIBJFKF HQII>KJ>A>K, FHFK@F KBOKBUF HBKAF KQJ>N>OgUI> RB ?FNFK@FKFK KLPI>NgKgK =ABJ3DVJ>3 HQNJ>H A>E> ALeNQ LIQN: // iLJODJ ehSFODJZJ CJSJODJOJO OPUMBSjOjO LPQZBTj JMF // LVSVZPSV[ BVUP ehSFODJ2 = ahSFODJ(2, ehSFODJ1.OPUMBS.EVQ); // iML ehSFODJOJO OPUVOEB CJS EFhJlJLMJL ZBQUjhjNj[EB ... ehSFODJ1.OPUMBS<0> += 5; // ... JLJODJ ehSFODJOJO OPUV CV TFGFS EFhJlNF[: XSJUFMO(ehSFODJ2.OPUMBS<0>); #FVFIBNFK .EVQ KFPBIFeF FIB HLMU>I>KAgeg F_FK ?Q OBCBN EBN KBOKBKFK >UNg KLPI>Ng LIQN. iFJAFHF _gHPg, FHFK@F beNBK@FKFK KLPQKQK BPHFIBKJBAFeFKF DbOPBNFN: 70 %AE: UDE7@7@ 6FCF?>3C63 C787C3@D ESCS@67@ SJ7>7C;@ AEA?3E;= A>3C3= =ABJ3>3@?3>3CV 63 D3T>3@34;>;C. BF@F 63:3 DA@C3 J3BV ;X>7G>7C;@; 3@>3EVC=7@ 9RDE7C757T;?.

49.5

,/>P 6/FP? 23N3?:3?7

->OgI 10 DF?F E>VgN ABeBNIBNF EF_ ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>J>H VLNQKA> H>IJ>A>K FjIBJIBNAB HQII>K>?FIFULNO>H, U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKF AB FOFJIBNF LIJ>U>K :3KVC 67T7C>7C LI>N>H HQII>K>?FIFNFV. 7>Mg E>VgN ABeBNIBNFKF LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK UFKB HQNJ> ObV AFVFJF HQII>KgIgN RB U>Mg KBOKBOF DBNBHBK EBN UBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. (fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30) // n IB[jS EFhFS 7QH>NgA>HF NBJO FjIBRFKF jFJAFUB H>A>N beNBKAFHIBNFJFVF HQII>K>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFST#Blj = (fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30); JNNVUBCMF EFST4fSFTJ = (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 15); JNNVUBCMF EFST4POV = [BNBO&LMF(EFST#Blj, EFST4fSFTJ); XSJUFGMO("%FST TPOV: %T:%T", EFST4POV.TBBU, EFST4POV.EBLJLB);

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#FHH>P BABNOBKFV, L MNLDN>JA> EFST#Bmk RB EFST4gSFTJ KBOKBIBNFKFK >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBIBNFKB DBNBH ULHPQN. .KI>N U>IKgV@> EFST4POV KBOKBOFKF EBO>MI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgI>K >OIgKA> DB_F@F KBOKBIBNAFN. . KBOKBIBNF >_gH_> P>KgJI>J>H UBNFKB, [BNBO&LMF FjIBRFKB jQ jBHFIAB :3KVC 67T7C LI>N>H A> DbKABNB?FIFNFV: WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFST4POV = [BNBO&LMF((fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 15)); XSJUFGMO("%FST TPOV: %T:%T", EFST4POV.TBBU, EFST4POV.EBLJLB);

49.6

TUBUJD ME3:3?
ZLeQ AQNQJA> EBN U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK HBKAF cUBIBNFKB O>EFM LIJ>OgKg FOPBNFV. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB ?BIFNIF ?FN U>Mg PcNcKABK LI>K ?cPcK KBOKBIBNFK PBH ?FN ABeFjHBKF M>UI>jJ>I>Ng QUDQK LI>?FIFN. !Q, L U>Mg PcNc F_FK >HgIA> PQPQIJ>Og DBNBHBK DBKBI ?FN ?FIDF ?QIQKAQeQKA> DBNBHB?FIFN. !cPcK KBOKBIBNFK PBH ?FN cUBUF M>UI>jJ>I>NgKgK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H, EBN ?FN KBOKB F_FK C>NHIg ?FN P>KgPg@g KQJ>N> LIAQeQ ?FN AQNQJ AcjcKBIFJ: TUSVDU /PLUB \ // )FS OFTOFOJO LFOEJ UBOjUjDj OVNBSBTj TJ[F@U OVNBSB; JOU TBUjS; JOU TfUVO;

'BN KBOKBUB C>NHIg ?FN KQJ>N> RBNB?FIJBH F_FK TPOSBLJ/VNBSB DF?F ?FN ABeFjHBK ?>NgKAgNJ>H, RB EBN KBOKB F_FK L O>UgUg ?FN >NPPgNJ>H DBNBHFN: /PLUB /PLUB0MVlUVS(JOU TBUjS, JOU TfUVO) \ TJ[F@U OVNBSB = TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; ++TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; ^ SFUVSO /PLUB(OVNBSB, TBUjS, TfUVO);

!QN>A> H>N>N RBNFIJBOF DBNBHBK jBU, EBN KBOKBKFK LIQjPQNQIJ>Og OgN>OgKA> LNP>H LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K TPOSBLJ/VNBSB ?FIDFOFKFK KBNBAB P>KgJI>K>@>egAgN. TUBUJD cUBIBN FjPB ?Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> HQII>KgjIgAgNI>N. . ?FIDF ?FN U>Mg cUBOF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN RB TUBUJD LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKFN. #FeBN cUBIBNFK >HOFKB, ?bUIB cUBIBNABK U>IKgV@> ?FN >ABP LIQjPQNQIQN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU /PLUB \ // )FS OFTOFOJO LFOEJ UBOjUjDj OVNBSBTj TJ[F@U OVNBSB; JOU TBUjS; JOU TfUVO;

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// #VOEBO TPOSB PMVlUVSVMBDBL PMBO OFTOFOJO OVNBSBTj TUBUJD TJ[F@U TPOSBLJ/VNBSB;

/PLUB /PLUB0MVlUVS(JOU TBUjS, JOU TfUVO) \ TJ[F@U OVNBSB = /PLUB.TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; ++/PLUB.TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; ^ SFUVSO /PLUB(OVNBSB, TBUjS, TfUVO);

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP fTUUFLJ = /PLUB0MVlUVS(7, 0); BVUP PSUBEBLJ = /PLUB0MVlUVS(8, 0); BVUP BMUUBLJ = /PLUB0MVlUVS(9, 0); XSJUFMO(fTUUFLJ.OVNBSB); XSJUFMO(PSUBEBLJ.OVNBSB); XSJUFMO(BMUUBLJ.OVNBSB);

TPOSBLJ/VNBSB EBN OBCBNFKAB ?FN >NPPgNgIAgeg F_FK EBN KBOKBKFK C>NHIg KQJ>N>Og LIQN: 0 1 2 TUBUJD cUBIBN ?cPcK PcNB >FP LIAQHI>NgKA>K LKI>N> BNFjJBH F_FK ?FN KBOKB LIJ>Og DBNBHJBV. . cUBUB PcNcK FOJF HQII>KgI>N>H BNFjFIB?FIB@BeF DF?F, L PcNcK ?FN KBOKBOF cVBNFKABK AB BNFjFIB?FIFN: ++/PLUB.TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; ++BMUUBLJ.TPOSBLJ/VNBSB;

// fTU TBUjSjO FlEFhFSJ

49.7

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 2BH ?FN LUQK H>egAgKg PBJOFI BABK RB FOJF 0ZVO,BikEk LI>K ?FN U>Mg P>O>NI>UgK. !Q U>MgKgK H>egP NBKDF RB H>egP ABeBNF F_FK FHF cUBOF LIAQeQ AcjcKcIB?FIFN. 0BKH F_FK ?FN FOVN ABeBN HQII>K>?FIB@BeFKFV DF?F; ALeNQA>K |, }, ~, RB H>N>HPBNIBNFKF AB HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. *>egP ABeBNF LI>N>H A> ?FN JOU RBU> ?FN EDIBS cUB HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. JOU OB_BNOBKFV 1'ABK 13'B H>A>N ABeBNIBNABK ?BIHF AB 1, 11, 12, RB 13 ABeBNIBNFKF OgN>OgUI> >O, R>IB, HgV RB M>M>V F_FK AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. #>E> ?>jH> _bVcJIBN AB ?QIQK>?FIFN. [NKBeFK H>egP ABeBNFKF AB ?FN FOVN LI>N>H P>KgJI>U>?FIFNOFKFV. !Q U>MgKgK KBOKBIBNFKFK K>OgI HQNQI>@>HI>Ng, cUBIBN F_FK OB_PFeFKFV PcNIBNB ?>eIg LI>@>H. [NKBeFK BeBN EBN FHF cUBUF AB EDIBS PcNcKAB P>O>NI>AgUO>KgV, jbUIB HQNQI>?FIFNIBN: BVUP LBhjU = 0ZVO,BhjEj('}', '2'); 2. !FN 0ZVO,BikEk KBOKBOF >I>K RB L KBOKBUF _gHgj> U>VAgN>K PZVO,BikEk:B[EkS FOJFKAB ?FN FjIBR P>KgJI>UgK: WPJE PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(JO 0ZVO,BhjEj LBhjU) \ // ... CVSBTjOj TJ[ ZB[jO ...

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^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP LBhjU = 0ZVO,BhjEj(/* ... */); PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(LBhjU); ^ [NKBeFK OFKBH FHFIFUF _gHPgU> jQ jBHFIAB U>VAgNOgK: {2 *QM> >OgKg A> jQ jBHFIAB: y" . FjIBRFK F_BNFeF, ALe>I LI>N>H U>MgUg K>OgI P>O>NI>AgegKgV> ?>eIg LI>@>HPgN. 3. fOJF ZFOJ%FTUF LI>K ?FN FjIBR U>VgK. $IIF FHF C>NHIg LUQK H>egAgKg PBJOFI BABK 0ZVO,BikEk 9; PcNcKAB ?FN AFIFJ AbKAcNOcK: 0ZVO,BhjEj<> ZFOJ%FTUF() PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.MFOHUI == 52); ^ CPEZ \ // ... CVSBTjOj TJ[ ZB[jO ... ^ !Q FjIBR bNKBeFK jbUIB HQII>KgI>?FIOFK: WPJE NBJO() \ 0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF = ZFOJ%FTUF(); GPSFBDI (LBhjU; EFTUF) \ PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(LBhjU); XSJUF(' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

$eBN ABOPBABHF EBN H>egP DBN_BHPBK C>NHIg LIJQjO>, jQK> ?BKVBN ?FN _gHPg LIJ>IgAgN: x2 y5 z8 {+ x3 y6 z9 {2 x4 y7 z0 {, x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x0 x+ x2 x, x" y2 y3 y4 y8 y9 y0 y+ y2 y, y" z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z+ z2 z, z" {2 {3 {4 {5 {6 {7 {8 {9 {0 {"

4. #BOPBUF H>NgjPgN>K ?FN FjIBR U>VgK. TUE.SBOEPN JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIg LI>K VOJGPSN FjIBRFKF HQII>K>N>H N>ODBIB OB_PFeF FHF H>egAgK UBNFKF ABeFjPFNOFK. !Q FjIBJF H>_ HBNB PBHN>NI>U>@>egKg A> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IOgK: WPJE LBSjlUjS(0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF, JO JOU EFhJl5PLVl"EFEJ) \ // ... CVSBTjOj TJ[ ZB[jO ^

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iQ jBHFIAB _>eNgI>?FIOFK: WPJE NBJO() \ 0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF = ZFOJ%FTUF(); LBSjlUjS(EFTUF, 1); GPSFBDI (LBhjU; EFTUF) \ PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(LBhjU); XSJUF(' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

EFiJm5PLVm"EFEJ FIB ?BIFNPFIBK ABeBN H>A>N ABeFj PLHQj FjIBJF DBN_BHIBjPFNOFK. [NKBeFK 1 FIB _>eNgIAgegKA> jQK> ?BKVBN ?FN _gHPg RBNOFK: x2 y5 z8 {+ x3 y6 z9 {2 x4 y7 z0 {, x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x0 x+ x2 x, x" y2 y3 y4 y8 {4 y0 y+ y2 y, y" z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z+ z2 z, z" {2 {3 y9 {5 {6 {7 {8 {9 {0 {"

EFiJm5PLVm"EFEJ LI>N>H A>E> UcHOBH ?FN ABeBN RBNAFeFKFVAB ABOPB FUF@B H>NgjJgj LIJ>IgAgN: LBSjlUjS(EFTUF, 100);

x4 y+ x8 x,

{7 {2 y4 {9

z9 x2 {+ x0

z6 y2 x6 {6 z" {5 z8 z3 y2 z+ {, {8 {4 x9 z0 y" x" y9 x7 y3 z, z2 y0 x+ z7 y7 z4 {0 y6 z5 y5 y, x3 z2 x2 x5 {2 y8 {" {3

%AE: D7DE7 =3CVXEVC?3= ;Q;@ 63:3 7E=;@ 4;C JR@E7?; QRKS? BCA9C3?V@63 3QV=>VJACF?. ... QRKS?>7C

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50

&/?/;3A?3 (3?03@A:7N7
!Q ?bIcJAB fjIBR />N>JBPNBIBNF ABNOFKAB >KI>PgI>KI>NI> ALeNQA>K FIDFIF LI>K RB FjIBR _>egNJ> HLKQOQKA> ?>Vg OBN?BOPIFHIBN O>eI>U>K FHF LI>K>eg DbOPBNB@BeFJ: x 4>NO>UgI>K M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF x !BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNBIBN

50.1

+/?@/EP:/< >/?/;3A?3 23N3?:3?7

fjIBRIBNIB FIDFIF ?FN HLI>UIgH, M>N>JBPNBIBNB R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBN >P>K>?FIJBOFAFN. !Q, U>Mg cUBIBNFKFK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNFKFK ?BIFNIBKB?FIJBOFKB ?BKVBN. !>Vg FjIBRIBNFK ?>Vg M>N>JBPNBIBNF _LeQ AQNQJA> EBM >UKg ABeBNIB _>eNgIgULN LI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBH LI>N>H, ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQ _gHgj> U>VAgN>K ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ. 7>VAgNAgeg BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK EBJ FKABHO PcNc EBJ AB ABeBN PcNc TUSJOH LIOQK. !Q FjIBR, _gHPgA> HQII>K>@>eg >UN>_ H>N>HPBNIBNFKF AB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >I>@>H jBHFIAB BOKBH P>O>NI>KJgj LIOQK: WPJE UBCMP:B[EjS(JO DIBS<> CBlMjL, JO TUSJOH<TUSJOH> UBCMP, JO DIBS<> JOEFLT"ZSBDj, JO DIBS<> FMFNBO"ZSBDj) \ XSJUFMO("-- ", CBlMjL, " --"); BVUP JOEFLTMFS = UBCMP.LFZT.TPSU; GPSFBDI (TBZBd, JOEFLT; JOEFLTMFS) \ // iML FMFNBOEBO eODF BZSBd PMNBNBMj JG (TBZBd != 0) \ XSJUF(FMFNBO"ZSBDj); ^ ^ ^ XSJUF(JOEFLT, JOEFLT"ZSBDj, UBCMP<JOEFLT>);

XSJUFMO();

. FjIBR, FKABHOIBNIB ABeBNIBN >N>OgK> ":" , BIBJ>KI>N >N>OgK> A> ", " DBIB@BH jBHFIAB jbUIB _>eNgI>?FIFN: TUSJOH<TUSJOH> Te[MfL = < "NBWJ":"CMVF", "LjSNj[j":"SFE", "HSJ":"HSBZ" >; UBCMP:B[EjS("3FOL 4e[Mfhf", Te[MfL, ":", ", "); ZgHPgOg: -- 3FOL 4f[Mgig -HSJ:HSBZ, LkSNk[k:SFE, NBWJ:CMVF UKg MNLDN>JA> ?>jH> P>?ILI>NgK A> U>VAgNgIAgHI>NgKg, RB _LeQ AQNQJA> EBM >UKg >UN>_I>NgK HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg R>NO>U>IgJ. 7>IKgV@> ?>Vg bVBI AQNQJI>NA> C>NHIg >UN>_I>N HQII>KgIgULN LIOQK. />N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKFK _LeQKIQHI> >UKg ABeBNF >IAgHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA>, L ABeBNIBN G3CD3JV>3@ 67T7C LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIB?FIFNIBN:

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WPJE UBCMP:B[EjS(JO JO JO JO \ // ... ^

DIBS<> CBlMjL, TUSJOH<TUSJOH> UBCMP, DIBS<> JOEFLT"ZSBDj = ":", DIBS<> FMFNBO"ZSBDj = ", ")

4>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNF LI>K M>N>JBPNBIBN FjIBR _>eNgOg OgN>OgKA> ?BIFNPFIJBUB?FIFNIBN: UBCMP:B[EjS("3FOL 4e[Mfhf", Te[MfL); /* n BZSBdMBS CFMJSUJMNFNJl; * WBSTBZjMBO EFhFSMFSJOJ BMjSMBS */ . AQNQJA>, ?BIFNPFIJBUBK M>N>JBPNBIBNFK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNF HQII>KgIgN. -LNJ>IFK AgjgKA> ABeBN HQII>KgI>@>eg AQNQJI>NA> FjIBR _>eNgIgNHBK L M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK UFKB AB bVBI ABeBNIBN RBNFIB?FIFN. &BNBHFULNO> U>IKgV@> FIHF: UBCMP:B[EjS("3FOL 4e[Mfhf", Te[MfL, "="); ZgHPgOg: -- 3FOL 4f[Mgig -HSJ=HSBZ, LkSNk[k=SFE, NBWJ=CMVF 4BU> DBNBHFULNO> EBN FHFOF ?FNABK: UBCMP:B[EjS("3FOL 4e[Mfhf", Te[MfL, "=", "=O"); ZgHPgOg: -- 3FOL 4f[Mgig -HSJ=HSBZ LkSNk[k=SFE NBWJ=CMVF 4>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBN U>IKgV@> M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK OLK P>N>CgKA>HF M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. !>jP>HF RBU> >N>A>HF M>N>JBPNBIBNFK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNF ?BIFNPFIBJBV.

50.2

B3:7?@7F @/EP2/ >/?/;3A?3:3?

4>NO>UgI>K M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF, FjIBRFK >OIgKA> H>_ P>KB M>N>JBPNB >IAgegKg ABeFjPFNJBV. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF UBCMP:B[EkS FjIBRF EBN V>J>K F_FK AbNP >ABP M>N>JBPNB >IgN; RB FjFKF U>M>NHBK L AbNP M>N>JBPNBUF HQII>KgN. #'KFK ?>jH> ?FN LI>K>eg, FjIBRIBNF ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB FIB _>egN>?FIJBJFVF O>eI>N. !Q LI>K>eg >OIgKA> A>E> bK@B AB _LH HBNB HQII>KAgH. [NKBeFK XSJUFMO 'F EF_?FN HgOgPI>J>UI> H>NjgI>jJ>A>K OgKgNOgV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB FIB _>egN>?FIFULNAQH: XSJUFMO( "NFSIBCB", 7, "EfOZB", 9.8 /*, WF JTUFEJhJNJ[ LBEBS * EBIB QBSBNFUSF */); #'AB ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB HQII>KJ>KgK AbNP ULIQ R>NAgN:

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x FYUFSO "$" LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K FjIBRIBN RB @BSHQUS DFVIF M>N>JBPNBOFKF HQII>K>K AcVBKBH. &cRBKOFV LI>K ?Q LI>K>eg ?Q HFP>MP> >KI>PJ>U>@>egJ. x -LNJ>I # FjIBRIBNF F_FK @BSHQUS RB 5ZQF*OGP<> PcNcKABHF @BSHVNFOUT DFVIF M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF HQII>K>K AcVBKBH. XSJUFMO DF?F FjIBRIBN ?Q AcVBKBeF HQII>KgN. 'BJ EBKcV beNBKJBAFeFJFV 9RDE7C97>7C; HQII>KAgeg F_FK, EBJ AB >UKg KBABKABK bPcNc DcRBKOFV LI>?FIBK ?Q LI>K>eg A> ?Q HFP>MP> >KI>PJ>U>@>egJ. x !BIFNOFV O>UgA>HF M>N>JBPNBIBNFK EBM >UKg PcNABK LIJ>I>NgKg DBNBHPFNBK >J> ?QKQK U>KgKA> DcRBKIF LI>K # LI>K>eg. j>egA> ?Q AcVBKBeF >KI>PgULNQJ. x !BIFNOFV O>UgA> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF. !Q LI>K>eg A>E> OLKN> j>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNB@BeFV. #, ?BIFNOFV O>UgA>HF M>N>JBPNBIBNF L PcN FjIBRIBNB ?FN AFVF E>IFKAB OQK>N. !BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB >I>@>H LI>K FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?FN AFVF ?BIFNPFIFN RB EBJBK >NH>OgKA>K ... H>N>HPBNIBNF U>VgIgN: EPVCMF UPQMB(JO EPVCMF<> TBZjMBS ...) \ EPVCMF TPOVd = 0.0; GPSFBDI (TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ TPOVd += TBZj; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

. jBHFIAB P>KgJI>K>K UPQMB , ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?FN FjIBR E>IFKB DBIJFj LIQN. .KQ FOPBAFeFJFV O>UgA> EPVCMF FIB _>egN>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(UPQMB(1.1, 2.2, 3.3)); !cPcK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF PBH AFIFJ LI>N>H A> RBNFIB?FIFNIBN: XSJUFMO(TVN(< 1.1, 2.2, 3.3 >)); // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

/>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKABHF AFVF RB LKA>K OLKN> DBIBK ... H>N>HPBNIBNF FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg OgN>A> HQII>KgI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNF PBJOFI BABNIBN. UPQMB FjIBRF bNKBeFK ?Bj EPVCMF M>N>JBPNB FIB _>eNgIAgegKA>, UPQMB 'KgK TBZkMBS M>N>JBPNBOF L ?Bj O>UgUg F_BNFN. !bUIB FjIBRIBNFK j>NP HLjPQHI>Ng M>N>JBPNBIBN AB ?QIQK>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, ?BIFNOFV O>UgA>HF ObV@cec M>N>KPBVIBN >N>OgKA> U>VAgN>K ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ. !Q FjIBR, EBN KB H>A>N ObV@cH O>UgOgKg OBN?BOP ?gN>HO> A>, KB PcN M>N>KPBVIBN HQII>KgI>@>egKgK ?BIFNPFIJBOFKF j>NP HLjOQK. *BOFKIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHBK M>N>JBPNBIBN M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB ?>j P>N>C> U>VgIgNI>N. !BIFNOFV O>UgA>HF M>N>JBPNBUF PBJOFI BABK AFVF FOB BK OLK> U>VgIgN: DIBS<> QBSBOUF[MF( JO DIBS<> BdNB, // n JlMFW dBhSjMjSLFO CFMJSUJMNFMJEJS JO DIBS<> LBQBNB, // n JlMFW dBhSjMjSLFO CFMJSUJMNFMJEJS JO DIBS<><> Te[DfLMFS ...) // n IJd CFMJSUJMNFZFCJMJS \ DIBS<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (Te[DfL; Te[DfLMFS) \ TPOVd _= BdNB; TPOVd _= Te[DfL; TPOVd _= LBQBNB; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

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. FjIBRF _>egNgNHBK FIH FHF M>N>JBPNB JQPI>H> ?BIFNPFIJBIFAFN: QBSBOUF[MF("\"); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

*BOFKIFHIB ?BIFNPFIJBIBNF DBNBHBK ?>jP>HF M>N>JBPNBIBN RBNFIAFeF OcNB@B, DBNF H>I>K M>N>JBPNBIBN HLKQOQKA> OBN?BOPIFH R>NAgN. !QK> QUDQK LI>N>H >_J> RB H>M>J> M>N>KPBVIBNFKF HQII>K>K ?FN bNKBH: XSJUFMO(QBSBOUF[MF("\", "^", "FMNB", "BSNVU", "NV[")); ZgHPgOg: \FMNB^\BSNVU^\NV[^

50.3

&?=0:3;
x #>E> bK@B DbNAcecJcV jQ FOVN PcNcKcK P>KgJIg LIAQeQKQ R>NO>UgK: FOVN ilMFN \ UPQMBNB, djLBSNB, dBSQNB, CeMNF ^ . FjIBJ _BjFAFKF RB FjIBJAB HQII>KgI>@>H FHF HBOFNIF O>UgUg F_BNBK ?FN AB U>Mg LIOQK: TUSVDU )FTBQ \ ilMFN JlMFN; EPVCMF CJSJODJ; EPVCMF JLJODJ; ^ [NKBeFK )FTBQ(jmMFN.CfMNF, 7.7, 8.8) KBOKBOF, 7.7'KFK 8.8'B ?bIcKB@BeF >KI>JgK> DBIOFK. !Q U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKABK ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB >I>K, EBN ?FNFOFKF PBHBN PBHBN EBO>MI>U>K, RB ?cPcK OLKQ_I>Ng ?FN EPVCMF AFVFOF LI>N>H AbKAcNBK IFTBQMB FOJFKAB ?FN FjIBR U>VgK. !Q FjIBR bNKBeFK jbUIB _>eNgI>?FIOFK: WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(IFTBQMB()FTBQ(ilMFN.UPQMBNB, 1.1, 2.2), )FTBQ(ilMFN.djLBSNB, 3.3, 4.4), )FTBQ(ilMFN.dBSQNB, 5.5, 6.6), )FTBQ(ilMFN.CeMNF, 7.7, 8.8))); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF DF?F HQII>KgIAgegKA>, IFTBQMB 'KgK FjIBJ OLKQ_I>NgKg UBNIBjPFNAFeF AFVF XSJUFMO P>N>CgKA>K _gHPgU> jbUIB U>VAgNgI>@>HPgN: <3.3, -1.1, 36.3, 0.875> ... QRKS?

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51

OR:3C ,M9:3;3
UKg FOFJAB ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR P>KgJI>J>U> ;X>7G JS=>7?7 ABKFN. fOFJIBNF >UKg LI>K ?Q FjIBRIBNFK >UgNP BAFIB?FIJBIBNF F_FK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK C>NHIg LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. !Q HQII>KgJA> "UcHIBJB" ObV@cecKcK ">UKg FOJB UBKF DbNBR UcHIBJB" >KI>JgK> DBIAFeFKF AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. j>egA> >UKg FOFJAB >J> M>N>JBPNBIBNF C>NHIg FjIBRIBN DbNcULNOQKQV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO EPVCMF TBZj) \ XSJUFMO(",FTJSMJ TBZj: ", TBZj); ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO JOU TBZj) \ XSJUFMO("5BNTBZj : ", TBZj); ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO DIBS<> EJ[HJ) \ XSJUFMO("%J[HJ : ", EJ[HJ); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ CJMHJ7FS(1.2); CJMHJ7FS(3); CJMHJ7FS("NFSIBCB"); ^ fjIBRIBNFK EBMOFKFK AB FOJF CJMHJ7FS LIAQeQ E>IAB, ABNIBUF@F M>N>JBPNBKFK PcNcKB QUDQK LI>K FjIBRF OB_BN RB LKQK _>eNgIJ>OgKg O>eI>N. [NKBeFK 1.2 E>VgN ABeBNFKFK PcNc EPVCMF LIAQeQ F_FK, LKQK HQII>KgIAgeg AQNQJA> L FjIBRIBN >N>OgKA>K EPVCMF M>N>JBPNB >I>Kg _>eNgIgN. '>KDF FjIBRFK _>eNgI>@>eg 67C>7?7 K3?3@V@63 OB_FIFN. !Q OB_FJ EBN V>J>K HLI>U RBU> >_gH LIJ>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK jQ HLAA> HQII>KgI>K JOU ABeBN EBJ SFBM EBJ AB EPVCMF PcNcKB QUAQeQ F_FK ABNIBUF@F E>KDFOFKF OB_B@BeFKB H>N>N RBNBJBV: SFBM ZFEJ,BUj(JO SFBM EFhFS) \ SFUVSO 7 * EFhFS; ^ EPVCMF ZFEJ,BUj(JO EPVCMF EFhFS) \ SFUVSO 7 * EFhFS; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = 5; BVUP TPOVd = ZFEJ,BUj(TBZj); ^

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

%AE: %AC?3>67 3J@V ;X; J3B3@ 4RJ>7 ;=; ;X>7G;@ J3KV>?3DV 97C7=D;K6;C. *7= ;X>7G E3@V?V@V@ @3DV> 4;C67@ 83K>3 ESC ;Q;@ =F>>3@V>34;>757T;@; 63:3 DA@C3 X34>A@>3C 4R>S?S@67 9RC757T;K. [PB U>KA>K, ?Q FjIBRIBNFK MPOH PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?FN c_cK@cOc P>KgJI>KO> ABNIBJB E>P>Og LNP>A>K H>IH>N _cKHc UcHIBKBK FjIBR OB_FJF HLKQOQKA> JOU ABeBNIBN MPOH PcNcKB HBOFNIF PcNIBNABK 63:3 FJF?>F6FC>3C:

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MPOH ZFEJ,BUj(JO MPOH EFhFS) \ SFUVSO 7 * EFhFS; ^ // ... BVUP TPOVd = ZFEJ,BUj(TBZj); // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS

51.1

&/?/;3A?3 BEB; 9B?/::/?P

UKg FOFJAB ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR ?QIQKJ>Og, ABNIBUF@FKFK ?FN OB_FJ U>MJ>OgKg DBNBHPFNFN. 7cHIBKBK FjIBRIBN >N>OgKA>K, HQII>KgI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNB 63:3 QA= FJ3@ FjIBR OB_FIFN. !Q OB_FJ _LeQ AQNQJA> HLI>U RB 47=>7@6;T; 9;4; LIQN; >J> E>KDF FjIBRFK A>E> _LH QUAQeQ HLKQOQ ?>VBK _LH H>NgjgHPgN. !Q UcVABK QUQJ HQN>II>Ng DBIFjPFNFIJFjPFN. />N>JBPNBIBN F_FK QUQJ HLKQOQKA> AbNP AQNQJ R>NAgN: x x x x QUQJOQVIQH LPLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJc ULIQUI> QUQJ DPOTU '> AbKcjPcNBNBH QUQJ P>J QUQJ

#BNIBUF@F, UcHIBKJFj LI>K FjIBRIBNABK E>KDFOFKF _>egN>@>egK> H>N>N RBNJBH F_FK FjIBRIBNF DbVABK DB_FNFN. 'BN FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB PBHBN PBHBN ?>H>N RB EBN M>N>JBPNBKFK UQH>NgA>HF AbNP QUQJ AQNQJQKA>K E>KDFOFKAB LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNIBN. !cPcK M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FKABHF BK >V QUQJ, ?Q FjIBRFK AB QUQJQ LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFN. !Q jBHFIAB ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFK QUQJ AQNQJI>Ng ?BIFNIBKAFHPBK OLKN>; BeBN R>NO>, BK _LH QU>K FjIBR OB_FIFN. $eBN ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR >UKg ABNB@BAB QUJQjO>, LKI>NA>K E>KDFOFKFK OB_FIB@BeFKB A>E> A> H>NgjgH ?>jH> HQN>II>N ULIQUI> H>N>N RBNFIFN. !BK ?QN>A> ?Q HQN>II>NgK A>E> ABNFKFKB FKJBUB@BeFJ; _cKHc BeBN ?Q H>A>N H>NgjgH HQN>II>NI> UcV UcVB H>IJgjO>KgV, >OIgKA> MNLDN>JgKgVgK P>O>NgJgKA> ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ> V>J>Kg DBIJFj ABJBHPFN. !BIHF AB FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKg HQII>KJ>H A>E> ALeNQ LI>@>HPgN. '>PP> ?BIHF AB >UKg FOFJAB FjIBR P>KgJI>J>H UBNFKB, A>E> >_gHI>Ug@g FOFJIBN HQII>K>N>H E>KDFOFKF _>egNJ>H FOPBAFeFKFVF >_gH_> ?BIFNPJBH ?cPcK H>NgjgHIgeg LNP>A>K H>IAgN>@>HPgN: ZFEJ,BUk@SFBM RB ZFEJ,BUk@EPVCMF DF?F...

51.2

,/>P:/? 7K7< 7R:3C EM9:3;3

fjIBR UcHIBJB, U>MgI>NA> RB OgKgCI>NA> _LH U>N>NIgAgN; cOPBIFH L PcNIBNAB FjIBR OB_FJF HLKQOQKA> QUQJ OLNQKI>Ng A> _LH A>E> >VAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF CJMHJ7FS FjIBRFKF 7>MgI>N ABNOFKAB HQII>KAgegJgV ?>Vg PcNIBN F_FK UcHIBUBIFJ: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO) \ XSJUFG("%02T:%02T", [BNBO.TBBU, [BNBO.EBLJLB); ^

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. P>KgJ O>UBOFKAB >NPgH (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKF AB CJMHJ7FS FjIBRFKB DbKABNB?FIFNFV. !bUIB@B MNLDN>JgJgVA> EBN PcN KBOKBUF >UKg FOFJIB U>VAgN>?FIB@BeFJFV >IgjgIJgj ?FN UbKPBJFJFV LIQN: BVUP LBIWBMUj;BNBOj = (fOfO4BBUJ(7, 0); CJMHJ7FS(LBIWBMUj;BNBOj); 2BJBI PcNIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, >NPgH (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNF AB HBKAFIBNFKB bVDc _gHPg AcVBKIBNF FIB U>VAgNgIJgj LIQNI>N: 07:00 CJMHJ7FS FjIBRFKF U>MgI>N ABNOFKAB ABeFKFIBK 5PQMBOUk U>MgOg F_FK AB UcHIBUBIFJ: TUSVDU 5PQMBOUj \ TUSJOH LPOV; JOU LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj; (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd; (fOfO4BBUJ CJUJl; ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO 5PQMBOUj UPQMBOUj) \ CJMHJ7FS(UPQMBOUj.CBlMBOHjd); XSJUF('-'); CJMHJ7FS(UPQMBOUj.CJUJl); XSJUFG(" ="%T=" UPQMBOUjTj (%T LBUjMjNDj)", UPQMBOUj.LPOV, UPQMBOUj.LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj);

&bNAcecKcV DF?F; CJMHJ7FS 'FK (gOgO4BBUJ F_FK UcHIBKJFj LI>Kg, 5PQMBOUk 'Ug U>VAgN>K FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN. NPgH 5PQMBOUk KBOKBIBNFKF AB >IgjPgegJgV FOFJABHF FjIBRIB U>VAgN>?FIFNFV: BVUP HF[J5PQMBOUjTj = 5PQMBOUj("#JTJLMFUMF HF[JMFDFL ZFSMFS", 3, (fOfO4BBUJ(9, 0), (fOfO4BBUJ(9, 10)); CJMHJ7FS(HF[J5PQMBOUjTj); ZgHPgOg: 09:00-09:10 "#JTJLMFUMF HF[JMFDFL ZFSMFS" UPQMBOUkTk (3 LBUkMkNDk)

51.3

E9@79:79:3?
7QH>NgA>HF CJMHJ7FS FjIBRF EBN KB H>A>N HQII>KgJ HLI>UIgeg DBPFNOB AB, ?Q UbKPBJFK ?>Vg BHOFHIFHIBNF R>NAgN: x CJMHJ7FS FjIBRF U>IKgV@> TUEPVU '> U>VAgeg F_FK C>VI> HQII>KgjIg ABeFIAFN. .UO> bNKBeFK 'JMF PcNcKABK ?FN ALOU>U> A> U>V>?FIFULN LIO>, HQII>KgjIgIgeg >NP>NAg. !QKQ O>eI>J>KgK ULIQ, _gHPgKgK U>VAgNgI>@>eg >HgJg A> FjIBRB ?FN M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNJBHPFN: WPJE CJMHJ7FS('JMF BLjN, JO (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO) \ BLjN.XSJUFG("%02T:%02T", [BNBO.TBBU, [BNBO.EBLJLB); ^

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. O>UBAB (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKF FOPBNOBH TUEPVU '>, FOPBNOBH AB ?FN ALOU>U> U>VAgN>?FIFNFV: CJMHJ7FS(TUEPVU, LBIWBMUj;BNBOj); BVUP EPTZB = 'JMF("CJS@EPTZB", "X"); CJMHJ7FS(EPTZB, LBIWBMUj;BNBOj); %AE: <=.38 , <=.9>= , G7 <=./;; @7D@7>7C;@;@ ESC>7C; 67 3D>V@63 F36/ '6VC. x #>E> bKBJIFOF, CJMHJ7FS DF?F ?FN FjIBR, U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKF PBJBI PcNIBN H>A>N N>E>P_> HQII>K>?FIJBJFV F_FK UBPBNIF ABeFIAFN. 2BJBI PcNIBNABK >IgjgH LIAQeQJQV N>E>PIgH ULHPQN: XSJUFMO(LBIWBMUj;BNBOj); // ,VMMBOjlTj[: (FOFM Ef[FOEF ZB[BS

. HLA _>IgjPgNgIAgegKA> (gOgO4BBUJ PcNcKcK FOJF RB cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNF MNLDN>J> QUDQK ?F_FJAB ABeFI, DBKBI ?FN AcVBKAB U>VAgNgIgN: (gOgO4BBUJ(7, 0) !QKQK UBNFKB, U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK ABeBNFKF bNKBeFK "12:34" ?F_FJFKAB ?FN TUSJOH 'B AbKcjPcNB?FIBK ?FN FjIBR LIJ>Og _LH A>E> U>N>NIg LIQN. 7>Mg KBOKBIBNFKFK AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H TUSJOH 'B AbKcjPcNcIB?FIB@BHIBNFKF ?QKA>K OLKN>HF ABNOPB DbOPBNB@BeFJ.

51.4

&?=0:3;
x CJMHJ7FS FjIBRFKF jQ FHF U>Mg F_FK AB UcHIBUFK: TUSVDU :FNFL \ (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO; TUSJOH BESFT; ^ TUSVDU (fOMfL1MBO \ 5PQMBOUj TBCBI5PQMBOUjTj; :FNFL ehMF:FNFhJ; 5PQMBOUj BLlBN5PQMBOUjTj; ^ :FNFL U>MgOg U>IKgV@> ?>jI>KDg_ V>J>KgKg ?>NgKAgNAgeg F_FK; LKQK ?FPFj V>J>KgKg ?>jI>KDg_ V>J>KgKA>K ?FN ?Q_QH O>>P OLKN>Og LI>N>H ?BIFNIBUFK. !Q FjIBJ F_FK U>MgI>N ABNOFKAB P>KgJI>AgegJgV [BNBO&LMF FjIBRF U>N>NIg LI>?FIFN: (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO (fOfO4BBUJ FLMFOFDFL) \ (fOfO4BBUJ TPOVd; TPOVd.EBLJLB = CBlMBOHjd.EBLJLB + FLMFOFDFL.EBLJLB; TPOVd.TBBU = CBlMBOHjd.TBBU + FLMFOFDFL.TBBU; TPOVd.TBBU += TPOVd.EBLJLB / 60; TPOVd.EBLJLB %= 60; TPOVd.TBBU %= 24; ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

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7BJBH ?FPFj V>J>KI>Ng L FjIBR U>NAgJgUI> EBO>MI>KgK@> (gOMgL1MBO KBOKBIBNF _gHgj> jQK> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB U>VAgNgI>?FIFNIBN: 10:30-11:45 "#JTJLMFU HF[JTJ" UPQMBOUkTk (4 LBUkMkNDk) 12:30-14:00 :FNFL, :FS: 5BLTJN 15:30-17:30 "#gUeF" UPQMBOUkTk (8 LBUkMkNDk) ... QRKS?

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OJ7 UX>7G>7C

52

JE3 OR:3C:3?
!Q ABNOPB EBN KB H>A>N U>MgI>Ng HQII>KgULN LIO>H A> ?QN>A>HF ?FIDFIBNFK _LeQ A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV OgKgCI>N F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. !Q ABNOPB U>MgI>NgK RB OgKgCI>NgK cUB FjIBRIBNFKF P>KgU>@>egV, RB ?QKI>NgK F_BNFOFKABK bVBI LI>N>H, KBOKBIBNF TUSJOH PcNcKB AbKcjPcNJBAB HQII>KgI>K UP4USJOH cUB FjIBRFKF DbNB@BeFV. !FN U>MgKgK P>KgJI>KAgeg _LeQ AQNQJA>, L U>MgUg HQII>K>K ?FN DNQM FjIBR AB LKQKI> ?FNIFHPB P>KgJI>KgN. !QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB [BNBO&LMF RB CJMHJ7FS FjIBRIBNFKAB DbNAcH. . FjIBRIBN ?FN >KI>JA> (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOg FIB ?FNIFHPB DF@F>3@ RB L U>MgKgK 3C3JSKS@S LIQjPQN>K FjIBRIBNAFN. '>PgNI>NO>KgV; [BNBO&LMF RB CJMHJ7FS FjIBRIBNFKFK FIH M>N>JBPNBOF, SK7C;@67 ;X>7? J3BEV=>3CV KBOKBUF ?BIFNIFULNAQ. iFJAFUB H>A>N P>KgJI>AgegJgV ?cPcK AFeBN FjIBRIBN DF?F, LKI>N A> ?>egJOgV LI>N>H, PBH ?>jI>NgK>, RB BRNBKOBI FOFJ >I>KgKA> P>KgJI>KJgjI>NAg. !FN U>MgKgK >N>UcVcKc LIQjPQN>K FjIBRIBN _LH H>NjgI>jgI>K ?FN H>RN>J LIAQeQ F_FK; L FjIBRIBN U>MgKgK F_FKAB, U>MgKgK cUB FjIBRIBNF LI>N>H A> P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN.

52.1

JE3 7R:3C
!FN U>MgKgK RBU> OgKgCgK HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNFKFK F_FKAB P>KgJI>K>K FjIBRIBNB SJ7 ;X>7G ABKFN: TUSVDU #JS:BQj \ WPJE '"e_i+le (/* QBSBNFUSFMFSJ */) \ // ... JlMFWJO UBOjNj ... ^ ^ // ... ZBQjOjO fZFMFSJ WF EJhFS JlMFWMFSJ ...

\UB FjIBRIBNB U>MgKgK AFeBN cUBIBNFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F KBOKB FOJFKABK OLKN>HF KLHP> H>N>HPBNF RB >NAgKA>K U>VgI>K FjIBR FOJF FIB BNFjFIFN: nesne.'"e_i+le (parametreleri); \UB FjIBRIBNF >OIgKA> A>E> bK@B AB HQII>KAgH; bNKBeFK OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgj FjIBJIBNFKAB TUEJO RB TUEPVU KBOKBIBNFKF >_gH_> U>V>?FIFULNAQH: TUEJO.SFBEG(" %T", &OVNBSB); TUEPVU.XSJUFMO(OVNBSB); . O>PgNI>NA>HF SFBEG RB XSJUFMO cUB FjIBRIBNAFN. fIH bNKBeFJFV LI>N>H (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOgKg U>VAgN>K CJMHJ7FS FjIBRFKF ?FN cUB FjIBR LI>N>H P>KgJI>U>IgJ. . FjIBRF A>E> bK@B OBN?BOP LI>N>H jbUIB P>KgJI>JgjPgH: WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO) \ XSJUFG("%02T:%02T", [BNBO.TBBU, [BNBO.EBLJLB); ^ \UB FjIBR LI>N>H U>MgKgK F_FKAB P>KgJI>KgNHBK ?>Vg ABeFjFHIFHIBN DBNBHFN:

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TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; WPJE CJMHJ7FS() \ XSJUFG("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^

#>E> bK@B U>Mg AgjgKA> OBN?BOP LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K CJMHJ7FS FjIBRF FIB ?Q cUB FjIBR >N>OgKA> FHF C>NH R>NAgN: x \UB FjIBR U>VAgNAgeg KBOKBUF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IJ>V x . UcVABK cUBIBNB [BNBO.TBBU RB [BNBO.EBLJLB AFUB ABeFI, TBBU RB EBLJLB AFUB BNFjFN !QKQK KBABKF, cUB FjIBRIBNFK V>PBK EBN V>J>K F_FK ?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB _>eNgIgULN LIJ>I>NgAgN: BVUP [BNBO = (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30); [BNBO.CJMHJ7FS(); .N>A>, CJMHJ7FS FjIBRF [BNBO KBOKBOFKF U>VAgN>@>H jBHFIAB _>eNgIJ>HP>AgN. \UB FjIBRFK P>KgJg F_FKAB KLHP>OgV LI>N>H U>VgI>K TBBU RB EBLJLB , [BNBO KBOKBOFKFK cUBIBNFAFN; RB OgN>OgUI> [BNBO.TBBU RB [BNBO.EBLJLB cUBIBNFKF PBJOFI BABNIBN. . cUB FjIBR _>eNgOg, A>E> bK@BABK OBN?BOP LI>N>H U>VgIJgj LI>K CJMHJ7FS 'FK jQ jBHFIAB _>eNgIAgeg AQNQJI> BjABeBNAFN: [BNBO.CJMHJ7FS(); CJMHJ7FS([BNBO); // fZF JlMFW // TFSCFTU JlMFW (eODFLJ UBOjN)

\UB FjIBR EBN _>eNgIAgegKA>, cVBNFKAB _>eNgIAgeg KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKB BNFjFN: BVUP TBCBI = (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 0); BVUP BLlBN = (fOfO4BBUJ(22, 0); TBCBI.CJMHJ7FS(); XSJUF('-'); BLlBN.CJMHJ7FS(); XSJUFMO(); CJMHJ7FS , TBCBI cVBNFKAB _>eNgIAgegKA> TBCBI 'gK ABeBNFKF, BLmBN cVBNFKAB _>eNgIAgegKA> A> BLmBN 'gK ABeBNFKF U>VAgNgN: 10:00-22:00

52.1.1

$3@<3E7 TUSJOH =:/?/9 74/23 323< UP4USJOH

!FN bK@BHF ABNOPB CJMHJ7FS FjIBRFKFK BHOFHIFHIBNFKABK ObV BPJFjPFJ. 0>E>POgV BAF@F ?FN AFeBN BHOFHIFeFKF ?QN>A> DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: 'BN KB H>A>N V>J>Kg LHQK>HIg ?FN AcVBKAB _gHPgU> DbKABNFULN LIO> A>, DBKBI _gHPg AcVBKF >_gOgKA>K '-' H>N>HPBNFKF U>VAgNJ>Ug RB O>PgNgK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>OgKg HBKAFJFV >UNg@> E>IIBPJBH VLNQKA> H>IgULNQV. .UO>, KBOKBIBNFK AFeBN PcNIBN DF?F HQII>KgjIg LI>?FIJBIBNF F_FK bNKBeFK jQ jBHFIAB U>V>?FIJBJFV _LH U>N>NIg LIQNAQ: XSJUFGMO("%T-%T", TBCBI, BLlBN);

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[UIB U>V>?FIOBUAFH; A>E> bK@BHF 4 O>PgNg ?bUIB PBH O>PgN> FKAFNDBJFj LIJ>KgK U>KgKA>, KBOKBIBNF TUEPVU 'P>K ?>jH> >HgJI>N> A>, bNKBeFK ?FN ALOU>U> A> >UKg jBHFIAB U>VAgN>?FIFNAFH: BVUP EPTZB = 'JMF("[BNBO@CJMHJTJ", "X"); EPTZB.XSJUFGMO("%T-%T", TBCBI, BLlBN); 7>MgI>NgK UP4USJOH FOJFKABHF cUB FjIBRIBNF bVBIAFN RB KBOKBIBNF TUSJOH PcNcKB AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN. !QKQK ALeNQ LI>N>H _>Igj>?FIJBOF F_FK, FOJF "OPNFKD'B AbKcjPcN"ABK DBIBK ?Q FjIBR L KBOKBUF FC>AB BABK ?FN TUSJOH AbKAcNJBIFAFN. !Q FjIBRFK F_BNFeFKF OLKN>U> ?gN>H>IgJ, RB bK@B U>Mg F_FKAB K>OgI P>KgJI>KAgegK> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO "EFOFNF"; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TBCBI = (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 0); BVUP BLlBN = (fOfO4BBUJ(22, 0); ^ XSJUFGMO("%T-%T", TBCBI, BLlBN);

-BOKBIBNF AFVDF LI>N>H HQII>K>?FIBK HcPcME>KB FjIBRIBNF LKI>NgK UP4USJOH FjIBRIBNFKF _>egNgNI>N RB AbKAcNcIBK AFVDFUF HBKAF >J>_I>NgK> QUDQK ?F_FJAB HQII>KgNI>N. !Q bNKBHPB EBKcV >KI>JIg ?FN AFVDF cNBPJBAFeFJFV F_FK _gHPg A> jFJAFIFH >KI>JOgV LIQULN: EFOFNF-EFOFNF UNg@> CJMHJ7FS 'F >NPgH BJBHIFUB >UgNJ>HP> LIAQeQJQV> A> AFHH>P BAFK; UP4USJOH 'FK P>KgJgKg P>J>JI>UgK@> LK> FEPFU>@gJgV H>IJ>U>@>H. UP4USJOH FjIBRFKF U>VJ>KgK BK HLI>U ULIQ, TUE.TUSJOH JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K GPSNBU FjIBRFKF HQII>KJ>HPgN. !Q FjIBR, _gHPg AcVBKF F_FK HQII>KAgegJgV ?cPcK LI>K>HI>N> O>EFMPFN RB bNKBeFK XSJUFG FIB >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjgN. 2BH C>NHg, cNBPPFeF OLKQ@Q ?FN >HgJ> DbKABNJBH UBNFKB, ?FN TUSJOH LI>N>H AbKAcNJBOFAFN. UP4USJOH 'FK AB V>PBK ?FN TUSJOH AbKAcNJBOF DBNBHPFeF F_FK, GPSNBU 'gK AbKAcNAcec ABeBNF LIAQeQ DF?F AbKAcNB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; // ... TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ ^

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UP4USJOH 'FK U>IKgV@> ?Q KBOKBUF TUSJOH 'B AbKcjPcNAcecKB AFHH>P BAFK. ZgHPgKgK DBNF H>I>Kg, XSJUFGMO _>eNgOg P>N>CgKA>K E>IIBAFIJBHPBAFN. XSJUFGMO , "%T" AcVBK ?FIDFIBNFKB H>NjgIgH LI>N>H UP4USJOH 'F LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FHF KBOKB F_FK >UNg >UNg _>egNgN, >N>I>NgK> '-' H>N>HPBNFKF UBNIBjPFNFN, RB BK OLKQKA> A> O>PgNg OLKI>KAgNgN: 10:00-22:00 &bNcIAcec DF?F, ?QN>A> >KI>PgI>K UP4USJOH FjIBRF M>N>JBPNB >IJ>J>HP>AgN. UP4USJOH 'FK M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H EFMFHBUF >I>K ?FN P>KgJg A>E> R>NAgN. . P>KgJgKg A>E> FIBNFABHF fjIBR &bOPBNDBIBNF, fOFJOFV fjIBRIBN, RB 2BJOFI@FIBN ?bIcJcKAB DbNB@BeFV.
52.1.2

I?<39: FLMF ME3 7R:3C7

!Q OBCBN AB (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKB V>J>K BHIBUBK ?FN cUB FjIBR P>KgJI>U>IgJ. J> LK> DB_JBABK bK@B, bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB U>MPgegJgV ?FN U>KIgjg DFABNJBH FOPFULNQJ. 7>MgI>N ABNOFKAB P>KgJI>AgegJgV [BNBO&LMF FjIBRFKFK, (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKF PLMI>J>OgKgK KLNJ>I ?FN FjIBJ LIJ>AgegKg DbNJcj, >J> UFKB AB L jBHFIAB HQII>KJgjPgH: (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO (fOfO4BBUJ FLMFOFDFL) \ // ... ^

// BOMBNTj[

&cK F_FKABHF FHF V>J>Kg ?FN?FNFKB BHIBJBH ALe>I ?FN FjIBJ ABeFIAFN. [NKBeFK ULI> _gHJ> V>J>KgK> OFKBJ>U> R>NJ> V>J>KgKg BHIBUBJBUFV. &cK F_FKABHF ?FN V>J>K> BHIBKJBOF KLNJ>I LI>K, ?FN DSC76;C. [NKBeFK ULI> _gHJ> V>J>KgK> JA> DSC7D;@; BHIBUBNBH OFKBJ>U> R>Ngj V>J>KgKg ?QIQNQV. [PB U>KA>K, DcK F_FKABHF FHF V>J>KgK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK _gH>NPgIJ>I>Ng KLNJ>I ?FN FjIBJ LI>N>H DbNcIB?FIFN. . FjIBJFK OLKQ@Q A> bNKBeFK 4gSF PcNcKABK LIJ>IgAgN. !Q ?>Hgj >_gOg FIB, A>HFH> AQU>NIgegUI> _>Igj>K ?FN 4gSF U>MgOgKg RB LKQ HQII>K>K [BNBO&LMF FjIBRFKF jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; ^ (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO 4fSF TfSF) \ // CBlMBOHjd'jO LPQZBTjZMB CBlMjZPSV[ (fOfO4BBUJ TPOVd = CBlMBOHjd; // 4fSFZJ FLMJZPSV[ TPOVd.EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; // 5BlNBMBSj BZBSMjZPSV[ TPOVd.TBBU += TPOVd.EBLJLB / 60; TPOVd.EBLJLB %= 60; TPOVd.TBBU %= 24; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ VOJUUFTU \ // #BTJU CJS UFTU BTTFSU([BNBO&LMF((fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30), 4fSF(10)) == (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 40));

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// (FDF ZBSjTj UFTUJ BTTFSU([BNBO&LMF((fOfO4BBUJ(23, 9), 4fSF(51)) == (fOfO4BBUJ(0, 0)); // 4POSBLJ HfOF UBlNB UFTUJ BTTFSU([BNBO&LMF((fOfO4BBUJ(17, 45), 4fSF(8 * 60)) == (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 45));

iFJAF >UKg FjIBRF ?FN cUB FjIBR LI>N>H P>KgJI>U>IgJ. \UB FjIBR V>PBK ?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB _>Igj>@>eg F_FK (gOgO4BBUJ M>N>JBPNBOFKB DBNBH H>IJ>V RB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H U>IKgV@> OcNBUF DB_FNJBH UBPBN: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; ^ TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ WPJE FLMF(JO 4fSF TfSF) \ EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; TBBU += EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB %= 60; TBBU %= 24;

^ VOJUUFTU \ BVUP [BNBO = (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30); // #BTJU CJS UFTU [BNBO.FLMF(4fSF(10)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 40)); // 15 TBBU TPOSB CJS TPOSBLJ HfOF UBlNBMj [BNBO.FLMF(4fSF(15 * 60)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 40)); // 22 TBBU WF 20 EBLJLB TPOSB HFDF ZBSjTj PMNBMj [BNBO.FLMF(4fSF(22 * 60 + 20)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(0, 0));

FLMF , KBOKBKFK V>J>KgKg ?BIFNPFIBK OcNB H>A>N FIBNIBPFN. #>E> OLKN>HF ABNOIBNAB DbNB@BeFJFV ;X>7Q JS=>7?7 LI>K>eg O>UBOFKAB ?Q HLKQA> ?FN>V A>E> HLI>UIgH H>V>K>@>egV. [NKBeFK += FjIB@FKF UcHIBUBNBH U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKF AB PBJBI PcNIBN DF?F HQII>K>?FIB@BeFV: [BNBO += 4fSF(10); // CVOV EBIB TPOSB ehSFOFDFhJ[

UNg@> DbNAcecKcV DF?F, cUB FjIBRIBN F_FK AB VOJUUFTU ?ILHI>Ng U>VgI>?FIFN. . ?ILHI>NgK U>Mg P>KgJgKg H>I>?>IgHI>jPgNAgegKg AcjcKcULNO>KgV, ?ILeQ ?cPcKcUIB U>MgKgK AgjgKA> A> P>KgJI>U>?FIFNOFKFV:

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TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... ZBQj UBOjNj ... ^ VOJUUFTU \ // ... ZBQj UFTUMFSJ ... ^ !QKQK KBABKF, VOJUUFTU ?ILHI>NgKgK >OIgKA> ?BIFNIF ?FN KLHP>A> P>KgJI>KJ>I>NgKgK DBNBHJBJBOFAFN. #BKBPIBAFHIBNF HLAI>NI> ?FN >N>A> ?QIQKJ>I>Ng A>E> ALe>I LIO> A>, LKI>Ng QUDQK ?QIAQeQKQV ?>jH> UBNIBNAB AB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNOFKFV.

52.2

&?=0:3;:3?
1. (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOgK> KBOKBIBNFK ABeBNFKF 4gSF H>A>N >V>IP>K ?FN cUB FjIBR BHIBUFK. FLMF FjIBRFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, OcNB >V>IPgIAgegKA> ?FN bK@BHF DcKB P>jOgK. [NKBeFK 00:05'PBK 10 A>HFH> >V>IPgK@> 23:55 LIOQK. !>jH> ?FN ABUFjIB, B[BMU FjIBRFKF jQ ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKF DB_B@BH ?F_FJAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFK: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... WPJE B[BMU(JO 4fSF TfSF) \ // ... CVSBTjOj TJ[ ZB[jO ... ^ VOJUUFTU \ BVUP [BNBO = (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30); // #BTJU CJS UFTU [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(12)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 18)); // 3 HfO WF 11 TBBU eODF [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(3 * 24 * 60 + 11 * 60)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(23, 18)); // 23 TBBU WF 18 EBLJLB eODF HFDF ZBSjTj PMNBMj [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(23 * 60 + 18)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(0, 0)); // 1 EBLJLB eODFTJ [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(1)); BTTFSU([BNBO == (fOfO4BBUJ(23, 59));

2. #>E> bK@B fjIBR 7cHIBJB ABNOFKFK _bVcJcKAB HQII>KgI>K AFeBN ?cPcK CJMHJ7FS FjIBRIBNFKFK UBNFKB 5PQMBOUk , :FNFL , RB (gOMgL1MBO U>MgI>Ng F_FK UP4USJOH cUB FjIBRIBNFKF P>KgJI>UgK. ZLH A>E> HQII>KgjIg LIJ>I>NgKgK U>KgKA>, EBN ?FNFOFKFK PBH O>PgNA> U>VgI>?FIAFeFKF DbNB@BHOFKFV. ... QRKS?>7C

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53

DPOTU SFG &/?/;3A?3:3? C3 DPOTU JE3 OR:3C:3?

!Q ?bIcJAB cUB FjIBRIBNFK JNNVUBCMF KBOKBIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNF F_FK K>OgI DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNF DBNBHPFeFKF DbNB@BeFV. !Q ?bIcJAB EBN KB H>A>N U>IKgV@> U>MgI>Ng HQII>KgULN LIO>H A> DPOTU cUB FjIBRIBN OgKgCI>N F_FK AB >UKBK DB_BNIFAFN.

53.1

JNNVUBCMF <3@<3:3?
iFJAFUB H>A>NHF ?>Vg bNKBHIBNAB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN RB KBOKBIBN P>KgJI>Jgj RB JNNVUBCMF >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK KBOKBIBNFK ABeFjPFNFIBJBV LIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>AgegKg DbNJcjPcH: JNNVUBCMF PLVNB4BBUJ = (fOfO4BBUJ(15, 0); PLVNB4BBUJ ABeFjPFNFIBJBV: PLVNB4BBUJ = (fOfO4BBUJ(16, 0); PLVNB4BBUJ.EBLJLB += 10; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BNIBUF@F JNNVUBCMF KBOKBUB UBKF ?FN ABeBN >P>KJ>OgK> RBU> ?FN cUBOFKFK ABeFjPFNFIJBOFKB FVFK RBNJBV. 8>PBK JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBJBKFK >J>@g A> ?QAQN: !>Vg KBOKBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKFK ABeFjJBJBOF MNLDN>J ALeNQIQeQ >_gOgKA>K bKBJIF LI>?FIFN.

53.2

DPOTU =:;/E/< SFG >/?/;3A?3:3?

!Q H>RN>Jg A>E> bK@B fjIBR />N>JBPNBIBNF ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. SFG M>N>JBPNBIBNFK FjIBR F_FKAB ABeFjPFNFIJBJBIBNF UbKcKAB ?FN HgOgPI>J> ULHPQN. SFG ?FN M>N>JBPNBOFKF ABeFjPFNJFULN ?FIB LIO>, ?QKQK D>N>KPFOFKF RBNJBAFeF F_FK ?bUIB ?FN FjIBRB JNNVUBCMF KBOKB DbKABNFIBJBV: // TfSF'ZJ EFhJlUJSNFEJhJ IBMEF DPOTU PMBSBL JlBSFUMFONFNJl JOU UPQMBN4BOJZF(SFG 4fSF TfSF) \ SFUVSO 60 * TfSF.EBLJLB; ^ // ... JNNVUBCMF jTjONB4fSFTJ = 4fSF(3); UPQMBN4BOJZF(jTjONB4fSFTJ); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #BNIBUF@F JNNVUBCMF LI>K kTkONB4gSFTJ KBOKBOFKFK UPQMBN4BOJZF FjIBRFKB DbKABNFIJBOFKB FVFK RBNJBV, _cKHc UPQMBN4BOJZF FjIBRF M>N>JBPNBOFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>@>eg D>N>KPFOFKF RBNJBJBHPBAFN.

53.3

DPOTU SFG >/?/;3A?3:3?

DPOTU SFG LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKBK ?FN M>N>JBPNB, A ;X>7G ;Q;@67 67T;XE;C;>?7J757= ABJBHPFN: JOU UPQMBN4BOJZF(DPOTU SFG 4fSF TfSF) \ SFUVSO 60 * TfSF.EBLJLB; ^ // ... JNNVUBCMF jTjONB4fSFTJ = 4fSF(3); UPQMBN4BOJZF(jTjONB4fSFTJ);

// n lJNEJ EFSMFOJS

/>N>JBPNBOFKF DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBUBK FjIBR A B3C3?7EC767 67T;X;=>;= J3B?3J353TV D>N>KPFOFKF RBNJFj LIAQeQ F_FK FjIBRB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN AB DbKABNFIB?FIFN.

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#BNIBUF@F DPOTU M>N>JBPNBKFK ABeFjPFNFIJBOFKB FVFK RBNJBV: JOU UPQMBN4BOJZF(DPOTU SFG 4fSF TfSF) \ TfSF.EBLJLB = 7; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // ... ^

53.4

DPOTU =:;/E/< ME3 7R:3C:3?

-BOKBIBNF ABeFjPFNJBKFK ?>jH> ?FN ULIQ cUB FjIBRIBNAFN. !QKQ A>E> bK@B (gOgO4BBUJ.FLMF FjIBRFKAB DbNJcjPcH. . cUB FjIBR, cVBNFKAB _>eNgIAgeg KBOKBUF LK> ?FN 4gSF BHIBUBNBH ABeFjPFNFULNAQ: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... WPJE FLMF(JO 4fSF TfSF) \ EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; TBBU += EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB %= 60; TBBU %= 24;

^ // ... ^ // ... BVUP CBlMBOHjd = (fOfO4BBUJ(5, 30); CBlMBOHjd.FLMF(4fSF(30)); // CBlMBOHjd EFhJlJS

53.5

DPOTU ME3 7R:3C:3?

!>Vg cUB FjIBRIBN FOB cVBNFKAB _>eNgIAgHI>Ng KBOKBAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>VI>N: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ // ... ^ UP4USJOH 'FK PBH FjF KBOKBUF TUSJOH LI>N>H FC>AB BPJBHPFN RB V>PBK L H>A>N LIJ>IgAgN; KBOKBKFK HBKAFOFKF ABeFjPFNJBV. \UB FjIBRIBNFK KBOKBAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>@>HI>Ng D>N>KPFOF M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKABK OLKN> U>VgI>K DPOTU ObV@cec FIB RBNFIFN: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ ^ . DPOTU , KBOKBKFK L FjIBR F_FKAB ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BeF >KI>JgK> DBIFN.

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!bUIB@B UP4USJOH cUB FjIBRF JNNVUBCMF KBOKBIBN cVBNFKAB AB _>eNgI>?FIFN. HOF E>IAB KBOKBKFK ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BeFKFK D>N>KPFOF ?QIQKJ>AgegKA>K, JNNVUBCMF KBOKBIBN cVBNFKAB _>eNgI>J>J> DF?F U>M>U ?FN HgOgPI>J>UI> H>Njg H>NjgU> H>IgKgNAg: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... // DPOTU PMBSBL JlBSFUMFONFNJl (ZBOMjl UBTBSjN) TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ ^ // ... JNNVUBCMF CBlMBOHjd = (fOfO4BBUJ(5, 30); XSJUFMO(CBlMBOHjd); // (fOfO4BBUJ.UP4USJOH() dBhSjMNB[! ZgHPgOg ?BHIBKBKAFeF DF?F 05:30 ABeFI, ABNIBUF@FKFK _>egNAgeg DBKBI ?FN FjIBRFK _gHPgOgAgN: JNNVUBCMF((gOgO4BBUJ)(5, 30) UP4USJOH JNNVUBCMF ?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB >_gH_> _>eNgIAgegKA> FOB ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og LIQjQN: BVUP EJ[HJ0MBSBL = CBlMBOHjd.UP4USJOH(); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> jFJAFUB H>A>NHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNAcecJcV UP4USJOH cUB FjIBRIBNF U>KIgj P>O>NI>KJgjI>NAgN; >OIgKA> LKI>NgK A> DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNF DBNBHFNAF. %AE: UX>7G;@ @7D@767 67T;X;=>;= J3B?3J353TV@V 93C3@E; 767@ -98<= 3@3:E3C DRK5STS 3D>V@63 ;X>7G;@ E3@V?V@63@ R@57 67 J3KV>34;>;C: // fTUUFLJZMF BZOj BOMBNEB DPOTU TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ NJ>7 J3KV>6VTV@63 6R@SX ESCS@7 3;E?;X 9;4; J3@>VX 4;C 3@>3? G7C74;>6;T; ;Q;@ -98<= 3@3:E3C DRK5STS@S 4F 4;Q;?67 67T;>, 63:3 JF=3CV63 9RDE7C;>6;T; 9;4; B3C3?7EC7 >;DE7D;@67@ DA@C3 J3K?3@VKV R@7C;C;?.

53.6

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
x fjIBR F_FKAB ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BH LI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNF DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBUFK. !bUIB@B L FjIBRIBNB JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN AB DbKABNFIB?FIFN. x UP4USJOH DF?F KBOKBAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>K cUB FjIBRIBNF EBN V>J>K F_FK DPOTU LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBUFK: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ ^ !bUIB@B U>MgKgK RB OgKgCgK HQII>KgjIgIgeg DBNBHOFV@B HgOgPI>KJ>Jgj LIQN. !QKA>K OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNABHF HLAI>Ng ?QK> QUDQK LI>N>H P>O>NI>U>@>egV.

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54

"B?B1B C3 D7N3? IF3: OR:3C:3?

'BN KB H>A>N ?Q ?bIcJAB U>IKgV@> U>MgI>Ng HQII>KgULN LIO>H A> ?Q PBJBI FjIBJIBN A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV OgKgCI>N F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. 1gKgCI>NA>HF C>NHIgIgHI>NgKg A>E> OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNAB DbOPBNB@BeFJ. 7>MgI>NgK cUB FjIBRIBNF >N>OgKA>K AbNP P>KBOF KBOKBIBNFK PBJBI FjIBJIBNFKF ?BIFNIBAFHIBNF F_FK >UNg@> bKBJIFAFN: x *QNQ@Q FjIBR UIJT x 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR _UIJT x *LMU> OLKN>OgKg ?BIFNIBUBK UIJT(UIJT) x P>J> FjIB@F PQ"TTJHO !Q PBJBI FjIBJIBNFK KLNJ>IAB U>MgI>N F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBV _cKHc L FjIBJIBN V>PBK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H E>IIBAFIFNIBN. 7FKB AB ?Q FjIBRIBNFK bVBI LI>N>H HBKAF FOPBeFJFV ALeNQIPQOQKA> P>KgJI>KJ>I>NgKgK DBNBHPFeF AQNQJI>N LI>?FIFN.

54.1

"B?B1B 7R:3C
*QNQ@Q FjIBRFK >OgI DbNBRF ?FN KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKB DBNBHIF ABeBNIBNF >P>U>N>H LKQ HQII>KgI>?FIFN AQNQJ> DBPFNJBHPFN. *QNQ@Q FjIBRIBNF jFJAFUB H>A>N EBJ ?cPcK U>Mg bNKBHIBNFKAB EBJ AB 'JMF DF?F HcPcME>KB PcNIBNFKAB DbNAcH. 2cNcK FOJF FjIBR _>eNgOg DF?F HQII>KgIAgegKA> L PcNcK HQNQ@Q FjIBRF _>eNgIgN. !QKQ >j>egA>HF O>PgNgK O>e P>N>CgKA> DbNcULNQV: BVUP EFST#Blj = (fOfO4BBUJ(8, 30); !BKVBN ?F_FJAB, >j>egA>HF O>PgNgK O>e P>N>CgKA> A> ?FN OgKgC KBOKBOF HQNQIJ>HP>AgN: BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX #JS4jOjG(); 2cN FOJF FjIBR _>eNgOg DF?F HQII>KgIgNHBK M>N>KPBV F_FKAB U>VgI>KI>N A> HQNQ@Q FjIBRB DbKABNFIBK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF E>IFKB DBIFNIBN. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF 8 RB 30 ABeBNIBNF (gOgO4BBUJ HQNQ@Q FjIBRFKB DbKABNFIBK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFAFN.

54.1.1

(LF 27F7;7
#FeBN FjIBRIBNABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, HQNQ@Q FjIBRIBNFK AbKcj ABeBNIBNF ULHPQN RB AbKcj PcNc LI>N>H WPJE ?FIB U>VgIJ>V. *QNQ@Q FjIBRFK FOJF UIJT LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. "!Q" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "PEFO"FK "4F PcNABK KBOKB HQN>K FjIBR" ObVcKABK DBIAFeFKF AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV: TUSVDU #JS:BQj \ // ... UIJT(/* LVSVDV QBSBNFUSFMFSJ */) \ // ... OFTOFZJ LVSBO JlMFNMFS ... ^

*QNQ@Q M>N>JBPNBIBNF KBOKBUF HQII>KgJ> E>VgNI>J>H F_FK DBNBHBK ?FIDFIBNABK LIQjQN.

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54.1.2

%A=;/A79 9B?B1B 7R:3C

iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV ?cPcK U>Mg bNKBHIBNFKAB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K O>eI>K>K LPLJ>PFH HQNQ@Q FjIBRABK U>N>NI>KAgH. . HQNQ@QKQK FjF, M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKF OgN>UI> cUBIBNB >P>J>HPgN. 7>MgI>N ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB OLKA> ?QIQK>K M>N>JBPNBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKFK ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHJBV. #BeBNIBNF ?BIFNPFIJBUBK cUBIBN HBKAF PcNIBNFKFK .JOJU ABeBNIBNFKF >IgNI>N. 7FKB >UKg ?bIcJABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, cUBIBNFK .JOJU ABeBNIBNF cUB P>KgJg OgN>OgKA> = FjIB@FUIB ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN: TUSVDU %FOFNF \ JOU fZF = 42; ^ />N>JBPNB 1BN?BOPIFeF ?bIcJcKAB DbOPBNFIBK G3CD3JV>3@ B3C3?7EC7 67T7C>7C; LI>K>egKg A> E>PgNI>NO>H, LPLJ>PFH HQNQ@Q FjIBRFK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K >j>egA>HF DF?F LIQjPQNQIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV: TUSVDU %FOFNF \ DIBS LBSBLUFS; JOU UBNTBZj; EPVCMF LFTJSMJ; /* %FSMFZJDJOJO TBhMBEjhj LVSVDV JlMFWJO FlEFhFSJ. (/PU: * #V JlMFW OFTOFZJ %FOFNF() ZB[jNjZMB LVSBSLFO dBhSjMNB[; * BdjLMBNB BNBDjZMB HeTUFSJZPSVN.) */ UIJT(JO DIBS LBSBLUFS@QBSBNFUSF = DIBS.JOJU, JO JOU UBNTBZj@QBSBNFUSF = JOU.JOJU, JO EPVCMF LFTJSMJ@QBSBNFUSF = EPVCMF.JOJU) \ LBSBLUFS = LBSBLUFS@QBSBNFUSF; UBNTBZj = UBNTBZj@QBSBNFUSF; LFTJSMJ = LFTJSMJ@QBSBNFUSF; ^

$eBN _LeQ U>MgA> LIAQeQ DF?F L H>A>Ng UBPBNIFUOB, ?FVFJ >UNg@> HQNQ@Q FjIBR P>KgJI>J>JgV DBNBHJBV. !cPcK cUBIBNB DB_BNIF ABeBNIBN RBNFIJBOF KBOKBKFK HQNQIJQj LIJ>Og F_FK _LeQ AQNQJA> UBPBNIFAFN.
54.1.3

JE3:3?3 UIJT. 7:3 3?7R7;

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA> M>N>JBPNBIBNIB cUBIBN H>NgjJ>OgKI>N AFUB M>N>JBPNBIBNFK OLKI>NgK> @QBSBNFUSF AFUB ?FN ?BIFNPB_ BHIBAFJ. />N>JBPNBIBNFK FOFJIBNFKF AB cUBIBNIB >UKg U>MO>UAgJ HLA E>P>Ig LIQNAQ: TUSVDU %FOFNF \ DIBS LBSBLUFS; JOU UBNTBZj; EPVCMF LFTJSMJ; UIJT(JO DIBS LBSBLUFS = DIBS.JOJU, JO JOU UBNTBZj = JOU.JOJU, JO EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = EPVCMF.JOJU) \ // 'JO' CJS QBSBNFUSFZJ LFOEJTJOF BUBNBZB dBMjljZPS! LBSBLUFS = LBSBLUFS; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* UBNTBZj = UBNTBZj; LFTJSMJ = LFTJSMJ;

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!QKQK KBABKF, FjIBR F_FKAB LBSBLUFS U>VgIAgegKA> cUBKFK ABeFI, M>N>JBPNBKFK >KI>jgIJ>OgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF M>N>JBPNBIBN JO LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKAFHIBNFKABK O>?FP ABeBNFK ABeFjPFNFIBJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNBK ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgKgN: &SSPS: WBSJBCMF EFOFNF.%FOFNF.UIJT.LBSBLUFS DBOOPU NPEJGZ DPOTU !Q HLKQA> ?FN _bVcJ LI>N>H UIJT. 'A>K U>N>NI>KgIgN: cUB FjIBRIBN F_FKAB UIJT. , 4F @7D@7@;@ >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !Q LI>K>eg HQII>KgK@>, M>N>JBPNBIBNFK FOFJIBNFKFK OLKI>NgK> >NPgH @QBSBNFUSF DF?F BHIBN U>VJ>H A> DBNBHJBV: UIJT(JO DIBS LBSBLUFS = DIBS.JOJU, JO JOU UBNTBZj = JOU.JOJU, JO EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = EPVCMF.JOJU) \ UIJT.LBSBLUFS = LBSBLUFS; UIJT.UBNTBZj = UBNTBZj; UIJT.LFTJSMJ = LFTJSMJ; ^ LBSBLUFS U>VgIAgegKA> M>N>JBPNB, UIJT.LBSBLUFS U>VgIAgegKA> A> "?Q KBOKBKFK cUBOF" >KI>jgIgN RB HLA >NPgH FOPBAFeFJFVF U>M>@>H ?F_FJAB ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjgN.
54.1.4

&?=5?/;1P A/?/4P<2/< A/<P;:/</< 9B?B1B 7R:3C

7QH>NgA> ABNIBUF@FKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H U>VAgeg HQNQ@Q FjIBRFK MBNAB >NH>OgKA> K>OgI _>IgjPgegKg >KI>PPgJ. #>E> bK@B AB ?BIFNPPFeFJ DF?F, BeBN U>MgKgK HQNQIJ>Og F_FK ?Q H>A>Ng UBPBNIFUOB >UNg@> HQNQ@Q P>KgJI>J>H DBNBHJBV. ZLeQ AQNQJ> QUDQK LI>K HQNQ@Q MBNAB >NH>OgKA> V>PBK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H U>VgIgN RB _>eNgIgN. !>VBK KBOKBKFK HQNQI>?FIJBOF F_FK cUBIBNB OgN>UI> ABeBN >P>J>HP>K A>E> H>NJ>jgH FjIBJIBN DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBH LI>N>H A>E> bK@B P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQJQV 4gSF U>MgOgK> ?>H>IgJ: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; ^ 2BH ?FN P>JO>Ug cUBOF ?QIQK>K ?Q U>Mg F_FK ABNIBUF@FKFK O>eI>Ageg HQNQ@Q _LeQ AQNQJA> UBPBNIFAFN: [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(12)); K@>H, L HQNQ@Q U>IKgV@> A>HFH> JFHP>NgKg >IAgegKA>K ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> MNLDN>J@gI>NgK EBO>MI>N U>MJ>I>Ng DBNBHB?FIFN: // 23 TBBU WF 18 EBLJLB eODFTJ [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(23 * 60 + 18)); // 22 TBBU WF 20 EBLJLB TPOSBTj [BNBO.FLMF(4fSF(22 * 60 + 20)); /NLDN>J@gI>Ng ?bUIB EBO>MI>NA>K HQNP>NJ>H F_FK O>>P RB A>HFH> JFHP>NI>NgKg FHF >UNg M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >I>K ?FN 4gSF HQNQ@QOQ AcjcKcIB?FIFN. !bUIB@B PLMI>J A>HFH> EBO>?g HQNQ@Q F_FKAB U>MgIgN:

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TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; UIJT(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB) \ UIJT.EBLJLB = TBBU * 60 + EBLJLB; ^

1>>P RB A>HFH> C>NHIg FHF M>N>JBPNB LIAQHI>NgKA>K, MNLDN>J@gI>N A> EBO>?g >NPgH HBKAFIBNF U>MJ>H VLNQKA> H>IJ>Jgj LIQNI>N: // 23 TBBU WF 18 EBLJLB eODFTJ [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(23, 18)); // 22 TBBU WF 20 EBLJLB TPOSBTj [BNBO.FLMF(4fSF(22, 20));

54.1.5

&?=5?/;1P<P< 9B?B1B@B =A=;/A79 9B?B1B<B< 0/FP 9B::/<P;:/?P<P 53K3?@7F:3RA7?7?

/NLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K PBH ?FN HQNQ@Q FjIBRFK ?FIB P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og, ABNIBUF@FKFK LIQjPQNAQeQ HQNQ@Q FjIBRFK G3CD3JV>3@ B3C3?7EC7 67T7C>7C; FIB HQII>KgJgKg DB_BNOFV E>IB DBPFNFN. [NKBeFK 4gSF 'KFK PBH M>N>JBPNB FIB HQNQIJ>Og ABNIBJB E>P>OgK> KBABK LIQN: [BNBO.B[BMU(4fSF(12)); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

. PBH M>N>JBPNBIF HQII>KgJ, MNLDN>J@gKgK P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQ FHF M>N>JBPNBIF HQNQ@QU> QUJ>J>HP>AgN. $H LI>N>H, 4gSF 'KFK LPLJ>PFH HQNQ@QOQ L HQII>KgJA> >NPgH DB_BNOFVAFN. ZbVcJ LI>N>H HQNQ@QUQ JS=>7J74;>;C RB ?FN P>KB AB PBH M>N>JBPNBIF HQNQ@Q P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; UIJT(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB) \ UIJT.EBLJLB = TBBU * 60 + EBLJLB; ^ UIJT(JOU EBLJLB) \ UIJT.EBLJLB = EBLJLB; ^

/NLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K P>KgJI>K>K HQNQ@Q, KBOKBIBNFK \ ^ H>N>HPBNIBNFUIB HQNQIJ>I>Ng LI>K>egKg A> LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN: 4fSF TfSF = \ 5 ^; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!QK> N>eJBK, EF_ M>N>JBPNB U>VgIJ>A>K HQNQIQJ EBN V>J>K F_FK DB_BNIFAFN: BVUP T = 4fSF(); // EFSMFOJS

!QKQK KBABKF, EBN PcNcK .JOJU ABeBNFKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKJBOFKFK #'AB j>NP LIJ>OgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF T 'KFK ABeBNF 4gSF PcNcKcK FIH ABeBNFKB BjFPPFN: BTTFSU(T == 4fSF.JOJU);

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54.1.6

+/?@/EP:/< 9B?B1B E3?7<3 TUBUJD PQ$BMM

'BN PcNcK FIH ABeBNFKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKJBOFKFK DBNBHIF LIJ>Og R>NO>UgI>K HQNQ@QKQK MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K P>KgJI>KJ>OgKg LI>K>HOgV E>IB DBPFNFN. 'BN KBOKB HQNQIAQeQKA> _gHPgU> ?FN O>PgN U>VAgNJ>U> _>Igj>K >j>egA>HF HQNQ@QU> ?>H>IgJ: TUSVDU %FOFNF \ UIJT() // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* \ XSJUFMO("%FOFNF OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS"); ^ ^ #BNIBUF@F ?QKQK JcJHcK LIJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: DPOTUSVDUPS EFOFNF.%FOFNF.UIJT EFGBVMU DPOTUSVDUPS GPS TUSVDUT POMZ BMMPXFE XJUI !EJTBCMF BOE OP CPEZ %AE: ,3CD3JV>3@ =FCF5F@F@ DV@V8>3C ;Q;@ E3@V?>3@34;>6;T;@; ;>7C;67 9RC757T;K. !Q HgOgPI>J>U> N>eJBK U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKFK M>N>JBPNBOFV LI>N>H K>OgI HQNQI>@>HI>Ng TUBUJD PQ$BMM FIB ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN. !QKQK U>MgKgK .JOJU ABeBNFKB ?FN BPHFOF ULHPQN: TUBUJD PQ$BMM U>IKgV@> KBOKBIBNFK M>N>JBPNBOFV LI>N>H HQNQIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>N. !QKQK JcJHcK LIJ>Og F_FK TUBUJD PQ$BMM FjIB@FKFK L U>MgKgK PcNcKABK ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNJ>Og RB AbKAcNJBOF DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU %FOFNF \ TUBUJD %FOFNF PQ$BMM() \ XSJUFMO("%FOFNF OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS"); %FOFNF EFOFNF; SFUVSO EFOFNF; ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP EFOFNF = %FOFNF(); ^ NBJO F_FKABHF %FOFNF() _>eNgOg TUBUJD PQ$BMM 'Q FjIBPFN: %FOFNF OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS %AE: <=+=3- 9:C+66 'F@ ;Q;@67J=7@ D/8/7/() J3KV>?3?3DV 97C7=E;T;@7 6;==3E 76;@. & J3KV? 63 <=+=3- 9:C+66 'F Q3TVC353TV@63@ <=+=3- 9:C+66 '63@ :;Q QV=V>3?3K: TUBUJD %FOFNF PQ$BMM() \ XSJUFMO("%FOFNF OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS"); SFUVSO %FOFNF(); // n :JOF 'TUBUJD PQ$BMM'V dBhjSjS ^ ZgHPgOg:

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%FOFNF %FOFNF %FOFNF ...

OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS OFTOFTJ LVSVMVZPS p TgSFLMJ PMBSBL UFLSBSMBOkS

54.1.7

B/R9/ 9B?B1B 7R:3C:3?7 K/NP?;/9

*QNQ@Q FjIBRIBN ?>jH> HQNQ@Q FjIBRIBNF _>egN>?FIFNIBN RB ?bUIB@B LI>Og HLA PBHN>NI>NgKgK bKcKB DB_FIJFj LIQN. 4gSF DF?F ?>OFP ?FN U>Mg ?QKQK U>N>NgKg >KI>PJ>H F_FK QUDQK LIJ>O> A> ?Q LI>K>egK HQII>KgJgKg >j>egA>HF DF?F FHF HQNQ@Q FIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: UIJT(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB) \ UIJT.EBLJLB = TBBU * 60 + EBLJLB; ^ UIJT(JOU EBLJLB) \ UIJT(0, EBLJLB); ^

// EJhFS LVSVDVZV dBhjSjZPS

7>IKgV@> A>HFH> >I>K HQNQ@Q AFeBN HQNQ@QUQ O>>P ABeBNF UBNFKB 0 DbKABNBNBH _>egNJ>HP>AgN. :$4B: 7QH>NgA>HF 4gSF HQNQ@QI>NgKA> ?FN P>O>NgJ E>P>Og ?QIQKAQeQKQ ObUIBUB?FIFNFV. -BOKBIBN PBH M>N>JBPNB FIB HQNQIAQHI>NgKA> KB FOPBKAFeF >_gH ABeFIAFN: BVUP ZPM4fSFTJ = 4fSF(10); // 10 TBBU NJ, 10 EBLJLB Nj

4gSF 'KFK ?BIDBIBNFKB RBU> P>KgJgK> ?>H>N>H "10 A>HFH>" ABKAFeFKF >KI>U>?FIFNFV. [PB U>KA>K, FHF M>N>JBPNB >I>K HQNQ@QA> FIH M>N>JBPNBKFK D33E LIJ>Og ?FN PQP>NOgVIgH LIQjPQNJ>HP>AgN. !bUIB P>O>NgJI>N H>NgjgHIgHI>N> KBABK LI>@>HI>NgKA>K H>_gKgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.
54.1.8

"B?B1B >/?/;3A?3@7<7< 23N7R;3F:7N7

#BeFjJBVIFH ?bIcJcKAB NBCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK DPOTU LI>N>H Jg ULHO> JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H Jg Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNFKFK A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQKQK H>N>NgKgK Dc_ LI>?FIAFeFKF DbNJcjPcH. !Q Dc_IcH HQNQ@Q M>N>JBPNBIBNF F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. K@>H, HQNQ@Q M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H OB_FIJBIBNF ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> DPOTU 'P>K A>E> QUDQKAQN. !QKQK KBABKF, HQNQ@Q M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK A>E> OLKN>A>K HQII>KgIJ>H cVBNB OgHIgHI> KBOKB F_BNFOFKAB O>HI>KJ>I>NgAgN. JNNVUBCMF LIJ>Ageg V>J>K, M>N>JBPNBKFK HQNQ@Q _>eNgIAgegKA>HF ABeBNFUIB A>E> OLKN>A>K HQII>KgIAgegKA>HF ABeBNF C>NHIg LI>?FIFN. !QKQK bNKBeF LI>N>H beNBK@FKFK KLPI>NgKg U>V>@>eg ALOU>KgK FOJFKF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >I>K ?FN HQNQ@QU> ?>H>IgJ. #BeFjJBVIFH ?bIcJcKABHF FIHBIBN ALeNQIPQOQKA> RB A>E> HQII>KgjIg LI>?FIJBH >J>@gUI> M>N>JBPNBOF DPOTU DIBS<> LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LIOQK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ DPOTU DIBS<> LBZjU%PTZBTj; TJ[F@U<> OPUMBS; UIJT(DPOTU DIBS<> LBZjU%PTZBTj) \ UIJT.LBZjU%PTZBTj = LBZjU%PTZBTj; ^

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WPJE OPUMBSj,BZEFU() \ BVUP EPTZB = 'JMF(LBZjU%PTZBTj.JEVQ, "X"); EPTZB.XSJUFMO("ahSFODJOJO OPUMBSj:"); EPTZB.XSJUFMO(OPUMBS); ^ ^ // ...

WPJE NBJO() \ DIBS<> EPTZBiTNJ; EPTZBiTNJ _= "PHSFODJ@OPUMBSJ"; BVUP ehSFODJ = ahSFODJ(EPTZBiTNJ); // ... /* EPTZBiTNJ TPOSBEBO EFhJlUJSJMJZPS PMTVO (CV eSOFLUF * CfUfO IBSGMFSJ '"' PMVZPS): */ EPTZBiTNJ<> = '"'; // ... /* /PUMBS ZBOMjl EPTZBZB LBZEFEJMFDFLUJS: */ ehSFODJ.OPUMBSj,BZEFU();

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J beNBK@FKFK KLPI>NgKg "PHSFODJ@OPUMBSJ" ALOU>OgK> ABeFI, FOJF ?cPcKcUIB E>NCIBNFKABK LIQj>K ?FN ALOU>U> U>V>N. . UcVABK C787C3@D ESCS@67@ A>3@ cUBIBNFK RB M>N>JBPNBIBNFK JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>NgKgK A>E> QUDQK LIAQHI>Ng AcjcKcIB?FIFN. !QKQK AFVDFIBNAB TUSJOH FIB HLI>U@> O>eI>K>?FIAFeFKF ?FIFULNQV. 7>MgKgK U>IKgV@> ABeFjBK O>PgNI>NgKg DbOPBNFULNQJ: TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH LBZjU%PTZBTj; // ... UIJT(TUSJOH LBZjU%PTZBTj) \ // ... ^ // ... ^ *QII>Kg@gI>N KBOKBIBNF >NPgH JNNVUBCMF AFVDFIBNIB HQNJ>H VLNQKA>AgNI>N RB H>UgPI>NgK U>VgIAgeg ALOU> HLKQOQKA>HF H>NgjgHIgH ?bUIB@B DFABNFIJFj LIQN.
54.1.9

)39 >/?/;3A?3:7 9B?B1B E=:BE:/ AM? 2L<MRM;M

2BH M>N>JBPNB >I>K HQNQ@Q FjIBRIBNFK >OIgKA> PcN AbKcjcJc O>eI>AgHI>Ng AcjcKcIB?FIFN: *QNQ@Q FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK PcNcKABK ULI> _gH>N>H U>MgKgK PcNcKAB ?FN KBOKB cNBPFIJBHPBAFN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF U>MgKgK HQNQ@QOQ RBNFIBK ?FN TUSJOH 'B H>NjgIgH ?FN biSFODJ cNBPJBHPBAFN: TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; UIJT(TUSJOH JTJN) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN;

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!Q 6R@SXS? bVBIIFHIBNF KBABKFUIB HQNQ@Q FjIBRIBN UP RB DBTU P>N>CgKA>K A> AbKcjcJ >J>@gUI> HQII>KgIgNI>N. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK >j>egA>HF TFMBN7FS FjIBRFKB ?>H>IgJ. . FjIBR ?FN biSFODJ ?BHIBAFeF E>IAB LK> TUSJOH DbKABNFIJBOF ALe>I LI>N>H ABNIBJB E>P>OgK> ULI >_>N: WPJE TFMBN7FS(ahSFODJ ehSFODJ) \ XSJUFMO(".FSIBCB ", ehSFODJ.JTJN); ^ // ... TFMBN7FS("&SBZ"); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* [PB U>KA>K, >j>egA>HF c_ O>PgN A> ABNIBKFN RB TFMBN7FS FjIBRF c_cKAB AB DB_F@F ?FN biSFODJ KBOKBOF FIB _>eNgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... TFMBN7FS(ahSFODJ("&SBZ")); TFMBN7FS(UP!ahSFODJ("&SDBO")); TFMBN7FS(DBTU(ahSFODJ)"&SEPTU");

54.2

(=<:/<2P?P1P 7R:3C
-BOKBKFK U>j>J OcNB@F OLK> BNBNHBK DBNBHBK FjIBJIBN OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K FjIBPFIFN. #BNIBUF@FKFK OQKAQeQ LPLJ>PFH OLKI>KAgNg@g OgN> FIB ?cPcK cUBIBNFK HBKAF OLKI>KAgNg@gI>NgKg _>egNgN. *QNQ@Q FjIBRAB AB LIAQeQ DF?F, _LeQ U>Mg PcNcKAB ?Q H>A>Ng V>PBK UBPBNIFAFN. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB KBOKBKFK OLKI>KJ>OgUI> FIDFIF ?>Vg bVBI FjIBJIBN DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK, KBOKBKFK O>EFMIBKJFj LIAQeQ ?FN FjIBPFJ OFOPBJF H>UK>egKgK DBNF RBNFIJBOF DBNBHFULNAQN; ?>jH> ?FN KBOKBKFK ?FN cUB FjIBRF _>eNgI>@>HPgN; ?>jH> ?FN ?FIDFO>U>N cVBNFKAB _>IgjJ>HP> LI>K ?FN MNLDN>J> LKQKI> LI>K ?>eI>KPgKgK HBOFIJBHPB LIAQeQ ?FIAFNFIB@BHPFN; RO. 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFK FOJF _UIJT 'PFN RB HQNQ@QA> LIAQeQ DF?F LKQK A> AbKcj PcNc ULHPQN.

54.2.1

(=<:/<2P?P1P 7R:3C E/>P:/?2/ =A=;/A79 =:/?/9 7R:3A7:7?

1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK DB_BNIFIFeF ?FPPFeF >K FjIBPFIFN. 7>j>J 1cNB_IBNF ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, KBOKBIBNFK U>j>J OcNB_IBNF P>KgJI>KAgHI>Ng H>MO>JA>K _gHgIgNHBK OLK> BNBN. !FN U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK U>j>JgKgK OLK> BNAFeF AQNQJI>N jQKI>NAgN: x -BOKBKFK P>KgJI>KAgeg H>MO>JA>K KLNJ>I LI>N>H RBU> >PgI>K ?FN E>P> FIB _gHgIgNHBK: JG (CJS,PlVM) \ BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(7); // ... ^ // n 4POMBOEjSjDj JlMFW 'TfSF' JdJO CVSBEB JlMFUJMJS

x fOFJOFV ?FN KBOKB L KBOKBKFK P>KgJI>KAgeg FC>ABKFK BK OLKQKA> OLKI>KgN: [BNBO.FLMF(4fSF(5)); // n 4fSF(5) IB[jS EFhFSJ CV // JGBEFOJO TPOVOEB TPOMBOjS

x !FN KBOKBKFK U>Mg PcNcKABHF ?cPcK cUBIBNF AB >OgI KBOKB FIB ?FNIFHPB OLKI>KgNI>N.

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54.2.2

(=<:/<2P?P1P L?<3N7
1LKI>KAgNg@g bNKBeF LI>N>H 6,+ AcVBKF LIQjPQNJ>U> U>N>U>K ?FN U>Mg P>O>NI>U>IgJ. 6,+ BIBJ>KI>Ng >_gIg M>N>KPBVIBNIBNIB ?BIFNPFIFNIBN, RB RBNFIBNABK RB ?>jH> 6,+ BIBJ>KI>NgKA>K LIQjQNI>N. 6,+ BIBJ>KI>NgKgK KFPBIFHIBNF AB LI>?FIFN; LKI>Ng ?Q bNKBHPB AFHH>PB >IJ>U>@>egV. !QN>A> >J>@gJgV, <JTJN> jBHIFKAB >_gI>K ?FN 6,+ BIBJ>KgKgK ALeNQ LI>N>H RB JQPI>H> </JTJN> jBHIFKAB H>M>PgIJ>OgKg O>eI>J>H LI>@>H: <EFST1> <OPU> 57 </OPU> </EFST1> n n n n n EjlUBLJ 9.- FMFNBOjOjO BdjMNBTj JdUFLJ 9.- FMFNBOjOjO BdjMNBTj WFSJ JdUFLJOJO LBQBUjMNBTj EjlUBLJOJO LBQBUjMNBTj

!QKQ O>eI>U>@>H ?FN U>MgUg FHF cUB FIB P>O>NI>U>?FIFNFV. !Q cUBIBN 6,+ BIBJ>KgKgK FOJFKF RB _gHgjP> KB H>A>N DFNFKPFUIB U>VAgNgI>@>egKg PBJOFI BAB?FIFNIBN: TUSVDU 9NM&MFNBOj \ TUSJOH JTJN; TUSJOH HJSJOUJ; ^ $eBN 6,+ BIBJ>KgKg >_J> FjFKF HQNQ@Q FjIBRB RB H>M>J> FjFKF AB OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRB U>MPgNgNO>H, KBOKBIBNFK U>j>J OcNB_IBNFKF >U>NI>U>N>H FOPBAFeFJFV _gHPgUg BIAB BAB?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK _gHPgU> KBOKB HQNQIAQeQKA> <FMFNBO> , OLKI>KAgNgIAgegKA> A> </FMFNBO> U>VAgN>?FIFNFV. *QNQ@QUQ ?Q >J>@> DbNB jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: UIJT(JO TUSJOH JTJN, JO JOU Ef[FZ) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN; UIJT.HJSJOUJ = HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(Ef[FZ); ^ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ, '<', JTJN, '>');

*QNQ@QKQK OLK O>PgNg 6,+ BIBJ>KgKgK >_gIJ>OgKg O>eI>J>HP>AgN. HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ , L AcVBUFK DFNFKPFOFKF ?BIFNIBUBK RB ?LjIQHI>NA>K LIQj>K ?FN TUSJOH cNBPFN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; // ... TUSJOH HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(JO JOU HJSJOUJ"EjNj) \ SFUVSO SFQMJDBUF(" ", HJSJOUJ"EjNj * 2); ^ 7>N>NI>KAgeg SFQMJDBUF FjIBRF, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK AFVDFUF ?BIFNPFIBK O>UgA> Q_ Q@> BHIBUBNBH UBKF ?FN AFVDF cNBPBK ?FN FjIBRAFN; TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIgAgN. !Q AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> ?LjIQH H>N>HPBNIBNFKABK LIQjQULN RB O>PgN ?>jI>NgKA>HF DFNFKPFIBNF LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgULN. 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRF AB 6,+ BIBJ>KgKg H>M>PJ>H F_FK ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB U>V>?FIFNFV: _UIJT() \ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ, "</", JTJN, '>'); ^ . U>MgUg HQII>K>K ?FN ABKBJB MNLDN>Jg >j>egA>HF DF?F U>VgI>?FIFN:

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WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFSTMFS = 9NM&MFNBOj("EFSTMFS", 0); GPSFBDI (EFST/VNBSBTj; 0 .. 2) \ JNNVUBCMF EFST = 9NM&MFNBOj("EFST" _ UP!TUSJOH(EFST/VNBSBTj), 1); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ JNNVUBCMF OPU = 9NM&MFNBOj("OPU", 2); JNNVUBCMF SBTHFMF/PU = VOJGPSN(50, 101); ^ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(3), SBTHFMF/PU);

9NM&MFNBOk KBOKBIBNFKFK c_ H>MO>JA> LIQjPQNQIAQHI>NgK> AFHH>P BAFK. !Q MNLDN>JA>HF 6,+ BIBJ>KI>NgKgK >_gIgM H>M>KJ>I>Ng ?cPcKcUIB L KBOKBIBNFK HQNQ@Q RB OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBNF P>N>CgKA>K LIQjPQNQIJ>HP>AgN. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOgKA> ?FN?FNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK HQNQ@Q RB OLKI>KAgNg@g _gHPgI>NgKg >UKg NBKHIB DbOPBNAFJ. #gj H>MO>J F_FK HgNJgVg, LNP>A>HF F_FK J>RF, RB F_BNABHF F_FK UBjFI: <EFSTMFS> <EFST0> <OPU> 72 </OPU> <OPU> 97 </OPU> <OPU> 90 </OPU> </EFST0> <EFST1> <OPU> 77 </OPU> <OPU> 87 </OPU> <OPU> 56 </OPU> </EFST1> </EFSTMFS> ZgHPgA> bNKBH LI>N>H <EFSTMFS> BIBJ>KgK> ?>H>IgJ: NBJO F_FKAB FIH LI>N>H EFSTMFS KBOKBOF HQNQIAQeQ F_FK FIH LI>N>H LKQK HQNQ@QOQKQK _gHPgOgKg DbNcULNQV; RB NBJO 'ABK _gHgIgNHBK OLKI>KAgNgIAgeg F_FK AB BK OLK LKQK OLKI>KAgNg@gOgKgK _gHPgOgKg DbNcULNQV.

54.3

"=>E/ @=<?/@P 7R:3C7

*LMU>I>J>, R>N LI>K ?FN KBOKBKFK HLMU>Og LI>N>H UBKF ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNJ>HPgN.

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7>MgI>NA> HLMU>I>J> FjFKFK FIH >j>J>OgKg ABNIBUF@F DBN_BHIBjPFNFN. 7BKF KBOKBKFK ?cPcK cUBIBNFKF R>N LI>K KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKABK OgN>UI> HLMU>I>N: BVUP EeOfl4fSFTJ = HJEJl4fSFTJ; // LPQZBMBNB

!Q FjIBJF 3E3?3 FjIBJF FIB H>NgjPgNJ>UgK. 7QH>NgA> OLI P>N>CP>HF BVUP , EfOgm4gSFTJ FOJFKAB UBKF ?FN KBOKB HQNQIAQeQKQ DbOPBNFN. BVUP , LN>A>HF PcN FOJF UBNFKB DB_JBHPBAFN. P>J> LIJ>Og F_FK EfOgm4gSFTJ 'KFK A>E> bK@BABK P>KgJI>KJgj ?FN KBOKB LIJ>Og DBNBHFNAF: EeOfl4fSFTJ = HJEJl4fSFTJ; // BUBNB (BlBhjEB BOMBUjMjZPS)

*LMU>I>J> FIB FIDFIF LI>N>H DBNBHBK LI>Og bVBI FjIBJIBN LPLJ>PFH HLMU>I>J> FjIBJF OLKI>KAgHP>K OLKN> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFNIBN. *QNJ> FIB FIDFIF LIAQeQ F_FK HLMU> OLKN>Og FjIBRFKFK FOJF AB UIJT 'PFN. #FeBN HQNQ@QI>NA>K >UgNP BAFIB?FIJBOF F_FK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKB bVBI LI>N>H UIJT U>VgIgN: UIJT(UIJT) \ // ... ^ 7>MgI>N ?bIcJcKAB ?>OFP ?FN biSFODJ U>MgOg HQII>KJgj RB LKQK KBOKBIBNFKFK HLMU>I>KJ>I>Ng FIB FIDFIF ?FN OLNQKA>K ObV BPJFjPFH: TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ JOU OVNBSB; JOU<> OPUMBS; ^ . U>MgKgK OPUMBS cUBOF AFK>JFH AFVF LIAQeQ F_FK ?FN NBCBN>KO PcNcAcN. !Q, ?FN biSFODJ KBOKBOFKFK ?FN ?>jH>OgK> HLMU>I>KJ>Og AQNQJQKA> FHFOFKFK OPUMBS cUBIBNFKFK >UKg 3DV> BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>I>NgK> KBABK LIQN. !Q UcVABK, ?FNFKFK KLPI>NgKA> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH AFeBNFKAB AB DbNcIcN: BVUP ehSFODJ1 = ahSFODJ(1, < 70, 90, 85 >); BVUP ehSFODJ2 = ehSFODJ1; ehSFODJ2.OVNBSB = 2; // LPQZBMBNB

ehSFODJ1.OPUMBS<0> += 5; // JLJODJOJO OPUV EB EFhJlJS: BTTFSU(ehSFODJ2.OPUMBS<0> == 75); !QKQK bKcKB DB_JBH F_FK FHFK@F beNBK@FKFK OPUMBS cUBOFKFK U>IKgV@> L KBOKBUB >FP ?FN AFVF LIJ>Og O>eI>KJ>IgAgN. !QKQ HLMU> OLKN>Og FjIBRFKAB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFNFV: TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ JOU OVNBSB; JOU<> OPUMBS; UIJT(UIJT) \ OPUMBS = OPUMBS.EVQ; ^

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UIJT(UIJT) FjIBRFKB DFNFIAFeFKAB ?cPcK cUBIBNFK _LHP>K >OgI KBOKBKFK HLMU>I>Ng LI>N>H LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H HQNQIAQHI>NgKg E>PgNI>UgK. fjIBRB DFNFIAFeFKABHF OPUMBS , >OgI KBOKBKFK OPUMBS 'g FIB >UKg AFVFUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP>AgN. 7QH>NgA>HF PBH O>PgNA> U>MgI>K FOB, OPUMBS 'gK BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg >OgI AFVFKFK ?FN HLMU>OgKg >IJ>H RB LKQ UFKB ?Q KBOKBKFK OPUMBS 'gK> >P>J>HPgN. !bUIB@B ?Q KBOKBKFK OPUMBS 'g UBKF ?FN AFVFUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>N. !FNFK@F beNBK@FKFK KLPI>NgKA> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >NPgH FHFK@F beNBK@FKFK KLPI>NgKg BPHFIBJBV: ehSFODJ1.OPUMBS<0> += 5; BTTFSU(ehSFODJ2.OPUMBS<0> == 70);

54.4

AA/;/ 7R:317
P>J>, V>PBK R>N LI>K ?FN KBOKBUB UBKF ?FN ABeBN RBNJBH >KI>JgK> DBIFN: EeOfl4fSFTJ = HJEJl4fSFTJ; // BUBNB

P>J> PBJBI FjIBJIBN >N>OgKA> AFeBNIBNFKABK ?FN>V A>E> H>NJ>jgHPgN RB ?Q KBABKIB E>P>I>N> >_gHPgN. !QKQK KBABKF, >P>J> FjIBJFKFK >OIgKA> FHF >AgJA>K LIQjQULN LIJ>OgAgN: 1. 1LIA>HF KBOKBKFK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>Og 2. 1LIA>HF KBOKBKFK O>eA>HF KBOKBKFK HLMU>Og LI>N>H HQNQIJ>Og K@>H, ?Q FHF >AgJgK UQH>NgA>HF OgN>A> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKFK bKBJIF ?FN O>HgK@>Og R>NAgN: -BOKBKFK FHFK@F >AgJA> ?>j>NgUI> HQNQI>?FIB@BeFKABK BJFK LIQKJ>A>K ?FNFK@F >AgJA> OLKI>KAgNgIJ>Og E>P>U> >_gHPgN. 7LHO>, KBOKBKFK UBKF ABeBNIB PBHN>N HQNQIJ>Og >j>J>OgKA> ?FN E>P> >PgIO>, BIFJFVAB OLKI>KAgNgIJgj >J> PBHN>N HQNQI>J>Jgj ?FN KBOKB H>IgN. #BNIBUF@FKFK OQKAQeQ LPLJ>PFH >P>J> FjIB@F ?Q UcVABK DcRBKIF E>NBHBP BPJBH VLNQKA>AgN RB MBNAB >NH>OgKA> jQ FjIBJIBNF DBN_BHIBjPFNFN: 1. 1LIA>HF KBOKBUF DB_F@F ?FN KBOKBUB HLMU>I>N 2. 1>eA>HF KBOKBUF OLIA>HF KBOKBUB HLMU>I>N 3. &B_F@F KBOKBUF OLKI>KAgNgN #BNIBUF@FKFK OQKAQeQ LPLJ>PFH >P>J> FjIB@F EBJBK EBJBK EBN AQNQJA> UBPBNIFAFN. $eBN EBNE>KDF ?FN KBABKIB HBKAFKFV P>KgJI>J>H FOPBNOBKFV, >PgI>?FIB@BH LI>K E>P>I>N> H>Njg AFHH>PIF LIJ>H DBNBHPFeFKF QKQPJ>UgK. 1bV AFVFJF jQ jBHFIABAFN: x x x x fOJF PQ"TTJHO 'AgN />N>JBPNB PcNc U>MgKgK HBKAF PcNcAcN #bKcj PcNc U>MgKgK HBKAF PcNcAcN fjIBRABK SFUVSO UIJT FIB _gHgIgN

!BK ?QN>A> ?>OFP 4gSF U>MgOg cVBNFKAB RB _gHPgU> ?FN JBO>G U>VAgN>@>H jBHFIAB P>KgJI>U>@>egJ: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; 4fSF PQ"TTJHO(4fSF TBhEBLJ) \ XSJUFGMO( "EBLJLB, %T EFhFSJOEFO %T EFhFSJOF EFhJlJZPS", UIJT.EBLJLB, TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB);

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UIJT.EBLJLB = TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB; ^ SFUVSO UIJT;

^ // ... BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(100); TfSF = 4fSF(200); ZgHPgOg:

// BUBNB

EBLJLB, 100 EFiFSJOEFO 200 EFiFSJOF EFiJmJZPS

54.4.1

B/R9/ AM?:3?23< /A/;/9

!>Vg AQNQJI>NA> KBOKBIBNB HBKAF PcNIBNFKABK C>NHIg PcNIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF AB >P>J>H FOPBUB?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK >P>J> FjIB@FKFK O>e P>N>CgKA> EBN V>J>K F_FK 4gSF PcNc HQII>KJ>H UBNFKB, ALeNQA>K ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBN HQII>KJ>H FOPBUB?FIFNFV: TfSF = 300; !QKQ, M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H JOU >I>K ?FN >P>J> FjIB@F A>E> P>KgJI>U>N>H O>eI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; 4fSF PQ"TTJHO(4fSF TBhEBLJ) \ XSJUFGMO( "EBLJLB, %T EFhFSJOEFO %T EFhFSJOF EFhJlJZPS", UIJT.EBLJLB, TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB); UIJT.EBLJLB = TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB; ^ SFUVSO UIJT;

4fSF PQ"TTJHO(JOU EBLJLB) \ XSJUFMO( "EBLJLB, CJS UBNTBZj EFhFS JMF EFhJlUJSJMJZPS"); UIJT.EBLJLB = EBLJLB; ^ SFUVSO UIJT;

^ // ... TfSF = 4fSF(200); TfSF = 300; ZgHPgOg: EBLJLB, 100 EFiFSJOEFO 200 EFiFSJOF EFiJmJZPS EBLJLB, CJS UBNTBZk EFiFS JMF EFiJmUJSJMJZPS

54.4.2

*E/?P
%>NHIg PcNIBNF ?Q jBHFIAB ?FN?FNIBNFKB BjFPIBUB?FIJBH RBU> A>E> DBKBI LI>N>H ?FN?FNIBNFKFK UBNFKB HQII>K>?FIJBH, HLI>UIgH DBPFNAFeF H>A>N H>NgjgHIgHI>N> RB E>P>I>N> A> KBABK LI>?FIFN.

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P>J> FjIB@FKF C>NHIg PcNIBNABK M>N>JBPNB >I>@>H jBHFIAB P>KgJI>J>KgK U>N>NIg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKAcecKcV V>J>KI>NA> ?QKQK DBN_BHPBK DBNBHIF LIQM LIJ>AgegKg FUF@B P>NPJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ. *FJF V>J>K U>N>NIgAgN, HFJF V>J>K DBNBHOFV RB OLNQKIQAQN.

54.5

IF3A
x *QNQ@Q FjIBR (UIJT ) KBOKBIBNF HQII>KgJ> E>VgNI>N. #BNIBUF@FKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H P>KgJI>Ageg HQNQ@Q _LeQ AQNQJA> UBPBNIFAFN. x 4>NO>UgI>K HQNQ@QKQK A>RN>Kgjg U>MgI>NA> ABeFjPFNFIBJBV. &BNBHPFeFKAB LKQK UBNFKB TUBUJD PQ$BMM P>KgJI>KgN. x 2BH M>N>JBPNBIF HQNQ@QI>N UP RB DBTU P>N>CgKA>K PcN AbKcjcJc OgN>OgKA> HQII>KgIgNI>N. x 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR (_UIJT ) KBOKBKFK U>j>Jg OLK> BNBNHBK FjIBPFIJBOF DBNBHBK FjIBJIBNF F_BNFN. x *LMU> OLKN>Og FjIBRF (UIJT(UIJT) ) ABNIBUF@FKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNAFeF HLMU>A>K OLKN> DBNBHBK AcVBIPJBIBNF F_BNFN. x P>J> FjIBRF (PQ"TTJHO ) R>N LI>K KBOKBIBNFK ?>jH> KBOKBIBNABK >P>KJ>I>Ng OgN>OgKA> FjIBPFIFN.

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55

OR:3K ,M9:3;3
fjIB_ UcHIBJB LI>K>egKg ?Q ?bIcJAB U>MgI>N cVBNFKAB DbNB@BeFV. !QN>A> >KI>PgI>KI>N A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV OgKgCI>N F_FK AB EBJBK EBJBK >UKBK DB_BNIFAFN. $K ?BIFNDFK C>NH, *QNQ@Q RB #FeBN [VBI fjIBRIBN ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV >P>J> FjIB@F PQ"TTJHO 'gK OgKgCI>N F_FK P>KgJI>K>JgULN LIJ>OgAgN. fjIB_ UcHIBJB, FjIB_IBNFK HBKAF PcNIBNFJFVIB K>OgI _>Igj>@>HI>NgKg ?BIFNIBJB LI>K>egAgN. 7>MgI>NgK RB cUB FjIBRIBNFK U>N>NI>NgKg bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNJcjPcH. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF, (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKB 4gSF KBOKBIBNFKF BHIBUB?FIJBHPF. *LAQ HgO> PQPJ>H F_FK U>IKgV@> ?Q ?bIcJc FIDFIBKAFNBK cUBIBNFKF DbOPBNFULNQJ: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; ^ TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; WPJE FLMF(JO 4fSF TfSF) \ EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; TBBU += EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB %= 60; TBBU %= 24;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP ZFNFL;BNBOj = (fOfO4BBUJ(12, 0); ZFNFL;BNBOj.FLMF(4fSF(10)); ^ \UB FjIBRIBNFK U>N>Ng, U>MgUg FIDFIBKAFNBK FjIBJIBNFK U>MgKgK F_FKAB P>KgJI>K>?FIJBIBNFAFN. \UB ABeFjHBKIBN RB cUB FjIBRIBN ?FN >N>A> P>KgJI>KgK@> U>MgKgK cUBIBNFKFK ?cPcK FjIBRIBN P>N>CgKA>K ALeNQ LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgHI>Ng A>E> HLI>U ABKBPIBKB?FIFN. 7>MgI>NgK ?cPcK ?Q U>N>NI>NgK> H>NjgK, PBJBI PcNIBNFK FjIB_ HQII>KgJg HLKQOQKA> U>MgI>N> H>Njg cOPcKIcHIBNF R>NAgN: 2BJBI PcNIBN bVBI P>KgJI>N DBNBHJBABK FjIB_IBNIB N>E>P_> HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN: JOU BhjSMjL = 50; BhjSMjL += 10;

// JlMFdMF

iFJAFUB H>A>N beNBKAFeFJFV ?FIDFIBN ALeNQIPQOQKA> ?BKVBN FjIBJIBNF U>MgI>N F_FK >K@>H cUB FjIBRIBNIB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFULNQV: BVUP ZFNFL;BNBOj = (fOfO4BBUJ(12, 0); ZFNFL;BNBOj.FLMF(4fSF(10)); // fZF JlMFWMF fjIB_ UcHIBJB, U>MgI>Ng A> PBJBI PcNIBN DF?F FjIB_IBNIB HQII>K>?FIJB LI>K>eg OQK>N. [NKBeFK, (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOg F_FK P>KgJI>U>?FIB@BeFJFV += FjIB@F, UQH>NgA>HF FjIBJFK U>VgJgKg HLI>UI>jPgNgN RB A>E> LHQK>HIg E>IB DBPFNFN: ZFNFL;BNBOj += 4fSF(10); // ZBQj JdJO EF JlMFdMF

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7cHIBKB?FIB@BH ?cPcK FjIB_IBNB DB_JBABK bK@B ?Q HQII>KgJgK K>OgI O>eI>KAgegKg DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ. #>E> bK@B FOJFKF FLMF LI>N>H U>VAgegJgV FjIBRF #'KFK bVBI LI>N>H ?BIFNIBAFeF PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JmMFe) FOJFUIB P>KgJI>J>H RB ?Q P>KgJgK "+" H>N>HPBNF F_FK U>MgIJ>HP> LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNPJBH DBNBHFN. !FN>V >j>egA> >_gHI>K>@>eg DF?F, ?Q >OIgKA> += FjIB@F F_FKAFN. j>egA>HF P>KgJgK jFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV FjIBR P>KgJI>NgK> ?BKVBJBAFeFKF C>NHBAB@BHOFKFV. !QKQK KBABKF, PQ0Q"TTJHO 'gK >OIgKA> ?FN ;X>7G X34>A@F LIJ>OgAgN. i>?ILKI>Ng A>E> FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFV; jFJAFIFH FjIB_ UcHIBJB HLKQOQKA> ?Q ObV AFVFJFKF ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H QUDQI>J>H DBNBHPFeFKF H>?QI BPJBKFVF NF@> BAFULNQJ: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... SFG (fOfO4BBUJ PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO 4fSF TfSF) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; TBBU += EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB %= 60; TBBU %= 24; ^ SFUVSO UIJT;

// (1) // (2)

7QH>NgA>HF j>?ILK P>KgJg FHF M>N_>A>K LIQjQN: 1. PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JmMFe) : !QKQK >UKBK U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. (PQ0Q"TTJHO 'A>K ?>jH> FjIB_ FjIBRIBNFKFK AB ?QIQKAQeQKQ >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.) 2. JG (JmMFe == "+") : PQ0Q"TTJHO ?FNABK C>VI> FjIB@FK P>KgJgKA> HQII>KgI>?FIAFeF F_FK E>KDF FjIB_ H>N>HPBNFKFK P>KgJI>KJ>HP> LIAQeQ ?Q ObV AFVFJFUIB ?BIFNPFIFN. OIgKA> ?FN X34>A@ =VDVE>3?3DV LI>K ?Q ObV AFVFJFKFK >UNgKPgI>NgKg A> A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. FLMF FjIBRFKABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, AbKcj PcNcKcK ?Q P>KgJA> WPJE LIJ>AgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. fjIB_IBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNFKF ?FN>V >j>egA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ. #BNIBUF@F, (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKFK += FjIB@FUIB HQII>KgIAgeg UBNIBNAB MBNAB >NH>OgKA> PQ0Q"TTJHO!"+" FjIBRFKF _>egNgN: ZFNFL;BNBOj += 4fSF(10); // "lBhjEBLJ TBUjS fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJEJS: ZFNFL;BNBOj.PQ0Q"TTJHO!"+"(4fSF(10)); PQ0Q"TTJHO 'A>K OLKN> U>VgI>K !"+" , PQ0Q"TTJHO 'gK + H>N>HPBNF F_FK P>KgJg LI>K FjIBRFK _>eNgIJ>HP> LIAQeQ >KI>JgK> DBIFN. i>?ILKI>NI> FIDFIF LI>K ?Q ObV AFVFJFKF AB A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. *LA F_FKABHF += FjIB@FKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK UQH>NgA>HF cUB FjIBRAB "+=" ABeFI, "+" HQII>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. PQ0Q"TTJHO 'gK FOJFKAB DB_BK RB "ABeBN >P>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK ">OOFDK" V>PBK >P>J> H>RN>JgKg F_BNFN. 1LKQ_P>, PQ0Q"TTJHO!"+" , >P>J>Ig PLMI>J> FjIBJF LI>K += FjIB@FKFK P>KgJgAgN.

55.1

A:PRP:;PR =:/< 2/C?/<PR:/?P 23N7RA7?;3E7<

fjIB_IBNFK A>RN>KgjI>NgKg ?FVFJ ?BIFNIBUB?FIFULN LIJ>JgV ?FVB _LeQ FjIB_ F_FK FOPBAFeFJFV jBUF U>MJ> OBN?BOPFOF RBNFN. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF FjIB@F OcNB BHIBUB@BH jBHFIAB ABeFI, P>J PBNOFKB

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OcNB >V>IP>@>H jBHFIAB AB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNAFH. .UO> HLAQ LHQU>KI>N += FjIB@FKF DbNAcHIBNFKAB ALe>I LI>N>H 67T7C;@ 3CE?3DV@V ?BHIBUB@BHIBNAFN. &BKBI ?BHIBKPFIBNB QUQIJ>Og FjIB_IBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNF F_FK AB bKBJIFAFN. fjIB_IBNF ALe>I A>RN>KgjI>Ng AgjgKA> U>VAgegKgVA> ?QKQK EBNHBOF U>KgIP>@>egKg RB MNLDN>JA> E>P>I>N> KBABK LI>@>egKg >HIgKgVA> ?QIQKAQNQK.

55.2

,M9:3<307:3< A39:7 7R:3K:3?

2BH KBOKBUIB FjIBUBK FjIB_IBNB PBHIF FjIB_ ABKFN: ++BhjSMjL; 7QH>NgA>HF ++ FjIB@F PBHIF FjIB_PFN _cKHc FjFKF U>M>NHBK PBH ABeFjHBK HQII>KJ>HP>AgN RB LKQK ABeBNFKF ?FN >NPPgNJ>HP>AgN. !Q FjIB_IBN PQ6OBSZ cUB FjIBR FOJFUIB P>KgJI>KgNI>N. PQ6OBSZ M>N>JBPNB >IJ>V _cKHc U>IKgV@> FjIB@FK cVBNFKAB QUDQI>KAgeg KBOKBUF (U>KF UIJT 'F) BPHFIBN. fjIBR P>KgJgKA> HQII>KgIJ>Og DBNBHBK FjIB_ AFVDFIBNF jQKI>NAgN: jmMFe -OFTOF +OFTOF _OFTOF *OFTOF ++OFTOF --OFTOF "OMBNk UFST JlBSFUMJTJOJ fSFU BZOj JlBSFUMJTJOJ fSFU CJU Ef[FZJOEF UFSTJOJ BM HeTUFSEJhJOF FSJl CJS BSUUjS CJS B[BMU jmMFe %J[HJTJ "-" "+" "_" "*" "++" "--"

[NKBeFK ++ FjIB@FKF 4gSF F_FK jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; SFG 4fSF PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG (JlMFd == "++") \ ++EBLJLB; SFUVSO UIJT; ^

fjIB@FK AbKcj PcNcKcK SFG LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. fjIB_IBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNFKF >j>egA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ. 4gSF KBOKBIBNF ?Q O>UBAB >NPgH ++ FjIB@F FIB >NPPgNgI>?FIFNIBN: BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(20); ++TfSF; [K@BHF ABeBNIF >NPPgNJ> RB bK@BHF ABeBNIF >V>IPJ> FjIB_IBNF LI>K OFTOF++ RB OFTOF-HQII>KgJI>Ng UcHIBKBJBV. . HQII>KgJI>NA>HF bK@BHF ABeBNIBNF ABNIBUF@F LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H cNBPFN. [NKBeFK, TgSF++ HQII>KgJgKgK BjABeBNF jQAQN: /* aODFLJ EFhFS EFSMFZJDJ UBSBGjOEBO PUPNBUJL PMBSBL * LPQZBMBOjS: */

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4fSF @@eODFLJ%FhFS@@ = TfSF; /* 5BOjNMBONjl PMBO OPSNBM ++ JlMFDJ dBhSjMjS: */ ++TfSF; /* %BIB TPOSB CfUfO JGBEFEF @@eODFLJ%FhFS@@ LVMMBOjMjS. */

55.3

,M9:3<307:3< 797:7 7R:3K:3?

fHF KBOKB HQII>K>K FjIB_IBNB FHFIF FjIB_ ABKFN: UPQMBN"hjSMjL = LVUV"hjSMjhj + dJLPMBUB"hjSMjhj; 7QH>NgA>HF O>PgNA> FHF C>NHIg FHFIF FjIB_ DbNcIcULN: + FjIB@F OLIQKA>HF RB O>egKA>HF ABeBNIBNF PLMI>N, = FjIB@F AB O>egKA>HFKFK ABeBNFKF OLIQKA>HFKB >P>N. fjIB_IBNF DNQMI>KAgNJ>H F_FK >j>egA>HF P>?ILA> FjIB_IBNFK _BjFPIBNFKF AB ?BIFNPPFJ. "=" FIB Fj>NBPIF LI>KI>N O>e P>N>CgK ABeBNFKF OLI P>N>C> >P>NI>N.

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jmMFe + * / % ?? & ] ? << >> >>> _ JO == != < <= > >= = += -= *= /= %= ??= &= ]= ?= <<= >>= >>>= _=

"OMBNk UPQMB djLBS dBSQ CeM LBMBOjOj IFTBQMB fTTfOf BM CJU JlMFNJ CJU JlMFNJ e e"a

jmMFW jTNJ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ#JOBSZ PQ&RVBMT PQ&RVBMT PQ$NQ PQ$NQ PQ$NQ PQ$NQ PQ"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO PQ0Q"TTJHO

4Bi 5BSBG JeJO jmMFW jTNJ PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU -

aFmJU BSJUNFUJL BSJUNFUJL BSJUNFUJL BSJUNFUJL BSJUNFUJL BSJUNFUJL CJU CJU CJU CJU CJU CJU

CJU JlMFNJ "a da TPMB LBZEjS TBhB LBZEjS JlBSFUTJ[ TBhB LBZEjS CJSMFlUJS JdJOEF NJ FlJUUJS FlJU EFhJMEJS eODFEJS TPOSB EFhJMEJS TPOSBEjS eODF EFhJMEJS BUB BSUUjS B[BMU LBUjOj BUB CeMfNfOf BUB LBMBOjOj BUB fTTfOf BUB & TPOVDVOV BUB ] TPOVDVOV BUB ? TPOVDVOV BUB << TPOVDVOV BUB >> TPOVDVOV BUB >>> TPOVDVOV BUB TPOVOB FLMF

NBOUjLTBM NBOUjLTBM TjSBMBNB TjSBMBNB TjSBMBNB TjSBMBNB = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

2>?ILA> D3T E3C38 ;Q;@ LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIBK FjIBR FOFJIBNF, KBOKB FjIB@FK O>e P>N>CgKA> A> HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKAB FjIBPFIFN. *LAA> jbUIB ?FN FHFIF FjIB_ ?QIQKAQeQKQ AcjcKBIFJ: Y i+le% Z #BNIBUF@F E>KDF cUB FjIBRF FjIBPB@BeFKB H>N>N RBNJBH F_FK UQH>NgA>HF FC>ABUF jQ FHF cUB FjIBR _>eNgOgK> AbKcjPcNcN: Y.PQ#JOBSZ!"JlMFd"(Z); Z.PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU!"JlMFd"(Y); // Y'JO TPMEB PMEVhV EVSVNVO UBOjNj // Z'OJO TBhEB PMEVhV EVSVNVO UBOjNj

. FjIBR _>eNgI>NgKA>K A>E> QUDQK LI>Kg OB_FIFN RB FjIBPFIFN.

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ZLeQ AQNQJA> PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU 'gK P>KgJI>KJ>OgK> DBNBH ULHPQN. !Q AQNQJ JO FjIB@FKAB P>J PBNOFAFN: JO F_FK _LeQKIQHI> PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU P>KgJI>KgN. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNAB cUB FjIBRIBNF P>KgJI>NHBK M>N>JBPNB FOJFKF TBiEBLJ LI>N>H OB_PFJ. !QKQKI> M>N>JBPNBKFK ;X>75;@ D3TV@63=; @7D@7 LIAQeQKQ RQNDQIQULNQJ: Y i+le% Z . FC>AB HQII>KgIAgegKA>, cUB FjIBRFK TBiEBLJ FOJFKABHF M>N>JBPNBOF Z 'UF PBJOFI BAB@BHPFN. fHFIF FjIB_IBNFK K>OgI UcHIBKAFHIBNFKF A>E> >j>egA>HF ?>jIgHI>NA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ.

55.4

,M9:3<307:3< 27N3? 7R:3K:3?

7QH>NgA>HF PBHIF RB FHFIF FjIB_IBNB BH LI>N>H >j>egA>HF FjIB_IBN AB UcHIBKB?FIFN: "OMBNk JlMFW dBhSjTj FMFNBO FSJlJNJ FMFNBOB BUBNB FMFNBO f[FSJOEF UFLMJ JlMFN BUBNBMj FMFNBO JlMFNJ CfUfO FMFNBOMBSB FSJlUJSFO EJMJN CB[j FMFNBOMBSB FSJlUJSFO EJMJN CfUfO FMFNBOMBS f[FSJOEF UFLMJ JlMFN CB[j FMFNBOMBS f[FSJOEF UFLMJ JlMFN CfUfO FMFNBOMBSB BUBNB CB[j FMFNBOMBSB BUBNB jmMFW jTNJ PQ$BMM PQ*OEFY PQ*OEFY"TTJHO PQ*OEFY6OBSZ PQ*OEFY0Q"TTJHO PQ4MJDF PQ4MJDF PQ4MJDF6OBSZ PQ4MJDF6OBSZ PQ4MJDF"TTJHO PQ4MJDF"TTJHO bSOFL LVMMBOkN OFTOF(42) UPQMVMVL<J> UPQMVMVL<J> = 7 ++UPQMVMVL<J> UPQMVMVL<J> *= 2 UPQMVMVL<> UPQMVMVL<J, K> ++UPQMVMVL<> ++UPQMVMVL<J, K> UPQMVMVL<> = 42 UPQMVMVL<J, K> = 7 UPQMVMVL<> *= 2 UPQMVMVL<J, K> *= 2 UP!JOU(OFTOF) OFTOF.WBS0MNBZBOilMFW()

CfUfO FMFNBOMBS f[FSJOEF BUBNBMj JlMFN PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO CB[j FMFNBOMBS f[FSJOEF BUBNBMj JlMFN PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO UfS EeOflfNf JlMFDJ WBSPMNBZBO fZF JlMFW JdJO TFWL PQ$BTU PQ%JTQBUDI

!Q FjIB_IBNF A>E> >j>egA> HBKAF ?>jIgHI>Ng >IPgKA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ.

55.5

OR:3K:3?7< 2L<MR AM?:3?7

fjIB_IBNF HBKAF PcNIBNFKFV F_FK P>KgJI>NHBK L FjIB_IBNFK EBJ A>RN>KgjI>NgKgK EBJ AB AbKcj PcNIBNFKFK PBJBI PcNIBNABHF DF?F LIJ>I>NgK> AFHH>P BAFK. !Q, HLAQK >KI>jgIgNIgeg RB E>P>I>NgK bKIBKJBOF >_gOgKA>K bKBJIFAFN. 2BJBI PcNIBNIB HQII>KgI>K EF_?FN FjIB@FK AbKcj PcNc WPJE ABeFIAFN. !Q, ?>Vg FjIB_IBN F_FK ?>NFVAFN. [NKBeFK, FHF JOU ABeBNFK B + C ?F_FJFKAB PLMI>KJ>I>NgKgK OLKQ@QKQK UFKB JOU PcNcKAB ?FN ABeBN LIAQeQ >_gHPgN: JOU B = 1; JOU C = 2; JOU D = B + C;

// D, JlMFDJO EFhFSJ JMF JMLMFOJS

!>jH> ?>Vg FjIB_IBNFK AbKcj ABeBNIBNF RB PcNIBNF FOB ?>NFV LIJ>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, ++J DF?F ?FN FjIB@FK ?FIB ABeBNF R>NAgN:

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JOU J = 1; XSJUFMO(++J);

// 2 ZB[BS

++ FjIB@F J 'UF >NPPgNJ>HI> H>IJ>V, >UNg@> J 'KFK UBKF ABeBNFKF AB AbKAcNcN. \OPBIFH, ++ FjIB@FKFK AbKAcNAcec ABeBN J 'KFK UBKF ABeBNF ABeFI, >OIgKA> J 'KFK E3 =7@6;D;6;C. !QKQ ++J FjIBJFKFK OLKQ@QKQK >ANBOFKF U>VAgN>N>H DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: JOU J = 1; XSJUFMO("J'OJO BESFTJ : ", &J); XSJUFMO("++J JGBEFTJOJO TPOVDVOVO BESFTJ: ", &(++J)); ZgHPgOg, FHF >ANBOFK >UKg LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFN: J'OJO BESFTJ : 7'''"'&$#2"8 ++J JGBEFTJOJO TPOVDVOVO BESFTJ: 7'''"'&$#2"8 2>KgJI>AgegKgV FjIB_IBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNFKFK >j>egA>HF IFOPBABHFIBNB QUJ>I>NgK> bVBK DbOPBNJBKFVF bKBNFNFJ: x N(51(:, '(@,C6,4(1 ,C/(=/(4 PQ"TTJHO FOPFOK> LIJ>H cVBNB, KBOKBAB ABeFjFHIFH U>M>K FjIB_IBNFK KBOKBKFK HBKAFOFKF AbKAcNJBIBNF QUDQKAQN. !QKQ UQH>NgA>HF (gOgO4BBUJ.PQ0Q"TTJHO!"+" RB 4gSF.PQ6OBSZ!"++" FjIB_IBNFKAB DbNAcH. -BOKBKFK HBKAFOFKF AbKAcNJBH F_FK jQ >AgJI>N QUDQI>KgN: 1. #bKcj PcNc LI>N>H PcNcK HBKAFOF U>VgIgN RB ?>jgK> "NBCBN>KO" >KI>JgK> DBIBK SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cec BHIBKFN. 2. fjIBRABK 4F @7D@7J; 6R@6SC >KI>JgKA> SFUVSO UIJT FIB _gHgIgN. -BOKBUF ABeFjPFNBK FjIB_IBN jQKI>NAgN: PQ6OBSZ!"++" , PQ6OBSZ!"--" , RB ?cPcK PQ0Q"TTJHO UcHIBJBIBNF. x M$16B.5$/ ,C/(=/(4 == RB != FjIB_IBNFKF PBJOFI BABK PQ&RVBMT CPPM AbKAcNJBIFAFN. JO FjIB@F FOB KLNJ>IAB ;Q7C;>7@ @7D@7J; AbKAcNOB AB, FOPBKAFeFKAB L A> ?>OFP_B CPPM AbKAcNB?FIFN. x SB4$/$0$ ,C/(=/(4, -BOKBIBNFK OgN>I>KJ>I>NgKA> U>N>NI>KgI>K RB < , <= , > , RB >= FjIB_IBNFKFK A>RN>KgjgKg ?BIFNIBUBK PQ$NQ JOU AbKAcNJBIFAFN. x "(1, 1(51( ?4(6(1 ,C/(=/(4 !>Vg FjIB_IBNFK UBKF KBOKB LIQjPQNJ>I>Ng RB L KBOKBUF AbKAcNJBIBNF DBNBHFN: { 2BHIF FjIB_IBN - , + , RB _ ; RB FHFIF _ . { NFPJBPFH FjIB_IBN + , - , * , / , % , RB ?? . { !FP FjIB_IBNF & , ] , ? , << , >> , RB >>> . { PQ"TTJHO , ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB AB DbOPBNFIAFeF DF?F, SFUVSO UIJT FIB ?Q KBOKBKFK ?FN HLMU>OgKg AbKAcNcN. %AE: B;C 7@;J;>7XE;C?7 A>3C3= 4F ;X>7Q 4SJS= J3BV>3C63 -98<= ;/0 67 6R@6SC74;>;C. B7@ 4F =;E3BE3 4F 7@;J;>7XE;C?7J; FJ9F>3?3J353TV?. 7BKF KBOKB cNBPBK FjIB_ bNKBeF LI>N>H 4gSF KBOKBIBNFKF ?FN?FNIBNFUIB PLMI>J>Ug O>eI>U>K PQ#JOBSZ!"+" UcHIBJBOFKB ?>H>IgJ: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB;

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4fSF PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO 4fSF TBhEBLJ) DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "+") \ SFUVSO 4fSF(EBLJLB + TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB); // ZFOJ OFTOF ^

. P>KgJA>K OLKN> MNLDN>JI>NgJgVA> >NPgH 4gSF KBOKBIBNFKF + FjIB@FUIB PLMI>U>?FIFNFV: BVUP HJUNF4fSFTJ = 4fSF(10); BVUP EeONF4fSFTJ = 4fSF(11); 4fSF UPQMBN4fSF; // ... UPQMBN4fSF = HJUNF4fSFTJ + EeONF4fSFTJ; #BNIBUF@F L FC>ABUF AbKcjPcNcN RB MBNAB >NH>OgKA> HJUNF4gSFTJ KBOKBOF cVBNFKAB ?FN cUB FjIBR LI>N>H _>egNgN: // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJEJS: UPQMBN4fSF = HJUNF4fSFTJ.PQ#JOBSZ!"+"(EeONF4fSFTJ); x S(4%(56 ,C/(=/(4 !>Vg FjIB_IBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNF ?cPcKcUIB L U>MgKgK P>O>NgJgK> ?>eIgAgN: 2BHIF * FjIB@F, PQ$BMM , PQ$BTU , PQ%JTQBUDI , PQ*OEFY RB ?BKVBNIBNF, RB PQ4MJDF RB ?BKVBNIBNF.

55.6

ER7A:79 9/?RP:/RAP?;/:/?P 7K7< PQ&RVBMT

== RB != FjIB_IBNFKFK A>RN>KgjgKg ?BIFNIBN. PQ&RVBMT FjIB@FKFK AbKcj PcNc CPPM 'AQN. #FI HQN>Ig DBNBeF, U>MgI>NA> PQ&RVBMT FjIBRFKFK M>N>JBPNBOF DPOTU SFG LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIFAFN. [KBJIF ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, PQ&RVBMT RB PQ$NQ ?FN?FNIBNFUIB PQP>NIg LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgNI>N. PQ&RVBMT 'gK USVF AbKAcNAcec FHF KBOKB F_FK PQ$NQ OgCgN AbKAcNJBIFAFN. PQ&RVBMT cUB FjIBRF == RB != FjIB_IBNFKFK FHFOFKF AB H>NjgI>N. /NLDN>J@g FjIBRF == FjIB@F F_FK P>KgJI>N; ABNIBUF@F AB != FjIB@F F_FK LKQK PBNOFKF HQII>KgN: Y == Z; Y.PQ&RVBMT(Z); Y != Z; !(Y.PQ&RVBMT(Z));

// fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

-LNJ>IAB PQ&RVBMT FjIBRFKF U>MgI>N F_FK P>KgJI>J>U> DBNBH ULHPQN; ABNIBUF@F ?cPcK cUBIBNFK BjFPIFHIBNFKF OgN>UI> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H H>NjgI>jPgNgN RB KBOKBIBNFK BjFP LIQM LIJ>AgHI>NgK> bUIB H>N>N RBNFN. !>VBK KBOKBIBNFK BjFPIFHIBNFKFK bVBI LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJBIBNF DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?>Vg cUBIBN BjFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>Og F_FK bKBJOFV LI>?FIFNIBN RBU> ?FN PcNcK KBOKBIBNFKFK BjFP H>?QI BAFIJBIBNF bVBI ?FN HQN>I> ?>eIg LI>?FIFN, RO. !QKQ DbOPBNJBH F_FK (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgOg F_FK A>HFH> ?FIDFOFKF DbV>NAg BABK ?FN PQ&RVBMT P>KgJI>U>IgJ: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \

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JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; CPPM PQ&RVBMT(DPOTU SFG (fOfO4BBUJ TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ SFUVSO TBBU == TBhEBLJ.TBBU; ^

^ // ... BTTFSU((fOfO4BBUJ(20, 10) == (fOfO4BBUJ(20, 59));

$jFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>OgKA> U>IKgV@> O>>P ?FIDFOFKB ?>HgIAgeg F_FK 20:10 RB 20:59 V>J>KI>Ng BjFP _gHJ>HP>AgN. (%AE: BF@F@ =3CVXV=>V= 6ATFC353TV 3QV=EVC; 9RDE7C;? 3?35VJ>3 43D;E 4;C RC@7= A>3C3= =34F> 767>;?.)

55.7

(P?/ 9/?RP:/RAP?;/:/?P 7K7< PQ$NQ

1gN>I>J> FjIB_IBNF KBOKBIBNFK bK@BIFH/OLKN>IgH FIFjHFIBNFKF ?BIFNIBN. 1gN>I>J> FIB FIDFIF LI>K < , <= , > , RB >= FjIB_IBNFKFK EBMOF ?FNABK PQ$NQ cUB FjIBRF P>N>CgKA>K H>NjgI>KgN. #FI HQN>Ig DBNBeF, U>MgI>NA> PQ$NQ FjIBRFKFK M>N>JBPNBOF DPOTU SFG LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIFAFN. [KBJIF ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, PQ&RVBMT RB PQ$NQ ?FN?FNIBNFUIB PQP>NIg LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgNI>N. PQ&RVBMT 'gK USVF AbKAcNAcec FHF KBOKB F_FK PQ$NQ OgCgN AbKAcNJBIFAFN. !Q AbNP FjIB_PBK ?FNFOFKFK jQ jBHFIAB HQII>KgIAgegKg AcjcKBIFJ: JG (Y i+le% Z) \ // i+le% <, <=, >, WFZB >= PMBCJMJS

#BNIBUF@F L FC>ABUF >j>egA>HF J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUB AbKcjPcNcN RB LKQK OLKQ@QKQ HQII>KgN: JG (Y.PQ$NQ(Z) i+le% 0) \ [NKBH LI>N>H, JG (Y <= Z) \ FC>ABOF jQK> AbKcjPcNcIcN: JG (Y.PQ$NQ(Z) <= 0) \ *BKAF U>VAgegJgV ?Q FjIBRFK ?Q HQN>I> DbNB ALeNQ _>Igj>?FIJBOF F_FK FjIBRFK jQ ABeBNIBNF AbKAcNJBOF DBNBHFN: x 1LIA>HF KBOKB bK@B LIAQeQKA> 7=D; ?FN ABeBN. x 1>eA>HF KBOKB bK@B LIAQeQKA> 3CEV ?FN ABeBN. x fHF KBOKB BjFP LIAQHI>NgKA> DV8VC ABeBNF. !Q OLKQ_I>NA>K >KI>jgI>@>eg DF?F, PQ$NQ 'gK AbKcj PcNc CPPM ABeFI, JOU 'PFN. (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBIBNFKFK OgN>I>J> FIFjHFIBNFKF bK@BIFHIB O>>P ABeBNFKB, O>>PIBNF BjFP LIAQeQKA> A> A>HFH> ABeBNIBNFKB ?>H>@>H jBHFIAB jbUIB ?BIFNIBUB?FIFNFV: JOU PQ$NQ(DPOTU SFG (fOfO4BBUJ TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ SFUVSO (TBBU == TBhEBLJ.TBBU EBLJLB - TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB : TBBU - TBhEBLJ.TBBU); ^

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1>>P ABeBNIBNF >UKg LIAQeQKA> A>HFH> ABeBNIBNFKFK C>NHg, O>>PIBN C>NHIg LIAQeQKA> A> O>>PIBNFK C>NHg AbKAcNcIcULN. !Q P>KgJ, V>J>K OgN>I>J>OgKA> DA>63=; KBOKB bK@B LIAQeQKA> 7=D; ?FN ABeBN, D3T63=; KBOKB bK@B LIAQeQKA> 3CEV ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNcN. PQ$NQ 'QK P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og ?Q PcNcK OgN>I>J> >IDLNFPJ>I>NgUI> A> HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. 1gN>I>J> >IDLNFPJ>I>NgKgK ?FN bNKBeFKF AFVFIBNFK .TPSU KFPBIFeFKAB DbNJcjPcH. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J 10 >ABP N>ODBIB V>J>K ABeBNF LIQjPQNQULN RB LKI>Ng AFVFKFK .TPSU KFPBIFeF FIB OgN>IgULN. 1gN>I>J>Ug ?BIFNIBJBH F_FK KBOKBIBN .TPSU P>N>CgKA>K H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgH_> MBNAB >NH>OgKA> EBM PQ$NQ FjIBPFIFN: JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; JOU PQ$NQ(DPOTU SFG (fOfO4BBUJ TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ SFUVSO (TBBU == TBhEBLJ.TBBU EBLJLB - TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB : TBBU - TBhEBLJ.TBBU); ^ TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ (fOfO4BBUJ<> [BNBOMBS; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 10) \ [BNBOMBS _= (fOfO4BBUJ(VOJGPSN(0, 24), VOJGPSN(0, 60)); ^ [BNBOMBS.TPSU; ^ XSJUFMO([BNBOMBS);

#FVFKFK .TPSU KFPBIFeF ?FVFJ P>KgJI>AgegJgV OgN>I>J> FIFjHFOFKF HQII>KgN. !BHIBKAFeF DF?F, _gHPgA>HF O>>P ABeBNIBNF V>J>K> DbNB OgN>I>KJgjI>NAgN: <03:40,04:10,09:06,10:03,10:09,11:04,13:42,16:40,18:03,21:08>

55.8

OR:3C 5707 K/NP?;/9 7K7< PQ$BMM

fjIBR _>egNgNHBK HQII>KgI>K M>N>KPBVIBN AB FjIB_PFN. !Q FjIB@FK PcNcK ;D?; FIB HQII>KgJgKg ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB TUBUJD PQ$BMM LI>K>egKA> DbNJcjPcH. . HQII>KgJ U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKFK R>NO>UgI>K LI>N>H HQNQIJ>I>NgKg O>eIgULNAQ. PQ$BMM PcNcK @7D@7>7C;@;@ AB FjIBR DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N: #JS5fS OFTOF; OFTOF();

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. HLAA> OFTOF ?FN FjIBR DF?F _>eNgIJ>HP>AgN. !Q HQII>KgJ TUBUJD A>?3J3@ PQ$BMM cUB FjIBRIBNF P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKFN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H ?FN ALeNQO>I ABKHIBJFK I ABeBNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH J ABeBNIBNFKF EBO>MI>U>K ?FN U>Mg AcjcKBIFJ: " = a! + b . EBO>MP>HF J ABeBNIBNFKF PQ$BMM FjIBRF F_FKAB jbUIB EBO>MI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU %PhSVTBM%FOLMFN \ EPVCMF B; EPVCMF C; EPVCMF PQ$BMM(EPVCMF Y) DPOTU \ SFUVSO B * Y + C; ^

. FjIBR O>UBOFKAB U>MgKgK KBOKBIBNF FjIBR DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIFN RB RBNFIBK I ABeBNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH J ABeBNIBNF EBO>MI>K>?FIFN: %PhSVTBM%FOLMFN EFOLMFN = \ 1.2, 3.4 ^; EPVCMF Z = EFOLMFN(5.6); // OFTOF JlMFW HJCJ LVMMBOjMjZPS %AE: 9:C+66 ;X>7G; E3@V?>3@?VX A>3@ J3BV>3CV &K;(:+;+7/=;/6/;) J3KV?VJ>3 =FC3?3JVK QS@=S A J3KV? 63 4;C 9:C+66 Q3TCVDV A>3C3= =34F> 76;>;C. & JSK67@, JF=3CV63=; @7D@7@;@ D F J3KV?VJ>3 =FCF>?3DV 97C7=?;XE;C. D9L;><+6D/856/7(1.2, 3.4) J3KV?V 97CQ7=E7@ 97C7=E;T;@67 ;=; .9>,6/ B3C3?7EC7 3>3@ 4;C <=+=3- 9:C+66 ;X>7G; E3@V?>3@?3>V6VC. fIH O>PgNA> KBOKB HQNQIQNHBK ABKHIBJFK _>NM>Kg LI>N>H 1.2, BHIBKBKF LI>N>H A> 3.4 ABeBNFKFK HQII>KgI>@>eg ?BIFNIBKFULN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> EFOLMFN KBOKBOF, J = 1.2I + 3.4 ABKHIBJFKF FC>AB BPJBUB ?>jI>N. .KA>K OLKN> KBOKBUF >NPgH ?FN FjIBR DF?F HQII>K>N>H I ABeBNIBNFKF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFULN RB AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H J ABeBNIBNFKF BIAB BAFULNQV. !QKQK U>N>Ng, _>NM>K RB BHIBKBK ABeBNIBNFK ?>jP>K ?FN HBNB ?BIFNIBKB?FIJBOFAFN. -BOKB L ?FIDFUF HBKAF F_FKAB ?>NgKAgNgN RB OLKN>A>K FjIBR DF?F HQII>KgIAgegKA> U>N>NI>KgN. !>jH> _>NM>K RB BHIBKBK ABeBNIBNF FIB HQNQI>K ?FN KBOKBUF ?Q OBCBN AB ?FN AbKDc F_FKAB HQII>K>K ?FN bNKBeB ?>H>IgJ: %PhSVTBM%FOLMFN EFOLMFN = \ 0.01, 0.4 ^; GPS (EPVCMF Y = 0.0; Y <= 1.0; Y += 0.125) \ XSJUFGMO("%G: %G", Y, EFOLMFN(Y)); ^ . A> J = 0.01I + 0.4 ABKHIBJFKF I'FK 0.0 FIB 1.0 >N>IgegKA>HF EBN 0.125 >AgJg F_FK EBO>MI>N.

55.9

D7F7 3?7R7; 7R:3K:3?7

PQ*OEFY , PQ*OEFY"TTJHO , PQ*OEFY6OBSZ RB PQ*OEFY0Q"TTJHO KBOKBUF OFTOF<JOEFLT> ?F_FJFKAB AFVF DF?F HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg O>eI>NI>N. #FVFIBNABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, ?Q FjIB_IBN HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKAB ?FNABK C>VI> FKABHO ABeBNFKB FVFK RBNFNIBN. !Q FKABHOIBNFK KB >KI>J> DBIAFHIBNF EBN PcNB DbNB C>NHIg LI>?FIFN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.

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PQ*OEFY BIBJ>K BNFjFJF >J>@gUI> HQII>KgIgN. *bjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKABHF FKABHOIBN FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNF E>IFKB DBIFNIBN: CJS/PU = OPUMBS<3, 1>; CJS/PU = OPUMBS.PQ*OEFY(3, 1); // 3,1 FMFNBOjOB FSJl // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

PQ*OEFY6OBSZ , PQ6OBSZ 'KFK BjABeBNFAFN. %>NHg, FjIBJFK ?BIFNPFIBK FKABHOPBHF 7>7?3@ cVBNFKAB FjIBUB@BH LIJ>OgAgN: ++OPUMBS<4, 0>; OPUMBS.PQ*OEFY6OBSZ!"++"(4, 0); // 4,0 FMFNBOjOj BSUUjS // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

PQ*OEFY"TTJHO >P>J> >J>@gUI> HQII>KgIgN. fIH M>N>JBPNBOF >P>K>K ABeBN, OLKN>HF M>N>JBPNBIBNF AB HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKABHF FKABHO ABeBNIBNFAFN: OPUMBS<1, 1> = 95; OPUMBS.PQ*OEFY"TTJHO(95, 1, 1); // 1,1 FMFNBOjOB 95 BUB // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

PQ*OEFY0Q"TTJHO , PQ0Q"TTJHO 'gK BjABeBNFAFN. %>NHg, >P>J>Ig FjIBJFK ?BIFNPFIBK FKABHOPBHF 7>7?3@ cVBNFKAB FjIBUB@BH LIJ>OgAgN: OPUMBS<2, 1> += 42; // 2,1 FMFNBOjOj 42 BSUUjS OPUMBS.PQ*OEFY0Q"TTJHO!"+"(42, 2, 1); // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

55.9.1

D7F7 3?7R7; 7R:3K:3?7 L?<3N7

[eNBK@F KLPI>NgKg F_BNBK >j>egA>HF U>Mg ?Q FjIB_IBNFK EBMOFKF P>KgJI>J>HP>AgN. !Q P>KgJA> ?FNFK@F FKABHO ABeBNF beNBK@FUF, FHFK@F FKABHO ABeBNF AB beNBK@FKFK E>KDF KLPQKQK LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNIFULN. [NKBeFK, <1, 2> U>VgIAgegKA> 1 FKABHOIF beNBK@FKFK 2 FKABHOIF KLPQ >KI>JgK> DBIFULN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU ahSFODJ/PUMBSj \ // 5 ehSFODJ JdJO 2'lFS OPU JOU<2><5> OPUMBS; // #FMJSUJMFO OPUV EeOEfSfS JOU PQ*OEFY(TJ[F@U ehSFODJ, TJ[F@U OPU) DPOTU \ SFUVSO OPUMBS<ehSFODJ><OPU>; ^ // #FMJSUJMFO OPUV CJS BSUUjSjS SFG JOU PQ*OEFY6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(TJ[F@U ehSFODJ, TJ[F@U OPU) JG (JlMFd == "++") \ SFUVSO ++OPUMBS<ehSFODJ><OPU>; ^ // #FMJSUJMFO OPUV CFMJSUJMFO ehSFODJOJO OPUVOB BUBS JOU PQ*OEFY"TTJHO(JOU OPU%FhFSJ, TJ[F@U ehSFODJ, TJ[F@U OPU) \ SFUVSO OPUMBS<ehSFODJ><OPU> = OPU%FhFSJ; ^ // #FMJSUJMFO ehSFODJOJO OPUVOV BSUUjSjS SFG JOU PQ*OEFY0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU BSUjl, TJ[F@U ehSFODJ, TJ[F@U OPU) JG (JlMFd == "+")

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\ ^ ^

SFUVSO OPUMBS<ehSFODJ><OPU> += BSUjl;

WPJE NBJO() \ ahSFODJ/PUMBSj OPUMBS; XSJUFMO("3,1 JOEFLTMJ OPU: ", OPUMBS<3, 1>); ++OPUMBS<4, 0>; OPUMBS<1, 1> = 95; OPUMBS<2, 1> += 42; ^ XSJUFMO(OPUMBS); // // // // FSJlJN BSUUjSjN BUBNB BUBNBMj BSUUjSNB

ZgHPgOg: 3,1 JOEFLTMJ OPU: 0 biSFODJ/PUMBSk(<<0, 0>, <0, 95>, <0, 42>, <0, 0>, <1, 0>>) PQ*OEFY6OBSZ RB PQ*OEFY0Q"TTJHO FjIBRIBNFKFK AbKcj PcNIBNFKFK UQH>NgA>HF FIHBIBN ALeNQIPQOQKA> SFG LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKAFHIBNFKB AFHH>P BAFK. $H LI>N>H, ?Q FjIBRIBN AbKAcNAcHIBNF ABeBNIBNF >UNg@> EBO>MI>J>H VLNQKA> H>IJ>A>K HBKAF _>egNAgHI>Ng ++ RB += FjIB_IBNFKFK OLKQ_I>NgKg LIAQHI>Ng DF?F AbKAcNcULNI>N.

55.10

D7:7; 7R:3K:3?7
PQ4MJDF , PQ4MJDF6OBSZ , PQ4MJDF"TTJHO , RB PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO UQH>NgA>HF FKABHO FjIB_IBNFKB ?BKVBNIBN. %>NHI>Ng, KBOKBIBNF AFIFJ FjIB@FUIB HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg O>eI>J>I>NgAgN. !cPcK ?Q P>KgJI>NgK FHF C>NHIg HQII>KgJg R>NAgN: *bjBIF M>N>KPBVIBNFK F_FKFK ?Lj LIAQeQ HQII>KgJ RB HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBN F_FKAB ?FN O>Ug >N>Igeg ?BIFNPFIBK HQII>KgJ. #FIFJIBNABHF HQII>KgJI>NgK> ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB, HbjBIF M>N>KPBVIBNFK F_F ?Lj LIAQeQKA> 4SES@ 7>7?3@>3C, >N>IgH ?BIFNPFIAFeFKAB FOB 47>;CE;>7@ 3C3>V=E3=; 7>7?3@>3C >KI>jgIJ>Ig RB FjIBJIBN L BIBJ>KI>N cVBNFKAB DBN_BHIBjJBIFAFN. 'BJ BIBJ>KI>Ng ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBK EAB>F>F= H>RN>JgKg EBJ AB L BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K 3C3>V= H>RN>JgKg ?FN >N>U> DBPFNAFHIBNF F_FK ?QKI>N BK H>NJ>jgH FjIB_IBNAFN. 2LMIQIQH RB >N>IgH H>RN>JI>NgKg A>E> FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB A>E> >UNgKPgIg LI>N>H DbNB@BeFV. !Q FjIB_IBN >K@>H L HLKQI>N >KI>jgIAgHP>K OLKN> >KI>JIg H>V>K>@>HI>NAgN. . UcVABK, ?QN>A> P>J ?FN bNKBeFKF RBNJBH UBNFKB F_IBNF ?Lj LI>K U>MgI>NA>K RB FjIBRIBNABK LIQj>K ?FN HLA DbOPBNB@BeFJ. 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ?Q HLAA>HF "++" RB "+" H>N>HPBNIBNF AB U>IKgV@> bNKBH >J>@gUI> HQII>KgIJgjPgN; KLNJ>IAB ?>jH> FjIB_ H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK AB ABOPBHIBKJBIBNF DBNBHFN. /* 5PQMVMVLUBLJ FMFNBOMBSjO UfSf. */ TUSVDU &MFNBO \ // ... ^ /* %JMJNMFSEF PMEVhV HJCJ, "CFMJSMJ BSBMjLUBLJ FMFNBOMBS" * LBWSBNjOj UFNTJM FEFS. */ TUSVDU "SBMjL \ // ... ^

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/* %J[J WF FlMFNF UBCMPMBSjOEB PMEVhV HJCJ, FMFNBOMBSj CJS * BSBZB HFUJSNF HeSFWJOJ fTUMFOJS. */ TUSVDU 5PQMVMVL \ // OFTOF<> LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF() \ "SBMjL CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSB FSJlJN TBhMBNBMjEjS ... SFUVSO CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; ^ // OFTOF<J .. K> LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF(TJ[F@U J, TJ[F@U K) \ "SBMjL TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSB FSJlJN TBhMBNBMjEjS ... SFUVSO TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; ^ // ++OFTOF<> LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG (JlMFd == "++") \ "SBMjL CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ CJS BSUUjSjMNBMjEjS ... SFUVSO CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; ^ // ++OFTOF<J .. K> LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(TJ[F@U J, TJ[F@U K) JG (JlMFd == "++") \ "SBMjL TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ CJS BSUUjSjMNBMjEjS ... SFUVSO TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; ^ // (OFTOF<> = EFhFS) LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF"TTJHO(&MFNBO EFhFS) \ "SBMjL CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ EFhJlUJSJMNFMJEJS ... SFUVSO CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; ^ // (OFTOF<J .. K> = EFhFS) LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF"TTJHO(&MFNBO EFhFS, TJ[F@U J, TJ[F@U K) \ "SBMjL TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ EFhJlUJSJMNFMJEJS ... SFUVSO TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; ^ // (OFTOF<> += EFhFS) LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(&MFNBO EFhFS) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ "SBMjL CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ BSUUjSjMNBMjEjS ... SFUVSO CfUfO&MFNBOMBS; ^ // (OFTOF<J .. K> += EFhFS) LVMMBOjNj JdJO "SBMjL PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(&MFNBO EFhFS, TJ[F@U J, TJ[F@U K) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ "SBMjL TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS; // ... FMFNBOMBSjO EFhFSMFSJ BSUUjSjMNBMjEjS ...

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^ ^

SFUVSO TFdJMJ&MFNBOMBS;

// ... HFSFLFO EJhFS ZfLMFNFMFS ...

WPJE NBJO() \ 5PQMVMVL U; "SBMjL B; &MFNBO F; /* "lBhjEBLJ TBUjSMBS CV JlMFdMFSJO LVMMBOjNMBSjOj * eSOFLMJZPS. %FSMFZJDJOJO QFSEF BSLBTjOEB dBhjSEjhj BTjM * JlMFWMFS EF LPE BdjLMBNBMBSj PMBSBL CFMJSUJMJZPSMBS. */ B = U<>; B = U<1 .. 5>; ++U<>; ++U<2 .. 9>; U<> = F; U<4 .. 6> = F; U<> += F; U<5 .. 8> += F; // U.PQ4MJDF(); // U.PQ4MJDF(1, 5); // U.PQ4MJDF6OBSZ!"++"(); // U.PQ4MJDF6OBSZ!"++"(2, 9); // U.PQ4MJDF"TTJHO(F); // U.PQ4MJDF"TTJHO(F, 4, 6); // U.PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO!"+"(F); // U.PQ4MJDF0Q"TTJHO!"+"(F, 5, 8);

55.11

)M? 2L<MRM;M 7R:317 PQ$BTU

PQ$BTU BIIB >_gH_> U>MgI>K PcN AbKcjcJcKc ?BIFNIBN RB AbKcjPcNcIB@BH EBN PcN F_FK >UNg >UNg UcHIBKB?FIFN. #>E> bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, >_gH_> PcN AbKcjcJc EBJ UP FjIBRF FIB EBJ AB DBTU FjIB@FUIB O>eI>K>?FIFN. !Q FjIB_ AB j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN >J> H>Ig?g C>NHIgAgN: '>KDF AbKcjcJcK P>KgJI>KJ>HP> LIAQeQ (5 : EfOgmUgSgMFDFL@UgS) ObV AFVFJFUIB ?BIFNPFIFN: d&n'+t'r'lecek_t'r PQ$BTU(5 : d&n'+t'r'lecek_t'r)() \ // ... ^ 7FKB jFJAFIFH ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H H>?QI BPJBKFVF FOPBAFeFJ ?Q ObV AFVFJFKF AB A>E> OLKN>HF j>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNB@BeFV. 4gSF 'KFK O>>P RB A>HFH>A>K LIQj>K ?FN PcN LIAQeQKQ H>?QI BABIFJ. !Q PcNcK KBOKBIBNFKF EPVCMF PcNcKB AbKcjPcNBK FjIBR >j>egA>HF DF?F P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; EPVCMF PQ$BTU(5 : EPVCMF)() DPOTU \ SFUVSO TBBU + (UP!EPVCMF(EBLJLB) / 60); ^

WPJE NBJO() \

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BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(2, 30); EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = UP!EPVCMF(TfSF); // DBTU(EPVCMF)TfSF EF PMBCJMJSEJ XSJUFMO(LFTJSMJ);

7QH>NgA>HF PcN AbKcjcJc O>PgNgKA> ABNIBUF@F cUB FjIBRF MBNAB >NH>OgKA> jbUIB _>egNgN: EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = TfSF.PQ$BTU!EPVCMF(); EPVCMF PcNcKB AbKcjPcNBK UQH>NgA>HF FjIB_ FHF O>>P LPQV A>HFH>U> H>NjgIgH 2.5 ABeBNFKF cNBPJBHPBAFN: 2.5

55.12

(3C9 7R:317 PQ%JTQBUDI

-BOKBKFK R>N LIJ>U>K ?FN cUBOFKB BNFjFIAFeFKAB _>eNgI>@>H LI>K cUB FjIBRAFN. 4>N LIJ>U>K cUBIBNB U>MgI>K ?cPcK BNFjFJIBN ?Q FjIB@B D7G= 76;>;C. 4>N LIJ>U>K cUBKFK FOJF PQ%JTQBUDI 'FK ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?BIFNFN. !Q FjIB@F _LH ?>OFP LI>N>H DbOPBNBK ?FN bNKBH: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU #JS5fS \ WPJE PQ%JTQBUDI(TUSJOH JTJN, 5)(5 QBSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFGMO("#JS5fS.PQ%JTQBUDI - JTJN: %T, EFhFS: %T", JTJN, QBSBNFUSF); ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ #JS5fS OFTOF; OFTOF.WBS0MNBZBOilMFW(42); OFTOF.WBS0MNBZBO#BlLBilMFW(100); ^ 4>N LIJ>U>K cUBIBNFKB BNFjFIAFeF E>IAB ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgKJ>V. !cPcK L _>eNgI>N PQ%JTQBUDI FjIBRFKFK _>eNgIJ>OgKg O>eI>NI>N. !FNFK@F j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF FjIBRFK FOJFAFN. Z>eNgI>K KLHP>A> HQII>KgI>K M>N>JBPNBIBN AB PQ%JTQBUDI 'FK M>N>JBPNBIBNF E>IFKB DBIFNIBN: #JS5gS.PQ%JTQBUDI - JTJN: WBS0MNBZBOjmMFW, EFiFS: 42 #JS5gS.PQ%JTQBUDI - JTJN: WBS0MNBZBO#BmLBjmMFW, EFiFS: 100 JTJN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF KLNJ>IAB PQ%JTQBUDI F_FKAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN RB FjIBJIBN LKQK ABeBNFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H OB_FIB?FIFNIBN: TXJUDI (JTJN) \ // ... ^

55.13

OK3?;3 @=?5B@B 7K7< PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU!"JO"

$jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA>K P>KgAgegJgV JO FjIB@FKF KBOKBIBN F_FK AB P>KgJI>J> LI>K>eg O>eI>N.

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#FeBN FjIB_IBNABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, ?Q FjIB_ F_FK KBOKBKFK O>eA> U>VgIAgeg AQNQJ A>E> ALe>IAgN: JG ([BNBO JO ehMF5BUJMJ) \ . UcVABK ?Q FjIB_ F_FK A>E> _LH PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU!"JO" UcHIBKFN RB ABNIBUF@F MBNAB >NH>OgKA> L cUB FjIBRF _>egNgN: // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ JG (ehMF5BUJMJ.PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU!"JO"([BNBO)) \

55.13.1

JO 7R:317 L?<3N7
!Q bNKBH A>E> bK@B DbNAcecJcV 4gSF RB (gOgO4BBUJ U>MgI>NgK> BH LI>N>H ?FN AB ;BNBO"SBMkik U>MgOg P>KgJIgULN. !Q U>Mg F_FK P>KgJI>K>K JO FjIB@F ?BIFNIF ?FN V>J>KgK ?BIFNIF ?FN >N>IgHP> LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>@>H. !Q bNKBHPB AB U>IKgV@> DBNBHPFeF H>A>N cUB FjIBR HQII>KAgJ. (gOgO4BBUJ KBOKBOFKFK GPS AbKDcOcKAB K>OgI PBJBI PcNIBN H>A>N N>E>P HQII>KgIAgegK> bVBIIFHIB AFHH>P BAFK. . AbKDc FjIB_ UcHIBJBKFK U>N>NgKg DbOPBNFULN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; ^ TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; SFG (fOfO4BBUJ PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO 4fSF TfSF) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; TBBU += EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB %= 60; TBBU %= 24; ^ SFUVSO UIJT;

JOU PQ$NQ(DPOTU SFG (fOfO4BBUJ TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ SFUVSO (TBBU == TBhEBLJ.TBBU EBLJLB - TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB : TBBU - TBhEBLJ.TBBU); ^ TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^

TUSVDU ;BNBO"SBMjhj \ (fOfO4BBUJ CBl; (fOfO4BBUJ TPO;

// TPO BSBMjhjO EjljOEB LBCVM FEJMJS

CPPM PQ#JOBSZ3JHIU(TUSJOH JlMFd)((fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO) DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "JO")

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\ ^ ^

SFUVSO ([BNBO >= CBl) && ([BNBO < TPO);

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP ehMF5BUJMJ = ;BNBO"SBMjhj((fOfO4BBUJ(12, 00), (fOfO4BBUJ(13, 00)); GPS (BVUP [BNBO = (fOfO4BBUJ(11, 30); [BNBO < (fOfO4BBUJ(13, 30); [BNBO += 4fSF(15)) \ JG ([BNBO JO ehMF5BUJMJ) \ XSJUFMO([BNBO, " ehMF UBUJMJOEF"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO([BNBO, " ehMF UBUJMJ EjljOEB"); ^

ZgHPgOg: 11:30 11:45 12:00 12:15 12:30 12:45 13:00 13:15 fiMF fiMF fiMF fiMF fiMF fiMF fiMF fiMF UBUJMJ EkmkOEB UBUJMJ EkmkOEB UBUJMJOEF UBUJMJOEF UBUJMJOEF UBUJMJOEF UBUJMJ EkmkOEB UBUJMJ EkmkOEB

55.14

B7?23< 4/F:/ 7R:317 /E<P F/;/<2/ A/<P;:/;/9

[NKBHIBNF HgO> PQPJ>H F_FK UQH>NgA> U>IKgV@> ++ , + RB += FjIB_IBNFKF HQII>KAgJ. $K >V ?FN FjIB@FKFK UcHIBKJBOF DBNBHBK ?FN PcNcK ?>jH> FjIB_IBNFKFK AB UcHIBKJBIBNFKFK DBNBHB@BeF ?BHIBKB?FIFN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF 4gSF PcNc F_FK -- RB -= FjIB_IBNF AB P>KgJI>KJ>HP>AgN: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; SFG 4fSF PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG (JlMFd == "++") \ ++EBLJLB; SFUVSO UIJT; ^ SFG 4fSF PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG (JlMFd == "--") \ --EBLJLB; SFUVSO UIJT; ^ SFG 4fSF PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO JOU NJLUBS) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ EBLJLB += NJLUBS; SFUVSO UIJT;

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^ SFG 4fSF PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO JOU NJLUBS) JG (JlMFd == "-") \ EBLJLB -= NJLUBS; SFUVSO UIJT; ^

VOJUUFTU \ BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(10); ++TfSF; BTTFSU(TfSF.EBLJLB == 11); --TfSF; BTTFSU(TfSF.EBLJLB == 10); TfSF += 5; BTTFSU(TfSF.EBLJLB == 15); TfSF -= 3; BTTFSU(TfSF.EBLJLB == 12);

WPJE NBJO() \^ 7QH>NgA>HF FjIB_ UcHIBJBIBNFKAB HLA PBHN>Ng ?QIQKJ>HP>AgN. !BKVBN FjIBRIBNFK C>NHIg LI>K H>N>HPBNIBNFKF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIBAFJ. !Q HLA PBHN>Ng #'KFK 6;K9; =3E?3>3CV (NJYJO ) LI>K>eg FIB DFABNFIB?FIFN. NJYJO >K>EP>N ObV@cecKc A>E> FIBNFABHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFV. !Q LI>K>egK FjIB_ UcHIBJBAB K>OgI U>N>NIg LIAQeQKQ A> jFJAFIFH HgO>@> DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ. NJYJO , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK AFVDFUF ?QIQKAQeQ UBNB H>UK>H HLA LI>N>H UBNIBjPFNFN. !Q LI>K>HP>K U>N>NI>K>K >j>egA>HF U>Mg UQH>NgA>HFKFK BjABeBNFAFN: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; SFG 4fSF PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG ((JlMFd == "++") ]] (JlMFd == "--")) \ NJYJO (JlMFd _ "EBLJLB;"); SFUVSO UIJT; ^ SFG 4fSF PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO JOU NJLUBS) JG ((JlMFd == "+") ]] (JlMFd == "-")) \ NJYJO ("EBLJLB " _ JlMFd _ "= NJLUBS;"); SFUVSO UIJT; ^

4gSF KBOKBIBNFKFK ?BIFNIF ?FN JFHP>N FIB _>NMgIJ>I>NgKgK RBU> ?bIcKJBIBNFKFK AB ABOPBHIBKJBOF FOPBKAFeFKAB U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK, L FjIB_ H>N>HPBNIBNFKF AB j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>NgK> BHIBJBHPFN: TUSVDU 4fSF \ // ... SFG 4fSF PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO JOU NJLUBS) JG ((JlMFd == "+") ]] (JlMFd == "-") ]]

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\ ^

(JlMFd == "*") ]] (JlMFd == "/")) NJYJO ("EBLJLB " _ JlMFd _ "= NJLUBS;"); SFUVSO UIJT;

VOJUUFTU \ BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(12); TfSF *= 4; BTTFSU(TfSF.EBLJLB == 48); TfSF /= 2; BTTFSU(TfSF.EBLJLB == 24);

55.15

&?=0:3;
x />UgKg RB M>UA>OgKg MPOH PcNcKAB FHF cUB LI>N>H PQP>K ?FN HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNc P>KgJI>UgK. !bUIB ?FN U>MgKgK ?FN U>N>Ng, GMPBU , EPVCMF , RB SFBM 'ABHF ABeBN H>UgMI>NgKgK ?QIQKJ>J>OgAgN. [NKBeFK, 1.0/3 DF?F ?FN EPVCMF ABeBNFK 3 FIB _>NMgIJ>OgKgK OLKQ@Q 1.0 LIJ>Ageg E>IAB 13'c PBJOFI BABK ,FTJSMJ ?FN KBOKBKFK 3 FIB _>NMgIJ>OgKgK OLKQ@Q P>J LI>N>H 1'AFN: TUSVDU ,FTJS \ MPOH QBZ; MPOH QBZEB; /* ,VSVDV JlMFW LPMBZMjL PMTVO EJZF QBZEBOjO * CFMJSUJMNFTJOJ HFSFLUJSNJZPS WF 1 WBSTBZjZPS. */ UIJT(MPOH QBZ, MPOH QBZEB = 1) \ FOGPSDF(QBZEB != 0, "1BZEB TjGjS PMBNB["); UIJT.QBZ = QBZ; UIJT.QBZEB = QBZEB; /* 1BZEBOjO FLTJ EFhFS BMNBTjOj CBljOEBO eOMFNFL EBIB * TPOSBLJ JlMFNMFSJ CBTJUMFlUJSFDFL. */ JG (UIJT.QBZEB < 0) \ UIJT.QBZ = -UIJT.QBZ; UIJT.QBZEB = -UIJT.QBZEB; ^

^ ^

/* ... JlMFdMFSJ TJ[ UBOjNMBZjO ... */

!Q U>Mg F_FK FjIB_IBN P>KgJI>U>N>H LI>?FIAFeFK@B PBJBI PcNIBN DF?F FjIBJBOFKF O>eI>UgK. 7>MgKgK P>KgJg P>J>JI>KAgegKA> >j>egA>HF ?FNFJ PBOPF ?ILeQ E>P>OgV FjIBPFIB?FIOFK. . ?ILHP> jQ FjIBJIBN ?QIQKQULN: { />UA> OgCgN LIAQeQKA> E>P> >PgIgULN. (!Q, UQH>NgA>HF HQNQ@QA>HF FOGPSDF FIB V>PBK O>eI>KgULN.) { #BeBNFK BHOF Fj>NBPIFOFKF cNBPJBH: [NKBeFK, 13 ABeBNFKFK BHOFIFOF LI>N>H -13 ABeBNF BIAB BAFIFULN. { ++ RB -- FIB ABeBN ?FN >NPPgNgIgULN RBU> >V>IPgIgULN. { #bNP FjIBJ ABOPBHIBKFULN: 'BJ += , -= , *= , RB /= FIB PBH KBOKBKFK ABeBNF ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFULN EBJ AB FHF KBOKB + , - , * , RB / >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNFKAB

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UX>7Q .S=>7?7

HQII>KgI>?FIFULN. (*QNQ@QA> LIAQeQ DF?F, OgCgN> ?bIJB FjIBJF AB ABKBPIBKJBIF RB bKIBKJBIFAFN.) '>PgNI>PJ> LI>N>H, >? RB @A DF?F FHF HBOFNIF >N>OgKA>HF >NFPJBPFH FjIBJ CLNJcIIBNF jbUIBAFN: z z z z 2LMI>J>: >? + @A = (>*A + @*?)(?*A) ZgH>NJ>: >? - @A = (>*A - @*?)(?*A) Z>NMJ>: >? * @A = (>*@)(?*A) !bIJB: (>?) / (@A) = (>*A)(?*@)

{ -BOKBKFK ABeBNF EPVCMF '> AbKcjPcNcIB?FIFULN. { 1gN>I>J> RB BjFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>Ng M>U RB M>UA>I>NgK P>J ABeBNIBNFKB DbNB ABeFI, L cUBIBNFK FC>AB BPPFHIBNF ABeBNIBNB DbNB QUDQI>KgULNI>N. [NKBeFK 13 RB 2060 HBOFNIF ABeBNIBNF BjFP H>?QI BAFIFULNI>N. VOJUUFTU \ /* 1BZEB 0 PMEVhVOEB IBUB BUjMNBMj. */ BTTFSU5ISPXO(,FTJS(42, 0)); /* 13 EFhFSJZMF CBlMBZBDBhj[. */ BVUP B = ,FTJS(1, 3); /* -13 */ BTTFSU(-B == ,FTJS(-1, 3)); /* 13 + 1 == 43 */ ++B; BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(4, 3)); /* 43 - 1 == 13 */ --B; BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(1, 3)); /* 13 + 23 == 33 */ B += ,FTJS(2, 3); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(1)); /* 33 - 23 == 13 */ B -= ,FTJS(2, 3); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(1, 3)); /* 13 * 8 == 83 */ B *= ,FTJS(8); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(8, 3)); /* 83 / 169 == 32 */ B /= ,FTJS(16, 9); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(3, 2)); /* EPVCMF UfSfOEF CJS EFhFSF EeOflUfSfMFCJMNFMJ. * * )BUjSMBSTBOj[, EPVCMF UfSf IFS EFhFSJ UBN PMBSBL JGBEF * FEFNF[. 1.5 EFhFSJ UBN PMBSBL JGBEF FEJMFCJMEJhJ JdJO * CV UFTUJ CV OPLUBEB VZHVMBEjN. */ BTTFSU(UP!EPVCMF(B) == 1.5); /* 1.5 + 2.5 == 4 */ BTTFSU(B + ,FTJS(5, 2) == ,FTJS(4, 1)); /* 1.5 - 0.75 == 0.75 */ BTTFSU(B - ,FTJS(3, 4) == ,FTJS(3, 4)); /* 1.5 * 10 == 15 */ BTTFSU(B * ,FTJS(10) == ,FTJS(15, 1)); /* 1.5 / 4 == 38 */

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UX>7Q .S=>7?7

BTTFSU(B / ,FTJS(4) == ,FTJS(3, 8)); /* 4jGjSMB CeMNFL IBUB BUNBMj. */ BTTFSU5ISPXO(,FTJS(42, 1) / ,FTJS(0)); /* 1BZj B[ PMBO eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 5) < ,FTJS(4, 5)); /* 1BZEBTj CfZfL PMBO eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 9) < ,FTJS(3, 8)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 1@000) > ,FTJS(1, 10@000)); /* %FhFSJ LfdfL PMBO eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(10, 100) < ,FTJS(1, 2)); /* &LTJ EFhFS eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(-1, 2) < ,FTJS(0)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, -2) < ,FTJS(0)); /* "ZOj EFhFSMFS IFN <= IFN EF >= PMNBMj. BTTFSU(,FTJS(-1, -2) <= ,FTJS(1, 2)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 2) <= ,FTJS(-1, -2)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 7) <= ,FTJS(9, 21)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 7) >= ,FTJS(9, 21)); /* %FhFSMFSJ BZOj PMBOMBS FlJU PMNBMj. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 3) == ,FTJS(20, 60)); /* ,BSjljL JlBSFUMFS BZOj TPOVDV fSFUNFMJ. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(-1, 2) == ,FTJS(1, -2)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 2) == ,FTJS(-1, -2)); */

7QH>NgA>HF ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKAB DB_BK RB "E>P> >PgIAgegKg ABKBPIB" >KI>JgK> DBIBK TUE.FYDFQUJPO.BTTFSU5ISPXO , ?BIFNPFIBK FC>ABUF FjIBPFN RB L FC>ABKFK FjIBPFIJBOF OgN>OgKA> E>P> >PgIAgegKg ABKBPIBN. j>egA>HF HLAQK BjABeBNF DF?F AcjcKcIB?FIFN: BTTFSU5ISPXO(,FTJS(42, 1) / ,FTJS(0)); // ... /* :VLBSjEBLJ TBUjSjO FlEFhFSJ */ \ BVUP IBUB"UjMEj@Nj = GBMTF; USZ \ ,FTJS(42, 1) / ,FTJS(0); ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ IBUB"UjMEj@Nj = USVF; ^ ^ ... QRKS? BTTFSU(IBUB"UjMEj@Nj);

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56

(P<P4:/?
1gKgCI>N, HQII>Kg@g PcNIBNF P>KgJI>J>U> U>N>U>K ?FN ?>jH> LI>K>HPgN. #'KFK KBOKBUB UbKBIFH MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>Ng OgKgCI>N ULIQUI> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. -BOKBUB UbKBIFH MNLDN>JI>J>Ug c_ PBJBI H>RN>J cVBNFKAB AcjcKB?FIFNFV: x S$40$: \UBIBNB BNFjFJFK HgOgPI>KJ>Og (%AE: AD>V@63 J3BV>3C63 63 4F>F@3@ 4F A>3@3TV 97@7>67 J3BV>3CV@ =F>>3@V? 3?3Q>3CV@V@ 6VXV@63 =3>6VTV ;Q;@ 9RDE7C?76;?. ) x K$/B6B0: !>jH> ?FN PcNcK cUBIBNFKF RB cUB FjIBRIBNFKF HBKAFOFKFKJFj DF?F BAFKJBH x <2. C(.,//,/,.: !FN?FNIBNFKB U>HgK PcNIBNFK A>E> DBKBI LNP>H ?FN PcN DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNF 1>NJ>, A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV 7C;X;? :3=>3CV FIB O>eI>KgN. *>IgPgJ, 97CQ7=>7XE;C?7 PcNBJBOFAFN. MA= X7=;>>;>;= FOB 3C3JSK PcNBJBOF ULIQUI> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. !Q ?bIcJAB OgKgCI>Ng DBKBI LI>N>H P>KgP>@>egJ RB bVBIIFHIB C787C3@D ESCS LIAQHI>NgK> AFHH>P _BHB@BeFJ. 1gKgCI>NgK AFeBN LI>K>HI>NgKg A>E> OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNB ?gN>H>@>egJ.

56.1

,/>P:/?:/ 9/?RP:/RAP?P:;/@P
1gKgCI>N U>MgI>N> PBJBIAB _LH ?BKVBNIBN. !Q UcVABK A>E> bK@B jQ ?bIcJIBNAB U>MgI>N cVBNFKAB DbNAcecJcV EBJBK EBJBK EBN HLKQ OgKgCI>N F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN: x x x x x 7>MgI>N \UB fjIBRIBN DPOTU SFG />N>JBPNBIBN RB DPOTU \UB fjIBRIBN *QNQ@Q RB #FeBN [VBI fjIBRIBN fjIB_ 7cHIBJB

1gKgCI>Ng U>MgI>NA>K >UgN>K bKBJIF C>NHI>N A> R>NAgN. !Q C>NHI>Ng >j>egA>HF ?bIcJIBNAB >KI>PgULNQJ.
56.1.1

'343?/<@ AM?:3?727?
1gKgCI>NgK U>MgI>NA>K C>NHIg LIJ>I>NgKgK BK ?cUcH KBABKF, U>MgI>NgK 67T7C ESCS LIJ>I>NgK> H>NjgK OgKgCI>NgK C787C3@D ESCS LIJ>I>NgAgN. j>egA>HF C>NHIgIgHI>NgK ?cUcH ?FN _LeQKIQeQ, OgKgCI>NgK ?Q bVBIIFeFKABK H>UK>HI>KgN.

56.1.2

OFX 7:3 9B?B:B?:/?

1gKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK HBKAFIBNF ABeBN P>jgJ>AgHI>Ng F_FK, >OgI KBOKB OFX >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB LIQjPQNQIQN. UKg KBABKABK, OVMM RB JT ?bIcJcKAB AB DbOPBNFIAFeF DF?F, OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNF OVMM A> LI>?FIFNIBN. 7>KF, "EF_?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>JgULN" LI>?FIFNIBN. '>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, ?FN ABeFjHBKFK OVMM LIQM LIJ>Ageg == RB != FjIB_IBNFUIB ABeFI, AQNQJ> DbNB JT RB !JT FjIB_IBNFUIB ABKBPIBKFN: #JS4jOjG FSJlJN4BhMBZBO = OFX #JS4jOjG; BTTFSU(FSJlJN4BhMBZBO !JT OVMM); #JS4jOjG EFhJlLFO; // FSJlJN TBhMBNBZBO BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO JT OVMM); !QKQK KBABKF == FjIB@FKFK KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKF AB HQII>KJ>OgKgK DBNBHB?FIB@BeFAFN. . cUB BNFjFJF, ABeFjHBKFK OVMM LIAQeQ AQNQJA> MNLDN>JgK ?FN ?BIIBH E>P>Og FIB OLKI>KJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. . UcVABK OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK JT RBU> !JT FIB H>NjgI>jPgNgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.

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56.1.3

(P<P4 <3@<3:3?7 C3 23N7R93<:3?7

1gKgC @7D@7D; FIB OgKgC 67T;X=7@; C>NHIg H>RN>JI>NAgN. 1gKgC KBOKBOF, OFX >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB LIQjPQNQI>K RB HBKAF FOJF LIJ>U>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>MgOgAgN. 2BJOFI BPPFeF H>RN>Jg DBN_BHIBjPFNBK, LKQK FjIBJIBNFKF U>M>K, RB L PcNcK A>RN>KgjgKg ?BIFNIBUBK EBM ?Q OgKgC KBOKBOFAFN. 1gKgC KBOKBIBNFKB ALeNQA>K BNFjBJBUFV. 1gKgC ABeFjHBKF FOB OgKgC KBOKBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN MNLDN>J U>MgOgAgN. *BKAFOF Fj U>MJ>O> A> BNFjPFNAFeF KBOKBKFK >N>@gOg DF?F FjIBJ DbNcN. #>E> bK@B #BeBNIBN RB 0BCBN>KOI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV jQ HLA> ?>H>IgJ: BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX #JS4jOjG; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = EFhJlLFO1; fIH O>PgNA> O>e P>N>CP>HF OFX , FOFJOFV ?FN #JS4kOkG KBOKBOF LIQjPQNQN. EFiJmLFO1 RB EFiJmLFO2 FOB U>IKgV@> ?Q FOFJOFV KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ABeFjHBKIBNAFN: (JTJNTJ[ #JS4jOjG OFTOFTJ) EFhJlLFO1 EFhJlLFO2 ---+-------------------+--- ---+---+--- ---+---+--] ... ] ] P ] ] P ] ---+-------------------+--- ---+-]-+--- ---+-]-+--u ] ] ] ] ] +--------------------+------------+

56.1.4

"=>E/:/;/
#BeFjHBKIBNF BPHFIBN. 0BCBN>KO PcNc LIAQHI>Ng F_FK; OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK HLMU>I>K>N>H LIQjPQNQIJ>I>Ng, LKI>NgK E>KDF KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>@>HI>NgKg ?BIFNIBN. !Q FjIBJ OgN>OgKA> >OgI KBOKB HLMU>I>KJ>V. !FN KBOKB HLMU>I>KJ>Ageg F_FK AB, U>MgI>NA> =ABJ3 DA@C3DV ;X>7G; LI>N>H beNBKAFeFJFV UIJT(UIJT) cUB FjIBRF OgKgCI>NA> ?QIQKJ>V. BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = EFhJlLFO1; 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA> EFiJmLFO2 , EFiJmLFO1 'FK HLMU>Og LI>N>H LIQjPQNQIJ>HP>AgN. . FjIBJ EBN FHFOFKFK AB >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>I>NgK> KBABK LIQN. 1gKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK HLMU>I>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHPFeFKAB ?QKQ O>eI>U>K ?FN cUB FjIBR P>KgJI>KJ>IgAgN. !Q FjIBRB LPQZBMB() DF?F ?FN FOFJ RBNB?FIB@BeFKFV DF?F, AFVFIBNB ?BKVBJBOF >_gOgKA>K EVQ() FOJFKFK A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. !Q FjIBR UBKF ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNJ>Ig RB LK> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN ABeFjHBK AbKAcNJBIFAFN: DMBTT 4jOjG \ :BQj ZBQj/FTOFTJ; DIBS<> EJ[HJ; JOU UBNTBZj; // ... UIJT(:BQj ZBQj/FTOFTJ, \ UIJT.ZBQj/FTOFTJ = UIJT.EJ[HJ = UIJT.UBNTBZj = ^ DPOTU DIBS<> EJ[HJ, JOU UBNTBZj) ZBQj/FTOFTJ; EJ[HJ.EVQ; UBNTBZj;

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4jOjG EVQ() DPOTU \ SFUVSO OFX 4jOjG(ZBQj/FTOFTJ, EJ[HJ, UBNTBZj); ^

EVQ() F_FKAB LIQjPQNQI>K UBKF KBOKB F_FK U>IKgV@> 4kOkG 'gK HQNQ@QOQKA>K U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. *QNQ@Q EJ[HJ cUBOFKF EVQ() FIB >_gH_> HLMU>IgULN. ZBQk/FTOFTJ RB UBNTBZk cUBIBNF FOB ABeBN PcNIBNF LIAQHI>NgKA>K LKI>N V>PBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H HLMU>I>KgNI>N. . FjIBRABK bNKBeFK jbUIB U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: BVUP OFTOF1 = OFX 4jOjG(:BQj(1.5), "NFSIBCB", 42); BVUP OFTOF2 = OFTOF1.EVQ(); 1LKQ_P>, OFTOF2 OFTOF1 'FK EF_?FN cUBOFKF M>UI>jJ>U>K >UNg ?FN KBOKBAFN. !BKVBN ?F_FJAB, KBOKBKFK JNNVUBCMF ?FN HLMU>Og A> FOJF JEVQ LI>K ?FN FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K O>eI>K>?FIFN: DMBTT 4jOjG \ // ... JNNVUBCMF(4jOjG) JEVQ() DPOTU \ SFUVSO OFX JNNVUBCMF(4jOjG)(ZBQj/FTOFTJ, EJ[HJ, UBNTBZj); ^

// ... JNNVUBCMF(4jOjG) JNN = OFTOF1.JEVQ();

56.1.5

AA/;/
#BeFjHBKIBNF BPHFIBN. 0BCBN>KO PcNc LIAQHI>Ng F_FK; OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK >P>KJ>I>Ng, A>E> bK@B BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng KBOKBUF ?gN>HJ>I>NgK> RB UBKF ?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>I>NgK> KBABK LIQN. $eBN 4VC3=V>3@ KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?>jH> ABeFjHBK ULHO>, >OgI KBOKB FIBNFABHF ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>KA> _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K OLKI>KAgNgI>@>H ABJBHPFN. BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX #JS4jOjG; BVUP EFhJlLFO2 = OFX #JS4jOjG; EFhJlLFO1 = EFhJlLFO2; 7QH>NgA>HF >P>J> FjIBJF, EFiJmLFO1 'FK HBKAF KBOKBOFKF ?gN>HJ>OgK> RB EFiJmLFO2 'KFK KBOKBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>J>OgK> KBABK LIQN. *BKAFOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?>jH> ?FN ABeFjHBK LIJ>Ageg F_FK ?gN>HgI>K KBOKB A>E> OLKN> _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K OLKI>KAgNgI>@>HPgN. P>J> FjIBJFKFK A>RN>Kgjg OgKgCI>N F_FK ABeFjPFNFIBJBV; U>KF PQ"TTJHO OgKgCI>NA> UcHIBKBJBV.

56.1.6

)/<P;:/;/
TUSVDU UBNFKB DMBTT >K>EP>N ObV@cec HQII>KgIgN: DMBTT 4BUSBOd5Blj \

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// ...

56.1.7

"B?;/
*QNQ@Q FjIBRFK FOJF, U>MgI>NA> LIAQeQ DF?F UIJT 'PFN. 7>MgI>NA>K C>NHIg LI>N>H OgKgC KBOKBIBNF \^ H>N>HPBNIBNF FIB HQNQI>J>V. DMBTT 4BUSBOd5Blj \ EDIBS lFLJM; UIJT(EDIBS lFLJM) \ UIJT.lFLJM = lFLJM; ^

7>MgI>NgK >HOFKB, OgKgC cUBIBNF HQNQ@Q M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKABK OgN>UI> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H HQNQI>J>VI>N: DMBTT 4BUSBOd5Blj \ EDIBS lFLJM; TJ[F@U EFhFS; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP lBI = OFX 4BUSBOd5Blj('y', 100); ^

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

&SSPS: OP DPOTUSVDUPS GPS 4BUSBOe5Bmk -BOKBIBNFK L U>VgJI> HQNQI>?FIJBIBNF F_FK MNLDN>J@gKgK >_gH_> ?FN HQNQ@Q P>KgJI>Jgj LIJ>Og j>NPPgN.
56.1.8

(=<:/<2P?;/
1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFK FOJF U>MgI>NA> LIAQeQ DF?F _UIJT 'PFN: _UIJT() \ // ... OFTOF TPOMBOjSLFO HFSFLFO JlMFNMFS ... ^

56.1.9

JE3 3?7R7;7
7>MgI>NA> LIAQeQ DF?F, cUBIBNB KLHP> H>N>HPBNF FIB BNFjFIFN. BVUP lBI = OFX 4BUSBOd5Blj('y'); XSJUFMO(lBI.lFLJM); 'BN KB H>A>N ABeFjHBKFK ?FN cUBOFKB BNFjFIFULN DF?F U>VgIO> A>, BNFjFIBK >OgI KBOKBKFK cUBOFAFN. 1gKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK cUBIBNF ULHPQN, OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK cUBIBNF R>NAgN. !FN ?>jH> ABUFjIB, mBI 'gK mFLJM AFUB ?FN cUBOF ULHPQN, FOFJOFV OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK mFLJM AFUB ?FN cUBOF R>NAgN. %AE: OJ7 67T;X=7@>7C7 4RJ>7 6ATCF63@ 7C;X;>?7D; QATF 6FCF?63 6ATCF =34F> 76;>?7K. &@F@ J7C;@7 63:3 DA@C3 3@>3E353TV? DV@V8 @;E7>;=>7C;@67@ J3C3C>3@?3= 63:3 FJ9F@6FC.

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56.1.10

OR:3K EM9:3;3
7>MgI>NA>HF DF?FAFN. !FN C>NH, PQ"TTJHO 'gK OgKgCI>N F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>K>J>J>OgAgN. 7QH>NgA> >P>J> ?>jIgegKA> >KI>PgIAgeg DF?F, OgKgCI>NA> >P>J> FjIBJFKFK >KI>Jg J7@; @7D@7J7 7C;X;? D3T>3?3=EVC; ?Q >KI>J ABeFjPFNFIBJBV.

56.1.11

JE3 7R:3C:3?
7>MgI>NA>HF DF?FAFN. !FN C>NH, ?>Vg FjIBRIBNFK 0CKFDU OgKgCgKA>K H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> E>VgN LI>N>H BAFKFIJFj LIJ>I>NgAgN. !QKI>N >N>OgKA>K UP4USJOH FjIBRFKFK PWFSSJEF >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB K>OgI P>KgJI>KAgegKg ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.

56.1.12

JT C3 !JT 7R:3K:3?7
1gKgC ABeFjHBKIBNF cVBNFKAB FjIBN. JT FjIB@F, OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>UgM O>eI>J>AgHI>NgKg ?FIAFNFN. fHF ABeFjHBK AB >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eIgULNI>NO> USVF , ABeFIOB GBMTF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. !JT FjIB@F AB ?QKQK PBNOF LI>N>H FjIBN: cNBPFN. UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eIgULNI>NO> GBMTF , ABeFIOB USVF ABeBNFKF

BVUP CFOJNkBI = OFX 4BUSBOd5Blj('y'); BVUP TFOJOkBI = OFX 4BUSBOd5Blj('y'); BTTFSU(CFOJNkBI !JT TFOJOkBI); 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF CFOJNlBI RB TFOJOlBI ABeFjHBKIBNF OFX FIB LIQjPQNQIJQj LI>K FHF C>NHIg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng F_FK !JT 'FK OLKQ@Q USVF 'AQN. !Q FHF KBOKBKFK >UKg jBHFIAB HQNQIJQj LIJ>I>Ng, U>KF FHFOFKFK mFLJM cUBIBNFKFK AB 'w' LIJ>Og ?QKQ ABeFjPFNJBV; KBOKBIBN ?FN?FNIBNFKABK >UNg FHF KBOKBAFN. fHF ABeFjHBKFK >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng AQNQJA> FOB JT FjIB@F USVF cNBPFN: BVUP CFOJNkBI2 = CFOJNkBI; BTTFSU(CFOJNkBI2 JT CFOJNkBI); 7QH>NgA>HF FHF ABeFjHBK AB >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U> ?>jI>NI>N. JT FjIB@F ?Q AQNQJA> USVF cNBPFN.

56.2

IF3A
x 1gKgCI>NgK U>MgI>NI> _LH O>UgA> LNP>H U>KI>Ng LIAQeQ H>A>N ?cUcH C>NHI>Ng A> R>NAgN. x 1gKgCI>N NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFAFN; OFX FIB FOFJOFV ?FN DV@V8 @7D@7D; HQNQIQN; AbKAcNcIBK, L KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN DV@V8 67T;X=7@;6;C. x 'F_?FN KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>U>K OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK ABeBNF OVMM 'AgN; ?Q AQNQJ JT RBU> !JT FIB ABKBPIBKFN (== RBU> != FIB ABeFI). x *LMU>I>J> KLNJ>IAB ABeFjHBKF HLMU>I>N; KBOKBKFK HLMU>I>K>?FIJBOF F_FK EVQ() DF?F ?FN cUB FjIBR U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. x P>J>, ABeFjHBKFK ?>jH> ?FN KBOKBUF DbOPBNJBOFKF O>eI>N; ?Q A>RN>Kgj ABeFjPFNFIBJBV.

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57

)M?3;3
#>E> DBKBI ?FN PcNcK A>E> bVBI ?FN >IP PcNcKc P>KgJI>J>U> PcNBPJB ABKFN. 2cNBPFIBK >IP PcN; DBKBI PcNcK cUBIBNFKF BAFKFN, LKQK DF?F A>RN>KgN, RB LKQK UBNFKB DB_B?FIFN. #'AB PcNBJB U>IKgV@> OgKgCI>N >N>OgKA> DB_BNIFAFN. 7BKF ?FN OgKgC, JBR@QP ?>jH> ?FN OgKgCP>K PcNBPFIBNBH P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. !FN OgKgCgK PcNBPFIAFeF PcNB SDE DV@V8, LKA>K PcNBPFIBK UBKF OgKgC> A> 3>E DV@V8 >Ag RBNFIFN. \OP OgKgCgK bVBIIFHIBNFKFK >IP OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K BAFKFIJBOFKB =3>VEV? ABKFN. #'AB FHF PcN PcNBJB R>NAgN. !Q ABNOPB 97CQ7=>7XE;C?7 ESC7?7D; LI>K DMBTT 'P>K PcNBJBUF DbOPBNB@BeFJ; 3C3JSK ESC7?7D; LI>K JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBJBUF FOB A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ABNOB ?gN>H>@>egJ. 1gKgCgK E>KDF OgKgCP>K PcNBPFIAFeF, P>KgJI>KgNHBK FOJFKABK OLKN> U>VgI>K : H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIFN: DMBTT AltS*n*f : $stS*n*f \ // ... ^ ,>O> O>>PF H>RN>JgKg PBJOFI BABK ?FN OgKgC LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ: DMBTT 4BBU \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; JOU TBOJZF; WPJE BZBSMB(JOU \ UIJT.TBBU = UIJT.EBLJLB UIJT.TBOJZF ^ TBBU, JOU EBLJLB, JOU TBOJZF = 0) TBBU; = EBLJLB; = TBOJZF;

!Q OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKFK, KBOKB LIQjPQNQIAQeQ >K bVBI ABeBNIBN >IJ>I>NgKgK j>NP LIJ>AgegKg R>NO>U>IgJ. . UcVABK ?Q OgKgCgK HQNQ@Q FjIBRFKB DBNBH ULH. 1>>P, A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN V>J>KA> BZBSMB cUB FjIBRF FIB >U>NI>K>?FIFULN; RB R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNF ?BIFNPFIJFj LIAQeQ F_FK AB O>KFUB ABeBNFKF RBNJBH FOPBeB ?>eIg: BVUP NBTB4BBUJ = OFX 4BBU; NBTB4BBUJ.BZBSMB(20, 30); XSJUFGMO( "%02T:%02T:%02T", NBTB4BBUJ.TBBU, NBTB4BBUJ.EBLJLB, NBTB4BBUJ.TBOJZF); %AE: /3?3@ 4;>9;D;@; =9%=;381 SJ7 ;X>7G; ;>7 J3K6VC?3= QA= 63:3 FJ9F@ A>FC6F. & ;X>7G; 4;C3K 3X3TV63 9?/;;3./ 3@3:E3C DRK5STS@S E3@VC=7@ 7=>7J757T;K. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK _gHPgOg: 20:30:00 !Q H>A>NgK> ?>H>N>H 4BBU OgKgCgKgK ?FN U>Mg LI>N>H A> P>KgJI>K>?FIB@BeFKF AcjcKB?FIFNFV. !Q c_ cUBUF ?FN U>Mg LI>N>H A> ?FN >N>U> DBPFNB?FIFNAFH, RB L U>Mg F_FK AB cUB FjIBRIBN P>KgJI>U>?FIFNAFH. /NLDN>J> ?>eIg LI>N>H, ?Q H>A>Ng UBPBNIF AB LI>?FIFNAF. .UO> 4BBU 'FK OgKgC LIJ>Og, ?FVB LKA>K U>N>NI>K>N>H UBKF PcNIBN P>KgJI>J> LI>K>eg OQK>N.

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[NKBeFK, PBJBIAB ?Q 4BBU OgKgCgKgK LI>K>HI>NgKg LIAQeQ DF?F F_BNBK, RB BH LI>N>H >I>NJ ?FIDFOF AB P>jgU>K ?FN aBMBS4BBU OgKgCg AcjcKB?FIFNFV. !Q OgKgCg PBH ?>jgK> P>KgJI>J>H FOPBOBH; 4BBU 'FK JBR@QP c_ cUBOFKFK >UKgI>NgK> BH LI>N>H FHF P>KB AB >I>NJ cUBOF, RB O>>PF >U>NI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgI>K BZBSMB FjIBRFKFK U>KgKA> A> ?FN BMBSNk,VS FjIBRF DBNBHFNAF. !Q OgKgC, ?Q >KI>PgJ> QUDQK LI>N>H jbUIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; JOU TBOJZF; JOU BMBSN4BBUJ; JOU BMBSN%BLJLBTj; WPJE BZBSMB(JOU \ UIJT.TBBU = UIJT.EBLJLB UIJT.TBOJZF ^ TBBU, JOU EBLJLB, JOU TBOJZF = 0) TBBU; = EBLJLB; = TBOJZF;

WPJE BMBSNj,VS(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB) \ BMBSN4BBUJ = TBBU; BMBSN%BLJLBTj = EBLJLB; ^

4BBU OgKgCgKA> A> ?QIQK>K cUBIBNFKF O>Ng FIB DbOPBNAFJ. &bNcIAcec DF?F; 4BBU RB aBMBS4BBU OgKgCI>NgKg >UKg MNLDN>J F_FKAB ?Q jBHFIAB >UNg >UNg P>KgJI>J>H LIAQH_> C>VI> HLA PBHN>NgK> KBABK LIQN. fjPB DMBTT 'P>K PcNBPJBH, ?FN OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKFK ?>jH> ?FN OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K LIAQHI>Ng DF?F BAFKFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. aBMBS4BBU 'F 4BBU 'PBK PcNBPBNBH P>KgJI>J>H, UBKF OgKgCg ?cUcH bI_cAB HLI>UI>jPgNgN RB HLA PBHN>NgKg LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ JOU BMBSN4BBUJ; JOU BMBSN%BLJLBTj; WPJE BMBSNj,VS(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB) \ BMBSN4BBUJ = TBBU; BMBSN%BLJLBTj = EBLJLB; ^

aBMBS4BBU 'FK 4BBU 'PBK PcNBPFIAFeF ?Q P>KgJ bK@BHFKFK BjABeBNFAFN. !Q P>KgJA>HF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIF ?bIcJ, ?FN bK@BHF P>KgJA>HF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIF ?bIcJ UBNFKB DB_BN. aBMBS4BBU , 4BBU 'FK ?cPcK cUB ABeFjHBKIBNFKF RB FjIBRIBNFKF H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> BAFKAFeF F_FK ?FN 4BBU DF?F AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: BVUP CBlVDV4BBUJ = OFX `BMBS4BBU; CBlVDV4BBUJ.BZBSMB(20, 30); CBlVDV4BBUJ.BMBSNj,VS(7, 0); 7BKF PcNcK 4BBU 'PBK H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> BAFKAFeF cUBIBNF AB HBKAF cUBIBNF E>IFKB DBIFN, RB FOPBKAFeFKAB Agj>NgA>K BNFjFIB?FIFN:

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XSJUFGMO("%02T:%02T:%02T %02T:%02T", CBlVDV4BBUJ.TBBU, CBlVDV4BBUJ.EBLJLB, CBlVDV4BBUJ.TBOJZF, CBlVDV4BBUJ.BMBSN4BBUJ, CBlVDV4BBUJ.BMBSN%BLJLBTj); 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK _gHPgOg: 20:30:00 ~07:00 %AE: &@F@ J7C;@7 4;C3K 3X3TV63 9RDE7C;>757= A>3@ G+6+;%++=.=9%=;381 ;X>7G;@; =F>>3@?3= QA= 63:3 6ATCF A>FC. !Q bNKBHPB DbNcIAcec DF?F, cUB RBU> cUB FjIBR BAFKJBH >J>@gUI> U>MgI>K PcNBJBUB 97CQ7=>7XE;C?7 ESC7?7D; ABKFN. 4BBU 'PBK H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> BAFKFIBK cUBIBN AB aBMBS4BBU 'FK M>N_>I>Ng E>IFKB DBIFNIBN. 'BN aBMBS4BBU KBOKBOFKFK >NPgH EBJ HBKAF P>KgJI>Ageg >I>NJI> FIDFIF cUBIBNF, EBJ AB H>IgPgJI> BAFKAFeF O>>PIB FIDFIF cUBIBNF R>NAgN. !BIIBeF ?Q OBCBN >j>egU> ALeNQ FIBNIBUBK ?FN jBNFP LI>N>H E>U>I BABNOBH, aBMBS4BBU KBOKBIBNFKFK ?BIIBHPB >j>egA>HFKB ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB AQNAQHI>NgKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV: ] . ] ] . ] +---------------+ ] TBBU ] ] EBLJLB ] ] TBOJZF ] ] BMBSN4BBUJ ] ] BMBSN%BLJLBTj ] +---------------+ ] . ] ] . ]

OFTOFOJO BESFTJ p

7QH>NgA>HF jBHIF U>IKgV@> ?FN CFHFN RBNJBOF F_FK DbOPBNFULNQJ. \UBIBNFK ?BIIBHPB P>J LI>N>H K>OgI AQNAQHI>Ng ABNIBUF@FKFK HLAQ ABNIBNHBK >IAgeg H>N>NI>N> ?>eIgAgN.

57.1

*E/?P: "= AM?23<" 7@3 AM?3A7<

&BN_BHIBjPFNJB PcNBJBOFKFK SJ7 76;@?7 FIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKQ DbNAcH. !Q >J>_I> PcNBPJBUF >K@>H PcNIBN >N>OgKA> "?Q bVBI PcN, L DBKBI PcNABKAFN" DF?F ?FN FIFjHF HQN>?FIFULNO>KgV AcjcKcK. 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBH F_FK ?bUIB ?FN FIFjHFKFK R>N LIAQeQKQ ObUIBUB?FIFNFV, _cKHc "_>I>N O>>P ?FN O>>PPFN." !>Vg PcNIBN >N>OgKA> FOB ?bUIB ?FN FIFjHF ULHPQN. ZLeQ AQNQJA> PcNIBN >N>OgKA> ?FN ;Q7C?7 FIFjHFOF R>NAgN. [NKBeFK 4BBU OgKgCgK> 1JM AB BHIBJBH FOPBAFeFJFVF AcjcKBIFJ. 1JM cUBOFKF PcNBJB ULIQUI> BAFKJBH QUDQK LIJ>V, _cKHc "O>>P ?FN MFIAFN" FC>ABOF ALeNQ ABeFIAFN: DMBTT 4BBU : 1JM \ // ... ^ p :BOMkm UBTBSkN

!QKQK KBABKF; O>>PFK ?FN MFI A>?3?3DV, >J> ?FN MFI ;Q7C?7D;6;C. 2cNIBN >N>OgKA> ?bUIB ?FN F_BNJB FIFjHFOF ?QIQKAQeQKA>; F_BNFIBK PcNcK, F_BNBK PcNcK ?FN cUBOF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>Og ALeNQ LIQN:

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DMBTT 4BBU \ 1JM QJM; // ... ^

p %PiSV UBTBSkN

57.2

E< 4/F:/ 07? DMBTT 'A/< AM?3A7:307:7?

1gKgCI>N ?FNABK _LH DMBTT 'P>K PcNBPFIBJBVIBN. [NKBeFK "_>I>N O>>P OBOIF ?FN >IBPPFN" FIFjHFOFKF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH F_FK aBMBS4BBU 'F ?FN AB 4FTMJ"MFU OgKgCgKA>K PcNBPJBH FOPBOBH, ABNIBJB E>P>Og FIB H>NjgI>jgNgV: DMBTT 4FTMJ"MFU \ // ... ^ DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU, 4FTMJ"MFU \ // ... ^ // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

JOUFSGBDF 'IBNABK FOB FOPBKFIAFeF H>A>N O>UgA> PcNBPFIB?FIFN. !QKQ A> A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFV. [PB U>KA>K, OgKgCI>NgK KB H>A>N ABNFKIBJBOFKB PcNBPFIAFHIBNFKFK ?FN OgKgNg ULHPQN: DMBTT `BMHj \ // ... ^ DMBTT 5FMMJ`BMHj : `BMHj \ // ... ^ DMBTT ,FNFOdF : 5FMMJ`BMHj \ // ... ^ 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA> ,FNFOeF 5FMMJaBMHk 'A>K, 5FMMJaBMHk A> aBMHk 'A>K PcNBPFIJFjPFN. !Q P>KgJA> ,FNFOeF , 5FMMJaBMHk RB aBMHk bVBIABK DBKBIB ALeNQ ?FN DVC36SK7@ LIQjPQNQNI>N.

57.3

(P?/2MF3<7< 5L@A3?7;7
N>I>NgKA> PcNBJB FIFjHFOF ?QIQK>K PcNIBNFK EBMOFKB ?FNABK DVC36SK7@ FOJF RBNFIFN. -BOKBUB UbKBIFH MNLDN>JI>J>A> OgN>AcVBKFK DBIBKBHOBI ?FN DbOPBNFJF R>NAgN: cOP OgKgCI>N UQH>NgA> RB >IP OgKgCI>N >j>egA> LI>@>H jBHFIAB DbOPBNFIFNIBN. 1gKgCI>N >N>OgKA>HF PcNBJB FIFjHFOF AB >IP OgKgCP>K cOP OgKgC> ALeNQ ?FN LHI> ?BIFNPFIFN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF OgKgC FIFjHFOFKF AB F_BNBK ?FN OgN>AcVBK jbUIB DbOPBNFIFN: `BMHj s r 5FMMJ`BMHj /FGFTMJ`BMHj s r s r ,FNFOdF 4B[ ,BWBM /FZ

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57.4

J@A @P<P4 ME3:3?7<3 3?7R;39 7K7< TVQFS /</6A/? @LF1MNM

IP OgKgC F_FKABK cOP OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKB BNFjFIJBH FOPBKAFeFKAB, cOP OgKgCg PBJOFI BPJBH F_FK TVQFS >K>EP>N ObV@cec HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK aBMBS4BBU OgKgCgKgK cUB FjIBRIBNFKFK F_FKABUHBK, 4BBU 'PBK BAFKAFeF ?FN cUBUB TVQFS.EBLJLB AFUB BNFjFIB?FIFN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ // ... WPJE CJSbZFilMFW() \ TVQFS.EBLJLB = 10; // 4BBU'UFO FEJOEJhJ EBLJLB EFhJlJS EBLJLB = 10; // ... BZOj lFZ ^

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>K A> >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, TVQFS >K>EP>N ObV@cec EBN V>J>K DBNBHIF ABeFIAFN _cKHc ?Q AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> EBLJLB U>VgIAgegKA> A> cOP OgKgCP>HF EBLJLB >KI>jgIgN. TVQFS 'FK ?Q HQII>KgJg, EBJ cOP OgKgCP> EBJ AB >IP OgKgCP> >UKg FOFJAB cUBIBN ?QIQKAQeQ AQNQJI>NA>HF H>NgjgHIgHI>Ng DFABNJBH F_FK U>N>NIgAgN. !QKQ ?FN>V >j>egA>HF TVQFS.TkGkSMB() RB TVQFS.UP4USJOH() HQII>KgJI>NgKA> DbNB@BeFV.

57.5

J@A @P<P4 ME3:3?7<7 9B?;/9 7K7< TVQFS /</6A/? @LF1MNM

TVQFS >K>EP>N ObV@cec, SDE DV@V8V@ =FCF5FDF >KI>JgK> A> DBIFN. IP OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQKA>K cOP OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQKQ _>egNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN. !Q HQII>KgJA>; UIJT K>OgI ?Q OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQ FOB, TVQFS AB cOP OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQAQN. \OP OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQKQK >_gH_> _>eNgIJ>Og j>NP ABeFIAFN; KBOKBKFK cOP OgKgCP>K H>IgPgJI> BAFKAFeF cUBIBNF V>PBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H RB R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNFUIB HQNQIQNI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF 4BBU RB aBMBS4BBU OgKgCI>NgKgK HQNQ@QI>NgKg P>KgJI>J>JgjPgH. !Q UcVABK, EBN FHFOFKFK cUBIBNF AB HBKAF .JOJU ABeBNIBNF FIB FIHIBKFNIBN; RB E>PgNI>NO>KgV L ABeBN JOU F_FK OgCgNAgN. 4BBU 'FK HQNQ@QOQKQ ?>OFP_B jbUIB P>KgJI>Jgj LI>IgJ: DMBTT 4BBU \ UIJT(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB, JOU TBOJZF) \ UIJT.TBBU = TBBU; UIJT.EBLJLB = EBLJLB; UIJT.TBOJZF = TBOJZF; ^ ^ // ...

NPgH HQII>Kg@gI>NgK 4BBU KBOKBIBNFKF ?Q HQNQ@Q FIB HQNJ>I>Ng DBNBHPFeFKF ?FIFULNQV: BVUP TBBU = OFX 4BBU(17, 15, 0); !FN 4BBU KBOKBOFKFK bUIB PBH ?>jgK> HQNQIJ>Og ALe>IAgN.

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K@>H, HQII>Kg@gI>NgK ?FN aBMBS4BBU HQNAQHI>Ng AQNQJA>, LKQK PcNBJBUIB BAFKAFeF 4BBU M>N_>OgKg >_gH_> HQNJ>I>Ng LI>K>HOgVAgN. '>PP> HQII>Kg@gI>N ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> aBMBS4BBU 'FK ?FN 4BBU 'PBK PcNBAFeFKF ?FIB ?FIJBH VLNQKA> ABeFIIBNAFN. *QII>Kg@gKgK >J>@g U>IKgV@> >IP OgKgCg HQNJ>H RB L PcN LI>N>H HQII>KJ>HPgN: BVUP CBlVDV4BBUJ = OFX `BMBS4BBU(/* ... */); // ... CJS `BMBS4BBU PMBSBL LVMMBO ... !Q UcVABK; H>IgPgJI> BAFKAFeF cOP OgKgC M>N_>OgKg HQNJ>H, >IP OgKgCgK DbNBRFAFN. \OP OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQ, ?Q >J>_I> TVQFS U>VgJgUI> _>eNgIgN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ UIJT(JOU TBBU, JOU EBLJLB, JOU TBOJZF, // 4BBU JdJO JOU BMBSN4BBUJ, JOU BMBSN%BLJLBTj) // `BMBS4BBU JdJO \ TVQFS(TBBU, EBLJLB, TBOJZF); UIJT.BMBSN4BBUJ = BMBSN4BBUJ; UIJT.BMBSN%BLJLBTj = BMBSN%BLJLBTj; ^ ^ // ...

aBMBS4BBU 'FK HQNQ@QOQ; EBJ HBKAFOF F_FK DBNBHBK >I>NJI> FIDFIF ?FIDFIBNF, EBJ AB cOP OgKgCg F_FK DBNBHBK O>>P ?FIDFIBNFKF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IJ>HP>, RB 4BBU 'FK cUBIBNFKF TVQFS 'F _>egN>N>H HQNJ>HP>AgN. $eBN cOP OgKgCgK ?FN LPLJ>PFH HQNQ@QOQ R>NO>, >IP OgKgCgK TVQFS 'F _>egNJ>Og j>NP ABeFIAFN. ZcKHc L AQNQJA> cOP OgKgCgK cUBIBNF R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNFUIB V>PBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FIHIBKFNIBN.

57.6

JE3 7R:3C:3?7 PWFSSJEF 7:3 LF3: =:/?/9 A/<P;:/;/9

2cNBJBKFK bKBJIF ?FN U>N>Ng, cOP OgKgCP> ?QIQK>K FjIBRIBNFK >IP OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K bVBI LI>N>H UBKFABK P>KgJI>K>?FIJBOFAFN. PWFSSJEF , ?Q HQII>KgJA> "EcHcJOcV HgIJ>H, ?>OPgNJ>H" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. IP OgKgC, cOP OgKgCgK FjIBRFKF HBKAFOFKB QUDQK LI>@>H jBHFIAB UBKFABK P>KgJI>U>?FIFN. 4BBU 'FK TkGkSMB FOJFKAB ?FN cUB FjIBRF LIAQeQKQ AcjcKBIFJ. !Q FjIBR ?cPcK cUBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF OgCgNIgULN LIOQK: DMBTT 4BBU \ WPJE TjGjSMB() \ TBBU = 0; EBLJLB = 0; TBOJZF = 0; ^ ^ // ...

'>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, >UKg FjIBR H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> aBMBS4BBU P>N>CgKA>K A> BAFKFIFN RB LKQK KBOKBIBNF FIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: BVUP CBlVDV4BBUJ = OFX `BMBS4BBU(20, 30, 0, 7, 0); // ... CBlVDV4BBUJ.TjGjSMB();

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K@>H, 4BBU 'FK ?Q TkGkSMB FjIBRFKFK >I>NJI> FIDFIF cUBIBNABK E>?BNF ULHPQN; L, U>IKgV@> HBKAF OgKgCgKgK cUBIBNF FIB FIDFIF LI>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK, >IP OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKFK AB OgCgNI>K>?FIJBIBNF F_FK; cOP OgKgCP>HF TkGkSMB FjIBRFKFK 43DEVCV>?3DV, RB >IP OgKgCP> UBKFABK P>KgJI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF WPJE TjGjSMB() \ TVQFS.TjGjSMB(); BMBSN4BBUJ = 0; BMBSN%BLJLBTj = 0; ^ ^ // ...

IP OgKgCgK U>IKgV@> HBKAF cUBIBNFKF OgCgNI>AgegK>, RB cOP OgKgCgK FjFKF TVQFS.TkGkSMB() _>eNgOg ULIQUI> cOP OgKgC> E>R>IB BPPFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA> TVQFS.TkGkSMB() UBNFKB U>IKgV@> TkGkSMB() U>V>J>AgegJgV> A> >UNg@> AFHH>P BAFK. $eBN U>VO>UAgH, aBMBS4BBU OgKgCg F_FKAB ?QIQKAQeQJQV F_FK bK@BIFHIB LKQK FjIBRF >KI>jgIgNAg, RB F_FKAB ?QIQKAQeQJQV ?Q FjIBR PBHN>N PBHN>N HBKAFOFKF _>egNgNAg. 1LKQ_P> A> MNLDN>J OLKOQV AbKDcUB DFNBN, ?FN ?BIIBH OLNQKQ U>j>N, RB _bHBNBH OLKI>KgNAg. UP4USJOH 'FK P>KgJgKg ?Q KLHP>U> H>A>N DB@FHPFNJBJFK KBABKF, EBN OgKgCgK ?FN OLKN>HF ABNOPB >KI>P>@>egJ 0CKFDU FOJFKAB ?FN OgKgCP>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H PcNBJFj LIJ>Og RB 0CKFDU 'FK V>PBK ?FN UP4USJOH FjIBRF P>KgJI>Jgj LIJ>OgAgN. !Q UcVABK, ?FN OgKgCgK UP4USJOH FjIBRFKFK P>KgJI>K>?FIJBOF F_FK PWFSSJEF >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK AB HQII>KgIJ>Og DBNBHFN: DMBTT 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB, TBOJZF); ^ ^ // ...

DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T %02T:%02T", TVQFS.UP4USJOH(), BMBSN4BBUJ, BMBSN%BLJLBTj); ^ ^ // ...

aBMBS4BBU 'FK FjIBRFKFK 4BBU 'FK FjIBRFKF TVQFS.UP4USJOH() AFUB _>egNAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. NPgH aBMBS4BBU KBOKBIBNFKF AB AFVDF LI>N>H FC>AB BAB?FIFNFV: WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP NBTB4BBUJN = OFX `BMBS4BBU(10, 15, 0, 6, 45); XSJUFMO(NBTB4BBUJN); ^ ZgHPgOg:

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10:15:00 ~06:45

57.7

A:A @P<P4 <3@<3@7, M@A @P<P4 <3@<3@7 E3?7<3 53K307:7?

\OP OgKgC A>E> 97@7>, RB >IP OgKgC A>E> RK7> LIAQeQ F_FK; >IP OgKgC KBOKBIBNF cOP OgKgC KBOKBIBNF UBNFKB DB_B?FIFNIBN. !QK> QA= X7=;>>;>;= ABKFN. !Q DBKBIIFH RB bVBIIFH FIFjHFOFKF "?Q PcN L PcNABKAFN" DF?F FC>ABIBNAB DbNB?FIFNFV: "_>I>N O>>P ?FN O>>PPFN", "beNBK@F ?FN FKO>KAgN", "HBAF ?FN LJQND>Ig E>UR>KAgN", RO. !Q FC>ABIBNB QUDQK LI>N>H; O>>PFK DBNBHPFeF UBNAB _>I>N O>>P, FKO>KgK DBNBHPFeF UBNAB beNBK@F, LJQND>Ig E>UR>KgK DBNBHPFeF UBNAB AB HBAF HQII>KgI>?FIFN. \OP OgKgCgK UBNFKB HQII>KgI>K >IP OgKgC KBOKBIBNF HBKAF PcNIBNFKF H>U?BPJBVIBN. ->OgI KLNJ>I E>U>PP> ?FN _>I>N O>>PFK ?FN O>>P LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>Og LKQK >OIgKA> ?FN _>I>N O>>P LIAQeQ DBN_BeFKF ABeFjPFNJFULNO>, PcNBJBAB AB ABeFjPFNJBV. IP OgKgC HBKAFOF DF?F A>RN>KJ>U> ABR>J BABN. $IFJFVAB 4BBU KBOKBIBNF FIB _>Igj>?FIBK ?FN FjIBR LIOQK. !Q FjIBR HBKAF FjIBJIBNF OgN>OgKA> ?Q RBNFIBK O>>PF AB OgCgNIgULN LIOQK: WPJE LVMMBO(4BBU TBBU) \ // ... TBBU.TjGjSMB(); // ... ^ ZLH jBHFIIFIFeFK U>N>Ng ?bUIB AQNQJI>NA> LNP>U> _gH>N. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR 4BBU PcNcKABK ?FN M>N>JBPNB ?BHIBAFeF E>IAB, LKQ ?FN aBMBS4BBU KBOKBOF FIB AB _>egN>?FIFNFV: BVUP NBTB4BBUJN = OFX `BMBS4BBU(10, 15, 0, 6, 45); XSJUFMO("eODF : ", NBTB4BBUJN); LVMMBO(NBTB4BBUJN); XSJUFMO("TPOSB: ", NBTB4BBUJN); LVMMBO FjIBRF, NBTB4BBUJN KBOKBOFKF ?FN aBMBS4BBU LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK H>?QI BABN, RB ?FN 4BBU DF?F HQII>KgN. !Q, >N>I>NgKA>HF PcNBJBKFK "_>I>N O>>P ?FN O>>PPFN" FIFjHFOFKF LIQjPQNJQj LIJ>OgKA>KAgN. 1LKQ_P>, NBTB4BBUJN KBOKBOF OgCgNI>KJgjPgN: fODF : 10:15:00 ~06:45 TPOSB: 00:00:00 ~00:00 !QN>A> AFHH>PFKFVF _BHJBH FOPBAFeFJ bKBJIF KLHP>, U>IKgV@> O>>P ?FIDFIBNFKFK ABeFI, >I>NJ ?FIDFIBNFKFK AB OgCgNI>KJgj LIJ>OgAgN. LVMMBO FjIBRFKAB ?FN 4BBU 'FK TkGkSMB FjIBRFKFK _>eNgIgULN LIJ>OgK> H>NjgK; >OgI KBOKB ?FN aBMBS4BBU LIAQeQ F_FK, L PcNcK bVBI TkGkSMB FjIBRF _>eNgIgN RB LKQK P>KgJg DBNBeF EBJ O>>PIB FIDFIF cUBIBNF, EBJ AB >I>NJI> FIDFIF cUBIBNF OgCgNI>KgN. NBTB4BBUJN 'FK LVMMBO FjIBRFKB ?FN 4BBU 'JFj DF?F DbKABNFIB?FIJBOF, LKQK >OgI PcNcKAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>V. &bNcIAcec DF?F, LVMMBO FjIBRF ?FN 4BBU KBOKBOF HQII>KAgegKg AcjcKAcec E>IAB, BIFKABHF KBOKBKFK >OgI PcNcKB QUDQK LI>K TkGkSMB FjIBRF _>eNgIJgjPgN. 4BBU OgN>AcVBKFKB ?FN OgKgC A>E> BHIBUBIFJ. 1gCgNI>KJ>U> _>IgjgIAgegKA> cUBIBNFKFK N>ODBIB ABeBNIBN >IAgeg #P[VL4BBU OgKgCg:

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JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; DMBTT #P[VL4BBU : 4BBU \ UIJT() \ TVQFS(0, 0, 0); ^ PWFSSJEF WPJE TjGjSMB() \ TBBU = VOJGPSN(0, 24); EBLJLB = VOJGPSN(0, 60); TBOJZF = VOJGPSN(0, 60); ^

. PcNcK M>N>JBPNB HQII>KJ>A>K HQNQI>?FIJBOF F_FK M>N>JBPNBOFV ?FN HQNQ@Q FjIBR P>KgJI>AgegK> A> AFHH>P BAFK. . HQNQ@QKQK PBH U>MPgeg, HBKAF OLNQJIQeQKA> ?QIQK>K cOP OgKgCgKg HQNJ>HPgN. LVMMBO FjIBRFKB ?Q PcNABK ?FN KBOKB DbKABNAFeFJFV AQNQJA> A> ?Q PcNcK bVBI TkGkSMB FjIBRF _>eNgIgN. ZcKHc ?Q AQNQJA> A> LVMMBO F_FKABHF TBBU M>N>JBPNBOFKFK >OgI PcNc #P[VL4BBU 'PFN: BVUP SBGUBLJ4BBU = OFX #P[VL4BBU; LVMMBO(SBGUBLJ4BBU); XSJUFMO(SBGUBLJ4BBU); #P[VL4BBU 'FK LVMMBO F_FKAB OgCgNI>KJ>Og OLKQ@QKA> LIQj>K N>ODBIB O>>P ABeBNIBNF: 22:46:37

57.8

)M?3;3 53K7R:727?
1gKgCI>NgK ?FN?FNIBNFKFK UBNFKB DB_JBIBNF U>IKgV@> PcNBUBK FHF OgKgCI> OgKgNIg ABeFIAFN. cOP OgKgCI>NgKgK PcNBAFHIBNF OgKgCI>NgK A> UBNFKB DB_BNIBN. 7QH>NgA>HF aBMHk OgN>AcVBKFKF E>PgNI>U>IgJ: DMBTT `BMHj \ // ... ^ DMBTT 5FMMJ`BMHj : `BMHj \ // ... ^ DMBTT ,FNFOdF : 5FMMJ`BMHj \ // ... ^ .N>A>HF PcNBJBIBN jQ FHF FC>ABUF DBN_BHIBjPFNFNIBN: "PBIIF _>IDg ?FN _>IDgAgN" RB "HBJBK_B ?FN PBIIF _>IDgAgN". #LI>UgOgUI>, "HBJBK_B ?FN _>IDgAgN" A> ALeNQ ?FN FC>ABAFN. !Q UcVABK, aBMHk ?BHIBKBK UBNAB ,FNFOeF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. &BNBHIF PcNIBNFK RB cUB FjIBRIBNFK P>KgJI>KJgj LIAQHI>NgKg R>NO>U>NO>H: WPJE Hf[FM`BM(`BMHj dBMHj, 1BSdB QBSdB) \ IP OgKgCI>N,

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dBMHj.BLPSU&U(); dBMHj.dBM(QBSdB);

// ... BVUP LFNFOdFN = OFX ,FNFOdF; Hf[FM`BM(LFNFOdFN, EPhBdMBNB); Hg[FMaBM FjIBRF ?FN aBMHk ?BHIBAFeF E>IAB, LKQ ?FN ,FNFOeF FIB _>egN>?FIFULNQV; _cKHc DB_FjIF LI>N>H "HBJBK_B ?FN _>IDgAgN". 2cNBJB U>IKgV@> FHF OgKgCI> OgKgNIg ABeFIAFN. $IABHF MNL?IBJB ?>eIg LI>N>H, RB EBN OgKgCgK PBH ?FN DMBTT 'P>K PcNBUB?FIB@BeF HQN>IgK> QUQIAQeQ OcNB@B, OgN>AcVBK DBNBHPFeF H>A>N H>MO>JIg LI>?FIFN.

57.9

(=EBA ME3 7R:3C:3? C3 @=EBA @P<P4:/?

!>VBK ?FN OgKgCP> ?QIQKJ>OgKgK ALe>I LIAQeQ, >J> L OgKgCgK HBKAFOFKFK P>KgJI>U>J>Ageg FjIBRIBNIB H>NjgI>jgI>?FIFN. 1LJQP ?FN DBN_BHIBjPFNJBOF ?QIQKJ>U>K ?Q FjIBRB ?Q OgKgCgK ?FN DAJFE ;X>7G; ABKFN. $K >V ?FN OLUQP FjIBRF ?QIQK>K OgKgCI>N> A> DAJFE DV@V8 FOJF RBNFIFN. [NKBeFK O>PN>K_ P>jI>NgKg FC>AB BABK ?FN OgN>AcVBKAB 4BUSBOe5Bmk OgKgCgKgK P>jgK E>JIBOFKFK U>O>I LIQM LIJ>AgegKg OLNDQI>J>U> U>N>U>K ZBTBM@Nk FOJFKAB ?FN FjIBRF LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ. !bUIB ?FN OgN>AcVBKAB ?Q cOP OgKgC, P>jgK E>KDF H>NBIBNB FIBNIBPFIB?FIB@BeFKF ?FIBJFULN LI>?FIFN; EBN P>jgK E>NBHBPF, LKQKI> FIDFIF LI>K >IP OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K ?FIFKFULNAQN: MFULKQK E>NBHBPFKF 1JZPO OgKgCg ?FIFULNAQN, j>EgK E>NBHBPFKF lBI OgKgCg, RO. BCTUSBDU >K>EP>N ObV@cec, L cUB FjIBRFK ?Q OgKgCP> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJBAFeFKF, RB >IP OgKgCI>NA>K ?FNFOFKAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJBOFKFK X3CE A>6FTF@F ?FIAFNFN: DMBTT 4BUSBOd5Blj \ BCTUSBDU CPPM ZBTBM@Nj(JO ,BSF OFSFEFO, JO ,BSF OFSFZF); ^ &bNcIAcec DF?F; L FjIBR L OgKgCP> P>KgJI>KJ>Jgj, U>IKgV@> BCTUSBDU LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFjPFN. 1LUQP OgKgC PcNIBNFKFK KBOKBIBNF LIQjPQNQI>J>V: BVUP UBl = OFX 4BUSBOd5Blj; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!QKQK KBABKF, BHOFH FjIBRF UcVcKABK ?Q OgKgCgK HQII>KgI>J>V AQNQJA> ?QIQKJ>OgAgN. ZcKHc; BeBN LIQjPQNQI>?FIOB, UBm.ZBTBM@Nk(CV,BSF, mV,BSF) DF?F ?FN _>eNgKgK OLKQ@QKA> KB U>MgI>@>eg ?Q OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K ?FIFKBJBV. [PB U>KA>K, ?Q FjIBRFK P>KgJgKg RBNBK >IP OgKgCI>NgK KBOKBIBNF LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN; _cKHc >IP OgKgC ?Q FjIBRF HBKAFOFKB DbNB P>KgJI>JgjPgN RB FjIBR _>eNgOg OLKQ@QKA> KB U>MgI>@>eg ?bUIB@B ?FIFKFN: DMBTT 1JZPO : 4BUSBOd5Blj \ PWFSSJEF CPPM ZBTBM@Nj(JO ,BSF OFSFEFO, JO ,BSF OFSFZF) \ // ... JlMFWJO QJZPO UBSBGjOEBO HFSdFLMFlUJSJMNFTJ ... SFUVSO LBSBS; ^ ^ !Q FjIBRFK P>KgJgKg A> OQKAQeQ F_FK ?Q >IP OgKgCP>K KBOKBIBN LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN:

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BVUP UBl = OFX 1JZPO;

// EFSMFOJS

57.10

I?<39
!FN bNKBH LI>N>H ABJFN ULIQKA> FIBNIBUBK >N>_I>NI> FIDFIF ?FN OgN>AcVBKB ?>H>IgJ. !Q bNKBHPB OLKQ_P> jQ OgN>AcVBKF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBUB _>Igj>@>egV: %FNJS:PMV"SBDj / ] = -PLPNPUJG 5SFO 7BHPO \ CJOEJS() , JOEJS() / = :PMDV7BHPOV :fL7BHPOV

7BHPO OgKgCgKgK OLUQP LI>N>H ?gN>HPgeg FjIBRIBNF >UKg O>PgNA> HgNJgVg OLNQ Fj>NBPFUIB ?BIFNPPFJ. !QN>A> >J>@gJ U>IKgV@> OgKgC RB OgN>AcVBK P>O>NgJI>NgKg DbOPBNJBH LIAQeQ F_FK C>VI> >UNgKPgU> DFNJBUB@BeFJ RB U>IKgV@> DBNBHPFeF H>A>N HLA U>V>@>egJ. . UcVABK >j>egA>HF FjIBRIBNAB DBN_BH FjIBN U>MJ>H UBNFKB U>IKgV@> _gHgj> JBO>G U>VAgNJ>HI> UBPFKB@BeFJ. 7QH>NgA>HF P>O>NgJA>HF BK DBKBI >N>_ LI>K %FNJS:PMV"SBDk U>IKgV@> FIBNIBJB FjFUIB FIDFIBKB@BH jBHFIAB P>O>NI>KJgj LIOQK. &BKBI LI>N>H ?FN 67?;C JA>F 3C35V LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIJBH F_FK ?Q P>O>NgJA> ?QKA>K A>E> C>VI>Og A> DBNBHJFULN. . OgKgCg jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: DMBTT %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ WPJE JMFSMF(JO TJ[F@U LJMPNFUSF) \ XSJUFGMO(""SBd %T LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS", LJMPNFUSF); ^ ^ %FNJS:PMV"SBDk 'KA>K PcNBJFj LI>K ?FN PcN -PLPNPUJG . !Q OgKgCgK EBKcV ?FN bVBIIFeF ?QIQKJQULN: DMBTT -PLPNPUJG : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \^ /NL?IBJIBN ?bIcJcKAB %FNJS:PMV"SBDk 'K> OLUQP TFTakLBSU FjIBRFKF BHIBAFeFJFV V>J>K -PLPNPUJG PcNc AB TFTakLBSU FjIBRFKFK P>KgJgKg RBNJBH VLNQKA> H>I>@>H. !BKVBN ?F_FJAB, 7BHPO A> ?FN %FNJS:PMV"SBDk 'AgN. K@>H, BeBN R>DLKI>NgK MNLDN>JA> UcH RB ULI@Q R>DLKQ LI>N>H FHFUB >UNgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFULNO> ;@6;C?7 RB 4;@6;C?7 FjIBJIBNFKFK C>NHIg LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHB?FIFN. *QII>KgJ >J>@gK> QUDQK LI>N>H EBN R>DLK J>I RBU> ULI@Q P>jgN. !Q DBKBI P>KgJ> QUDQK LI>N>H ?Q OgKgC> FHF FjIBR BHIBUBIFJ: DMBTT 7BHPO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ BCTUSBDU WPJE CJOEJS(); BCTUSBDU WPJE JOEJS(); ^ &bNcIAcec DF?F, ?Q FjIBRIBNFK 7BHPO >N>UcVcKAB DAJFE LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHFULN _cKHc R>DLKQK FKAFNJB RB ?FKAFNJB FjIBJIBNF OgN>OgKA> P>J LI>N>H KB LI>@>eg L R>DLKQK PcNcKB ?>eIgAgN. !Q FjIBJIBN 7BHPO AcVBUFKAB ?FIFKBJBV. 7LI@Q R>DLKI>NgKgK FKAFNJB FjIBJF R>DLK H>MgI>NgKgK >_gIJ>Og RB ULI@QI>NgK PNBKABK _gHJ>I>NgKg ?BHIBJBH H>A>N ?>OFP LI>?FIFN. 7cH R>DLKI>NgKA> FOB UcH P>jgU>K DbNBRIFIBNB RB ?BIHF AB RFK_ DF?F ?>Vg >N>_I>N> DBNBH AQUQI>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK JOEJS RB CJOEJS FjIBRIBNFKFK OgN>AcVBKFK ?Q >j>J>OgKA> OLUQP LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.

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1LUQP 7BHPO OgKgCgKgK OLUQP FjIBRIBNFKF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH, LKA>K PcNBUBK OLJQP FHF OgKgCgK DbNBRFAFN: DMBTT :PMDV7BHPOV : 7BHPO \ PWFSSJEF WPJE CJOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(":PMDVMBS CJOJZPS"); ^ PWFSSJEF WPJE JOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(":PMDVMBS JOJZPS"); ^

DMBTT :fL7BHPOV : 7BHPO \ PWFSSJEF WPJE CJOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(".BM ZfLMFOJZPS"); ^ PWFSSJEF WPJE JOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(".BM CPlBMjZPS"); ^

1LUQP ?FN OgKgC LIJ>Og 7BHPO 'QK HQII>KgI>J>U>@>eg >KI>JgK> DBIJBV. 7BHPO OgKgCgKgK HBKAFOFKABK KBOKB LIQjPQNQI>J>O> A> 7BHPO OgKgCg ?FN >N>UcV LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF PcNBPJBIBN "UcH R>DLKQ ?FN R>DLKAQN" RB "ULI@Q R>DLKQ ?FN R>DLKAQN" FIFjHFIBNFKF DBN_BHIBjPFNAFHIBNF F_FK ?Q FHF OgKgCg 7BHPO UBNFKB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. !QKQ ?FN>V >j>egA> 5SFO OgKgCg F_FKAB DbNB@BeFV. 2NBKF PBJOFI BABK OgKgCg ?FN ILHLJLPFC RB ?FN R>DLK AFVFOF F_BNB@BH ?F_FJAB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: DMBTT 5SFO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ -PLPNPUJG MPLPNPUJG; 7BHPO<> WBHPOMBS; ^ // ...

!QN>A> _LH bKBJIF ?FN HLKQU> PBHN>N AFHH>PFKFVF _BHJBH FOPFULNQJ. 'BN KB H>A>N -PLPNPUJG RB 7BHPO ABJFN ULIQ >N>_I>Ng LIO>I>N A>, PNBKFK LKI>NA>K PcNBPFIJBOF ALeNQ LIJ>V. 7QH>NgA> ABeFKAFeFJFV HQN>Ig E>PgNI>U>IgJ: OgKgCI>NgK PcNBJBIBNF F_FK, "?Q bVBI PcN, L DBKBI PcNABKAFN" DF?F ?FN FIFjHF ?QIQKJ>Og DBNBHFN. .UO> PNBK KB ?FN ILHLJLPFCPFN, KB AB R>DLKAQN. 2NBK LKI>Ng ;Q7C;C. !Q UcVABK ILHLJLPFC RB R>DLK H>RN>JI>NgKg PNBKFK cUBIBNF LI>N>H P>KgJI>AgH. !FN PNBKFK EBN V>J>K F_FK ILHLJLPFCFKFK LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF H>?QI BABNOBH DB_BNIF ?FN -PLPNPUJG KBOKBOFKF j>NP HLj>K ?FN HQNQ@Q P>KgJI>J>JgV DBNBHFN. 4>DLKI>N OB_FJB ?>eIg FOBIBN LKI>N A> R>DLK BHIBJBUB U>N>U>K ?FN FjIBRIB BHIBKB?FIFNIBN: JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; // ... DMBTT 5SFO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ // ... UIJT(-PLPNPUJG MPLPNPUJG) \

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FOGPSDF(MPLPNPUJG !JT OVMM, "-PLPNPUJG OVMM PMBNB["); UIJT.MPLPNPUJG = MPLPNPUJG;

WPJE WBHPO&LMF(7BHPO<> WBHPOMBS...) \ UIJT.WBHPOMBS _= WBHPOMBS; ^ ^ // ...

*QNQ@QU> ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB, WBHPO&LMF FjIBRF AB R>DLK KBOKBIBNFKFK OVMM LIQM LIJ>AgHI>NgK> ?>H>?FIFNAF. !Q HLKQUQ DbV>NAg BAFULNQJ. 2NBKIB FIDFIF ?FN AQNQJ A>E> AcjcKB?FIFNFV. 2NBKFK FOP>OULKA>K >UNgIJ> RB FOP>OULK> DBIJB FjIBJIBNFKFK AB ABOPBHIBKJBOFKFK DBNBHPFeFKF R>NO>U>IgJ: DMBTT 5SFO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ // ... WPJE JTUBTZPOEBO"ZSjM(TUSJOH JTUBTZPO) \ GPSFBDI (WBHPO; WBHPOMBS) \ WBHPO.CJOEJS(); ^ ^ XSJUFGMO("%T HBSjOEBO BZSjMjZPSV[", JTUBTZPO);

WPJE JTUBTZPOB(FM(TUSJOH JTUBTZPO) \ XSJUFGMO("%T HBSjOB HFMEJL", JTUBTZPO); GPSFBDI (WBHPO; WBHPOMBS) \ WBHPO.JOEJS(); ^

!Q MNLDN>JA> DBNFUB H>I>K, TUE.TUEJP JLAcIcKcK BHIBKJBOF RB ?Q OgKgCI>Ng HQII>K>K ?FN NBJO FjIBRFKFK U>VgIJ>OgAgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // ... WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP MPLPNPUJG = OFX -PLPNPUJG; BVUP USFO = OFX 5SFO(MPLPNPUJG); USFO.WBHPO&LMF(OFX :PMDV7BHPOV, OFX :fL7BHPOV); USFO.JTUBTZPOEBO"ZSjM(""OLBSB"); USFO.JMFSMF(500); USFO.JTUBTZPOB(FM(")BZEBSQBlB");

/NLDN>JA> PNBKB C>NHIg PcNABK FHF R>DLK BHIBKJBHPBAFN: :PMDV7BHPOV RB :gL7BHPOV . $H LI>N>H, 5SFO OgKgCg MNLDN>JA> FHF C>NHIg >N>UcVcK OQKAQeQ FjIBRIBNIB HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN: 1. JMFSMF FjIBRF _>eNgIAgegKA> USFO KBOKBOF ?FN %FNJS:PMV"SBDk LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN _cKHc L FjIBR %FNJS:PMV"SBDk AcVBUFKAB ?FIAFNFIJFjPFN RB 5SFO P>N>CgKA>K PcNBJB ULIQUI> BAFKFIJFjPFN.

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2. JTUBTZPOEBO"ZSkM RB JTUBTZPOB(FM FjIBRIBNF _>eNgIAgegKA> FOB USFO KBOKBOF ?FN 5SFO LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN _cKHc L FjIBRIBN 5SFO AcVBUFKAB ?FIAFNFIJFjIBNAFN. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg JOEJS RB CJOEJS FjIBRIBNFKFK R>DLKI>NgK PcNcKB ?>eIg LI>N>H QUDQI>KAgegKg DbOPBNFULN: :PMDVMBS CJOJZPS p .BM ZgLMFOJZPS p "OLBSB HBSkOEBO BZSkMkZPSV[ "SBe 500 LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS )BZEBSQBmB HBSkOB HFMEJL :PMDVMBS JOJZPS p .BM CPmBMkZPS p

57.11

IF3A
x 2cNBJB, "?Q PcN L PcNABKAFN" FIFjHFOF F_FKAFN. x 'BN OgKgC BK C>VI> ?FN DMBTT 'P>K PcNBPFIB?FIFN. x TVQFS 'FK FHF HQII>KgJg R>NAgN: cOP OgKgCgK HQNQ@QOQKQ _>egNJ>H RB cOP OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKB BNFjJBH. x PWFSSJEF , cOP OgKgCgK ?FN FjIBRFKF ?Q OgKgC F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>N. x BCTUSBDU , OLUQP FjIBRFK >IP OgKgCI>NA>K ?FNFOFKAB P>KgJI>KJ>OgKg j>NP HLj>N.

57.12

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 7QH>NgA>HF OgN>AcVBKFK BK cOP OgKgCg LI>K %FNJS:PMV"SBDk 'Kg ABeFjPFNBIFJ. *>_ HFILJBPNB FIBNIBAFeFKF ?FIAFNJBKFK U>KgKA> EBN UcV HFILJBPNB F_FK ?FN AB OBO _gH>NPOgK: DMBTT %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ WPJE JMFSMF(JO TJ[F@U LJMPNFUSF) \ XSJUFGMO(""SBd %T LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS:", LJMPNFUSF); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. LJMPNFUSF / 100) \ XSJUFGMO(" %T", TFT`jLBSU()); ^

K@>H, TFTakLBSU FjIBRF %FNJS:PMV"SBDk OgKgCgKA> P>KgJI>K>J>OgK _cKHc EBN >N>@gK HBKAF bVBI OBOF LIOQK: { -PLPNPUJG F_FK "_QC _QC" { 7BHPO F_FK "P>HgP>H PQHQP>H" %AE: &;/8.</<GN5+;= ;X>7G;@; X;?6;>;= 4;C DA@C3=; DACFJ3 4VC3=V@. 'BN >N>@gK C>NHIg OBOF LIAQeQ F_FK TFTakLBSU 'gK DBKBI ?FN P>KgJg RBNFIBJBV. . UcVABK cOP OgKgCP> OLUQP LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJBOF DBNBHFN: DMBTT %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ // ... ^ BCTUSBDU TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU();

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TFTakLBSU FjIBRFKF >IP OgKgCI>N F_FK DBN_BHIBjPFNFK RB jQ NBJO FIB ABKBUFK: WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP WBHPO1 = OFX :PMDV7BHPOV; WBHPO1.JMFSMF(100); BVUP WBHPO2 = OFX :fL7BHPOV; WBHPO2.JMFSMF(200); BVUP MPLPNPUJG = OFX -PLPNPUJG; MPLPNPUJG.JMFSMF(300);

!Q MNLDN>JgK >j>egA>HF _gHPgUg RBNJBOFKF O>eI>UgK: "SBe 100 LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS: UBLkUBL UVLVUBL "SBe 200 LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS: UBLkUBL UVLVUBL UBLkUBL UVLVUBL "SBe 300 LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS: eVG eVG eVG eVG eVG eVG #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, :PMDV7BHPOV FIB :gL7BHPOV >UKg OBOF _gH>NPgULNI>N. . UcVABK LKI>NgK OBOF, LNP>H cOP OgKgCI>Ng LI>K 7BHPO P>N>CgKA>K O>eI>K>?FIFN. 3. TFTakLBSU FjIBRFKF 5SFO OgKgCg F_FK K>OgI P>KgJI>U>?FIB@BeFKFVF AcjcKcK. !FN CFHFN: 5SFO 'FK OBOFKF, F_BNAFeF ILHLJLPFCFK RB R>DLKI>NgK OBOIBNFKFK ?FNIBjFJF LI>N>H LIQjPQN>?FIFNOFKFV. ... QRKS?>7C

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58

0CKFDU
_gH_> ?>jH> ?FN OgKgCP>K PcNBPFIJBUBK OgKgCI>N LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H 0CKFDU >AIg OgKgCP>K PcNBNIBN. 1gN>AcVBKFK BK cOPcKABHF OgKgC 0CKFDU 'PBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H PcNBN: DMBTT `BMHj : 0CKFDU \ // ... ^ DMBTT 5FMMJ`BMHj : `BMHj \ // ... ^ // ": 0CKFDU" ZB[jMNB[; PUPNBUJLUJS

// EPMBZMj PMBSBL 0CKFDU'UFO UfSFS

$K cOPPBHF OgKgC 0CKFDU 'PBK PcNBAFeF F_FK, >IPgKA>HF ?cPcK OgKgCI>N A> ALI>UIg LI>N>H 0CKFDU 'PBK PcNBNIBN. !Q >KI>JA> "EBN OgKgC, 0CKFDU PcNcKABKAFN". !Q PcNBJB OLKQ@QKA> EBN OgKgC 0CKFDU 'FK ?>Vg cUB FjIBRIBNFKF BAFKFN: x x x x UP4USJOH : -BOKBKFK AFVDF LI>N>H FC>ABOF. PQ&RVBMT : $jFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>Og. PQ$NQ : 1gN> H>NjgI>jPgNJ>Og. UP)BTI : $jIBJB P>?ILOQ FKABHO ABeBNF.

!Q FjIBRIBNABK OLK c_c OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKF bK MI>K> _gH>NPJ>H RB LKI>Ng BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KJ>H F_FK DBNBHIFAFN. 2cNBJB ULIQUI> BAFKFIAFHIBNF F_FK ?Q FjIBRIBNFK PcNBUBK PcN F_FK PWFSSJEF >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. %AE: ",4/-= 'E7@ 76;@;>7@ 43X=3 SJ7>7C 67 G3C6VC; A@>3CV 4FC363 3@>3E?3J353TV?.

58.1

UP4USJOH
7>MgI>NA> LIAQeQ DF?F, RB ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPB AB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, KBOKBKFK AFVDF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N: DPOTU TBBU = OFX 4BBU(20, 30, 0); XSJUFMO(TBBU); // TBBU.UP4USJOH()'J dBhjSjS 1gKgCgK 0CKFDU 'PBK H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> BAFKAFeF UP4USJOH FjIBRF C>VI> HQII>KgjIg ABeFIAFN; AbKAcNAcec TUSJOH U>IKgV@> PcNcK FOJFKF F_BNFN: EFOFNF.4BBU 1gKgCgK FOJFKABK bK@BHF ?bIcJ, U>KF UQH>NgA>HF EFOFNF , L OgKgCg F_BNBK JLAcIcK FOJFKF ?BIFNPFN. .K> ?>H>N>H, 4BBU OgKgCgKgK EFOFNF.E FOFJIF ?FN H>UK>H ALOU> F_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgegKg >KI>U>?FIFNFV. [K@BHF ?bIcJAB LIAQeQ DF?F, >KI>JIg ?FN TUSJOH cNBPJBOF F_FK ?Q FjIBR EBJBK EBJBK EBN V>J>K F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; DMBTT 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU

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\ ^ ^

SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB, TBOJZF);

// ...

DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T %02T:%02T", TVQFS.UP4USJOH(), BMBSN4BBUJ, BMBSN%BLJLBTj); ^ ^ // ...

// ... BVUP CBlVDV4BBUJ = OFX `BMBS4BBU(20, 30, 0, 7, 0); XSJUFMO(CBlVDV4BBUJ); ZgHPgOg: 20:30:00 ~07:00

58.2

PQ&RVBMT
fjIB_ 7cHIBJB ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, ?Q cUB FjIBR == FjIB@FKFK P>KgJgKg ?BIFNIBN (RB ALI>UIg LI>N>H != FjIB@FKFK P>KgJgKg). fjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNF KBOKBIBN BjFPIBNOB USVF , ABeFIIBNOB GBMTF LIJ>IgAgN. :$4B: !Q FjIBRFK PQ$NQ FIB PQP>NIg LIJ>Og DBNBHFN; USVF AbKAcNAcec AQNQJA> PQ$NQ A> OgCgN AbKAcNJBIFAFN. 7>MgI>NgK >HOFKB, ABNIBUF@F B == C DF?F ?FN FC>ABUF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H B.PQ&RVBMT(C) FC>ABOFKB AbKcjPcNJBV. fHF OgKgC KBOKBOF H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgHI>NgKA> >j>egA>HF AbNP >AgJIgH >IDLNFPJ> QUDQI>KgN: CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU B, 0CKFDU C) \ JG (B JT C) SFUVSO USVF; JG (B JT OVMM ]] C JT OVMM) SFUVSO GBMTF; JG (UZQFJE(B) == UZQFJE(C)) SFUVSO B.PQ&RVBMT(C); SFUVSO B.PQ&RVBMT(C) && C.PQ&RVBMT(B); ^

// // // //

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1. fHF ABeFjHBK AB >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eIgULNI>NO> (RBU> FHFOF AB OVMM FOBIBN) BjFPPFNIBN. 2. 7>IKgV@> ?FNFOF OVMM FOB BjFP ABeFIAFNIBN. 3. 'BN FHF KBOKB AB >UKg PcNABK FOBIBN RB L PcNcK PQ&RVBMT FjIBRF P>KgJI>KJgjO> B.PQ&RVBMT(C) FjIBPFIFN. 4. HOF P>HPFNAB, BjFP LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIJBIBNF F_FK BeBN P>KgJI>KJgjI>NO> EBJ B.PQ&RVBMT(C) 'KFK EBJ AB C.PQ&RVBMT(B) 'KgK USVF cNBPJBIBNF DBNBHFN. #LI>UgOgUI>, PQ&RVBMT MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K bVBIIFHIB P>KgJI>KJ>JgjO> L OgKgCgK KBOKBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKB ?>HgIJ>V; FHF OgKgC ABeFjHBKFKFK >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>UgM O>eI>J>AgHI>NgK> ?>HgIgN: BVUP EFhJlLFO0 = OFX 4BBU(6, 7, 8); BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX 4BBU(6, 7, 8);

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BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO0 != EFhJlLFO1); // FlJU EFhJMMFS // (dfOLf GBSLMj OFTOFMFS) 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF FHF KBOKB >UKg M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFUIB HQNQIAQHI>Ng E>IAB, OFX FIB >UNg >UNg HQNQIJQj LIAQHI>Ng F_FK FHF C>NHIg KBOKBAFN. !Q UcVABK, LKI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K EFiJmLFO0 RB EFiJmLFO1 ABeFjHBKIBNF 0CKFDU 'FK DbVcKAB 7X;E 67T;>>7C6;C. [PB U>KA>K, >UKg KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng F_FK jQ FHF ABeFjHBK 7X;EE;C: BVUP PSUBL0 = OFX 4BBU(9, 10, 11); BVUP PSUBL1 = PSUBL0; BTTFSU(PSUBL0 == PSUBL1); // FlJUMFS // (dfOLf BZOj OFTOF)

!>VBK KBOKBIBNF ?bUIB HFJIFHIBNFKB DbNB ABeFI, ABeBNIBNFKB DbNB H>NjgI>jPgNJ>H FOPBNFV. [NKBeFK EFiJmLFO0 'gK RB EFiJmLFO1 'FK BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng KBOKBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKFK BjFP LIJ>I>NgK> ?>H>N>H, == FjIB@FKFK USVF cNBPJBOFKF ?BHIBUB?FIFNFV. 7>MgI>NA>K C>NHIg LI>N>H, RB 0CKFDU 'PBK H>IgPgJI> BAFKFIAFeF F_FK, PQ&RVBMT FjIBRFKFK M>N>JBPNBOF 0CKFDU 'PFN. . UcVABK, ?Q FjIBRF HBKAF OgKgCgJgV F_FK P>KgJI>NHBK M>N>JBPNBOFKF 0CKFDU LI>N>H U>VJ>JgV DBNBHFN: DMBTT 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ // ... ^ ^ // ...

*BKAFJFV 0CKFDU LI>N>H ALeNQA>K HQII>KJ>U>@>egJgV F_FK ?Q M>N>JBPNBKFK FOJFKF HQII>KgjOgV LI>N>H P AFUB OB_JBHPB ?FN O>HgK@> DbNJcULNQJ. fIH RB _LeQ AQNQJA> A> PBH FjFJFV, LKQ ?FN PcN AbKcjcJcKAB HQII>KJ>H LI>@>H. PQ&RVBMT '> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DBIBK KBOKB, HLA F_FKAB == FjIB@FKFK O>e P>N>CgKA> U>VgI>K KBOKBAFN. [NKBeFK jQ FHF O>PgN ?FN?FNFKFK BjABeBNFAFN: EFhJlLFO0 == EFhJlLFO1; // P, EFhJlLFO1'J UFNTJM FEFS

!Q FjIB_PBHF >J>_ ?Q OgKgCP>K FHF KBOKBUF H>NjgI>jPgNJ>H LIAQeQ F_FK, FjIBRF P>KgJI>NHBK U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK FIH jBU, M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DBIBK 0CKFDU 'FK PcNcKc HBKAF OgKgCgJgVgK PcNcKB AbKcjPcNJBHPFN. 1>eA>HF KBOKBUF ABeFjPFNJBH DF?F ?FN KFUBPFJFV AB LIJ>Ageg F_FK, PcN AbKcjcJcKAB DPOTU ?BIFNPB@FKF HQII>KJ>H A> QUDQK LIQN: PWFSSJEF CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU 4BBU)P; ^ // ...

'>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, PcN AbKcjcJc F_FK TUE.DPOW.UP FjIBRF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... DPOTU TBhEBLJ = UP!(DPOTU 4BBU)(P);

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7QH>NgA>HF PcN AbKcjcJc FjIBJF U> TBiEBLJ 'KFK PcNcKc ?Q jBHFIAB DPOTU 4BBU LI>N>H ?BIFNIBN U> A> AbKcjcJ QUQJOQVO> OVMM cNBPFN. !QN>A> H>N>N RBNFIJBOF DBNBHBK bKBJIF ?FN HLKQ, O>eA>HF KBOKBKFK PcNcKcK ?Q KBOKBKFK PcNc FIB >UKg LIJ>AgegKA> KB LI>@>egAgN. 1>eA>HF KBOKBKFK PcN AbKcjcJc OLKQ@QKA> OVMM cNBPJBOF, O>eA>HF KBOKBKFK >OIgKA> ?Q PcNB AbKcjPcNcIBJBAFeF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. !BK KBOKBIBNFK BjFP H>?QI BAFIB?FIJBIBNF F_FK ?Q AbKcjcJcK ?>j>NgIg LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF R>NO>U>@>egJ. !Q UcVABK BjFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>NgKA> bK@BIFHIB TBiEBLJ 'KFK OVMM LIJ>AgegK> ?>H>@>egJ. 8>PBK OVMM LIAQeQ AQNQJA> TBiEBLJ 'KFK cUBIBNFKB BNFjJBH E>P>IgAgN: DMBTT 4BBU \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; JOU TBOJZF; PWFSSJEF CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU 4BBU)P; SFUVSO (TBhEBLJ && (TBBU == TBhEBLJ.TBBU) && (EBLJLB == TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB) && (TBOJZF == TBhEBLJ.TBOJZF));

^ ^

// ...

fjIBRFK ?Q P>KgJg O>UBOFKAB, == FjIB@F 4BBU KBOKBIBNFKF >NPgH ABeBNIBNFKB DbNB H>NjgI>jPgNgN: BVUP EFhJlLFO0 = OFX 4BBU(6, 7, 8); BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX 4BBU(6, 7, 8); BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO0 == EFhJlLFO1); // BSUjL FlJUMFS // (dfOLf EFhFSMFSJ BZOj) PQ&RVBMT 'g P>KgJI>NHBK, BeBN R>NO> RB KBOKBIBNFK BjFP H>?QI BAFIJBIBNF F_FK DBNBHIFUOB, cOP OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKF AB QKQPJ>J>H DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK >IP OgKgC LI>K aBMBS4BBU 'FK KBOKBIBNFKF H>NjgI>jPgNgNHBK, 4BBU 'PBK H>IgPgJI> BAFKAFeF M>N_>I>Ng A> H>NjgI>jPgNJ>H >KI>JIg LIQN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ JOU BMBSN4BBUJ; JOU BMBSN%BLJLBTj; PWFSSJEF CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU `BMBS4BBU)P; SFUVSO (TBhEBLJ && (BMBSN4BBUJ == TBhEBLJ.BMBSN4BBUJ) && (BMBSN%BLJLBTj == TBhEBLJ.BMBSN%BLJLBTj) && TVQFS.PQ&RVBMT(P));

^ ^

// ...

.N>A>HF FC>AB TVQFS 'FK PQ&RVBMT FjIBRFKF _>egNgN RB BjFPIFH H>N>NgKA> LKQK A> OLKQ@QKQ HQII>KJgj LIQN. .KQK UBNFKB A>E> HgO>@> TVQFS == P A> U>VgI>?FIFN. K@>H, bUIB U>VgIAgegKA> UQH>NgA>HF AbNP >AgJIg >IDLNFPJ> PBHN>N FjIBPFIB@BeFKABK HLA ?FN>V A>E> U>R>j LI>?FIFN.

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58.3

PQ$NQ
1gKgC KBOKBIBNFKF OgN>I>J>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN. < , <= , > , RB >= FjIB_IBNFKFK P>KgJg F_FK MBNAB >NH>OgKA> ?Q FjIBR HQII>KgIgN. !Q FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNFKF < FjIB@F cVBNFKAB AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV: 1LIA>HF KBOKB bK@B LIAQeQKA> BHOF ?FN ABeBN, O>eA>HF KBOKB bK@B LIAQeQKA> >NPg ?FN ABeBN, FHFOF BjFP LIAQHI>NgKA> OgCgN AbKAcNJBIFAFN. :$4B: !Q FjIBRFK PQ&RVBMT FIB PQP>NIg LIJ>Og DBNBHFN; OgCgN AbKAcNAcec AQNQJA> PQ&RVBMT A> USVF AbKAcNJBIFAFN. UP4USJOH 'FK RB PQ&RVBMT 'QK >HOFKB, ?Q FjIBRFK 0CKFDU OgKgCgKA>K H>IgPgJI> BAFKFIBK ?FN A>RN>Kgjg ULHPQN. 2>KgJI>KJ>A>K HQII>KgIgNO> E>P> >PgIgN: BVUP EFhJlLFO0 = OFX 4BBU(6, 7, 8); BVUP EFhJlLFO1 = OFX 4BBU(6, 7, 8); BTTFSU(EFhJlLFO0 <= EFhJlLFO1); // p )BUB BUkMkS

PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO: OFFE PQ$NQ GPS DMBTT EFOFNF.4BBU 7QH>NgA> PQ&RVBMT F_FK ObUIBKBKIBN ?Q FjIBR F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN: 1>eA>HF KBOKBKFK PcNcKcK ?Q KBOKBKFK PcNcKB BjFP LIJ>Ageg AQNQJA> E>KDFOFKFK A>E> bK@B OgN>I>KJ>Og DBNBHPFeF HLKQOQK> ?FN jBHFIAB H>N>N RBNJBH DBNBHFN. !QKQK BK HLI>Ug ?Q H>N>Ng ABNIBUF@FUB ?gN>HJ>HPgN, _cKHc ABNIBUF@F PcNIBN >N>OgKA> V>PBK DBKBI ?FN OgN>I>J> ?BIFNIBN. 2cNIBN >UKg LIJ>AgHI>NgKA> ?Q OgN>I>J>A>K U>N>NI>KJ>KgK ULIQ, UZQFJE 'IBNFKFK PQ$NQ FjIBRFKABK U>N>NI>KJ>HPgN: DMBTT 4BBU \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; JOU TBOJZF; PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ /* 5fSMFS BZOj PMNBEjLMBSjOEB UfSMFSJO HFOFM * TjSBMBNBTjOEBO ZBSBSMBOjZPSV[. */ JG (UZQFJE(UIJT) != UZQFJE(P)) \ SFUVSO UZQFJE(UIJT).PQ$NQ(UZQFJE(P)); ^ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU 4BBU)P; /* TBhEBLJ'OJO OVMM PMVQ PMNBEjhjOB CBLNBZB HFSFL ZPL * dfOLf CVSBZB HFMJONJlTF 'P' JMF BZOj UfSEFOEJS. */ JG (TBBU != TBhEBLJ.TBBU) \ SFUVSO TBBU - TBhEBLJ.TBBU; ^ FMTF JG (EBLJLB != TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB) \ SFUVSO EBLJLB - TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB; ^ FMTF \ SFUVSO TBOJZF - TBhEBLJ.TBOJZF; ^

^ ^

// ...

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7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJ, KBOKBIBNF OgN>I>J> >J>@gUI> H>NjgI>jPgNgNHBK bK@BIFHIB PcNIBNFKFK QUQJIQ LIQM LIJ>AgHI>NgK> ?>HgULN. $eBN QUQJIQ FOBIBN O>>P ?FIDFOFKF AFHH>PB >IgULN; O>>PIBN BjFPIBNOB A>HFH>I>N>, LKI>N A> BjFPIBNOB O>KFUBIBNB ?>HgULN. -B U>VgH HF, ?Q FjIBRFK ?Q DF?F H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>NA> A>E> DcVBI RBU> A>E> BPHFK ?FN U>VgJg ULHPQN. $eBN A>E> QUDQK ?QIQNO>KgV, FC-BIOB-FC VFK@FNF UBNFKB LKQK BjABeBNF LI>K c_Ic FjIB@F AB HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ JG (UZQFJE(UIJT) != UZQFJE(P)) \ SFUVSO UZQFJE(UIJT).PQ$NQ(UZQFJE(P)); ^ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU 4BBU)P; SFUVSO (TBBU != TBhEBLJ.TBBU TBBU - TBhEBLJ.TBBU : (EBLJLB != TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB EBLJLB - TBhEBLJ.EBLJLB : TBOJZF - TBhEBLJ.TBOJZF));

!Q FjIBRF ?FN >IP OgKgC F_FK P>KgJI>NHBK RB H>NjgI>jPgNJ>A> bKBJF R>NO>, cOP OgKgCgKg A> QKQPJ>J>H DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF aBMBS4BBU.PQ$NQ OgN>I>J> H>N>NgKA> bK@BIFHIB cOP OgKgCgKA>K U>N>NI>KgULN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU `BMBS4BBU)P; DPOTU JOU fTU4POVd = TVQFS.PQ$NQ(P); JG (fTU4POVd != 0) \ SFUVSO fTU4POVd; ^ FMTF JG (BMBSN4BBUJ != TBhEBLJ.BMBSN4BBUJ) \ SFUVSO BMBSN4BBUJ - TBhEBLJ.BMBSN4BBUJ; ^ FMTF \ SFUVSO BMBSN%BLJLBTj - TBhEBLJ.BMBSN%BLJLBTj; ^

^ ^

// ...

\OP OgKgCgK OgCgNA>K C>NHIg ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNJBOF AQNQJQKA>, FHF KBOKBKFK OgN>I>Ng FIB FIDFIF UBPBNIF ?FIDF BAFKFIJFjPFN; RB L ABeBN AbKAcNcIcN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>, >IP OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKB >K@>H cOP OgKgC M>N_>I>Ng BjFP _gHPgegKA> ?>HgIJ>HP>AgN. NPgH ?Q PcNcK KBOKBIBNF OgN>I>J> H>NjgI>jPgNJ>I>NgKA> HQII>KgI>?FIFN: BVUP dT0 = OFX `BMBS4BBU(8, 0, 0, 6, 30); BVUP dT1 = OFX `BMBS4BBU(8, 0, 0, 6, 31); BTTFSU(dT0 < dT1); . HLAA> AFeBN ?cPcK cUBIBNF BjFP LIAQeQ F_FK, eT0 RB eT1 'FK K>OgI OgN>I>K>@>HI>NgKg BK OLK ?>HgI>K >I>NJ A>HFH>Og ?BIFNIBN.

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!Q FjIBR U>IKgV@> HBKAF U>VAgegJgV HLAI>NA> HQII>KgIJ>H F_FK ABeFIAFN. /NLDN>JA> HQII>KAgegJgV HcPcME>KBIBN RB AFI LI>K>HI>Ng A> ?Q FjIBRF _>egN>?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN AFVF F_FKABHF KBOKBIBNFK .TPSU FIB OgN>I>KJ>I>NgKA>, RBU> OgKgCgK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKA> FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>OgKA> A> MBNAB >NH>OgKA> ?Q FjIBRABK U>N>NI>KgIgN.
58.3.1

D7F57 AM?M<23< =:/< ME3:3? 7K7< PQ$NQ

#FVDF PcNcKABHF cUBIBN F_FK PQ$NQ FjIBRFKF BHOF, OgCgN, RBU> >NPg AbKAcNB@BH jBHFIAB QVQK QVQK jbUIB U>V>?FIFNOFKFV: JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; DMBTT ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(ahSFODJ)P; FOGPSDF(TBhEBLJ); JG (JTJN < TBhEBLJ.JTJN) \ SFUVSO -1; ^ FMTF JG (JTJN > TBhEBLJ.JTJN) \ SFUVSO 1; ^ FMTF \ SFUVSO 0; ^

^ ^

// ...

.KQK UBNFKB, TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K RB >UKg H>NjgI>jPgNJ>Ug A>E> EgVIg LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNBK DNQ FjIBRFKF AB HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; DMBTT ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(ahSFODJ)P; FOGPSDF(TBhEBLJ); ^ ^ SFUVSO DNQ(JTJN, TBhEBLJ.JTJN);

// ...

!Q PcNcK, HBKAFOFUIB QUQJOQV LI>K PcNIBNIB OgN> H>NjgI>jPgNgIJ>OgKA> HQII>KgIJ>OgK> FVFK RBNJBAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. !Q ABKBPFJF 0CKFDU 'PBK biSFODJ 'UB PcN AbKcjcJcKcK ?>j>NgIg LIJ>OgK> FOGPSDF FIB ?>H>N>H O>eIgULN.

58.4

UP)BTI
!Q FjIBR, OgKgCgK BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. $jIBJB P>?ILOQKQK BIBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgeg AQNQJA> ?FN BPHFOF ULHPQN.

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:$4B: 7>IKgV@> ?Q FjIBRF P>KgJI>J>H UBPJBV. !Q FjIBRFK BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> ALeNQ LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK PQ&RVBMT RB PQ$NQ FjIBRIBNFKFK AB ?FN?FNIBNFUIB PQP>NIg LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.
58.4.1

ER:3;3 A/0:=@B 7<239@ 23N3?:3?7

$jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng BIBJ>K BNFjFJFKF _LH EgVIg jBHFIAB DBN_BHIBjPFNBK RBNF U>MgI>NgAgN. \OPBIFH ?QKQ, P>?ILA> KB H>A>N BIBJ>K ?QIQKAQeQKA>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H U>M>?FIFNIBN. (%AE: 7C X7J;@ A>6FTF 9;4; 4F :VKV@ 63 4;C 4767>; G3C6VC: 7>7?3@>3CV DVC3DVK A>3C3= EFE?3= KACF@636VC>3C, G7 =7D;@>;=>7 97C7=7@ ?;=E3C63@ 63:3 83K>3 47>>7= =F>>3@VJAC A>34;>;C>7C.) $jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK ?Q EgVg, FKABHO LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K PcNc bK@B :3D: ABKBK ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBNB _BRFNJBIBNFKABK H>UK>HI>KgN. !Q P>JO>UgUg HBKAFIBNFKB >FP ?FN AFVFKFK FKABHOF LI>N>H HQII>KgNI>N. !Q UbKPBJFK EgVA>K ?>jH> ?FN U>N>Ng, P>JO>UgU> AbKcjPcNcIB?FIBK EBN PcNcK BjIBJB P>?ILOQ FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFAFN. UP)BTI , OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK ?Q >J>_ F_FK FKABHO ABeBNIBNF AbKAcNJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. !Q O>UBAB, MBH J>KPgHIg LIJ>O> A>, 4BBU PcNcKc ?FIB FKABHO LI>N>H HQII>K>?FIFNFV: TUSJOH<4BBU> [BNBOiTJNMFSJ; [BNBOiTJNMFSJ<OFX 4BBU(12, 0, 0)> = "ehMFOJ HeTUFSFO TBBU"; 0CKFDU 'PBK H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> BAFKFIBK UP)BTI FjIBRF, C>NHIg KBOKBIBN F_FK C>NHIg FKABHO ABeBNIBNF cNBPB@BH jBHFIAB P>KgJI>KJgjPgN. !Q, PQ&RVBMT 'QK C>NHIg KBOKBIBNFK BjFP LIJ>AgHI>NgKg H>?QI BPJBOFKB ?BKVBN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLA 4BBU OgKgCg F_FK bVBI ?FN UP)BTI FjIBRF P>KgJI>KJ>Jgj LIO> ?FIB ABNIBKFN; >J> FOPBAFeFJFV DF?F _>IgjJ>V. 7QH>NgA>HF P>?ILU> BHIBKJFj LI>K 4BBU KBOKBOF FIB >UKg ABeBNB O>EFM LI>K, >J> LKA>K C>NHIg ?FN 4BBU KBOKBOF FIB BNFjJBH FOPBOBH; ALe>I LI>N>H P>?ILA>HF "beIBKF DbOPBNBK O>>P" ABeBNFKF ?QIJ>Ug ?BHIBNFV: JG (OFX 4BBU(12, 0, 0) JO [BNBOiTJNMFSJ) \ XSJUFMO("WBS"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("ZPL"); ^ -B U>VgH HF, LN>A>HF JO FjIB@F GBMTF AbKAcNcN; U>KF ?Q KBOKBKFK P>?ILA> ?QIQKJ>AgegKg ?BIFNPFN: ZPL !QKQK KBABKF, UBNIBjPFNFIFNHBK HQII>KgI>K KBOKB FIB BNFjFNHBK HQII>KgI>K KBOKBKFK OFX FIB >UNg >UNg LIQjPQNQIJQj LIJ>I>NgAgN; U>KF FHFOF C>NHIg KBOKBIBNAFN. #LI>UgOgUI>; 0CKFDU 'PBK H>IgPgJI> BAFKFIBK UP)BTI , BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> FKABHO ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>U> _LeQ AQNQJA> BIRBNFjIF ABeFIAFN. UP)BTI 'F, ?FN P>JO>Ug FKABHO AbKAcNB@BH jBHFIAB ?FVFJ U>VJ>JgV DBNBHFN.

58.4.2

UP)BTI 7K7< @3K7:3139 ME3:3?

fKABHO ABeBNF, KBOKBKFK cUBIBNF HQII>KgI>N>H EBO>MI>KgN. QUDQK ABeFIAFN. K@>H, EBN cUB ?Q FKABHO EBO>?gK>

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!QKQK F_FK OB_FIB@BH cUBIBN, KBOKBUF AFeBN KBOKBIBNABK >UgNP BPJBUB U>N>U>K cUBIBN LIJ>IgAgN. [NKBeFK biSFODJ DF?F ?FN OgKgCgK JTJN RB TPZBE cUBIBNFKFK FHFOF ?FNABK KBOKBIBNF >UgNP BPJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN; _cKHc ?Q FHF cUBKFK EBN KBOKBAB C>NHIg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV. (fOFJ ?BKVBNIFHIBNFKF DbV>NAg BAFULNQJ.) [PB U>KA>K, biSFODJ OgKgCgKgK OPUMBS AFVFOF QUDQK ABeFIAFN; _cKHc EBJ ?FNABK C>VI> KBOKBAB >UKg KLP ABeBNIBNF ?QIQK>?FIFN; EBJ AB >UKg beNBK@FKFK KLPI>Ng V>J>KI> ABeFjB?FIFN.
58.4.3

O<239@ 23N3?7<7< 63@/>:/<;/@P

fKABHO ABeBNFKFK EBO>?g BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK EgVgKg ALeNQA>K BPHFIBN. \OPBIFH, EBN EBO>M EBN _BjFP RBNF cVBNFKAB >UKg ABNB@B BPHFIF ABeFIAFN. 3UDQK EBO>MI>J> UbKPBJIBNF ?Q HFP>?gK H>MO>Jg AgjgKA> H>IAgeg F_FK ?Q HLKQKQK >UNgKPgOgK> DFNJBUB@BeFJ RB DBKBI ?FN FIHB RBNJBHIB UBPFKB@BeFJ: &BKBI LI>N>H, ABeBNIBNFKFK C>NHIg LIAQHI>Ng H>?QI BAFIBK KBOKBIBNFK C>NHIg FKABHO ABeBNIBNFKFK LIJ>Og BPHFKIFH >_gOgKA>K FUFAFN. %>NHIg ABeBNIF KBOKBIBNFK >UKg FKABHO ABeBNFKF cNBPJBIBNF E>P> ABeFIAFN; MBNCLNJ>KO >_gOgKA>K FOPBKJBUBK ?FN AQNQJAQN. 4BBU KBOKBIBNFKFK C>NHIg H>?QI BAFIB?FIJBIBNF F_FK ?cPcK cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKFK bKBJIF LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV. !Q UcVABK, FKABHO ABeBNF LI>N>H L c_ cUBABK U>N>NI>KgI>N>H BIAB BAFIBK ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. $eBN FKABHO ABeBNF LI>N>H DB@B U>NgOgKA>K H>_ O>KFUB bPBAB LIQKAQeQ HQII>KgIgNO>, EBNE>KDF ?FN cUBOF ABeFjFH LI>K FHF KBOKBKFK FKABHO ABeBNIBNFKFK C>NHIg LI>@>eg D>N>KPF BAFIJFj LIQN: DMBTT 4BBU \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; JOU TBOJZF; PWFSSJEF TJ[F@U UP)BTI() DPOTU \ // 4BBUUF 3600 WF EBLJLBEB 60 TBOJZF CVMVOEVhV JdJO: SFUVSO (3600 * TBBU) + (60 * EBLJLB) + TBOJZF; ^ ^ // ...

$jIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA> FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H 4BBU HQII>KgIAgegKA> >NPgH MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ?Q UP)BTI HQII>KgIgN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA>, UQH>NgA>HF HLAA> OFX FIB C>NHIg LI>N>H HQNQIJQj LI>K FHF KBOKBKFK O>>P, A>HFH>, RB O>KFUB ABeBNIBNF >UKg LIAQeQKA>K BjIBJB P>?ILOQKA> >UKg FKABHO ABeBNF cNBPFIFN. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg >NPgH ?BHIBKBK OLKQ@Q RBNFN: WBS [K@BHF FjIBRIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, cOP OgKgCg QKQPJ>J>H DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK, aBMBS4BBU 'FK UP)BTI FjIBRF 4BBU 'FKHFKABK jbUIB U>N>NI>K>?FIFN: DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ JOU BMBSN4BBUJ; JOU BMBSN%BLJLBTj; PWFSSJEF TJ[F@U UP)BTI() DPOTU \ SFUVSO TVQFS.UP)BTI() + BMBSN4BBUJ + BMBSN%BLJLBTj; ^

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// ...

%AE: .F=3CV63=; :7D34V 4;C RC@7= A>3C3= =34F> 76;@. *3?D3JV 67T7C>7C; EAB>3J3C3= SC7E;>7@ ;@67=D 67T7C>7C; 97@7>67 7X>7?7 E34>ADF B7C8AC?3@DV 3QVDV@63@ ;J; 67T;>6;C. #; HBOFNIF O>UgI>N, AFVFIBN, RB U>Mg PcNIBNF F_FK _LeQ AQNQJ> QUDQK LI>K FKABHO ABeBNF >IDLNFPJ>I>Ng HQII>KgN. !Q >IDLNFPJ>I>NA>K MNLDN>J@g A> U>N>NI>K>?FIFN. *QI>e> H>NJ>jgH DBIAFeF E>IAB >OIgKA> _LH HgO>@> U>MJ>JgV DBNBHBK; bK@B UZQFJE 'UF cUB FIB, OLKN> A> UZQFJE 'KFK AbKAcNAcec KBOKBKFK HFU)BTI cUB FjIBRFKF cUBKFK >ANBOF FIB _>egNJ>HPgN. 'BMOFKFK AbKcj ABeBNF, L cUBUB QUDQK ?FN FKABHO ABeBNFAFN. !Q; HBOFNIF O>UgI>N, AFVFIBN RB U>MgI>N F_FK EBM >UKg jBHFIAB U>VgIgN. [eNBK@FKFK FOJFKF ?FN TUSJOH cUBOFKAB PQP>K RB BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng F_FK FKABHO ABeBNF LI>N>H ?QKA>K U>N>NI>KJ>H FOPBUBK ?FN OgKgCgK UP)BTI FjIBRF jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: DMBTT ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; PWFSSJEF TJ[F@U UP)BTI() DPOTU \ SFUVSO UZQFJE(JTJN).HFU)BTI(&JTJN); ^ ^ // ...

58.4.4

,/>P:/? 7K7< UP)BTI

7>MgI>N ABeBN PcNIBNF LIAQHI>NgKA>K LKI>NgK FKABHO ABeBNIBNF V>PBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H RB BPHFK ?FN >IDLNFPJ>UI> EBO>MI>KgN. . >IDLNFPJ> KBOKBKFK ?cPcK cUBIBNFKF AFHH>PB >IgN. $eBN EBNE>KDF ?FN KBABKIB, bNKBeFK ?FN beNBK@F U>MgOgKgK KLP ?FIDFOFKF Agj>NgA> ?gN>H>@>H jBHFIAB HBKAFKFV U>VJ>H FOPBNOBKFV; UP)BTI 'F U>MgI>N F_FK AB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNOFKFV.

58.5

&?=0:3;:3?
1. $IFJFVAB NBKHIF KLHP>I>Ng FC>AB BABK ?FN OgKgC LIOQK: FOVN 3FOL \ NBWJ, ZFlJM, LjSNj[j ^ DMBTT /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; 3FOL SFOL; UIJT(JOU Y, JOU Z, 3FOL SFOL) \ UIJT.Y = Y; UIJT.Z = Z; UIJT.SFOL = SFOL; ^

!Q OgKgCgK PQ&RVBMT FjIBRFKF NBKDF DbV>NAg BAB@BH jBHFIAB U>VgK. iQ FHF KLHP>, NBKHIBNF C>NHIg LIAQeQ E>IAB BjFP _gHOgKI>N. 7>KF BTTFSU ABKBPFJF ALeNQ _gHOgK:

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// 3FOLMFSJ GBSLMj BVUP NBWJ/PLUB = OFX /PLUB(1, 2, 3FOL.NBWJ); BVUP ZFlJM/PLUB = OFX /PLUB(1, 2, 3FOL.ZFlJM); // :JOF EF FlJUMFS BTTFSU(NBWJ/PLUB == ZFlJM/PLUB); 2. UKg OgKgC F_FK PQ$NQ FjIBRFKF bK@BIFHIB Y 'B OLKN> Z 'UB ?>H>@>H jBHFIAB U>VgK. BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF ALeNQ _gHOgK: BVUP LjSNj[j/PLUB1 = OFX /PLUB(-1, 10, 3FOL.LjSNj[j); BVUP LjSNj[j/PLUB2 = OFX /PLUB(-2, 10, 3FOL.LjSNj[j); BVUP LjSNj[j/PLUB3 = OFX /PLUB(-2, 7, 3FOL.LjSNj[j); BTTFSU(LjSNj[j/PLUB1 < NBWJ/PLUB); BTTFSU(LjSNj[j/PLUB3 < LjSNj[j/PLUB2); /* .BWJ SFOL EBIB eODF PMEVhV IBMEF, SFOL He[BSEj * FEJMEJhJOEFO NBWJ/PLUB ZFlJM/PLUB'EBO EBIB eODF * PMNBNBMjEjS. */ BTTFSU(!(NBWJ/PLUB < ZFlJM/PLUB)); !Q OgKgCgK PQ$NQ FjIBRFKF AB UQH>NgA> biSFODJ OgKgCgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F QUQJOQV PcNIBNFK H>NjgI>jPgNgIJ>I>NgKg ABOPBHIBJBUB@BH ?F_FJAB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFNOFKFV. 3. \_ KLHP>Ug ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBK ?>jH> ?FN OgKgC LIOQK: DMBTT bdHFO#eMHF \ /PLUB<3> OPLUBMBS; UIJT(/PLUB CJS, /PLUB JLJ, /PLUB fd) \ OPLUBMBS = < CJS, JLJ, fd >; ^ j>egA>HF

. OgKgC F_FK UP)BTI FjIBRFKF ?cPcK KLHP>I>NgKg HQII>K>@>H ?F_FJAB U>VgK. 7FKB >j>egA>HF BTTFSU 'IBN ALeNQ _gHOgK: /* CeMHF1 WF CeMHF2, EFhFSMFSJ BZOj PMBO GBSLMj OPLUBMBSMB * LVSVMVZPSMBS. ()BUjSMBUNB: NBWJ/PLUB WF ZFlJM/PLUB * EFhFS PMBSBL FlJU LBCVM FEJMJZPSMBSEj.) */ BVUP CeMHF1 = OFX bdHFO#eMHF(NBWJ/PLUB, ZFlJM/PLUB, LjSNj[j/PLUB1); BVUP CeMHF2 = OFX bdHFO#eMHF(ZFlJM/PLUB, NBWJ/PLUB, LjSNj[j/PLUB1); // :JOF EF FlJUMFS BTTFSU(CeMHF1 == CeMHF2); // #JS FlMFNF UBCMPTV EPVCMF<bdHFO#eMHF> CeMHFMFS; // CeMHF1 JMF JOEFLTMFOJZPS CeMHFMFS<CeMHF1> = 1.25; // CeMHF2 JMF EF BZOj WFSJZF FSJlJMJZPS BTTFSU(CeMHF2 JO CeMHFMFS); BTTFSU(CeMHFMFS<CeMHF2> == 1.25); UP)BTI P>KgJI>KAgegKA> PQ&RVBMT RB PQ$NQ FjIBRIBNFKFK AB P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHPFeFKF QKQPJ>UgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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59

A?/EMF:3?
1gKgC OgN>AcVBKIBNFKAB >N>UcV P>KgJI>J>H F_FK DMBTT >K>EP>N ObV@cec UBNFKB JOUFSGBDF HQII>KgIgN. JOUFSGBDF , ?>Vg LI>K>HI>Ng HgOgPI>KJgj OLUQP OgKgC DF?FAFN: x !FIAFNAFeF >J> P>KgJgKg RBNJBAFeF ?cPcK cUB FjIBRIBNF OLUQPPQN; BCTUSBDU >K>EP>N ObV@cec ?FIB DBNBHJBV. x 2>KgJgKg A> RBNAFeF cUB FjIBRIBN F_BNFULNO> L FjIBRIBNFK TUBUJD RBU> GJOBM LIJ>I>Ng j>NPPgN. (TUBUJD RB GJOBM FjIBRIBNF >j>egA> >_gHI>U>@>egJ.) x $eBN R>NO>, cUB ABeFjHBKIBNF >K@>H TUBUJD LI>?FIFNIBN. x N>UcVIBN >K@>H ?>jH> >N>UcVIBNIBNABK PcNBUB?FIFNIBN. !Q HgOgPI>J>I>NgK> N>eJBK >N>UcVIBNFK DBPFNAFHIBNF bKBJIF ?FN U>N>N R>NAgN: 'BN OgKgC BK C>VI> ?FN DMBTT 'P>K PcNBUB?FIAFeF E>IAB JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBJBKFK OgKgNg ULHPQN.

59.1

)/<P;:/<;/@P
DMBTT UBNFKB JOUFSGBDF U>VgI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN: JOUFSGBDF 4FTMJ"MFU \ // ... ^ JOUFSGBDF L >N>UcVcK DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBRIBNF ?FIAFNFN >J> P>KgJI>NgKg RBNJBV: JOUFSGBDF 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT(); ^

// :BMOj[DB CJMEJSJMJS (UBOjNj WFSJMNF[)

. >N>UcV FIB HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNF F_FK, JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBUBK OgKgCI>NgK JOUFSGBDF 'FK ?FIAFNAFeF FjIBRIBNF P>KgJI>J>I>Ng DBNBHFN.

59.2

JOUFSGBDF 'A3< AM?3A;3

2cNBJB ObV AFVFJF DMBTT 'P>K C>NHIg ABeFIAFN: DMBTT ,FNBO : 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "~"; ^ ^ DMBTT `BO : 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "djO"; ^ ^ \OP OgKgCI>NA> A> LIAQeQ DF?F, M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H JOUFSGBDF >I>K FjIBRIBN LKI>Ng >OgI PcNIBNFKF ?FIJBABK HQII>K>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK, FjIBJIBNF OgN>OgKA> ?FN 4FTMJ"MFU HQII>K>K >j>egA>HF FjIBR E>KDF PcN ?FN OBOIF >IBP LIAQeQKQ ?FIJBABK LKQK TFT FjIBRFKABK U>N>NI>K>?FIFN:

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WPJE TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(4FTMJ"MFU BMFU) \ // ... CB[j JlMFNMFS ... XSJUFMO(BMFU.TFT()); // ... CBlLB JlMFNMFS ... ^ 1gKgCI>NA> A> LIAQeQ DF?F, L FjIBR 4FTMJ"MFU >N>UcVcKABK PcNBUBK EBN OgKgC FIB _>eNgI>?FIFN: TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX ,FNBO); TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX `BO); 'BN >IBPFK HBKAF >OgI PcNcKcK P>KgJI>Ageg TFT FjIBRF _>eNgIgN RB OLKQ_P> OgN>OgUI> ,FNBO.TFT RB aBO.TFT cUB FjIBRIBNFKFK _gHPgI>Ng DbNcIcN: |}} ekO

59.3

B7?23< 4/F:/ JOUFSGBDF 'A3< AM?3A;3

!FN OgKgC >K@>H PBH ?FN DMBTT 'P>K PcNBPFIB?FIFN. JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBJBAB FOB ?bUIB ?FN HgOgPI>J> ULHPQN. [NKBH LI>N>H, E>?BNIBjJB >IBPIBNFKF PBJOFI BABK >j>egA>HF >N>UcVc BIB >I>IgJ: JOUFSGBDF )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ \ WPJE LPOVl(TUSJOH NFTBK); TUSJOH EJOMF(); ^ 5FMFGPO OgKgCgKg EBJ ?FN OBOIF >IBP, EBJ AB ?FN E>?BNIBjJB >IBPF LI>N>H HQII>K>?FIJBH F_FK LKQ ?Q FHF >N>UcVABK ?FNABK PcNBPBNBH P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: DMBTT 5FMFGPO : 4FTMJ"MFU, )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ \ // ... ^ . P>KgJ jQ FHF FIFjHFUF ?FNABK O>eI>N: "PBIBCLK ?FN OBOIF >IBPPFN" RB "PBIBCLK ?FN E>?BNIBjJB >IBPFAFN". 5FMFGPO OgKgCgKgK KBOKBIBNFKFK LIQjPQNQI>?FIJBOF F_FK ?Q FHF >N>UcVcK DBNBHPFNAFeF ?cPcK FjIBRIBNF P>KgJI>Jgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: DMBTT 5FMFGPO : 4FTMJ"MFU, )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ \ TUSJOH TFT() // 4FTMJ"MFU JdJO \ SFUVSO "[jSSS [jSSS"; ^ WPJE LPOVl(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ // ... NFTBKj IBUUB JMFU ... ^ TUSJOH EJOMF() \ TUSJOH IBUUB%VZVMBO4FT; // ... TFTJ IBUUBO PLV ... // )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ JdJO

// )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ JdJO

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SFUVSO IBUUB%VZVMBO4FT;

/NLDN>JgK DBNBHIBNF ALeNQIPQOQKA> OgKgNOgV O>UgA> JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBPFIB?FIFN.

59.4

JOUFSGBDF 'A3< C3 DMBTT 'A/< AM?3A;3

!FN OgKgC, ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBPFIJBKFK U>KgKA>, ?FN >ABP LIAQeQ OcNB@B >UKg V>J>KA> ?FN OgKgCP>K A> PcNBPFIB?FIFN: DMBTT 4BBU \ // ... LFOEJ HFSdFLMFlUJSNFTJ ... ^ DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU, 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "CJ CJ CJJQ"; ^ ^ aBMBS4BBU , 4BBU 'FK ?cPcK cUBIBNFKF RB cUB FjIBRIBNFKF PcNBJB ULIQUI> BAFKJBHPBAFN. !QKQK U>KgKA>, 4FTMJ"MFU >N>UcVcKcK DBNBHPFNAFeF TFT FjIBRFKF P>KgJI>J>H VLNQKA>AgN.

59.5

JOUFSGBDF 'A3< JOUFSGBDF AM?3A;3

N>UcVABK PcNBPFIBK ?FN >N>UcV, >IP OgKgCI>NgK P>KgJI>J>I>Ng DBNBHBK FjIBRIBNFK O>UgOgKg >NPPgNJgj LIQN: JOUFSGBDF .f[JL"MFUJ : 4FTMJ"MFU \ WPJE BLPSU&U(); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJ> DbNB, ?FN .g[JL"MFUJ LI>?FIJBH F_FK EBJ 4FTMJ"MFU 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF TFT FjIBRFKFK, EBJ AB .g[JL"MFUJ 'KFK DBNBHPFNAFeF BLPSU&U FjIBRFKFK P>KgJI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF ,FNBO OgKgCg ALeNQA>K 4FTMJ"MFU >N>UcVcKABK PcNBPFIJBH UBNFKB >N>A>HF .g[JL"MFUJ 'KABK PcNBPFIOB, BLPSU&U FjIBRFKF AB P>KgJI>J>Og DBNBHFN: DMBTT ,FNBO : .f[JL"MFUJ \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "~"; ^

// 4FTMJ"MFU JdJO

WPJE BLPSU&U() // .f[JL"MFUJ JdJO \ // ... BLPSU JlMFNMFSJ ... ^

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59.6

TUBUJD ME3 7R:3C:3?

TUBUJD cUB FjIBRIBN U>MgI>N, OgKgCI>N, RB >N>UcVIBN F_FK P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. [K@BHF ?bIcJIBNF DBNBeFKABK C>VI> H>NJ>jgHI>jPgNJ>J>H F_FK ?Q LI>K>eg ?Q ?bIcJB ?gN>HPgJ. '>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, KLNJ>I cUB FjIBRIBN EBN V>J>K F_FK ?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB _>eNgIgNI>N. \UB FjIBR F_FKAB HQII>KgI>K cUBIBN EBM L KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFAFN: TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU J; WPJE EFhJlUJS(JOU EFhFS) \ J = EFhFS; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP OFTOF0 = :BQj(); BVUP OFTOF1 = :BQj(); OFTOF0.EFhJlUJS(10); OFTOF1.EFhJlUJS(10); // OFTOF0.J EFhJlJS // OFTOF1.J EFhJlJS

$H LI>N>H, cUBIBN cUB FjIBR F_FKABUHBK "?Q KBOKB" >KI>JgK> DBIBK UIJT FIB AB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFNIBN: WPJE EFhJlUJS(JOU EFhFS) \ UIJT.J = EFhFS; // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ ^ TUBUJD cUB FjIBRIBN FOB EF_?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB FjIBJBVIBN; cUB FjIBR F_FKABUHBK UIJT >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK H>NjgIgH DBIAFeF ?FN KBOKB ULHPQN. . UcVABK, TUBUJD cUB FjIBR F_FKABUHBK EF_?FN @AC?3> SJ7 67T;X=7@ DB_BNIF ABeFIAFN: TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU J; TUBUJD WPJE PSUBLilMFW(JOU EFhFS) \ J = EFhFS; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* UIJT.J = EFhFS; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* ^

TUBUJD FjIBRIBN >K@>H PcNIBNFK LNP>H cUBIBNF LI>K TUBUJD cUBIBNF HQII>K>?FIFNIBN. 7>MgI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV /PLUB PcNcKc TUBUJD cUB FjIBRF LI>@>H ?F_FJAB PBHN>N P>KgJI>U>IgJ. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, /PLUB PcNcKcK EBN KBOKBOFKB C>NHIg ?FN KQJ>N> RBNFIFULNAQ. -QJ>N>I>N ?Q OBCBN TUBUJD ?FN cUB FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKFULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU /PLUB \ TJ[F@U OVNBSB; JOU TBUjS; JOU TfUVO;

// /FTOFOJO LFOEJ OVNBSBTj

// #VOEBO TPOSB PMVlUVSVMBDBL PMBO OFTOFOJO OVNBSBTj

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TUBUJD TJ[F@U TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; UIJT (JOU TBUjS, JOU TfUVO) \ UIJT.TBUjS = TBUjS; UIJT.TfUVO = TfUVO; UIJT.OVNBSB = ZFOJ/VNBSB#FMJSMF(); ^ TUBUJD TJ[F@U ZFOJ/VNBSB#FMJSMF() \ JNNVUBCMF ZFOJ/VNBSB = TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; ++TPOSBLJ/VNBSB; SFUVSO ZFOJ/VNBSB; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP fTUUFLJ = /PLUB(7, 0); BVUP PSUBEBLJ = /PLUB(8, 0); BVUP BMUUBLJ = /PLUB(9, 0); XSJUFMO(fTUUFLJ.OVNBSB); XSJUFMO(PSUBEBLJ.OVNBSB); XSJUFMO(BMUUBLJ.OVNBSB);

TUBUJD ZFOJ/VNBSB#FMJSMF FjIBRF, PcNcK LNP>H ABeFjHBKF LI>K TPOSBLJ/VNBSB 'Ug HQII>K>?FIFN. 1LKQ_P> EBN KBOKBKFK C>NHIg ?FN KQJ>N>Og LIQN: 0 1 2 7QH>NgA> ?FN U>Mg cVBNFKAB DbOPBNAFeFJ TUBUJD cUB FjIBRIBN OgKgCI>NI> RB >N>UcVIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

59.7

GJOBM ME3 7R:3C:3?

GJOBM cUB FjIBRIBN OgKgCI>N RB >N>UcVIBN F_FK P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. (7>MgI>NA> PcNBJB LIJ>Ageg F_FK U>MgI>NI> FIDFIF ?FN LI>K>H ABeFIAFN.) [K@BHF ?bIcJIBNF DBNBeFKABK C>VI> H>NJ>jgHI>jPgNJ>J>H F_FK ?Q LI>K>eg ?Q ?bIcJB ?gN>HPgJ. "1LK" >KI>JgK> DBIBK GJOBM >K>EP>N ObV@cec ?FN cUB FjIBRFK P>KgJgKgK A>E> >IPP>HF OgKgCI>N P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIBJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN; ?FN >KI>JA>, >IDLNFPJ>KgK OLK P>KgJg ?Q OgKgC RBU> >N>UcV P>N>CgKA>K RBNFIJBHPBAFN. !FN >IDLNFPJ>KgK >K> E>PI>NgKgK cOP OgKgC RBU> >N>UcV P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKAFeF RB >UNgKPgI>NgKgK >IP OgKgCI>N> ?gN>HgIAgeg AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN. !QKQK bNKBeFKF ?FN 0ZVO >N>UcVcKAB DbNBIFJ. !FN LUQKQK K>OgI LUK>PgIAgegKgK >K> E>PI>Ng ?Q >N>UcVcK PZOBU FjIBRF P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKJBHPBAFN: JOUFSGBDF 0ZVO \ GJOBM WPJE PZOBU() \ TUSJOH JTJN = PZVOiTNJ(); XSJUFGMO("%T PZVOV CBlMjZPS", JTJN); PZVODVMBSj5BOj(); IB[jSMBO(); CBlMBU();

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TPOMBOEjS(); ^ XSJUFGMO("%T PZVOV CJUUJ", JTJN);

TUSJOH PZVOiTNJ(); WPJE PZVODVMBSj5BOj(); WPJE IB[jSMBO(); WPJE CBlMBU(); WPJE TPOMBOEjS();

GJOBM FjIBRFK P>KgJI>Ageg >AgJI>NgK >IP OgKgCI>N P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBOF JcJHcK ABeFIAFN. OgKgCI>N >K@>H >UKg >N>UcV P>N>CgKA>K j>NP HLjQIJQj LI>K ?Bj FjIBRF P>KgJI>U>?FIFNIBN RB ?bUIB@B >IDLNFPJ>Ug P>J>JI>Jgj LIQNI>N: JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUE.TUSJOH; TUE.SBOEPN; TUE.DPOW;

IP

DMBTT ;BS5PQMBNj0ZVOV : 0ZVO \ TUSJOH PZVODV; TJ[F@U BEFU; TJ[F@U UPQMBN; TUSJOH PZVOiTNJ() \ SFUVSO ";BS 5PQMBNj"; ^ WPJE PZVODVMBSj5BOj() \ XSJUF("iTNJOJ[ OFEJS "); PZVODV = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); ^ WPJE IB[jSMBO() \ XSJUF(",Bd LFSF [BS BUjMTjO SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); UPQMBN = 0; ^

");

WPJE CBlMBU() \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ JNNVUBCMF [BS = VOJGPSN(1, 7); XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, [BS); UPQMBN += [BS; ^ ^ WPJE TPOMBOEjS() \ XSJUFGMO("0ZVODV: %T, ;BS UPQMBNj: %T, 0SUBMBNB: %T", PZVODV, UPQMBN, UP!EPVCMF(UPQMBN) / BEFU); ^

WPJE LVMMBO(0ZVO PZVO) \ PZVO.PZOBU(); ^ WPJE NBJO() \

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LVMMBO(OFX ;BS5PQMBNj0ZVOV());

7QH>NgA> ?FN >N>UcV cVBNFKAB DbOPBNAFeFJ GJOBM cUB FjIBRIBN OgKgCI>NI> A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

59.8

$/@P: 9B::/<;/:P
JOUFSGBDF _LH HQII>KgI>K ?FN LI>K>HPgN. 'BJBK EBJBK ?cPcK OgN>AcVBKIBNFK BK cOPcKAB ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> JOUFSGBDF ?QIQKQN. $K OgH H>NjgI>jgI>K OgN>AcVBKIBNABK ?FNFOF, PBH ?FN JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBUBK ?>OFP DBN_BHIBjPFNJB OgKgCI>NgKA>K LIQj>K OgN>AcVBKAFN: .f[JL"MFUJ (JOUFSGBDF) / ] = = ,FNFOdF 4B[ ,BWBM ... ZLH A>E> H>NJ>jgH OgN>AcVBKIBNIB AB H>NjgI>jgIgN >J> ?Q ?>OFP U>Mg _LeQ MNLDN>JgK FEPFU>@g F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. !>Vg >IP OgKgCI>NgK LNP>H DBN_BHIBjPFNJBIBNFKFK ?FN >N> OgKgCP> P>KgJI>KAgeg AQNQJI>NI> A> OgH H>NjgI>jgIgN. IP OgKgCI>N ?Q LNP>H OgKgCP>K PcNBNIBN. j>egA>HF OgN>AcVBKAB 5FMMJ.g[JL"MFUJ RB /FGFTMJ.g[JL"MFUJ OgKgCI>Ng HBKAF >IP PcNIBNFKFK LNP>H cUBIBNFKF F_BNFULN LI>?FIFNIBN: .f[JL"MFUJ (JOUFSGBDF) / = 5FMMJ.f[JL"MFUJ /FGFTMJ.f[JL"MFUJ / ] = / ] = ,FNFOdF 4B[ ... ,BWBM /FZ ... . LNP>H OgKgCI>NA>K PcNBUBK >IP OgKgCI>N A> HBKAF A>E> bVBI P>KgJI>NgKg F_BNB?FIFNIBN.

59.9

(=EBA:/;/
N>UcVIBN MNLDN>JI>NgK >IP ?bIcJIBNFKF ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgVI>jPgNJ>U> U>N>NI>N. !QK> DAJFE>3?3 ABKFN. [NKBeFK, JcVFH >IBPIBNF HQII>K>K ?FN MNLDN>JgK ?cUcH ?FN ?bIcJc U>IKgV@> .g[JL"MFUJ >N>UcVcKABK E>?BNF LI>@>H ?F_FJAB RB U>IKgV@> LKQ HQII>K>N>H U>VgI>?FIFN. .g[JTZFO DF?F ?FN OgKgC >OgI PcNcKc ?FIJBABK ?FN .g[JL"MFUJ F_BNB?FIFN: DMBTT .f[JTZFO \ .f[JL"MFUJ BMFU; // ... ^ !FNABK C>VI> JcVFH >IBPFKF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBK PcNIBN L >IBPIBNFK >OgI PcNIBNFKF ?FIJBH VLNQKA> ABeFIIBNAFN: .f[JL"MFUJ<> PSLFTUSBEBLJ"MFUMFS; /NLDN>JgK _LeQ FjIBRF U>IKgV@> ?Q >N>UcVc HQII>K>N>H U>VgI>?FIFN: CPPM BLPSU(FSFLJZPS@NV(.f[JL"MFUJ BMFU) \ CPPM LBSBS; // ... SFUVSO LBSBS;

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^ WPJE Hf[FM`BM(.f[JL"MFUJ BMFU) \ JG (BLPSU(FSFLJZPS@NV(BMFU))\ BMFU.BLPSU&U(); ^ ^ XSJUFMO(BMFU.TFT());

!Q jBHFIAB ?FN DAJFE>3?3 HQII>K>N>H MNLDN>JgK ?bIcJIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV E>IB DBPFNFIJBIBNF, >IP OgKgCI>NA> FIBNFAB DBNBHB?FIB@BH HLA AcVBKIBJBIBNFKFK OBN?BOP_B U>MgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. IP OgKgCI>NgK DBN_BHIBjPFNJBIBNF ?Q >N>UcVcK 3C=3DV@63 LIAQHI>Ng F_FK, ?Q >N>UcVc HQII>K>K HLAI>N L ABeFjFHIFHIBNABK BPHFIBKJBJFj LIQNI>N.

59.10

I?<39
4FTMJ"MFU , .g[JL"MFUJ , RB )BCFSMFmNF"MFUJ >N>UcVIBNFKF F_BNBK ?FN MNLDN>J jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOUFSGBDF 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT(); ^ /* #V TjOjGjO ZBMOj[DB TFT JlMFWJOJ UBOjNMBNBTj HFSFLJS. */ DMBTT `BO : 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "djO"; ^ ^ JOUFSGBDF .f[JL"MFUJ : 4FTMJ"MFU \ WPJE BLPSU&U(); ^ /* #V TjOjGjO TFT WF BLPSU&U JlMFWMFSJOJ UBOjNMBNBTj * HFSFLJS. */ DMBTT ,FNBO : .f[JL"MFUJ \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "~"; ^ WPJE BLPSU&U() \ // ... LFNBOjO BLPSU JlMFNMFSJ ... ^

JOUFSGBDF )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ \ WPJE LPOVl(TUSJOH NFTBK); TUSJOH EJOMF(); ^ /* #V TjOjGjO TFT, LPOVl, WF EJOMF JlMFWMFSJOJ UBOjNMBNBTj * HFSFLJS. */ DMBTT 5FMFGPO : 4FTMJ"MFU, )BCFSMFlNF"MFUJ

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AC3JSK>7C

TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "[jSSS [jSSS"; ^ WPJE LPOVl(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ // ... NFTBKjO IBUUB JMFUJMNFTJ ... ^ TUSJOH EJOMF() \ TUSJOH IBUUB%VZVMBO4FT; // ... TFTJO IBUUBO PLVONBTj ... SFUVSO IBUUB%VZVMBO4FT; ^

DMBTT 4BBU \ // ... 4BBU'JO HFSdFLMFlUJSJMNFTJ ... ^ /* #V TjOjGjO ZBMOj[DB TFT JlMFWJOJ UBOjNMBNBTj HFSFLJS. */ DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU, 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "CJ CJ CJJQ"; ^ ^ // ... `BMBS4BBU'JO HFSdFLMFlUJSJMNFTJ ...

WPJE NBJO() \ 4FTMJ"MFU<> BMFUMFS; BMFUMFS BMFUMFS BMFUMFS BMFUMFS _= _= _= _= OFX OFX OFX OFX `BO; ,FNBO; 5FMFGPO; `BMBS4BBU;

GPSFBDI (BMFU; BMFUMFS) \ XSJUFMO(BMFU.TFT()); ^

NBJO 'FK F_FKABHF BMFUMFS ?FN 4FTMJ"MFU AFVFOF LIAQeQ F_FK, L AFVFUB 4FTMJ"MFU 'PBK PcNBUBK EBN PcN BHIBKB?FIFULN. 1LKQ_P> MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg ?cPcK >IBPIBNFK cNBPPFHIBNF OBOIBNF F_BNFN: ekO |}} [kSSS [kSSS CJ CJ CJJQ

59.11

IF3A
x JOUFSGBDF ?FN >N>UcV P>KgJI>N; ?cPcK FjIBRIBNF OLUQP LI>K ?FN OgKgC DF?FAFN. &BN_BHIBjPFNJB LI>N>H U>IKgV@> TUBUJD cUB ABeFjHBKIBNF RB TUBUJD RB GJOBM cUB FjIBRIBNF LI>?FIFN. x !FN OgKgCgK KBOKBIBNFKFK LIQjPQNQI>?FIJBOF F_FK, PcNBPFIAFeF ?cPcK >N>UcVIBNFK ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFKFK P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN.

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x 2BH DMBTT 'P>K PcNBPB?FIJB HgOgPI>J>Og JOUFSGBDF 'IBNAB ULHPQN; OgKgCI>N RB >N>UcVIBN OgKgNOgV O>UgA> JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBPFIB?FIFNIBN. x 1gH H>NjgI>jgI>K ?FN OgN>AcVBK, cOPPB ?FN >N>UcV (JOUFSGBDF ) RB >IPP>HF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBIBNFAFN (DMBTT ).

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60

EFTUSPZ C3 TDPQFE
7>j>J 1cNB_IBNF RB 2BJBI fjIBJIBN ABNOFKAB ABeFjHBKIBNFK HQNJ> FjIBJFUIB ?>jI>U>K RB OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJFUIB ?FPBK U>j>J OcNB_IBNFKF DbNJcjPcH. #>E> OLKN>HF ABNOIBNAB AB KBOKBIBNFK HQNQIJ>Og OgN>OgKA> DBNBHBK FjIBJIBNFK UIJT FOFJIF HQNQ@Q FjIBRAB, OLKI>KAgNgIJ>Og OgN>OgKA> DBNBHBK FjIBJIBNFK AB _UIJT FOFJIF OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRAB P>KgJI>KAgHI>NgKg beNBKJFjPFH. 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR, U>MgI>NA> RB ?>jH> 67T7C ESC>7C;@67 KBOKBKFK U>j>Jg OLK> BNBNHBK :7?7@ FjIBPFIFN. 1gKgCI>NA> RB ?>jH> NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFKAB FOB _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K DA@C3=; 4;C K3?3@63 FjIBPFIFN. !QN>A> bKBJIF ?FN >UNgJ R>NAgN: ?FN OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK U>j>JgKgK OLK> BNJBOF FIB OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKFK FjIBPFIJBOF >UKg V>J>KA> DBN_BHIBjJBV. -BOKBKFK U>j>Jg, bNKBeFK DB_BNIF LIAQeQ H>MO>JA>K _gHgIAgeg >K OLK> BNBN. 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRF FOB _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>K OLKN> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIFN. 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBNFK DbNBRIBNFKABK ?>VgI>Ng, KBOKB F_FK HQII>KgIJgj LI>K OFOPBJ H>UK>HI>NgKg DBNF RBNJBHPFN. [NKBeFK TUE.TUEJP.'JMF U>MgOg, FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKABK HBKAF FjF F_FK >IJgj LIAQeQ ALOU> H>UK>egKg OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKAB DBNF RBNFN. NPgH OLKI>KJ>HP> LIAQeQ F_FK V>PBK L H>UK>eg HQII>KJ>Og ObV HLKQOQ ABeFIAFN. 1gKgCI>NgK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>NgKgK _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K P>J LI>N>H KB V>J>K _>eNgI>@>HI>Ng ?BIIF LIJ>Ageg F_FK, ?>VBK H>UK>HI>NgK OFOPBJB DBNF RBNFIJBIBNF DB@FHB?FIFN RB UBKF KBOKBIBN F_FK H>UK>H H>IJ>U>?FIFN.

60.1

(P<P4 @=<:/<2P?P1P 7R:3C:3?7<7< 53K 7R:3A7:;3@7<7 5L@A3?3< 07? L?<39

1gKgCI>NgK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBNFKFK FIBNFABHF ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>KA> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF DbOPBNJBH F_FK ?FN OgKgC P>KgJI>U>IgJ. !Q OgKgCgK HQNQ@Q FjIBRF OgKgCgK TUBUJD ?FN O>U>@gKg >NPPgNOgK RB OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRF AB L O>U>@g >V>IPOgK. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, TUBUJD cUBIBNABK ?FN P>KB ?QIQKQN: 1gKgCgK ?cPcK KBOKBIBNF L PBH cUBUF LNP>HI>j> HQII>KgNI>N. !bUIB@B L O>U>@gK ABeBNFKB ?>H>N>H OgKgCgK KBOKBIBNFKABK H>_ P>KBOFKFK EBKcV OLKI>KAgNgIJ>AgHI>NgKg >KI>U>?FIB@BeFV. DMBTT :BlBNj(e[MFOFO \ JOU<> EJ[J;

// n IFS OFTOFOJO LFOEJTJOF BJUUJS

TUBUJD JOU TBZBd; // n CfUfO OFTOFMFS UBSBGjOEBO // QBZMBljMjS UIJT() \ /* * )FS OFTOF CFMMFLUF dPL ZFS UVUTVO EJZF CV EJ[JZJ * dPL TBZjEB JOU'MJL IBMF HFUJSJZPSV[. /FTOFMFSJO * CeZMF CfZfL PMNBMBSjOjO TPOVDVOEB deQ * UPQMBZjDjOjO CFMMFL BdNBL JdJO POMBSj EBIB TjL * TPOMBOEjSBDBhjOj VNVZPSV[. */ EJ[J.MFOHUI = 30@000; /* * #JS OFTOF EBIB LVSVMNVl PMEVhV JdJO OFTOF TBZBDjOj * CJS BSUUjSjZPSV[. */ ++TBZBd;

_UIJT()

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/* * #JS OFTOF EBIB TPOMBOEjSjMNjl PMEVhV JdJO OFTOF * TBZBDjOj CJS B[BMUjZPSV[. */ --TBZBd;

. OgKgCgK KBOKBIBNFKF ?FN AbKDc F_FKAB LIQjPQN>K ?FN MNLDN>J: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 20) \ BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX :BlBNj(e[MFOFO; XSJUF(:BlBNj(e[MFOFO.TBZBd, ' '); ^ // n TPO ^ XSJUFMO();

// n CBl

. MNLDN>JA> LIQj>K EBN :BmBNk(f[MFOFO KBOKBOFKFK U>j>Jg >OIgKA> _LH HgO>AgN: OFX >K>EP>N ObV@cecUIB ?>jI>N, RB GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK H>M>J> M>N>KPBVFKAB OLK ?QIQN. 7>j>JI>Ng OLK> BNBK ?Q KBOKBIBN _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQK> DFNBNIBN. /NLDN>JA>HF CBl RB TPO >_gHI>J>I>Ng EBN KBOKBKFK U>j>JgKgK ?>jI>Ageg RB OLK> BNAFeF KLHP>Ug DbOPBNFULN. -BOKBIBNFK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBNFKFK, U>j>JI>NgKgK OLK> BNAFeF >K FjIBPFIJBAFHIBNFKF O>U>@gK ABeBNFKB ?>H>N>H DbNB?FIFULNQV: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7QH>NgA>HF _gHPgA>K >KI>jgIAgegK> DbNB, _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK ?BIIBH >UgNJ> >IDLNFPJ>Og, ?Q ABKBUAB ?Q OgKgCgK OLKI>KAgNg@gOgKg BK C>VI> 7 KBOKB F_FK BNPBIBJFjPFN. (%AE: BF QV=EV QRB EAB>3JV5V@V@ JSCSEESTS 3>9AC;E?3J3, 4AX 47>>7= ?;=E3CV@3 G7 43X=3 7E=7@>7C7 43T>V A>3C3= 83C=>V A>34;>;C.)

60.2

$3@<3<7< @=<:/<2P?P1P@P<P 7R:3A;39 7K7< EFTUSPZ()

".NP>A>K H>IAgN" >KI>JgK> DBIBK EFTUSPZ() KBOKBKFK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKF _>egNgN: WPJE NBJO() \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 20) \ BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX :BlBNj(e[MFOFO; XSJUF(:BlBNj(e[MFOFO.TBZBd, ' '); EFTUSPZ(EFhJlLFO); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

:BmBNk(f[MFOFO.TBZBe 'gK ABeBNF OFX O>PgNgKA> HQNQ@Q FjIBRFK FjIBPFIJBOF OLKQ@QKA> >NPPgNgIgN RB 1 LIQN. #BeBNFKFK U>VAgNgIAgeg O>PgNA>K EBJBK OLKN>HF EFTUSPZ() O>PgNgKA> A> OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR P>N>CgKA>K PBHN>N OgCgN> FKAFNFIFN. . UcVABK U>VAgNgIAgeg O>PgNA> EBM 1 LIAQeQKQ DbNcULNQV: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _gH_> OLKI>KAgNgI>K KBOKBIBN DB_BNOFV H>?QI BAFIJBIFAFNIBN RB >NPgH HQII>KgIJ>J>IgAgNI>N:

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EFTUSPZ(EFhJlLFO); // ... // %JLLBU: (FdFSTJ[ CJS OFTOFZF FSJlJMJZPS XSJUFMO(EFhJlLFO.EJ[J); -LNJ>IAB NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF FIB HQII>KgI>K EFTUSPZ , DBNBHPFeFKAB TUSVDU KBOKBIBNFKFK BNHBKABK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>I>Ng F_FK AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

60.3

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHPB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, H>UK>HI>NgK _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK H>N>NgK> H>IJ>A>K EBJBK DBNF RBNFIJBOF DBNBHPFeFKAB HQII>KgIgN.

60.4

I?<39
*QNQ@Q RB #FeBN [VBI fjIBRIBN ABNOFKAB 9NM&MFNBOk FOJFKAB ?FN U>Mg P>KgJI>JgjPgH. . U>Mg, 6,+ BIBJ>KI>NgKg <FUJLFU>EFiFS</FUJLFU> jBHIFKAB U>VAgNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgULNAQ. 6,+ BIBJ>KI>NgKgK H>M>J> BPFHBPIBNFKFK U>VAgNgIJ>Og OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFK DbNBRFUAF: TUSVDU 9NM&MFNBOj \ // ... _UIJT() \ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ, "</", JTJN, '>'); ^

. U>MgUg HQII>K>K ?FN MNLDN>JI> >j>egA>HF _gHPgUg BIAB BPJFjPFH. RB H>M>J> BPFHBPIBNFKF >UKg NBKHPB DbOPBNFULNQJ:

UKg AcVBUAB ?QIQK>K >_J>

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<EFSTMFS> <EFST0> <OPU> 72 </OPU> <OPU> 97 </OPU> <OPU> 90 </OPU> </EFST0> <EFST1> <OPU> 77 </OPU> <OPU> 87 </OPU> <OPU> 56 </OPU> </EFST1> </EFSTMFS>

p ,BQBNB FUJLFUMFSJ EPiSV TBUkSMBSEB CFMJSJZPS

p p

p p p

. _gHPgKgK ALeNQ ?BIFNJBOFKFK KBABKF, 9NM&MFNBOk 'KgK ?FN U>Mg LIJ>OgAgN. 7>MgI>NgK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>Ng EBJBK _>eNgIAgHI>NgKA>K, FOPBKBK _gHPg, KBOKBIBNF QUDQK H>MO>JI>N> UBNIBjPFNBNBH BIAB BAFIFN: WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFSTMFS = 9NM&MFNBOj("EFSTMFS", 0); GPSFBDI (EFST/VNBSBTj; 0 .. 2) \ JNNVUBCMF EFST = 9NM&MFNBOj("EFST" _ UP!TUSJOH(EFST/VNBSBTj), 1); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ JNNVUBCMF OPU = 9NM&MFNBOj("OPU", 2); JNNVUBCMF SBTHFMF/PU = VOJGPSN(50, 101); XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(3), SBTHFMF/PU); ^ // n OPU TPOMBOjS ^ // n EFST TPOMBOjS ^ // n EFSTMFS TPOMBOjS -BOKBIBN >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>Ng FIB ?BIFNPFIBK KLHP>I>NA> OLKI>KAgH_> 6,+ H>M>J> BPFHBPIBNFKF AB _gHgj> U>VAgNgNI>N. 1gKgCI>NgK C>NHgKg DbNJBH F_FK >UKg MNLDN>Jg ?Q OBCBN 9NM&MFNBOk ?FN OgKgC LI>@>H jBHFIAB U>V>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN;

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JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; TUSJOH HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(JO JOU HJSJOUJ"EjNj) \ SFUVSO SFQMJDBUF(" ", HJSJOUJ"EjNj * 2); ^ DMBTT 9NM&MFNBOj \ TUSJOH JTJN; TUSJOH HJSJOUJ; UIJT(JO TUSJOH JTJN, JO JOU Ef[FZ) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN; UIJT.HJSJOUJ = HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(Ef[FZ); ^ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ, '<', JTJN, '>');

_UIJT() \ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ, "</", JTJN, '>'); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFSTMFS = OFX JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj)("EFSTMFS", 0); GPSFBDI (EFST/VNBSBTj; 0 .. 2) \ JNNVUBCMF EFST = OFX JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj)( "EFST" _ UP!TUSJOH(EFST/VNBSBTj), 1); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ JNNVUBCMF OPU = OFX JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj)("OPU", 2); JNNVUBCMF SBTHFMF/PU = VOJGPSN(50, 101); ^ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(3), SBTHFMF/PU);

0BCBN>KO PcNIBNF LI>K OgKgCI>NgK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBNF _bM PLMI>Ug@gU> ?gN>HgIJgj LIAQeQ F_FK MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg >NPgH FOPBKBK AcVBKAB ABeFIAFN:

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<EFSTMFS> <EFST0> <OPU> 57 <OPU> 98 <OPU> 87 <EFST1> <OPU> 84 <OPU> 60 <OPU> 99 </OPU> </OPU> </OPU> </EFST1> </OPU> </OPU> </OPU> </EFST0> </EFSTMFS>

p ,BQBNB FUJLFUMFSJOJO IFQTJ FO TPOEB CFMJSJZPS p p p p p p p p

!cPcK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBN FjIBPFIJFjIBNAFN >J> H>M>J> BPFHBPIBNF ?BHIBKBK UBNIBNAB ABeFIAFN. (%AE: AD>V@63 QRB EAB>3JV5V 4SES@ @7D@7>7C;@ DA@>3@6VCV>353=>3CV 93C3@E;D;@; G7C?7K. NC@7T;@ BCA9C3?V@ QV=EVDV@63 :;Q4;C =3B3?3 B3C3@E7K; 4F>F@?3J34;>;C.) 9NM&MFNBOk 'KgK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKFK ALeNQ KLHP>I>NA> FjIBPFIJBOFKF O>eI>J>H F_FK EFTUSPZ() _>eNgIgN: WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFSTMFS = OFX JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj)("EFSTMFS", 0); GPSFBDI (EFST/VNBSBTj; 0 .. 2) \ JNNVUBCMF EFST = OFX JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj)( "EFST" _ UP!TUSJOH(EFST/VNBSBTj), 1); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ JNNVUBCMF OPU = OFX JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj)("OPU", 2); JNNVUBCMF SBTHFMF/PU = VOJGPSN(50, 101); XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(3), SBTHFMF/PU); ^ ^ ^ EFTUSPZ(OPU);

EFTUSPZ(EFST);

EFTUSPZ(EFSTMFS);

1LKQ_P>, KBOKBIBN H>MO>JI>NA>K _gHgIgNHBK OLKI>KAgNgIAgHI>Ng F_FK MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg U>Mg P>KgJgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F AcVDcKAcN:

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<EFSTMFS> <EFST0> <OPU> 66 </OPU> <OPU> 75 </OPU> <OPU> 68 </OPU> </EFST0> <EFST1> <OPU> 73 </OPU> <OPU> 62 </OPU> <OPU> 100 </OPU> </EFST1> </EFSTMFS>

p ,BQBNB FUJLFUMFSJ EPiSV TBUkSMBSEB CFMJSNJm

p p

p p p

60.5

(=<:/<2P?P1P 7R:3C7 =A=;/A79 =:/?/9 K/NP?;/9 7K7< TDPQFE

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK ?FN UBPBNOFVIFeF R>NAgN: *>MO>JI>NA>K A>E> EFTUSPZ() O>PgNI>NgK> DBIFKBJBABK >PgIJgj LI>K ?FN E>P> KBABKFUIB _gHgIJgj LI>?FIFN. $eBN EFTUSPZ() O>PgNI>NgKgK HBOFKIFHIB FjIBPFIJBIBNF DBNBHFULNO>, ?QKQK ?FN _bVcJc '>P>I>N ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV TDPQF RB AFeBN LI>K>HI>NA>K U>N>NI>KJ>HPgN. !>jH> ?FN UbKPBJ, OgKgC KBOKBOFKF OFX UBNFKB TUE.UZQFDPOT.TDPQFE FIB HQNJ>HPgN. TDPQFE() , OgKgC ABeFjHBKFKF MBNAB >NH>OgKA> ?FN U>Mg KBOKBOF FIB O>NJ>I>N. . U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK OLKI>KAgNg@gOg H>MO>JA>K _gHgIgNHBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _>eNgIAgegKA> OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK OLKI>KAgNg@gOgKg A> _>egNgN. TDPQFE 'QK BPHFOF, U>j>J OcNB_IBNF >_gOgKA>K OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKF U>Mg KBOKBIBNFKB ?BKVBPJBOFAFN. j>egA>HF ABeFjFHIFHIBNABK OLKN> MNLDN>J UFKB ?BHIBKBK OLKQ@Q cNBPFN: JNQPSU TUE.UZQFDPOT; // ... WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF EFSTMFS = TDPQFE!(JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj))("EFSTMFS", 0); GPSFBDI (EFST/VNBSBTj; 0 .. 2) \ JNNVUBCMF EFST = TDPQFE!(JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj))( "EFST" _ UP!TUSJOH(EFST/VNBSBTj), 1); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ JNNVUBCMF OPU = TDPQFE!(JNNVUBCMF(9NM&MFNBOj))("OPU", 2); JNNVUBCMF SBTHFMF/PU = VOJGPSN(50, 101); ^ XSJUFMO(HJSJOUJ%J[HJTJ(3), SBTHFMF/PU);

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EFTUSPZ() O>PgNI>NgKgK _gH>NPgIJgj LIAQHI>NgK> AFHH>P BAFK. $H LI>N>H, JNNVUBCMF >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNF ?Q HLAQ DBNBeFKABK C>VI> H>NJ>jgH DbOPBNAF. #BeFjB?FIBK KBOKBIBN HQII>KgI>?FIBK AQNQJI>NA> HLA A>E> ?>OFPPFN: BVUP EFSTMFS = TDPQFE!9NM&MFNBOj("EFSTMFS", 0);

60.6

IF3A
x !FN OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKFK FOPBKBK ?FN >KA> _>eNgIJ>Og F_FK EFTUSPZ() FjIBRF HQII>KgIgN. x TDPQFE FIB HQNQI>K OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>Ng H>MO>JA>K _gHgIgNHBK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _>eNgIgN.

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$A6S>>7C G7 "SESB:3@7>7C

61

#=2M::3? C3 "MAM>6/<3:3?
# MNLDN>JI>NgKg RB HcPcME>KBIBNFKF LIQjPQN>K BK >IP U>MgO>I ?FNFJIBN JLAcIIBNAFN. #'KFK JLAcI H>RN>Jg _LH ?>OFP ?FN PBJBI cVBNFKB HQNQIQAQN: 'BN H>UK>H ALOU> ?FN JLAcIAcN. !Q P>KgJ> DbNB, jFJAFUB H>A>N ABKBJB MNLDN>JI>NgJgVg U>VAgegJgV PBH H>UK>H ALOU> ?FIB ?FN JLAcIAcN. 'BN JLAcIcK FOJF, ALOU> FOJFKFK .E QV>KPgOgKA>K bK@BHF ?bIcJc FIB >UKgAgN; RB H>UK>H ALOU>KgK BK ?>jgK> U>VgI>K NPEVMF >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB ?BIFNPFIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN H>UK>H ALOU>KgK FOJFKFK "HBAF.A" LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H: NPEVMF LFEJ; DMBTT ,FEJ \ // ... ^ NPEVMF O>PgNg FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN. 7>VgIJ>Ageg V>J>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ALOU>KgK FOJFKFK .E 'ABK bK@BHF ?bIcJc HQII>KgIgN.

61.1

D=@E/ C3 ;=2M: 7@7;:3?7

# MNLDN>JI>NgKg 3KF@LAB LI>N>H LIQjPQNJ> HLKQOQKA> j>KOIgUgV; ?Q, E>KDF LNP>JA> LIQNO> LIOQK DB_BNIFAFN. K@>H, ALOU> OFOPBJIBNF HLKQOQKA> >UKg OBN?BOPF ?QIQKJ>V. [NKBeFK 5FKALSO FjIBPFJ OFOPBJIBNFKFK OP>KA>NP ALOU> OFOPBJIBNF ALOU> FOFJIBNFKAB ?cUcH/Hc_cH E>NC >UNgJg DbVBPJBVHBK, +FKQT OFOPBJIBNFKAB ?cUcH/Hc_cH E>NCIBN C>NHIgAgN. UNg@> _LeQ ALOU> OFOPBJF, ALOU> FOFJIBNFKAB HQII>KgI>?FIB@BH H>N>HPBNIBN HLKQOQKA> HgOgPI>J>I>N DBPFNFN. . UcVABK, MNLDN>JI>NgKgVgK P>jgK>?FIFN LIJ>I>Ng F_FK ALOU> FOFJIBNFKAB U>IKgV@> 1"(( Hc_cH E>NCIBN HQII>KJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF ,FEJ OgKgCg FIB ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgI>@>H LI>K ?FN ,fQFL OgKgCgKgK JLAcIcKcK ALOU> FOJFKF "HLMBH.A" LI>N>H OB_B?FIFNFV. !Q UcVABK JLAcIcK FOJF AB NPEVMF LPQFL; DMBTT ,eQFL \ // ... ^ 1"(( E>NCIBNABK LIQjQN:

// "4$** IBSGMFSEFO PMVlBO NPEfM JTNJ // 6OJDPEF IBSGMFSEFO PMVlBO QSPHSBN LPEV

61.2

&/93A:3?
,LAcIIBNFK ?FN >N>U> DBIBNBH LIQjPQNAQHI>Ng U>MgU> B3=7E ABKFN. #'KFK M>HBP H>RN>Jg A> _LH ?>OFPPFN: #LOU> OFOPBJFKAB >UKg HI>ObNAB ?QIQK>K ?cPcK JLAcIIBN >UKg M>HBAFK M>N_>Og LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFNIBN. />HBAF F_BNBK HI>ObNcK FOJF AB JLAcI FOFJIBNFKFK ?>j P>N>CgKg LIQjPQNQN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF "HBAF.A" RB "HLMBH.A" ALOU>I>NgKgK "E>UR>K" FOJFKAB ?FN HI>ObNAB ?QIQKAQHI>NgKg AcjcKcNOBH, JLAcI FOFJIBNFKFK ?>jgK> HI>ObN FOJFKF U>VJ>H, LKI>Ng >UKg M>HBAFK JLAcIIBNF U>MJ>U> UBPBN: NPEVMF IBZWBO.LFEJ; DMBTT ,FEJ \

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// ...

UKg jBHFIAB LPQFL JLAcIc F_FK AB: NPEVMF IBZWBO.LPQFL; DMBTT ,eQFL \ // ... ^ />HBP FOFJIBNF ALOU> OFOPBJF HI>ObNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIAFeF F_FK, F_ F_B HI>ObNIBNAB ?QIQK>K JLAcIIBNFK M>HBP FOFJIBNF AB L HI>ObN U>MgOgKgK BjABeBNFAFN. [NKBeFK "E>UR>K" HI>ObNcKcK >IPgKA> ?FN AB "LJQND>IFI>N" HI>ObNc LIO>, LN>A>HF ?FN JLAcIcK M>HBP FOJF ?Q HI>ObNc AB F_BNFN: NPEVMF IBZWBO.PNVSHBMJMBS.LFEJ; *>UK>H ALOU>I>NgK KB ABNB@B A>II>K>@>eg MNLDN>JgK ?cUcHIcecKB RB P>O>NgJgK> ?>eIgAgN. *c_cH ?FN MNLDN>JgK ?cPcK ALOU>I>NgKgK PBH ?FN HI>ObNAB ?QIQKJ>OgKA> ?FN O>HgK@> ULHPQN. [PB U>KA>K, ALOU>I>Ng ?BIFNIF ?FN AcVBK >IPgK> >IJ>H F_FK HI>ObNIBNF DBNBHPFeF H>A>N A>II>KAgNJ>H A> JcJHcKAcN.

61.3

#=2M::3?7< >?=5?/;2/ 9B::/<P:;/:/?P

iFJAFUB H>A>N _LH HQII>KAgegJgV JNQPSU >K>EP>N ObV@cec, ?FN JLAcIcK ?>jH> ?FN JLAcIB P>KgPgIJ>OgKg RB L JLAcI F_FKAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU 'P>K OLKN> U>VgI>K JLAcI FOJF, BeBN R>NO> M>HBP ?FIDFOFKF AB F_BNFN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF TUE. , OP>KA>NP HcPcME>KBUF LIQjPQN>K JLAcIIBNFK TUE FOFJIF M>HBPPB ?QIQKAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFN. !BKVBN jBHFIAB, IBZWBO.LFEJ RB IBZWBO.LPQFL JLAcIIBNF ?FN "ABKBJB.A" ALOU>OgKA> jQ jBHFIAB ?FIAFNFIFN: NPEVMF EFOFNF; JNQPSU IBZWBO.LFEJ; JNQPSU IBZWBO.LPQFL; // CV NPEfMfO JTNJ // LVMMBOEjhj CJS NPEfM // LVMMBOEjhj CBlLB CJS NPEfM

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP LFEJ = OFX ,FEJ(); BVUP LeQFL = OFX ,eQFL(); ^ %AE: AX3TV63 3@>3EV>6VTV 9;4;, JF=3CV63=; BCA9C3?V@ 67C>7@;B A>FXEFCF>34;>?7D; ;Q;@ A ?A6S> 6ADJ3>3CV@V@ 63 43T>3JV5VJ3 67C>7?7 D3EVCV@63 4;>6;C;>?7>7C; 97C7=;C.

61.4

#=2M::3?7< 2=@E/ @7@A3;7<2397 E3?:3?7

,LAcI FOFJIBNF ALOU> OFOPBJFKABHF ALOU>I>N> ?FNB ?FN H>NjgIgH DBIAFeF F_FK, ABNIBUF@F ?FN JLAcI ALOU>OgKgK KBNBAB ?QIQKAQeQKQ JLAcI FOJFKF HI>ObN RB ALOU> FOFJIBNFKB AbKcjPcNBNBH ?QIQN.

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$A6S>>7C G7 "SESB:3@7>7C

[NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK HQII>KAgeg FHF JLAcI, "E>UR>K/HBAF.A" RB "E>UR>K/HLMBH.A" ALOU>I>NgAgN. #LI>UgOgUI>, UQH>NgA>HF ALOU>Ug A> O>U>NO>H ?Q MNLDN>Jg LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK c_ JLAcI HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN.

61.5

"P@/ C3 BFB< 7@7;:3?

/NLDN>JA> HQII>KgI>K FOFJIBN, M>HBP RB JLAcI ?FIDFIBNFKF AB F_BNBK FKF@ :3>67 AB U>VgI>?FIFNIBN. !QKQ ,FEJ OgKgCgKgK PcN FOJFKF HgO> RB QVQK U>V>N>H jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: BVUP LFEJ0 = OFX ,FEJ(); BVUP LFEJ1 = OFX IBZWBO.LFEJ.,FEJ();

// fTUUFLJOJO BZOjTj

-LNJ>IAB QVQK FOFJIBNF HQII>KJ>H DBNBHJBV. .KI>Ng U>IKgV@> LI>Og H>NgjgHIgHI>Ng DFABNJBH F_FK HQII>KgNgV. [NKBeFK FHF JLAcIAB ?FNABK P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ?FN FOJF HgO> LI>N>H U>VAgegJgVA>, ABNIBUF@F E>KDF JLAcIABHFKABK ?>EOBPPFeFJFVF >KI>U>J>V. 'BJ IBZWBO JLAcIcKAB EBJ AB BSBCBMBS JLAcIcKAB ?QIQK>?FIB@BH +BHVBS FOFJIF FHF OgKgCP>K E>KDFOFKABK ?>EOBPPFeFJFVF QVQK FOJFUIB jbUIB ?BIFNPJBH VLNQKA> H>IgNgV: JNQPSU IBZWBO.KBHVBS; JNQPSU BSBCBMBS.KBHVBS; // ... BVUP LBSjljLMjL = +BHVBS(); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* // n EFSMFOJS // n EFSMFOJS

BVUP IBZWBOjN = IBZWBO.KBHVBS.+BHVBS(); BVUP BSBCBN = BSBCBMBS.KBHVBS.+BHVBS();

61.6

#=2M::3?2397 A/<P;:/?P< >?=5?/;/ 2/67: 327:;3@7

JNQPSU >K>EP>N ObV@cec, ?BIFNPFIBK JLAcIcK MNLDN>JgK M>N_>Og E>IFKB DBIJBOF F_FK UBPBNIF ABeFIAFN. JNQPSU , U>IKgV@> L JLAcIABHF LI>K>HI>NgK ?Q H>UK>H HLA F_FKAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. . H>A>Ng, >K@>H H>UK>H HLAQK 67C>7@74;>?7D; F_FK DBNBHIFAFN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>Jg U>IKgV@> "ABKBJB.A" ALOU>OgKg HQII>K>N>H LIQjPQNJ>U> _>IgjJ>H UBPJBV: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -X EFOFNF.P: *O GVODUJPO A@%NBJO': EFOFNF.E:(.UFYU.@%NBJO+0Y4): VOEFGJOFE SFGFSFODF UP A@%6IBZWBO4LFEJ4,FEJ7@@$MBTT;' EFOFNF.E:(.UFYU.@%NBJO+0YG): VOEFGJOFE SFGFSFODF UP A@%6IBZWBO5LPQFL6,fQFL7@@$MBTT;' DPMMFDU2: ME SFUVSOFE 1 FYJU TUBUVT --- FSSPSMFWFM 1 %AE: D7C>7J;5; FJ3CV>3CV@V 7E=;@>7XE;C7@ -@ 3J3CV@V 63 :7C K3?3@ ;Q;@ =F>>3@?3@VKV R@7C;C;?. . E>P> JBO>GI>Ng 43T>3JV5V63@ DBIFN. 'BN KB H>A>N >KI>jgIJ>V FOFJIBN F_BNFULN LIO>I>N A>; UQH>NgA>HF E>P> JBO>GI>Ng, MNLDN>JA> HQII>KgI>K ?>Vg P>KgJI>NgK ?QIQK>J>AgHI>NgKg ?FIAFNFN. /NLDN>JgK LIQjPQNQIJ>Og, MBNAB >NH>OgKA> _>eNgI>K ?>eI>Ug@gKgK DbNBRFAFN. #BNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K ABNIBKBK JLAcIIBN ?>eI>Ug@gU> RBNFIFN; RB MNLDN>J, ?>eI>Ug@gKgK ?FN >N>U> DBPFNAFeF M>N_>I>NA>K LIQjPQNQIQN.

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!Q UcVABK; MNLDN>Jg LIQjPQN>K ?cPcK M>N_>I>NgK ABNIBJB O>PgNgKA> ?BIFNPFIJBIBNF DBNBHFN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK LIQjPQNQI>?FIJBOF F_FK, HQII>KAgeg "E>UR>K/HBAF.A" RB "E>UR>K/HLMBH.A" ALOU>I>Ng A> ABNIBJB O>PgNgKA> ?FIAFNFIJBIFAFN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E IBZWBO/LFEJ.E IBZWBO/LPQFL.E -X ,LAcIIBNF ABNIBJB O>PgNgKA> EBN MNLDN>J F_FK >UNg >UNg ?BIFNPJBH UBNFKB, LKI>Ng HcPcME>KBIBN F_FKABK AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV.

61.7

"MAM>6/<3:3?
,LAcI P>KgJI>NgKgK ABNIBKAFHPBK OLKN> ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFIJBIBNFKB HcPcME>KB >Ag RBNFIFN. *cPcME>KBIBN HBKAFIBNF MNLDN>J LIJ>AgHI>NgKA>K, MNLDN>JI>NgK ?>jI>KDg_ FjIBRF LI>K NBJO HcPcME>KBIBNAB ?QIQKJ>V. *cPcME>KBIBN U>IKgV@> FjIBR, U>Mg, OgKgC, RO. E3@V?>3CV@V ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFNIBN. #>E> OLKN> MNLDN>J LIQjPQNQIQNHBK MNLDN>JgK AFeBN JLAcIIBNFUIB ?>eI>KgNI>N. *cPcME>KB LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK AJA'KFK -MJC OB_BKBeF HQII>KgIgN. .IQjPQNQI>K HcPcME>KBKFK FOJFKFK IBZWBO LIJ>OgKg O>eI>J>H F_FK -PG OB_BKBeFKF AB HQII>KgNO>H, UQH>NgA>HF "HBAF.A" RB "HLMBH.A" JLAcIIBNFKF F_BNBK ?FN HcPcME>KB jQ jBHFIAB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN: $ ENE IBZWBO/LFEJ.E IBZWBO/LPQFL.E -MJC -PGIBZWBO -X *LKOLIA>K _>IgjPgNgI>K L HLJQP, ?BIFNPFIBK .A ALOU>I>NgKg ABNIBN RB ?FN HcPcME>KB ALOU>Og LI>N>H ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFN. Z>IgjPgegKgV LNP>J> ?>eIg LI>N>H HcPcME>KB ALOU>OgKgK FOJF C>NHIg LI>@>HPgN. [NKBeFK +FKQT LNP>JI>NgKA> HcPcME>KB ALOU>I>NgKgK QV>KPgI>Ng .> LIQN: IBZWBO.B /NLDN>J LIQjPQNQIQNHBK >NPgH "E>UR>K/HBAF.A" RB "E>UR>K/HLMBH.A"KFK >UNg >UNg ?FIAFNFIJBIBNFKB DBNBH H>IJ>V. .KI>Ng F_BNBK HcPcME>KB ALOU>Og PBH ?>jgK> UBPBNIFAFN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E IBZWBO.B -X . HLJQP, A>E> bK@B HQII>KAgegJgV jQ HLJQPQK BjABeBNFAFN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E IBZWBO/LFEJ.E IBZWBO/LPQFL.E -X !FN FOPFOK> LI>N>H, jFJAFUB H>A>N _LH U>N>NI>KAgegJgV /EL?LO JLAcIIBNFKF F_BNBK OP>KA>NP HcPcME>KBKFK >_gH_> ?FIAFNFIJBOF DBNBHJBV. . HcPcME>KB, MNLDN>J> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H A>EFI BAFIFN. 7LHO> KLNJ>IAB LKQ A> bNKBeFK jQ jBHFIAB ?BIFNPJBJFV DBNBHFNAF: $ ENE EFOFNF.E IBZWBO.B /VTS/MJC64/MJCQIPCPT2.B -X %AE: ':A4AD =SESB:3@7 6ADJ3DV@V@ J7C; G7 ;D?; D;K;@ ACE3?V@VK63 83C=>V A>34;>;C.

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)3C?3 G7 EC;X;?

3=>3CV

62

(/?;/ C3 E?7R7;

/9:/?P

iFJAFUB H>A>N P>O>NI>AgegJgV ?cPcK U>Mg RB OgKgC PcNIBNFKFK ?cPcK cUBIBNF Agj>NgA>K BNFjFJB >_gHPg. '>PgNI>J>H F_FK jbUIB ?FN beNBK@F U>MgOg AcjcKBIFJ. FOVN $JOTJZFU \ Lj[, FSLFL ^ TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; $JOTJZFU DJOTJZFU; ^ . U>MgKgK KBOKBIBNFKFK cUBIBNFKB FOPBAFeFJFV DF?F BNFjB?FIFULNAQH: BVUP ehSFODJ = ahSFODJ("5PMHB", $JOTJZFU.FSLFL); XSJUFGMO("%T CJS %T ehSFODJEJS.", ehSFODJ.JTJN, ehSFODJ.DJOTJZFU); \UBIBNB ?bUIB OBN?BOP_B BNFjB?FIJBH, L cUBIBNF MNLDN>JA> FOPBAFeFJFV DF?F HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg O>eI>Ageg F_FK U>N>NIgAgN. . HLA, beNBK@F E>HHgKA>HF ?FIDFUF _gHgj> jbUIB U>VAgNgN: 5PMHB CJS FSLFL fiSFODJEJS. K@>H, cUB BNFjFJFKFK ?Q H>A>N OBN?BOP LIJ>Og O>HgK@>I>N A> ALeQN>?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?BIHF AB U>KIgjIgHI>, beNBK@FKFK U>IKgV@> FOJFKF ABeFjPFNAFeFJFVF AcjcKBIFJ: ehSFODJ.JTJN = ""ZlF"; . >P>J> OLKQ@QKA> >NPgH KBOKBKFK DB_BNIFIFeF ?LVQIJQj LI>?FIFN: "ZmF CJS FSLFL fiSFODJEJS. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, ?FN DNQM beNBK@FUF ?>NgKAgN>K 0LVM FOJFKAB ?FN OgKgC> ?>H>IgJ. !Q OgKgC, LHQIA>HF HgV RB BNHBH beNBK@FIBNFK O>UgI>NgKg >UNg LI>N>H PQPQULN LIOQK: DMBTT 0LVM \ ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; TJ[F@U Lj[5PQMBNj; TJ[F@U FSLFL5PQMBNj; WPJE FLMF(JO ahSFODJ ehSFODJ) \ ehSFODJMFS _= ehSFODJ; GJOBM TXJUDI (ehSFODJ.DJOTJZFU) \ DBTF $JOTJZFU.Lj[: ++Lj[5PQMBNj; CSFBL; DBTF $JOTJZFU.FSLFL: ++FSLFL5PQMBNj; CSFBL; ^

PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \

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3=>3CV

SFUVSO GPSNBU( "%T Lj[, %T FSLFL; UPQMBN %T ehSFODJ", Lj[5PQMBNj, FSLFL5PQMBNj, ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI);

FLMF FjIBRFKF HQII>K>N>H L OgKgCgK KBOKBIBNFKB UBKF beNBK@FIBN BHIBUB?FIFNFV: BVUP PLVM = OFX 0LVM; PLVM.FLMF(ahSFODJ("-FZMB", $JOTJZFU.Lj[)); PLVM.FLMF(ahSFODJ(".FUJO", $JOTJZFU.FSLFL)); XSJUFMO(PLVM); RB PQP>NIg ?FN _gHPg BIAB BABNFV: 1 Lk[, 1 FSLFL; UPQMBN 2 fiSFODJ .UO> ?Q OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKB OBN?BOP_B BNFjB?FIFULN LIJ>H, LKQK KBOKBIBNFKF AB PQP>NOgV E>IB DBPFNB?FIFN. [NKBeFK fiSFODJMFS cUBOFKB ALeNQA>K UBKF ?FN beNBK@F BHIBAFeFJFVF AcjcKBIFJ: PLVM.ehSFODJMFS _= ahSFODJ("/JNFU", $JOTJZFU.Lj[); 7BKF beNBK@F, PLMI>JI>Ng O>U>K FLMF FjIBRF _>eNgIJ>A>K BHIBKAFeF F_FK ?Q 0LVM KBOKBOF >NPgH PQP>NOgVAgN: 1 Lk[, 1 FSLFL; UPQMBN 3 fiSFODJ

62.1

(/?;/
1>NJ>, ?Q PcN AQNQJI>Ng bKIBJBH F_FK cUBIBNB BNFjFJF HgOgPI>U>K ?FN LI>K>HPgN. !>jH> ?FN U>N>Ng, HQII>Kg@gI>NgK OgKgCgK F_ U>MgOgKg ?FIJBH VLNQKA> H>IJ>J>I>NgAgN. 1gKgC, O>NJ> ULIQUI> ?FN >KI>JA> ?FN H>N> HQPQ E>IFKB DBIFN RB >K@>H >N>UcVcKc ?BIFNIBUBK FjIBRIBN >N>@gIgegUI> HQII>KgI>?FIFN. *QII>Kg@gI>NgK OgKgCgK cUBIBNFKB ALeNQA>K BNFjBJBJBIBNF, >UNg@> OgKgCgK F_ P>O>NgJgKgK FIBNFAB N>E>P_> ABeFjPFNFIB?FIJBOFKF AB O>eI>N. 1gKgCgK >N>UcVcKABHF FjIBRIBNFK P>KgJgK> ALHQKQIJ>Ageg OcNB@B, F_FKFK U>MgOg FOPBKAFeF DF?F ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFN. 1>NJ>, HNBAF H>NPg KQJ>N>Og RBU> jFCNB DF?F ABeBNIF RBU> DFVIF RBNFIBNB BNFjFJF HgOgPI>J>H F_FK ABeFIAFN RB ?Q >J>_I> HQII>KgI>J>V. 1>NJ>, MNLDN>J DBIFjPFNJB HLKQOQKA> U>N>NIg ?FN LI>K>HPgN: /NLDN>JA>HF P>KgJI>NgK HLI>U RB ALeNQ HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg RB HLI>U@> ABeFjPFNFIB?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N.

62.2

E?7R7; 6/9:/?P
#'AB BNFjFJ E>HI>Ng FHF ?>eI>JA> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: x "$3B 8(:$ 5B1B) '?;(:,1'(: 'BN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC cUBOFKFK BNFjFJ E>HHg >UNg@> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. x M2'?/ '?;(:,1'(: ,LAcI F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K EBN PcN LI>K>egK BNFjFJ E>HHg >UNg@> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: OgKgC, U>Mg, FjIBR, BKQJ, RO. !FN cUBKFK RBU> JLAcI P>KgJgKgK BNFjFJ E>HHg >j>egA>HF bVBIIFHIBNABK ?FNFOF LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. 4>NO>UgI>K BNFjFJ QVCMJD 'PFN.

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)3C?3 G7 EC;X;?

3=>3CV

x QVCMJD , 97@7>: /NLDN>JgK EBN P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIJBUF FC>AB BABN; EF_?FN BNFjFJ HgOgPI>J>Og ULHPQN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H TUEPVU OP>KA>NP >HgJgKg AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. .KQ ?FIAFNBK TUE.TUEJP JLAcIcKcK JNQPSU FIB BHIBKJBOF, TUEPVU 'QK OBN?BOP_B HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. x QSJWBUF , RK7>: bVBI BNFjFJF FC>AB BABN !Q jBHFIAB P>KgJI>K>K cUBIBNB F_FKAB P>KgJIg LIAQHI>Ng OgKgCgK HLAI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K, RBU> L OgKgCg ?>NgKAgN>K JLAcIABHF HLAI>N P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIFN. $H LI>N>H, QSJWBUF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K cUB FjIBRIBN >IP OgKgCI>N P>N>CgKA>K PBHN>N P>KgJI>K>J>VI>N. x QBDLBHF , B3=767 3QV=: M>HBPPBHF JLAcIIBN P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIJBUF FC>AB BABN !Q jBHFIAB Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K ?FN P>KgJ, LKQ ?>NgKAgN>K M>HBPPBHF ?cPcK HLAI>N> >_gHPgN. !Q BNFjFJ E>HHg U>IKgV@> JLAcIc F_BNBK BK F_PBHF M>HBAB RBNFIFN. [NKBeFK IBZWBO.PNVSHBMJMBS.LFEJ FOFJIF ?FN JLAcI F_FKAB QBDLBHF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K ?FN P>KgJ; LFEJ JLAcIcKcK HBKAFOFKABK ?>jH>, PNVSHBMJMBS M>HBAFKABHF ?cPcK JLAcIIBNB AB >_gHPgN. QSJWBUF ?BIFNPB@FKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, QBDLBHF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K cUB FjIBRIBN >IP OgKgCI>N P>N>CgKA>K PBHN>N P>KgJI>K>J>VI>N. x QSPUFDUFE , =ACF?3>V: PcNBPFIBK OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K A> BNFjFIB?FIJBUF FC>AB BABN QSJWBUF BNFjFJF DBKFjIBPBK ?FN BNFjFJAFN: !Q jBHFIAB Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K cUBUB OgKgC P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIJBH U>KgKA>, L OgKgCP>K PcNBPFIBK OgKgCI>NA>K A> BNFjFIB?FIFN. $H LI>N>H, FYQPSU ?BIFNPB@F MNLDN>J F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K>HI>N> MNLDN>JgK AgjgKA>K A> BNFjFIB?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N.

62.3

B3:7?A7:;3@7
$NFjFJ E>HI>Ng c_ jBHFIAB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. 2BH ?FN P>KgJgK bKcKB U>VgIAgegKA> U>IKgV@> L P>KgJgK BNFjFJ E>HI>NgKg ?BIFNIBN. !Q, )>R> RB ?>Vg ?>jH> AFIIBNABHF DF?FAFN: QSJWBUF JOU CJS4BZj; QSJWBUF WPJE CJSilMFW() \ // ... ^ fHF KLHP> cOP cOPB H>N>HPBNFUIB U>VgIAgegKA>, >UKg jBHFIAB UBKF ?FN BNFjFJ E>HHg U>VgI>K> H>A>NHF ?cPcK P>KgJI>Ng BPHFIBN. !Q, "++'A>HF DF?FAFN: QSJWBUF: // ... // ... CVSBEBLJ CfUfO UBOjNMBS e[FM ... // ... QSPUFDUFE: // ... // ... CVSBEBLJMFS LPSVNBMj ... // ... !ILH ObV AFVFJFUIB U>VgIAgegKA> ?cPcK ?ILeQK F_FKF BPHFIBN:

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QSJWBUF \ // ... // ... CVSBEBLJMFSJO IFQTJ e[FM ... // ... ^ !Q c_ UbKPBJFK BPHFOF >UKgAgN. '>KDFOFKF HQII>K>@>egKgV> P>O>NgJgKgV> QUDQK LIAQeQKQ AcjcKAcecKcV jBHFIAB OBN?BOP_B H>N>N RBNB?FIFNOFKFV.

62.4

JNQPSU ':/? <=?;/:23 ;=2M:3 LF3:27?

JNQPSU FIB BHIBKBK JLAcIIBN, L JLAcIc ALI>UIg LI>N>H BHIBUBK ?>jH> JLAcIIBN P>N>CgKA>K DbNcIBJBVIBN. [NKBeFK PLVM JLAcIc TUE.TUEJP JLAcIcKc BHIBOB, PLVM JLAcIcKc BHIBUBK ?>jH> JLAcIIBN TUE.TUEJP 'A>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H U>N>NI>K>J>VI>N. [NKBeFK PLVM JLAcIc jbUIB ?>jIgULN LIOQK: NPEVMF PLVM.PLVM; JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // ... .KQ HQII>K>K jQ MNLDN>J ABNIBKBJBV: JNQPSU PLVM.PLVM; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB"); ^ // LFOEJ JlJ JdJO FLMFONJl...

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

. UcVABK, TUE.TUEJP 'UQ >OgI JLAcIcK >UNg@> BHIBJBOF DBNBHFN: JNQPSU PLVM.PLVM; JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB"); ^

// lJNEJ EFSMFOJS

!>VBK, BHIBKBK ?FN JLAcIcK ?>jH> JLAcIIBNF AB LPLJ>PFH RB ALI>UIg LI>N>H OQKJ>Og FOPBKB?FIFN. [NKBeFK PLVM FOFJIF ?FN JLAcIcK BHIBKJBOFKFK, PHSFODJ JLAcIcKc AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H BHIBJBOF FOPBKB?FIFN. !Q, JNQPSU FjIBJF QVCMJD LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKBNBH O>eI>KgN: NPEVMF PLVM.PLVM; QVCMJD JNQPSU PLVM.PHSFODJ; // ... NPgH PLVM JLAcIcKc BHIBUBK JLAcIIBN PHSFODJ JLAcIcKc >_gH_> BHIBJBH VLNQKA> H>IJ>A>K, LKQK F_FKABHF biSFODJ U>MgOgKg HQII>K>?FIFNIBN: JNQPSU PLVM.PLVM; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP ehSFODJ = ahSFODJ("5PMHB", $JOTJZFU.FSLFL);

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// ...

. MNLDN>J U>IKgV@> PLVM JLAcIcKc BHIBAFeF E>IAB biSFODJ U>MgOgKg A> HQII>K>?FIJBHPBAFN.

62.5

(/?;/EP <3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P

1>NJ>, DFNFj ?bIcJcKAB DbOPBNAFeFJ OLNQKI>Ng bKIBJBH RB OgKgC P>O>NgJI>NgKg OBN?BOP ?gN>HJ>H F_FK _LH BPHFIF ?FN LI>K>HPgN. \UBIBNFK RB ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNFK FIDFOFV HLAI>N P>N>CgKA>K OBN?BOP_B ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNF bKIBKJFj LIQN. !bUIB@B, UQH>NgA>HF FLMF FjIBRFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, KBOKBIBNFK PQP>NIgIgHI>Ng ABKBPFJ >IPgK> >IgKJgj LIQN. UNg@>, ?>jH> HLAI>N U>Mg RB OgKgC DBN_BHIBjPFNJBIBNFKB ?>egJIg H>IJ>Jgj LIQNI>N. [NKBeFK 0LVM.fiSFODJMFS cUBOFKB BNFjFIB?FIFULN LIJ>Og, OFVFK L AFVFUF A>E> OLKN>A>K bNKBeFK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ LI>N>H ABeFjPFNJBKFVF Dc_IBjPFNFN. ZcKHc ?Q ABeFjFHIFH HQII>Kg@g HLAI>NgKg A> BPHFIBUB@BHPFN. 1>NJ>, KBOKB UbKBIFJIF MNLDN>JI>J>KgK BK U>N>NIg LI>K>HI>Ng >N>OgKA>AgN.

62.6

I?<39
7QH>NgA>HF biSFODJ U>MgOgKg RB 0LVM OgKgCgKg O>NJ>U> QUDQK LI>@>H jBHFIAB P>KgJI>U>IgJ RB Hc_cH ?FN ABKBJB MNLDN>JgKA> HQII>K>IgJ. !Q bNKBHPB PLMI>J c_ ALOU> P>KgJI>U>@>egV. [K@BHF ABNOPBK AB E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F; "LHQI" FOJFKAB ?FN HI>ObN F_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgHI>Ng F_FK FIH FHFOF PLVM M>HBAFKFK M>N_>I>Ng LI>@>HI>N: x "LHQI/LDNBK@F.A": biSFODJ U>MgOgKg F_BNBK PHSFODJ JLAcIc x "LHQI/LHQI.A": 0LVM OgKgCgKg P>KgJI>U>K PLVM JLAcIc x "ABKBJB.A": Hc_cH ?FN ABKBJB MNLDN>Jg !Q MNLDN>JgK LIQjPQNQI>?FIJBOF F_FK ?cPcK ALOU>I>NgK ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHPFeFKF QKQPJ>UgK: $ ENE EFOFNF.E PLVM/PHSFODJ.E PLVM/PLVM.E -X fIH bK@B "LHQI/LDNBK@F.A" ALOU>OgKg DbNBIFJ: NPEVMF PLVM.PHSFODJ; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; FOVN $JOTJZFU \ Lj[, FSLFL ^ TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ QBDLBHF TUSJOH JTJN; QBDLBHF $JOTJZFU DJOTJZFU; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T CJS %T ehSFODJEJS.", JTJN, UP!TUSJOH(DJOTJZFU)); ^

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!Q U>MgKgK cUBIBNFKF U>IKgV@> HBKAF M>HBAFKABHF HLAI>N> >_J>H F_FK QBDLBHF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBAFJ; _cKHc ?FN>V OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV 0LVM OgKgCgKgK ?Q U>MgKgK cUBIBNFKB ALeNQA>K BNFjJBOFKF FOPBAFJ. UKg M>HBAFK M>N_>Og LIO> ?FIB ?>jH> ?FN JLAcI P>N>CgKA>K U>MgKgK cUBIBNFKB BNFjFIJBOF, >OIgKA> PBJBIAB O>NJ>U> H>NjgAgN. 7FKB AB; biSFODJ RB 0LVM 'QK ?FN?FNIBNFKFK cUBIBNFKB ALeNQA>K BNFjB?FIB@BH H>A>N U>HgK P>KgJI>N LIAQHI>Ng AcjcKcIB?FIFN. !Q OBCBN AB, L JLAcIABK U>N>NI>K>K "LHQI/LHQI.A" ALOU>OgK> ?>H>IgJ: NPEVMF PLVM.PLVM; QVCMJD JNQPSU PLVM.PHSFODJ; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; DMBTT 0LVM \ QSJWBUF: ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; TJ[F@U Lj[5PQMBNj; TJ[F@U FSLFL5PQMBNj; QVCMJD: WPJE FLMF(JO ahSFODJ ehSFODJ) \ ehSFODJMFS _= ehSFODJ; GJOBM TXJUDI (ehSFODJ.DJOTJZFU) \ DBTF $JOTJZFU.Lj[: ++Lj[5PQMBNj; CSFBL; DBTF $JOTJZFU.FSLFL: ++FSLFL5PQMBNj; CSFBL; ^ // 4B // 3 // 1

// 2

PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ TUSJOH TPOVd = GPSNBU( "%T Lj[, %T FSLFL; UPQMBN %T ehSFODJ", Lj[5PQMBNj, FSLFL5PQMBNj, ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI); GPSFBDI (J, ehSFODJ; ehSFODJMFS) \ TPOVd _= (J == 0) ": " : ", "; TPOVd _= ehSFODJ.JTJN; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

// 4C

1. !Q JLAcIc BHIBUBK MNLDN>JI>N PHSFODJ JLAcIcKc AB >UNg@> BHIBJBH VLNQKA> H>IJ>OgKI>N AFUB; QVCMJD LI>N>H BHIBKFULN. !FN >KI>JA>, ?Q "BHIBJB", DBKBIB >_gIgULN. 2. 0LVM OgKgCgKgK ?cPcK cUBIBNF bVBI LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKFULN. !Q O>UBAB OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK PQP>NIgIgeg DcRBK@B >IPgK> >IgKJgj LIQULN. 3. !Q OgKgCgK EBNE>KDF ?FN jBHFIAB HQII>KgjIg LI>?FIJBOF F_FK cUB FjIBRIBN OQKJ>Og DBNBHFN; FLMF RB UP4USJOH FjIBRIBNF, HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNF F_FK QVCMJD LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKFULNI>N. 4. [K@BHF ALOU>A> QBDLBHF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKAFHIBNF F_FK, biSFODJ U>MgOgKgK EBN FHF cUBOFKB AB ?Q JLAcIABHF HLAI>N P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIFULN.

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1LK LI>N>H ?Q FHF JLAcIc HQII>K>K MNLDN>J ALOU>OgK> A> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU PLVM.PLVM; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP ehSFODJ = ahSFODJ("5PMHB", $JOTJZFU.FSLFL); XSJUFMO(ehSFODJ); BVUP PLVM = OFX 0LVM; PLVM.FLMF(ahSFODJ("-FZMB", $JOTJZFU.Lj[)); PLVM.FLMF(ahSFODJ(".FUJO", $JOTJZFU.FSLFL)); PLVM.FLMF(ahSFODJ("/JNFU", $JOTJZFU.Lj[)); ^ XSJUFMO(PLVM);

!Q MNLDN>J, biSFODJ RB 0LVM 'Q >K@>H DBKBI BNFjFJB >_gH LI>K >N>UcVIBNF >N>@gIgegUI> HQII>K>?FIFN. -B biSFODJ 'KFK, KB AB 0LVM 'QK cUBIBNFKB BNFjBJBV RB ?Q UcVABK KBOKBIBN EBN V>J>K F_FK PQP>NIgAgN: 5PMHB CJS FSLFL fiSFODJEJS. 2 Lk[, 1 FSLFL; UPQMBN 3 fiSFODJ: -FZMB, .FUJO, /JNFU #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, L MNLDN>J ?Q P>KgJI>Ng U>IKgV@> 0LVM.FLMF RB biSFODJ.UP4USJOH FjIBRIBNF >N>@gIgegUI> HQII>KgULN. . FjIBRIBNFK HQII>KgJI>Ng ABeFjPFNFIJBAFeF OcNB@B, biSFODJ 'KFK RB 0LVM 'QK P>KgJI>NgKA> U>MgI>K EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFH ?Q MNLDN>Jg BPHFIBJBV.

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63

OR:3C H/NP?;/ %?A/9 (LF D7F7;7 (*FC()

3%"1 "QKFRBNO>I CQK@PFLK @>II OUKP>T"FK HgO>IPJ>OgAgN. -LNJ>I FjIBRIBNFK cUB FjIBRIBN DF?F _>eNgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. #BNIBUF@FKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H O>eI>Ageg ?Q LI>K>H _LH HgO> LI>N>H FHF FC>AB FIB >KI>PgI>?FIFN: EFhJlLFO.JlMFW(parametre_de(erleri) 7QH>NgA>HF DF?F ?FN FC>AB FIB H>NjgI>jgIAgegKA> BeBN EFiJmLFO 'FK L M>N>JBPNBIBNB QU>K JmMFW FOJFKAB ?FN cUB FjIBRF ULHO>, ABNIBUF@F E>P> RBNJBABK bK@B ?FN AB >j>egA>HF KLNJ>I FjIBR _>eNgOgKg ABKBN: JlMFW(EFhJlLFO, parametre_de(erleri) $eBN ABNIBKB?FIFULNO> L FC>AB H>?QI BAFIFN RB >OIgKA> KLNJ>I ?FN FjIBR LI>K JmMFW O>KHF ?FN cUB FjIBRJFj DF?F _>eNgIJgj LIQN. 3%"1 #'UB ?Q HFP>?gK U>VgIJ>OgK> ?>jI>KAgHP>K OLKN> BHIBKBK ?FN LI>K>H LIAQeQKA>K HFP>MP>HF bNKBHIBNAB UBPBNFK@B U>N>NI>KgIJ>J>HP>AgN. !BIFNIF ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC PcNcKc U>HgKA>K FIDFIBKAFNBK FjIBRIBNFK L PcNcK cUB FjIBRIBNF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgHI>NgKg ?FIFULNQV. 'BN KLNJ>I FjIBR bVBI cUBIBNB BNFjBJBAFeFKABK cUB FjIBRIBN O>NJ> H>RN>Jg F_FK DBNBHIFAFN. [NKBeFK, QSJWBUF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K cUBIBNB >K@>H L PcNcK HBKAF cUB FjIBRIBNF RB L PcNc F_BNBK JLAcI P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIFN. #BMLOQKA>HF ?BKVFK JFHP>NgKg A> ?FIAFNBK ?FN "SBCB PcNc LIOQK: DMBTT "SBCB \ FOVN FLPOPNJ = 12.5; QSJWBUF EPVCMF LBMBO#FO[JO;

// MJUSF CBljOB LN (PSUBMBNB) // MJUSF

UIJT(EPVCMF LBMBO#FO[JO) \ UIJT.LBMBO#FO[JO = LBMBO#FO[JO; ^ EPVCMF CFO[JO() DPOTU \ SFUVSO LBMBO#FO[JO; ^ ^ // ...

\UB FjIBRIBN KB H>A>N U>N>NIg RB DBNBHIF LIO>I>N A>, ?BIFNIF ?FN PcN cVBNFKABHF LI>Og ?cPcK FjIBJIBNFK cUB FjIBRIBN LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng ?BHIBKJBJBIFAFN _cKHc ?>Vg FjIBJIBN >K@>H ?BIFNIF MNLDN>JI>NA> >KI>JIgAgNI>N RBU> U>N>NIgAgNI>N. [NKBeFK, >N>?>KgK ?BIFNIF ?FN JBO>CBUF DFAFM DFABJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNBK FjIBRFK cUB FjIBR LI>N>H ABeFI, KLNJ>I FjIBR LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>Og A>E> QUDQK LI>?FIFN: CPPM HJEFCJMJS@NJ("SBCB BSBCB, EPVCMF NFTBGF) \ SFUVSO (BSBCB.CFO[JO() * BSBCB.FLPOPNJ) >= NFTBGF; ^ #Le>I LI>N>H, ?Q FjIBJFK OBN?BOP FjIBR LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og FjIBR _>eNgOg ObV AFVFJFKAB C>NHIgIgH ALeQNQN. #BeFjHBKFK FOJF >j>egA>HF FHF HQII>KgJA> C>NHIg UBNIBNAB DB_JBHPBAFN:

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WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP BSBCB = OFX "SBCB(5); BVUP LBMBO#FO[JO = BSBCB.CFO[JO(); // bZF JlMFW Te[ EJ[JNJ JG (HJEFCJMJS@NJ(BSBCB, 100)) \ // ... ^ // /PSNBM JlMFW Te[ EJ[JNJ

3%"1, ObV AFVFJFKABHF ?Q C>NHIgIgeg LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN; KLNJ>I FjIBRIBNFK AB cUB FjIBRIBN DF?F _>eNgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N: JG (BSBCB.HJEFCJMJS@NJ(100)) \ // /PSNBM JlMFW, fZF JlMFW Te[ EJ[JNJ JMF // ... ^ !Q LI>K>H E>VgN ABeBNIBN A>EFI LIJ>H cVBNB PBJBI PcNIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JOU ZBSjTj(JOU EFhFS) \ SFUVSO EFhFS / 2; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BTTFSU(42.ZBSjTj() == 21); ^ !FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFJFV DF?F, FjIBR _>eNgOg OgN>OgKA> M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF HQII>KgIJ>AgegKA> L FjIBR M>N>KPBVOFV LI>N>H A> _>eNgI>?FIFN. !Q LI>K>HP>K A> U>N>NI>KgIAgegKA> UQH>NgA>HF FC>AB A>E> A> HgO>IgN. 1LKQ_P>, >j>egA>HF O>PgNI>NgK c_c AB >UKg >KI>JA>AgN: TPOVd = ZBSjTj(EFhFS); TPOVd = EFhFS.ZBSjTj(); TPOVd = EFhFS.ZBSjTj; 3%"1 bVBIIFHIB FjIBRIBNFK VFK@FNIBJB LI>N>H _>eNgIAgeg AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN. !QKQ JOU AFVFIBNF FIB FjIBUBK c_ FjIBR cVBNFKAB DbNBIFJ: // #fUfO FMFNBOMBSjO 'CeMFO' JMF CeMfONflMFSJOJ EeOEfSfS JOU<> CeMfNMFSJ(JOU<> EJMJN, JOU CeMFO) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (EFhFS; EJMJN) \ TPOVd _= EFhFS / CeMFO; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

// #fUfO FMFNBOMBSjO 'dBSQBO' JMF dBSQjMNjlMBSjOj EeOEfSfS JOU<> dBSQjNMBSj(JOU<> EJMJN, JOU dBSQBO) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (EFhFS; EJMJN) \ TPOVd _= EFhFS * dBSQBO; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

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UX>7G M3TVC?3 &CE3= )RK D;K;?; (+FC))

// &MFNBOMBSjO dJGU PMBOMBSjOj EeOEfSfS JOU<> dJGUMFSJ(JOU<> EJMJN) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (EFhFS; EJMJN) \ JG (!(EFhFS % 2)) \ TPOVd _= EFhFS; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

3%"1'PBK U>N>NI>KgIJ>Ageg V>J>K ?Q c_ FjIBRF VFK@FNIBJB LI>N>H _>egNJ>KgK ?FN ULIQ >j>egA>HF DF?FAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // ... WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TBZjMBS = < 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 >; XSJUFMO(dJGUMFSJ(CeMfNMFSJ(dBSQjNMBSj(TBZjMBS, 10), 3))); ^ 1>UgI>N bK@B 10 FIB _>NMgIJ>HP>, OLKN> 3 FIB ?bIcKJBHPB, RB OLKQ@QK _FCP LI>KI>Ng HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN: <6, 10, 16> 7QH>NgA>HF FC>ABKFK ?FN OLNQKQ, eBSQkNMBSk FIB 10 'QK RB CfMgNMFSJ FIB 3 'cK ?FN?FNIBNFUIB FIDFIF LIJ>I>NgK> N>eJBK FC>ABAB ?FN?FNIBNFKABK QV>HP> U>VgIJ>H VLNQKA> LIJ>I>NgAgN. 3%"1 ?Q OLNQKQ LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN RB FjIBJ OgN>I>NgK> QU>K A>E> ALe>I ?FN ObV AFVFJF DBPFNFN: XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS.dBSQjNMBSj(10).CeMfNMFSJ(3).dJGUMFSJ); !>Vg MNLDN>J@gI>N XSJUFMO DF?F _>eNgI>NA> A> 3%"1'PBK U>N>NI>KgNI>N: TBZjMBS.dBSQjNMBSj(10).CeMfNMFSJ(3).dJGUMFSJ.XSJUFMO; $H ?FN ?FIDF LI>N>H, UQH>NgA>HF ?cPcK MNLDN>J NBQ RB GJMUFS 'A>K U>N>NI>KgI>N>H A> U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TBZjMBS = < 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 >; XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS .NBQ!(B => B * 10) .NBQ!(B => B / 3) .GJMUFS!(B => !(B % 2)));

!QKQ O>eI>U>K X34>A@, 3C3>V=, RB ;D;?D;K ;X>7G LI>K>HI>NgKg A>E> OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFV.

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64

$7A3:79:3?
-FPBIFHIBN cUB FjIBRIBNFK cUB ABeFjHBKIBNJFj DF?F HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. !Q LI>K>eg AFK>JFH AFVFIBNABK P>KgULNOQKQV. #FVFIBNFK MFOHUI KFPBIFeF AFVFABHF BIBJ>K >ABAFKF ?FIAFNFN: JOU<> EJ[J = < 7, 8, 9 >; BTTFSU(EJ[J.MFOHUI == 3); 7>IKgV@> ?Q HQII>KgJ>, U>KF QVQKIQeQ ?FIAFNJBOFKB ?>H>NO>H, MFOHUI 'FK ?FN cUB ABeFjHBK LI>N>H P>O>NI>KAgegKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV: TUSVDU #JS%J[J(FSdFLMFlUJSNFTJ \ JOU MFOHUI; ^ // ...

.UO> ?Q KFPBIFeFK AFeBN HQII>KgJg ?QKQK ALeNQ LI>J>U>@>egKg DbOPBNFN. #FK>JFH AFVFIBNAB MFOHUI KFPBIFeFKB UBKF ?FN ABeBN >P>J>H AFVF QVQKIQeQKQ ?BIHF AB UBKF BIBJ>KI>N BHIBUB@BH ?F_FJAB ABeFjPFNFN: EJ[J.MFOHUI = 5; BTTFSU(EJ[J.MFOHUI == 5); // "SUjL 5 FMFNBO WBS

%AE: )34;E FKF@>F=>F 6;K;>7C67 6/81=2 @;E7>;T; 67T;XE;C;>7?7K. 7QH>NgA>HF >P>J> ?>OFP ?FN ABeBN ABeFjFHIFeF ABeFIAFN. MFOHUI 'B U>MgI>K L >P>J>KgK >NH>OgKA> A>E> H>NJ>jgH ?>jH> FjIBJIBN DFVIFAFN: #FVFKFK H>M>OFPBOFKFK UBKF BIBJ>KI>N F_FK UBPBNIF LIQM LIJ>AgegK> ?>HgIJ>Og, DBNBHFULNO> A>E> ?cUcH UBKF ?FN UBN >UNgIJ>Og RB AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgKgK L UBKF UBNFK ?>j P>N>CgK> HLMU>I>KJ>I>Ng. !Q >_gA>K ?>HgK@> MFOHUI 'B U>MgI>K >P>J>KgK >OIgKA> ?FN FjIBR DF?F _>IgjJ>Og DBNBHPFeF DbNcIcN. -FPBIFHIBN, cUB ABeFjHBK DF?F HQII>KgIJ>I>NgK> N>eJBK AQNQJ> DbNB ?BIHF AB _LH H>NJ>jgH FjIBJIBNF LI>K FjIBRIBNAFN. !Q FjIBRIBN !QSPQFSUZ ?BIFNPB@FUIB Fj>NBPIBKBNBH P>KgJI>KgNI>N.

64.1

OR:3C:3?7< >/?/<A3F@7F K/N?P:/07:;3:3?7

!FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB AB ABeFKFIAFeF DF?F, M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF DBNBHJBUBK AQNQJI>NA> FjIBR _>egNgNHBK M>N>KPBV U>VJ>H DBNBHJBV: XSJUFMO(); XSJUFMO;

// bTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

!Q LI>K>H KFPBIFHIBNIB _LH U>HgKA>K FIDFIFAFN. -FPBIFHIBNFK HQII>KgJgKA> EBJBK EBJBK EF_?FN V>J>K M>N>KPBV U>VgIJ>V.

64.2

D3N3? M?3A3< <7A3:79 7R:3C:3?7

ZLH ?>OFP ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H U>IKgV@> BK RB ?LU cUBIBNF ?QIQK>K ?FN AFHAbNPDBK U>MgOgK> ?>H>IgJ:

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TUSVDU %JLEeSUHFO \ EPVCMF FO; EPVCMF CPZ; ^ #FHAbNPDBKFK >I>KgKg ?FIAFNBK ?FN cUB A>E> LIOQK: BVUP CBIdF = %JLEeSUHFO(10, 20); XSJUFMO(CBIdF.BMBO); iFJAFUB H>A>NHF ?bIcJIBNAB beNBKAFeFJFV H>A>NgUI>, ?QKQ UQH>NgA>HF ObV AFVFJFUIB DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIJBH F_FK ?FN c_cK@c cUB BHIBJBJFV DBNBHFN: TUSVDU %JLEeSUHFO \ EPVCMF FO; EPVCMF CPZ; EPVCMF BMBO; ^ !Q P>O>NgJgK O>HgK@>Og, ?Q U>MgKgK KBOKBIBNFKFK PQP>NOgV AQNQJI>N> AcjB?FIB@BH LIJ>I>NgAgN: N>I>NgKA> EBN V>J>K F_FK "BK * ?LU == >I>K" DF?F ?FN FIFjHFKFK ?QIQKJ>Og DBNBHPFeF E>IAB ?Q FIFjHF cUBIBN OBN?BOP_B ABeFjPFNFIAFH_B ?LVQI>?FIFN. '>PP>, KBOKB P>J>JBK FIDFOFV ABeBNIBNIB ?FIB HQNQI>?FIFN: // 5VUBSTj[ OFTOF: BMBOj 10 * 20 == 200 EFhJM, 1111 BVUP CBIdF = %JLEeSUHFO(10, 20, 1111); fjPB ?bUIB AQNQJI>Ng bKIBJBKFK ?FN ULIQ, >I>K ?FIDFOFKF #'KFK @;E7>;= LI>K>egKA>K U>N>NI>K>N>H OQKJ>HPgN. !Q AQNQJA> U>MgU> UBKF cUB BHIBKJBV, LKQK ABeBNF !QSPQFSUZ LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K ?FN FjIBRFK OLKQ@Q LI>N>H EBO>MI>KgN. fjIBRFK FOJF cUB ABeFjHBK DF?F HQII>KgI>@>H LI>K FOFJAFN: BMBO . !Q FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNF KFPBIFeFK ABeBNF E>IFKB DBIFN: TUSVDU %JLEeSUHFO \ EPVCMF FO; EPVCMF CPZ; EPVCMF BMBO() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO FO * CPZ; ^

%AE: UX>7G 4;>6;C;?;@;@ DA@F@63=; -98<= , 5A@DE C78 '3C3?7EC7>7C G7 5A@DE OJ7 UX>7G>7C 4R>S?S@67@ :3EVC>3J353TV@VK 9;4;, 4F @7D@7@;@ 4F ;X>7G ;Q;@67 67T;XE;C;>?76;T;@; 4;>6;C;C. NPgH L U>MgUg O>KHF c_cK@c ?FN cUBOF R>NJgj DF?F HQII>K>?FIFNFV: BVUP CBIdF = %JLEeSUHFO(10, 20); XSJUFMO("#BIdFOJO BMBOj: ", CBIdF.BMBO); !Q LI>K>H O>UBOFKAB, BMBO KFPBIFeFKFK ABeBNF FjIBRAB BKFK RB ?LUQK _>NMgJg LI>N>H EBO>MI>KAgeg F_FK EBN V>J>K PQP>NIg LI>@>HPgN: #BIeFOJO BMBOk: 200

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64.3

AA/;/ 7R:317 7:3 9B::/<P:/< <7A3:79 7R:3C:3?7

#FVFIBNFK MFOHUI KFPBIFeFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, HBKAF P>KgJI>AgegJgV KFPBIFHIBNF AB >P>J> FjIBJIBNFKAB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: CBIdF.BMBO = 50; . >P>J>KgK OLKQ@QKA> >I>KgK DBN_BHPBK ABeFjJBOF F_FK AFHAbNPDBKFK cUBIBNFKFK, U>KF BKFKFK RBU> ?LUQKQK ABeFjJBOF DBNBHFN. !QKQ O>eI>J>H F_FK AFHAbNPDBKFK 7D@7= LIAQeQKQ H>?QI BAB?FIFNFV: "BK * ?LU == >I>K" FIFjHFOFKF HLNQU>?FIJBH F_FK HBK>N QVQKIQHI>NgKgK ABeFjJBIBNF DBNBHFN. -FPBIFHIBNFK >P>J> FjIBJFKAB HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>K FjIBR AB !QSPQFSUZ FIB Fj>NBPIBKFN. fjIBRFK FOJF ?Q AQNQJA> A> KFPBIFeFK FOJFKFK >UKgOgAgN. P>J> FjIBJFKFK O>e P>N>CgKA> HQII>KgI>K ABeBN ?Q FjIBRFK PBH M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeBNF E>IFKB DBIFN. BMBO KFPBIFeFKB ABeBN >P>J>Ug A> O>eI>U>K ?FN PcN jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; TUSVDU %JLEeSUHFO \ EPVCMF FO; EPVCMF CPZ; EPVCMF BMBO() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO FO * CPZ; ^ WPJE BMBO(EPVCMF ZFOJ"MBO) !QSPQFSUZ \ BVUP CfZfMUNF = TRSU(ZFOJ"MBO / BMBO); FO *= CfZfMUNF; CPZ *= CfZfMUNF;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP CBIdF = %JLEeSUHFO(10, 20); XSJUFMO("#BIdFOJO BMBOj: ", CBIdF.BMBO); CBIdF.BMBO = 50; XSJUFGMO(":FOJ EVSVN: %T Y %T = %T", CBIdF.FO, CBIdF.CPZ, CBIdF.BMBO);

P>J> FjIBJF FIB HQII>KgI>K FjIBRAB TUE.NBUI JLAcIcKcK H>NBHbH >IJ>U> U>N>U>K FjIBRF LI>K TRSU 'Q HQII>KAgJ. #FHAbNPDBKFK EBJ BKF EBJ AB ?LUQ LN>KgK H>NBHbHc H>A>N ABeFjFK@B >I>K A> UBKF ABeBNB DBIJFj LIQN. BMBO KFPBIFeFKB UQH>NgA> AbNPPB ?FNF H>A>N ?FN ABeBN >P>KAgegKA> (200 UBNFKB 50), HBK>NI>NgK QVQKIQHI>Ng U>NgU> FKJFj LIQN: #BIeFOJO BMBOk: 200 :FOJ EVSVN: 5 Y 10 = 50

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64.4

$7A3:79:3? R/?A 23N7:27?

7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHPBHF U>MgKgK K>OgI O>KHF c_cK@c ?FN cUBOF R>NJgj DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKF DbNAcH. K@>H ?Q EF_?FN V>J>K HBOFKIFHIB DBNBHJBV _cKHc ABeFjFH jBHFIAB U>VgIgULN LIO> A> >UKg FjF cUB FjIBRIBN ULIQUI> A> DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; TUSVDU %JLEeSUHFO \ EPVCMF FO; EPVCMF CPZ; EPVCMF BMBO() DPOTU \ SFUVSO FO * CPZ; ^ WPJE BMBO%FhJlUJS(EPVCMF ZFOJ"MBO) \ BVUP CfZfMUNF = TRSU(ZFOJ"MBO / BMBO); FO *= CfZfMUNF; CPZ *= CfZfMUNF;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP CBIdF = %JLEeSUHFO(10, 20); XSJUFMO("#BIdFOJO BMBOj: ", CBIdF.BMBO()); CBIdF.BMBO%FhJlUJS(50); XSJUFGMO(":FOJ EVSVN: %T Y %T = %T", CBIdF.FO, CBIdF.CPZ, CBIdF.BMBO());

'>PP>, fjIBR 7cHIBJB ?bIcJcKAB AB >KI>PgIAgeg DF?F, ?Q FHF FjIBRFK FOFJIBNF >UKg A> LI>?FIFN: EPVCMF BMBO() DPOTU \ // ... ^ WPJE BMBO(EPVCMF ZFOJ"MBO) \ // ... ^

64.5

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
!Q ?bIcJAB >KI>PgI>K KFPBIFH FjIBRIBNF FIB A>E> bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNAcecJcV BNFjFJ FjIBRIBNF >N>OgKA> OB_FJ U>MJ>H EBN V>J>K HLI>U LIJ>U>?FIFN. !>VBK BNFjFJ FjIBRIBNF, ?>VBK KFPBIFHIBN, ?>VBK AB FHFOF ?FNABK ALe>I DBIB@BHPFN. -FPBIFHIBNFK HQII>KgIJ>J>I>Ng A> ?FN H>UgM ABeFIAFN. [NKBeFK, "++ DF?F ?>jH> ?>Vg AFIIBNAB KFPBIFH LI>K>eg ?QIQKJ>V. K@>H KB LIQNO> LIOQK, 1>NJ> RB $NFjFJ '>HI>Ng ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, cUBIBNB ALeNQA>K BNFjFJFK BKDBIIBKJBOF bKBJIFAFN. 7>Mg RB OgKgC P>O>NgJI>Ng V>J>KI> DBIFjPFH_B cUBIBNFK HQII>Kg@g HLAI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K ALeNQA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNF OLNQK E>IFKB DBIB?FIFN. . UcVABK, cUB BNFjFJIBNFKF JQPI>H> KFPBIFHIBN RBU> BNFjFJ FjIBRIBNF ULIQUI> O>eI>J>KgVg bKBNFNFJ.

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[NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF %JLEfSUHFO U>MgOgKgK FO RB CPZ cUBIBNFKFK BNFjFJB >_gH ?gN>HgIJ>I>Ng, U>KF QVCMJD LIJ>I>Ng, >K@>H _LH ?>OFP U>MgI>NA> H>?QI BAFIFN ?FN A>RN>KgjPgN. -LNJ>IAB ?QKQK UBNFKB U> cUB FjIBRIBN, U> A> KFPBIFHIBN HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN: TUSVDU %JLEeSUHFO \ QSJWBUF: EPVCMF FO@; EPVCMF CPZ@; QVCMJD: EPVCMF BMBO() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO FO * CPZ; ^ WPJE BMBO(EPVCMF ZFOJ"MBO) !QSPQFSUZ \ BVUP CfZfMUNF = TRSU(ZFOJ"MBO / BMBO); FO@ *= CfZfMUNF; CPZ@ *= CfZfMUNF;

EPVCMF FO() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO FO@; ^ EPVCMF CPZ() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO CPZ@; ^

\UBIBNFK QSJWBUF LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKAFHIBNFKB RB L O>UBAB ABeBNIBNFKB U>IKgV@> KFPBIFH FjIBRIBNF ULIQUI> BNFjFIB?FIAFHIBNFKB AFHH>P BAFK. UNg@> >UKg FOFJABHF KFPBIFH FjIBRIBNFUIB H>NgjJ>OgKI>N AFUB cUBIBNFK FOFJIBNFKFK OLKI>NgK> @ H>N>HPBNF BHIBAFeFJB AFHH>P BAFK. \UB FOFJIBNFKFK ?Q jBHFIAB C>NHIgI>jPgNgIJ>I>Ng KBOKBUB UbKBIFH MNLDN>JI>J>A> LIAQH_> OgH H>NjgI>jgI>K ?FN QUDQI>J>AgN. 7QH>NgA> A> DbNAcecJcV DF?F, cUBIBNB BNFjFJFK KFPBIFH FjIBRIBNF ULIQUI> O>eI>KJ>Og HQII>KgJ >_gOgKA>K C>NHIgIgH DBPFNJBV. FO RB CPZ UFKB O>KHF KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFUJFj DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIFN: BVUP CBIdF = %JLEeSUHFO(10, 20); XSJUFMO("FO: ", CBIdF.FO, " CPZ: ", CBIdF.CPZ); '>PP>, >P>J> FjIB@F FIB HQII>KgI>K KFPBIFH FjIBRFKF ?Q cUBIBN F_FK ?FIBNBH P>KgJI>J>AgegJgV F_FK BKFK RB ?LUQK Agj>NgA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNF AB >NPgH LI>K>HOgVAgN: CBIdF.FO = 100; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!Q A>, cUBIBNB U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFHIBNFK HBKAF ABKBPFJFJFV >IPgKA> LIJ>Og >_gOgKA>K _LH bKBJIFAFN. !Q cUBIBN >K@>H ?Q OgKgCgK HBKAF FjIBRIBNF P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFNIBN. -BOKBIBNFK PQP>NIgIgHI>Ng ?Q O>UBAB ?Q PcNcK cUB FjIBRIBNF P>N>CgKA>K O>eI>K>?FIFN. #gj>NgA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNFKFK UFKB AB QUDQK LIAQeQ cUBIBN R>NO>, >P>J>Ug O>eI>U>K KFPBIFH FjIBRF LKI>N F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>K>?FIFN.

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.3BV G7 )V@V8>3C63 )RK>7X?7>; 'CA9C3?>3?3

65

,/>P C3 (P<P4:/?2/ (LF:3R;3:7 &?=5?/;:/;/

1bVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J>, HLA E>P>I>NgKg >V>IPJ>U> U>N>U>K _LH BPHFIF ?FN LI>K>HPgN. #'KFK ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>NgKA>K FHFOFKF 1bVIBjJBIF /NLDN>JI>J> ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. JO RB PVU ?ILHI>Ng, FjIBRIBNFK DFNFj RB _gHgj HLjQII>NgKg ABKBPIBJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgULNAQ. %AE: & 4R>S?67=; ";@ 4>ATF ?F 7@8AC57 ?F" 43X>VTV 3>EV@63=; ;>=7>7C; 9RK7E?7@;K R@7?>;6;C. BF 4R>S?67=; RC@7=>7C @7D@7>7C;@ G7 B3C3?7EC7>7C;@ EFE3C>V>V=>3CV ;>7 ;>9;>; DACF@>3CV@ BCA9C3?5V :3E3>3CV@3 43T>V A>6FTF 6FCF?>3C>3 ;>9;>;6;C. D;T7C 6FCF?>3C63 ;X>7G;@ =A6>3CV@63@ /809;-/ 'F Q3TVC?3@VK 6ATCF A>FC. '>PgNI>J>H >J>@gUI>, c_DBK >I>KgKg 'BNLK CLNJcIcKc HQII>K>N>H HBK>N QVQKIQHI>NgKA>K EBO>MI>U>K ?FN FjIBR U>V>IgJ. \_DBKFK >I>KgKgK ALeNQ LI>N>H EBO>MI>K>?FIJBOF F_FK c_ HBK>N QVQKIQeQKQK A> OgCgN RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LIJ>Og DBNBHFN. $H LI>N>H, ?FN c_DBKFK EF_?FN HBK>NgKgK AFeBN FHFOFKFK PLMI>JgKA>K QVQK LIJ>J>Og A> DBNBHFN. . DFNFj HLjQII>Ng O>eI>KAgegKA>, c_DBKFK >I>Kg A> OgCgN RBU> A>E> ?cUcH LI>@>HPgN. !Q HLjQII>Ng RB ?Q D>N>KPFUF O>eI>U>K ?FN FjIBR jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: QSJWBUF JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; EPVCMF fdHFO"MBOj(JO EPVCMF B, JO EPVCMF C, JO EPVCMF D) JO \ // ,FOBSMBS TjGjSEBO LfdfL PMBNB[ BTTFSU(B >= 0); BTTFSU(C >= 0); BTTFSU(D >= 0); // )JdCJS LFOBS EJhFS JLJTJOJO UPQMBNjOEBO V[VO PMBNB[ BTTFSU(B <= (C + D)); BTTFSU(C <= (B + D)); BTTFSU(D <= (B + C));

^ PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd >= 0); ^ CPEZ \ JNNVUBCMF ZBSj`FWSF = (B + C + D) / 2; SFUVSO TRSU(ZBSj`FWSF * (ZBSj`FWSF - B) * (ZBSj`FWSF - C) * (ZBSj`FWSF - D));

65.1

JE3 7R:3C:3?7< JO C3 PVU 0:=9:/?P

JO RB PVU ?ILHI>Ng cUB FjIBRIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN RB >UKg ?F_FJAB FjIBRFK DFNFj HLjQII>NgKg RB _gHgj D>N>KPFOFKF ABKBPIBN. 7QH>NgA>HF >I>K EBO>?g FjIBRFKF ?FN cUB FjIBR LI>N>H U>V>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; TUSVDU bdHFO \ QSJWBUF: EPVCMF B;

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.3BV G7 )V@V8>3C63 )RK>7X?7>; 'CA9C3?>3?3

EPVCMF C; EPVCMF D; QVCMJD: EPVCMF BMBO() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd >= 0); ^ CPEZ \ DPOTU EPVCMF ZBSj`FWSF = (B + C + D) / 2; SFUVSO TRSU(ZBSj`FWSF * (ZBSj`FWSF - B) * (ZBSj`FWSF - C) * (ZBSj`FWSF - D)); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP fd%eSU#FlbdHFOJ = bdHFO(3, 4, 5); XSJUFMO(fd%eSU#FlbdHFOJ.BMBO); ^ \_DBKFK HBK>NI>Ng V>PBK U>MgKgK cUB ABeFjHBKIBNF LIAQHI>Ng F_FK ?Q FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNF ULH. . UcVABK ?Q FjIBRFK JO ?ILeQKQ U>VJ>AgJ. \UB ABeFjHBKIBNFK PQP>NIgIgHI>Ng F_FK >j>egA>HF ?FIDFIBNF HQII>KJ>KgV DBNBHFN.

65.2

$3@<3:3?7< 53K3?:7:7N7 7K7< JO C3 PVU 0:=9:/?P

7QH>NgA>HF cUB FjIBR M>N>JBPNB >IJ>Ageg F_FK JO ?ILeQKQ U>VJ>AgH. fjIBRABHF EBO>?g A> KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKF HQII>K>N>H U>MPgH. 7>KF ?FN >KI>JA> cUBIBNFK DB_BNIF ABeBNIBNB O>EFM LIAQHI>NgKg R>NO>UAgH. !Q R>NO>UgJgK ALeNQ LIJ>OgKg O>eI>J>KgK ?FN ULIQ, OgKgCgK HQNQ@Q FjIBRFKB JO ?ILeQ BHIBJBHPFN. !bUIB@B HQNQ@QKQK >IAgeg M>N>JBPNBIBNFK DB_BNIF LIAQHI>NgKg BK ?>jgKA>K, A>E> KBOKB HQNQIJ>A>K ABKBPIBUB?FIFNFV. JO ?ILeQKQ A> U>V>?FIJBH F_FK, HQNQ@Q FjIBRF >_gH_> ?FVFJ P>KgJI>J>JgV DBNBHFN; ABNIBUF@FKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H OQKAQeQ HQNQ@QUQ HQII>K>J>UgV: DMBTT bdHFO \ // ... UIJT(JO EPVCMF B, JO EPVCMF C, JO EPVCMF D) JO \ // ,FOBSMBS TjGjSEBO LfdfL PMBNB[ BTTFSU(B >= 0); BTTFSU(C >= 0); BTTFSU(D >= 0); // )JdCJS LFOBS EJhFS JLJTJOJO UPQMBNjOEBO V[VO PMBNB[ BTTFSU(B <= (C + D)); BTTFSU(C <= (B + D)); BTTFSU(D <= (B + C));

^ CPEZ \

B@ = B; C@ = C; D@ = D;

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// ... ^ \_DBK KBOKBIBNFKFK DB_BNOFV ABeBNIBNIB LIQjPQNQIJ>I>Ng BK ?>jgKA>K BKDBIIBKJFj LIQN. NPgH MNLDN>JgK DB_BNOFV ABeBNIBNIB HQNQIJQj LI>K ?FN c_DBK KBOKBOF HQII>KJ>Og LI>K>HOgVAgN: BVUP FLTJ,FOBS6[VOMVLMV = bdHFO(-1, 1, 1); BVUP CJS,FOBSj'B[MB6[VO = bdHFO(1, 1, 10); *QNQ@Q FjIBRFK JO ?ILeQ, UQH>NgA>HF DB_BNOFV KBOKBIBNFK LIQjPQNQIJ>I>NgK> FVFK RBNJBV: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF.E: "TTFSUJPO GBJMVSF !Q OBCBN AB PVU ?ILeQKQ U>VJ>AgegJ> AFHH>P BAFK. $eBN DBNBHFNOB, A>E> H>NJ>jgH PcNIBNAB HQNQ@Q FjIBRFK PVU ?ILeQ A> U>VgI>?FIFN. . A> KBOKBKFK cUBIBNF HQNQIAQHP>K OLKN> DBNBHB?FIB@BH ABKBPFJIBN F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

65.3

$3@<3:3?7< ABA/?:P:PNP 7K7< JOWBSJBOU 0:=NB

*QNQ@QU> BHIBKBK JO RB PVU ?ILHI>Ng KBOKBKFK U>j>JgKgK DB_BNIF ABeBNIBNIB ?>jI>U>@>egKg, cUBIBNB BHIBKBK JO RB PVU ?ILHI>Ng A> FjIBRIBNFK ALeNQ FjIBAFHIBNFKF D>N>KPF BABN. K@>H ?Q ABKBPFJIBN, KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKFK :7C K3?3@ ;Q;@ DB_BNIF RBU> PQP>NIg LI>@>HI>NgKg D>N>KPF BPJBUB BIRBNFjIF ABeFIIBNAFN. -BOKBKFK cUBIBNF, cUB FjIBRIBN F_FKAB MNLDN>J@g E>P>I>Ng OLKQ@QKA> PQP>NOgV ABeBNIBN BAFKB?FIFNIBN. -BOKBKFK PQP>NIgIgegKg P>NFC BABK HLjQII>N> "JQPI>H ABeFjJBV" ABKFN. [NKBeFK, ?FN JcjPBNF P>HFM OgKgCgKA> EBN OFM>NFjB H>NjgIgH ?FN C>PQN> ?QIQK>@>egKg R>NO>U>NO>H; C>PQN> >ABAFKFK OFM>NFj >ABAFKABK C>VI> LI>J>U>@>eg, ?Q OgKgCgK ?FN JQPI>H ABeFjJBVFAFN. $eBN ?Q HLjQIQK DB_BNIF LIJ>Ageg ?FN JcjPBNF P>HFM KBOKBOF R>NO>, L KBOKBKFK PQP>NIg AQNQJA> LIAQeQKQ ObUIBUBJBUFV. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H 1>NJ> RB $NFjFJ '>HI>Ng ABNOFKAB HQII>KAgegJgV 0LVM OgKgCgKg BIB >I>IgJ: DMBTT 0LVM \ QSJWBUF: ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; JOU Lj[5PQMBNj; JOU FSLFL5PQMBNj; // ... ^ !Q OgKgCP>K LI>K KBOKBIBNFK PQP>NIg LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJBIBNF F_FK, c_ cUBOF >N>OgKA>HF ?FN JQPI>H ABeFjJBVFK O>eI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN. [eNBK@F AFVFOFKFK QVQKIQeQ, EBN V>J>K F_FK HgV beNBK@FIBNFK PLMI>Jg FIB BNHBH beNBK@FIBNFK PLMI>JgK> BjFP LIJ>IgAgN: BTTFSU(ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI == (Lj[5PQMBNj + FSLFL5PQMBNj)); . HLjQIQK ?LVQIJQj LIJ>Og, ?Q OgKgC HLAI>NgKA> U>MgI>K ?FN E>P>KgK DbOPBNDBOFAFN. 7>Mg RB OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK PQP>NIgIgHI>Ng, L PcNcK JOWBSJBOU ?ILeQKA> ABKBPIBKFN. !Q ?ILH, U>Mg RBU> OgKgC P>KgJg F_FKB U>VgIgN RB OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK PQP>NIgIgH HLjQII>NgKg F_BNFN. JO RB PVU ?ILHI>NgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F, ?QN>A> A> BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF HQII>KgIgN:

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.3BV G7 )V@V8>3C63 )RK>7X?7>; 'CA9C3?>3?3

DMBTT 0LVM \ QSJWBUF: ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; JOU Lj[5PQMBNj; JOU FSLFL5PQMBNj; JOWBSJBOU() \ BTTFSU(ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI == (Lj[5PQMBNj + FSLFL5PQMBNj)); ^ // ... ^ 7>Mg RB OgKgC P>KgJI>NgKA> U>IKgV@> ?FN P>KB JOWBSJBOU ?ILeQ ?QIQK>?FIFN. JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>NgKA>HF HLAI>N >j>egA>HF V>J>KI>NA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIFN, RB ?Q O>UBAB MNLDN>JgK U>KIgj RBNFIBNIB ABR>J BPJBOF bKIBKJFj LIQN: x *QNQ@Q FjIBR OLKQKA>: !bUIB@B KBOKBKFK U>j>JgK> PQP>NIg LI>N>H ?>jI>Ageg D>N>KPF BAFIFN. x 1LKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR _>eNgIJ>A>K bK@B: !bUIB@B OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNFKFK PQP>NIg cUBIBN cVBNFKAB U>MgI>@>HI>Ng D>N>KPF BAFIFN. x QVCMJD ?FN FjIBR FjIBPFIJBABK bK@B RB OLKN>: !bUIB@B cUB FjIBRIBNABHF HLAI>NgK KBOKBUF ?LVJ>AgHI>Ng D>N>KPF BAFIFN. %AE: BFC363 :>,63- ;X>7G>7C ;Q;@ DRJ>7@7@ /A:9;= ;X>7G>7C ;Q;@ 67 97Q7C>;6;C. (/A:9;= ;X>7G>7C; =VD353 "6;@3?;= =SESB:3>7C;@ DF@6F=>3CV ;X>7G>7C" A>3C3= E3@V?>3J34;>;C;K.) JOWBSJBOU ?ILeQKA>HF ABKBPFJIBNFK ?>j>NgOgV LIJ>I>Ng A> JO RB PVU ?ILHI>NgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F "TTFSU&SSPS >PgIJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. !Q O>UBAB MNLDN>JgK PQP>NOgV KBOKBIBNIB ABR>J BPJBOF bKIBKJFj LIQN. JO RB PVU ?ILHI>NgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F, JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>Ng A> -SFMFBTF OB_BKBeF FIB FMP>I BAFIB?FIFN: ENE EFOFNF.E -X -SFMFBTF

65.4

IF3A
JO RB PVU ?ILHI>NgKg cUB FjIBRIBNIB AB HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV; HQNQ@Q FjIBRB BHIBUBNBH KBOKBIBNFK DB_BNOFV M>N>JBPNBIBNIB HQNQIJ>I>NgKg bKIBUB?FIFNOFKFV. -BOKBIBNFK U>j>JI>Ng ?LUQK@> EBN V>J>K F_FK PQP>NIg LIJ>I>NgKg D>N>KPFIBJBH F_FK JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>NgKg HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV.

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W34>A@>3C

66

Q/0:=<:/?
i>?ILKI>N ABNIBUF@FKFK ?BIFNIF ?FN H>Ig?> QUDQK LI>N>H HLA cNBPJBOFKF O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. 'BNE>KDF ?FN HLA M>N_>OgKgK ?>Vg ?bIcJIBNF OLKN>U> ?gN>HgIgN; ABNIBUF@F L HLA ?bIcJIBNFKF QUDQK LI>K PcNIBN, ABeBNIBN, RO. FIB HBKAFOF LIQjPQNQN. i>?ILKI>N >IDLNFPJ>I>NgK RB RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK PcNABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H U>VgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>NI>N RB ?Q UcVABK bVBIIFHIB HcPcME>KBIBNAB _LH U>N>NIgAgNI>N. #'KFK j>?ILK LI>K>eg ?>Vg ?>jH> AFIIBNABHFIBNIB H>NjgI>jPgNgIAgegKA> _LH Dc_Ic RB _LH H>MO>JIgAgN. !Q UcVABK j>?ILKI>NgK ?cPcK >UNgKPgI>NgK> ?Q ?bIcJAB DFNBJBUB@BeFJ. !QN>A>, DcKABIFH HQII>KgJA> BK _LH H>NjgI>jgI>K FjIBR, U>Mg, RB OgKgC j>?ILKI>NgKgK PcNIBNIB K>OgI HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg DbOPBNB@BeFJ. *BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ABeBNF M>N>KPBV F_FKAB U>VAgN>K ?>OFP ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ: WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(JOU EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ />N>JBPNBOF JOU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgegKA>K, L FjIBR U>IKgV@> JOU PcNcUIB RBU> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H JOU 'B AbKcjB?FIBK PcNIBNIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. #BNIBUF@F, bNKBeFK HBOFNIF O>Ug PcNIBNFUIB _>eNgIJ>OgK> FVFK RBNJBV. . FjIBRF HQII>K>K MNLDN>JgK V>J>KI> DBIFjPFeFKF RB >NPgH ?>jH> PcNIBNABK LI>K ABeBNIBNFK AB M>N>KPBV F_FKAB U>VAgNgIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF AcjcKBIFJ. !QKQK F_FK ?FN _bVcJ, #'KFK FjIBR UcHIBJB LI>K>egAgN; >UKg FjIBR ?>jH> PcNIBN F_FK AB P>KgJI>KgN: // %BIB eODF ZB[jMNjl PMBO JlMFW WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(JOU EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ // ilMFWJO EPVCMF UfSf JdJO ZfLMFONFTJ WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(EPVCMF EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ !Q A> >K@>H ?BIFNIF ?FN KLHP>U> H>A>N UBPBNIFAFN _cKHc ?Q FjIBRF ?Q OBCBN AB bNKBeFK SFBM PcNcUIB RBU> HBKAF P>KgJI>Jgj LI>?FIB@BeFJFV ?>jH> PcNIBNIB HQII>K>J>UgV. 2>?FF FjIBRF L PcNIBN F_FK AB UcHIBJBUF AcjcKB?FIFNFV >J> EBN PcN F_FK >UNg >UNg U>VgIJ>OgKgK _LH HcICBPIF LI>@>eg >_gHPgN. !QN>A> AFHH>PFKFVF _BHJBH FOPBAFeFJ KLHP>, PcN KB LIQNO> LIOQK FjIBRFK F_BNFeFKFK EBM >UKg LIAQeQAQN. 2cNIBN F_FK UcHIBKBK ?Q FjIBRABHF FjIBJIBN, ESC67@ 43TV?DVK A>3C3= EBMOFKAB >UKgAgN. !BKVBN AQNQJI>N bVBIIFHIB >IDLNFPJ>I>NA> RB RBNF U>MgI>NgKA> H>NjgJgV> _gH>N. [NKBeFK, FHFIF >N>J> >IDLNFPJ>Og PcNABK ?>egJOgVAgN: . >IDLNFPJ> U>IKgV@> FjIBJIBNIB FIDFIFAFN. UKg ?F_FJAB, bNKBeFK ?>eIg IFOPB RBNF U>MgOg A> PcNABK ?>egJOgVAgN: 7>IKgV@> PLMIQIQHP>HF BIBJ>KI>NgK K>OgI ?FN >N>A> PQPQIAQHI>NgKg ?BIFNIBN. fjPB j>?ILKI>N ?Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN: *LA ?FN H>IgM E>IFKAB P>NFC BAFIFN RB ABNIBUF@F, MNLDN>JA> HQII>KgI>K PcNIBN F_FK HLAQ DBNBHPFH_B HBKAFOF cNBPFN.

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W34>A@>3C

66.1

OR:3C R/0:=<:/?P
fjIBRF ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H P>NFC BPJBH, F_FKAB HQII>KgI>K ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> PcNcK 47>;CD;K LI>N>H OLKN>U> ?gN>HgIJ>Og >KI>JgK> DBIFN. fjIBRABHF E>KDF PcNIBNFK OLKN>U> ?gN>HgIAgHI>Ng FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNFKABK EBJBK bK@B U>VgI>K j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFUIB ?BIFNPFIFN. !Q UcVABK FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKA> FHF >ABP M>N>JBPNB M>N>KPBVF ?QIQKQN; ?FNFK@FOF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFAFN, FHFK@FOF AB FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF: WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(5)(5 EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ 7QH>NgA> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K 5 , "?Q FjIBRAB 2 U>VAgegJgV UBNIBNAB >OgI E>KDF PcNcK HQII>KgI>@>egK> ABNIBUF@F DBNBHPFH_B HBKAFOF H>N>N RBNOFK" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. 5 UBNFKB EBNE>KDF ?>jH> ?FN FOFJ AB U>VgI>?FIFN. K@>H, "PUMB"gK ?>j E>NCF LIAQeQ F_FK 5 E>NCF DBIBKBHIBjJFjPFN. "2cN"cK ?>j E>NCFKB AB QUAQeQ F_FK >HOFKB ?FN KBABK LIJ>Ageg OcNB@B 5 HQII>KJ>H UBNFKAB LI>@>HPgN. . j>?ILKQ UQH>NgA>HF DF?F PcNABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H U>VJ>H, HBKAF PcNIBNFJFV AB A>EFI LIJ>H cVBNB LKQ _BjFPIF PcNIBNIB _>egNJ> LI>K>eg O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(5)(5 EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(42); QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(1.2); BVUP CJS%FhFS = #JS:BQj(); QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(CJS%FhFS);

// JOU JMF // EPVCMF JMF // #JS:BQj OFTOFTJ JMF

TUSVDU #JS:BQj \ TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO "NFSIBCB"; ^ ^ #BNIBUF@F, MNLDN>JA>HF HQII>KgJI>NgK> ?>H>N>H UQH>NgA>HF FjIBR j>?ILKQKQ DBNBHBK EBN PcN F_FK >UNg >UNg cNBPFN. /NLDN>J, O>KHF L FjIBR 5 'KFK HQII>KgIAgeg c_ C>NHIg PcN F_FK, U>KF JOU , EPVCMF , RB #JS:BQk F_FK >UNg >UNg U>VgIJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN:

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/* * /PU: #V JlMFWMFSJO IJdCJSJTJ QSPHSBNB EBIJM EFhJMEJS. * %FSMFZJDJOJO LFOEJ fSFUUJhJ JlMFWMFSJO FlEFhFSMFSJ * PMBSBL HeTUFSJZPSVN. */ WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(JOU EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(EPVCMF EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(#JS:BQj EFhFS) \ XSJUFGMO("(%T)", EFhFS); ^ /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg A> L c_ C>NHIg FjIBRFK BPHFOFKF DbOPBNB@BH ?F_FJAB EBN PcN F_FK C>NHIgAgN: (42) (1.2) (NFSIBCB)

66.2

B7?23< 4/F:/ R/0:=< >/?/;3A?3@7 9B::/<P:/07:7?

UKg FjIBRF, >_J> RB H>M>J> M>N>KPBVIBNFKF AB HQII>Kg@gA>K >I>@>H jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNAFeFJFVF AcjcKBIFJ: WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(5)(5 EFhFS, DIBS BdNB, DIBS LBQBNB) \ XSJUFMO(BdNB, EFhFS, LBQBNB); ^ NPgH L FjIBRF, FOPBAFeFJFV M>N>KPBV H>N>HPBNIBNF FIB _>egN>?FIFNFV: QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(42, '<', '>'); />N>KPBVIBNF ?BIFNIBUB?FIFULN LIJ>H FjIBRFK HQII>KgjIgIgegKg >NPPgNJgj LIO> A>, M>N>KPBVIBNFK PcNcKcK DIBS LI>N>H O>?FPIBKJFj LIJ>I>Ng FjIBRFK HQII>KgjIgIgegKg PcN >_gOgKA>K AcjcNJcjPcN. fjIBRF bNKBeFK >K@>H XDIBS FIB FC>AB BAFIB?FIBK 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNF >N>OgKA> U>VAgNJ>U> _>IgjO>H, XDIBS 'gK DIBS '> AbKcjPcNcIBJBUB@BeF FIB FIDFIF ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgNgV: QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(42, 'p', 'n'); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

&SSPS: UFNQMBUF EFOFNF.QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EkS(5) DBOOPU EFEVDF UFNQMBUF GVODUJPO GSPN BSHVNFOU UZQFT !()(JOU,XDIBS,XDIBS) !QKQK ?FN _bVcJc, M>N>KPBV H>N>HPBNIBNFKF EBN H>N>HPBNF FC>AB BAB?FIBK EDIBS LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>HPgN. !Q A> UBPBNOFV LI>@>HPgN _cKHc FjIBR ?Q OBCBN AB bNKBeFK TUSJOH FIB RBU> HBKAF bVBI PcNIBNFJFVIB HQII>KgI>J>V. !>jH> ?FN _bVcJ, UFKB j>?ILK LI>K>egKA>K U>N>NI>KJ>H RB M>N>KPBVFK PcNcKc AB ABNIBUF@FUB ?gN>HJ>HPgN. 7>MJ>JgV DBNBHBK, FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H DIBS UBNFKB UBKF ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF HQII>KJ>H RB LKQ A> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB ?BIFNPJBHPFN:

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WPJE QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(5, 1BSBOUF[5fSf)(5 EFhFS, 1BSBOUF[5fSf BdNB, 1BSBOUF[5fSf LBQBNB) \ XSJUFMO(BdNB, EFhFS, LBQBNB); ^ 7BKF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK >KI>Jg A> 5 'KFKHF DF?FAFN: "?Q FjIBR P>KgJgKA> />N>KPBV2cNc DB_BK UBNIBNAB E>KDF PcN DBNBHFULNO> L HQII>KgIOgK". NPgH M>N>KPBV LI>N>H EBNE>KDF ?FN PcN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK XDIBS RB TUSJOH PcNIBNFUIB: QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(42, 'p', 'n'); QBSBOUF[MJ:B[EjS(1.2, "-=", "=-");

q42p -=1.2=!Q j>?ILKQK U>N>Ng, PBH FjIBR P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQJQV E>IAB 5 RB 1BSBOUF[5gSg j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKB?FIJBIBNFAFN.

66.3

)M? KP9/?@/;/
#BNIBUF@F UQH>NgA>HF FHF HQII>KgJA> jQ PcNIBNF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H OB_BN: x 42'KFK U>VAgNgIAgeg O>PgNA> JOU RB XDIBS x 1.2'KFK U>VAgNgIAgeg O>PgNA> EPVCMF RB TUSJOH fjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg KLHP>I>NA> E>KDF PcNIBNFK DBNBHPFeF FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKABK HLI>U@> >KI>jgI>?FIJBHPBAFN. #BNIBUF@FKFK, PcNc FjIBR _>eNgIgNHBK HQII>KgI>K M>N>JBPNBIBNABK >KI>J>OgK> ESC QV=3CD3?3DV ABKFN. #BNIBUF@F j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF >K@>H RB >K@>H FjIBR _>eNgIgNHBK HQII>KgI>K PcNIBNABK _gH>NO>U>?FIFN.

66.4

)M?M< /KP9K/ 03:7?A7:;3@7

!>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF _gH>NO>K>J>VI>N, _cKHc bNKBeFK FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H DB_JFULNI>NAgN. [UIB AQNQJI>NA> ABNIBUF@FKFK j>?ILKQK HQII>KgJgK> ?>H>N>H _gH>NO>J>Og LI>K>HOgVAgN. [NKBH LI>N>H HQII>Kg@gU> ?FN OLNQ OLN>K RB L OLNQ H>NjgIgegKA> DFNFjPBK ?FN ABeBN LHQU>K ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ; LHQAQeQ ABeBNF AbKAcNcULN LIOQK. UNg@>, ?cPcK PcNIBN F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK AB AbKcj PcNcKc O>?FPIBJBUBIFJ RB ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H P>KgJI>U>IgJ: 5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5)(TUSJOH TPSV) \ XSJUFG("%T (%T): ", TPSV, 5.TUSJOHPG); 5 DFWBQ; SFBEG(" %T", &DFWBQ); ^ SFUVSO DFWBQ;

. FjIBR, DFNFjPBK LHQJ> FjFKF PcNABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNAFeF F_FK MNLDN>JA> _LH U>N>NIg LI>@>HPgN. [NKBeFK, HQII>Kg@g ?FIDFIBNFKF BAFKJBH F_FK jQ jBHFIAB _>egNJ>Ug AcjcKB?FIFNFV:

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HJSJlUFO0LV(":BljOj[ "); K@>H, L _>egNJ> OgN>OgKA> 5 'KFK E>KDF PcNABK LI>@>egKg ?BIFNPBK EF_?FN FMQ@Q ULHPQN. 1LNQ FjIBRB TUSJOH LI>N>H DFPJBHPBAFN >J> ABNIBUF@F AbKcj PcNc F_FK E>KDF PcNc FOPBAFeFJFVF ?FIBJBV RB 5 'UF _gH>NO>U>J>AgegKg ?FIAFNBK ?FN E>P> RBNFN: &SSPS: UFNQMBUF EFOFNF.HJSJmUFO0LV(5) DBOOPU EFEVDF UFNQMBUF GVODUJPO GSPN BSHVNFOU UZQFT !()(TUSJOH) !Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK KB LIAQHI>Ng MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBH VLNQKA>AgN. i>?ILKQK E>KDF PcNIBNIB cNBPFIB@BeF, U>KF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF, FjIBR FOJFKABK OLKN>HF cKIBJ Fj>NBPF RB EBJBK >NAgKA>K DBIBK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOF FIB ?FIAFNFIFN: HJSJlUFO0LV!(JOU)(":BljOj[ "); . HLA >NPgH ABNIBKFN RB UQH>NgA>HF j>?ILK, 5 UBNFKB JOU U>VgIJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN. 2BH j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF ?BIFNPFIBK AQNQJI>NA> ?FN HLI>UIgH LI>N>H j>?ILK M>N>KPBVIBNF U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN: HJSJlUFO0LV!JOU(":BljOj[ "); // fTUUFLJOJO FlEFhFSJ

. U>VgIgjg jFJAFUB H>A>N _LH HQII>KAgegJgV UP!TUSJOH 'ABK P>KgULNOQKQV. UP ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQAQN. .K> RBNAFeFJFV ABeBNFK E>KDF PcNB AbKcjPcNcIB@BeFKF ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >IgN. 2BH j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF DBNBHPFeF F_FK AB UP!(TUSJOH) UBNFKB LKQK HgO>Og LI>K UP!TUSJOH U>VgIgN.

66.5

Q/0:=< LF3::3;3:3?7
HJSJmUFO0LV FjIBRFKF ?>jH> PcNIBNIB AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. K@>H, ABNIBUF@FKFK cNBPPFeF HLA EBN PcN F_FK DB_BNIF LIJ>U>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, FHF ?LUQPIQ AcVIBJABHF ?FN KLHP>Ug FC>AB BABK ?FN U>Mg LIOQK: TUSVDU /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; ^ 'BN KB H>A>N U>O>I LI>N>H ABNIBKB?FIOB AB, HJSJmUFO0LV j>?ILKQKQ ?Q U>Mg FIB HQII>KgNO>H j>?ILK F_FKABHF SFBEG FjIBRF ALeNQ _>IgjJ>V. i>?ILK F_FKAB /PLUB PcNcKB H>NjgIgH LI>N>H cNBPFIBK HLA jbUIB LI>@>HPgN: /PLUB DFWBQ; SFBEG(" %T", &DFWBQ);

// :"/-*k

#LeNQOQ, /PLUB 'Ug LIQjPQN>@>H LI>K T RB U ABeBNIBNFKFK DFNFjPBK >UNg >UNg LHQKJ>I>Ng RB KBOKBKFK ?Q ABeBNIBNIB =FCF>?3DV6VC. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA>, j>?ILKQK ?BIFNIF ?FN PcN F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>OgK> RK7>>7?7 ABKFN. '>KDF PcN F_FK bVBIIBKAFeF, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB : H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> U>VgI>N>H ?BIFNPFIFN: // kBCMPOVO HFOFM UBOjNj (ZVLBSjEBLJOJO BZOjTj) 5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5)(TUSJOH TPSV)

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XSJUFG("%T (%T): ", TPSV, 5.TUSJOHPG); 5 DFWBQ; SFBEG(" %T", &DFWBQ);

SFUVSO DFWBQ;

// kBCMPOVO /PLUB UfSf JdJO e[FMMFONFTJ 5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5 : /PLUB)(TUSJOH TPSV) \ XSJUFGMO("%T (/PLUB)", TPSV); BVUP Y = HJSJlUFO0LV!JOU(" BVUP Z = HJSJlUFO0LV!JOU(" ^ SFUVSO /PLUB(Y, Z); Y"); Z");

HJSJmUFO0LV FjIBRF ?FN /PLUB F_FK _>eNgIAgegKA>, ABNIBUF@F >NPgH L bVBI P>KgJg HQII>KgN: BVUP NFSLF[ = HJSJlUFO0LV!/PLUB(".FSLF[ "); . FjIBR AB HBKAF F_FKAB HJSJmUFO0LV!JOU 'F FHF HBNB _>egN>N>H T RB U ABeBNIBNFKF >UNg >UNg LHQN: .FSLF[ (/PLUB) Y (JOU): 11 Z (JOU): 22 HJSJmUFO0LV!JOU _>eNgI>Ng j>?ILKQK DBKBI P>KgJgK>, HJSJmUFO0LV!/PLUB _>eNgI>Ng A> j>?ILKQK bVBI P>KgJgK> UbKIBKAFNFIB@BHPFN. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, j>?ILKQ TUSJOH FIB HQII>KJ>Ug A> AcjcKB?FIFNFV. -B U>VgH HF j>?ILKQK DBKBI P>KgJg 9;C;X;@ DA@F@3 =363C LHQKJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN: // CfUfO HJSJlJ PLVS: BVUP JTJN = HJSJlUFO0LV!TUSJOH("iTNJOJ[ "); $eBN TUSJOH 'IBNFK PBH O>PgN LI>N>H LHQKJ>I>NgKgK QUDQK LIAQeQKQ H>?QI BABNOBH, ?Q AQNQJA> A> _bVcJ j>?ILKQ TUSJOH F_FK RK7> LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>HPgN: 5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5 : TUSJOH)(TUSJOH TPSV) \ XSJUFG("%T (TUSJOH): ", TPSV); // #JS eODFLJ LVMMBOjDj HJSJlJOJO TPOVOEB LBMNjl // PMBCJMFDFL CPlMVL LBSBLUFSMFSJOJ EF PLV WF He[BSEj FU TUSJOH DFWBQ; EP \ DFWBQ = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); ^ XIJMF (DFWBQ.MFOHUI == 0); ^ SFUVSO DFWBQ;

66.6

,/>P C3 @P<P4 R/0:=<:/?P

7QH>NgA>HF /PLUB OgKgCgKgK FHF cUBOF JOU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgegKA>K, FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKA> H>NjgI>jPgegJgV UBPBNOFVIFH LKA> A> R>NAgN.

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/PLUB U>MgOgKgK A>E> H>MO>JIg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKBIFJ. [NKBeFK, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?>jH> ?FN KLHP>U> LI>K QV>HIgegKg EBO>MI>U>?FIOFK: JNQPSU TUE.NBUI; // ... TUSVDU /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; JOU V[BLMjL(JO /PLUB EJhFS/PLUB) DPOTU \ JNNVUBCMF SFBM Y'BSLj = Y - EJhFS/PLUB.Y; JNNVUBCMF SFBM Z'BSLj = Z - EJhFS/PLUB.Z; JNNVUBCMF V[BLMjL = TRSU((Y'BSLj * Y'BSLj) + (Z'BSLj * Z'BSLj)); ^ SFUVSO DBTU(JOU)V[BLMjL;

. U>Mg, bNKBeFK HFILJBPNB AQU>NIgegKA>HF QUDQI>J>I>NA> UBPBNIFAFN: BVUP NFSLF[ = HJSJlUFO0LV!/PLUB(".FSLF[ "); BVUP lVCF = HJSJlUFO0LV!/PLUB("kVCF "); XSJUFMO("6[BLMjL: ", NFSLF[.V[BLMjL(lVCF)); K@>H, HBOFNIF ABeBNIBN DBNBHPFNBK A>E> E>OO>O QUDQI>J>I>NA> HQII>KgjOgVAgN. 7>Mg RB OgKgC j>?ILKI>Ng, LKI>Ng A> ?BIFNIF ?FN H>Ig?> QUDQK LI>N>H P>KgJI>J> LI>K>eg O>eI>NI>N. !Q AQNQJA>, U>MgU> (5) M>N>JBPNBOF BHIBJBH RB P>KgJgKA>HF JOU 'IBN UBNFKB 5 HQII>KJ>H, ?Q P>KgJgK ?FN j>?ILK E>IFKB DBIJBOF RB cUBIBNFK PcNIBNFKFK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKJBOF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: TUSVDU /PLUB(5) \ 5 Y; 5 Z; 5 V[BLMjL(JO /PLUB EJhFS/PLUB) DPOTU \ JNNVUBCMF SFBM Y'BSLj = Y - EJhFS/PLUB.Y; JNNVUBCMF SFBM Z'BSLj = Z - EJhFS/PLUB.Z; JNNVUBCMF V[BLMjL = TRSU((Y'BSLj * Y'BSLj) + (Z'BSLj * Z'BSLj)); ^ SFUVSO DBTU(5)V[BLMjL;

7>Mg RB OgKgCI>N FjIBR LIJ>AgHI>NgKA>K, _>eNgIJ>I>Ng ObV HLKQOQ ABeFIAFN. . UcVABK ABNIBUF@FKFK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF _gH>NO>J>Og LI>K>HOgVAgN; PcNIBNF >_gH_> ?BIFNPJBJFV DBNBHFN: BVUP NFSLF[ = /PLUB!JOU(0, 0); BVUP lVCF = /PLUB!JOU(100, 100); XSJUFMO("6[BLMjL: ", NFSLF[.V[BLMjL(lVCF));

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7QH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJ, ABNIBUF@FKFK /PLUB j>?ILKQKQ 5 UBNFKB JOU DBIB@BH jBHFIAB cNBPJBOFKF O>eI>N. !FN j>?ILK LIAQeQKA>K ?>jH> PcNIBNIB AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK, RFNDcIABK OLKN>OgKgK bKBJIF LIAQeQ ?FN QUDQI>J>A>: BVUP OPLUB1 = /PLUB!EPVCMF(1.2, 3.4); BVUP OPLUB2 = /PLUB!EPVCMF(5.6, 7.8); XSJUFMO(OPLUB1.V[BLMjL(OPLUB2)); 7>Mg RB OgKgC j>?ILKI>Ng, RBNF U>MgI>NgKg ?bUIB PcNABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H P>KgJI>J> LI>K>eg O>eI>N. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, /PLUB j>?ILKQKA>HF cUBIBN RB FjIBJIBN P>J>JBK 5 'KFK >OgI PcNcKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H U>VgIJgjI>NAgN. /PLUB 'KgK >NPgH ?FN U>Mg j>?ILKQ LIJ>Og, HJSJmUFO0LV FjIBR j>?ILKQKQK A>E> bK@B U>VJgj LIAQeQJQV /PLUB bVBIIBJBOFKAB ?FN OLNQK LIQjPQNQN: 5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5 : /PLUB)(TUSJOH TPSV) \ XSJUFGMO("%T (/PLUB)", TPSV); BVUP Y = HJSJlUFO0LV!JOU(" BVUP Z = HJSJlUFO0LV!JOU(" ^ SFUVSO /PLUB(Y, Z); Y"); Z"); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

'>P>KgK KBABKF, >NPgH /PLUB AFUB ?FN PcN ?QIQKJ>J>OgAgN: /PLUB >NPgH ?FN PcN ABeFI, ?FN J3BV X34>A@F6FC. !FN PcN LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIJBOF F_FK, JQPI>H> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK AB ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHFN. HJSJmUFO0LV FjIBR j>?ILKQKQ 4SES@ %A=E3 =F>>3@V?>3CV ;Q;@ bVBIIBJBH F_FK >j>egA>HF ABeFjFHIFHIBNF U>M>?FIFNFV. _gHI>J>I>NgKg HLAA>K OLKN> U>M>@>egJ: /PLUB!5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5 : /PLUB!5)(TUSJOH TPSV) \ XSJUFGMO("%T (/PLUB!%T)", TPSV, 5.TUSJOHPG); BVUP Y = HJSJlUFO0LV!5(" BVUP Z = HJSJlUFO0LV!5(" ^ SFUVSO /PLUB!5(Y, Z); Y"); Z"); // 2, 1 // 5 // 3B // 3C // 4

1. !Q FjIBR j>?ILKQ bVBIIBJBOFKFK /PLUB 'KgK ?cPcK HQII>KgJI>NgKg ABOPBHIBJBOF F_FK, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKAB /PLUB!5 U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHFN; ?FN >KI>JA>, 5 KB LIQNO> LIOQK, ?Q bVBIIBJBKFK /PLUB!5 PcNIBNF F_FK LIAQeQ ?BIFNPFIJBHPBAFN: /PLUB!JOU , /PLUB!EPVCMF , RO. 2. &FNFjPBK LHQK>K PcNB QUJ>Og F_FK AbKcj PcNcKcK AB /PLUB!5 LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHFN. 3. !Q FjIBRFK bK@BHF P>KgJgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F HJSJmUFO0LV!JOU 'F _>egN>J>UgV _cKHc /PLUB 'KgK cUBIBNF EBNE>KDF ?FN PcNABK LI>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK, 5 KB FOB, HJSJmUFO0LV j>?ILKQKQ L PcNABK ABeBN LHQU>@>H jBHFIAB, U>KF HJSJmUFO0LV!5 jBHIFKAB _>egNJ>JgV DBNBHFN. 4. 1 RB 2 KQJ>N>Ig J>AABIBNB ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, AbKAcNAcecJcV ABeBN AB ?FN /PLUB!5 LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. 5. .HQJ>HP> LIAQeQJQV PcNcK "(-LHP>)" UBNFKB bNKBeFK "(-LHP>!ALQ?IB)" LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJBOF F_FK j>?ILK PcNcKcK FOJFKF 5.TUSJOHPG 'P>K BAFKFULNQV.

66.7

+/?@/EP:/< R/0:=< >/?/;3A?3:3?7

i>?ILKI>NgK DBPFNAFeF ?Q BOKBHIFH _LH HQII>KgjIg LIO> A> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK EBN AQNQJA> ?BIFNPFIJBIBNF ?>VBK DBNBHOFV LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, HJSJmUFO0LV FjIBR j>?ILKQ MNLDN>JA> EBJBK

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EBJBK EBN UBNAB JOU FIB HQII>KgIgULNAQN RB ?BIHF AB U>IKgV@> ?FN H>_ KLHP>A> bNKBeFK EPVCMF FIB AB HQII>KgIgULNAQN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB R>NO>UgI>K PcNIBN RBNFIB?FIFN RB >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBAFeFKAB L PcNIBN HQII>KgIgN. 4>NO>UgI>K j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNF = H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIFN: 5 HJSJlUFO0LV(5 = JOU)(TUSJOH TPSV) \ // ... ^ // ... BVUP ZBl = HJSJlUFO0LV(":BljOj[ "); 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR _>eNgOgKA> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF ?BIFNPFIJBAFeF E>IAB JOU R>NO>UgIgN; UQH>NgA>HF _>eNg HJSJmUFO0LV!JOU FIB >UKgAgN. 7>Mg RB OgKgC j>?ILKI>Ng F_FK AB R>NO>UgI>K M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNF ?FIAFNFIB?FIFN. M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK ?Lj LIO> ?FIB U>VgIJ>Og j>NPPgN: TUSVDU /PLUB(5 = JOU) \ // ... ^ // ... /PLUB!() NFSLF[; />N>JBPNB 1BN?BOPIFeF ?bIcJcKAB FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF F_FK >KI>PgI>K> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, R>NO>UgI>K j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF U> ?cPcK M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK U> A> U>IKgV@> OLKA>HF M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: WPJE CJSkBCMPO(50, 51 = JOU, 52 = DIBS)() \ // ... ^ . j>?ILKQK OLK FHF M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHJBV >J> ?FNFK@FOF j>NPPgN: CJSkBCMPO!TUSJOH(); . HQII>KgJA> FHFK@F M>N>JBPNB JOU , c_cK@c M>N>JBPNB AB DIBS LIQN. K@>H, j>?ILK

66.8

3? R/0:=< 53?K39:3RA7?;3@7 4/?9:P 07? AM?2M?

!FN j>?ILKQK ?BIFNIF ?FN PcN RBU> PcNIBN F_FK cNBPFIJBOF UBMUBKF ?FN PcN LIQjPQNQN. [NKBeFK /PLUB!JOU ?>jIg?>jgK> ?FN PcNAcN. UKg jBHFIAB, /PLUB!EPVCMF A> ?>jIg?>jgK> ?FN PcNAcN. !Q PcNIBN ?FN?FNIBNFKABK C>NHIgAgNI>N: /PLUB!JOU OPLUB3 = /PLUB!EPVCMF(0.25, 0.75); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* 2cNIBNFK QUQJOQV LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNBK ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgKgN: &SSPS: DBOOPU JNQMJDJUMZ DPOWFSU FYQSFTTJPO (/PLUB(0.25,0.75)) PG UZQF /PLUB!(EPVCMF) UP /PLUB!(JOU)

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66.9

D3?:3;3 F/;/<P =:/</NP2P?

i>?ILK LI>K>eg ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBUBK RB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K FjIBPFIBK ?FN LI>K>HPgN. #BNIBUF@FKFK HLA cNBPJBOFUIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKA>K, MNLDN>J _>IgjJ>U> ?>jI>AgegKA> j>?ILKI>NgK HLA> _BRNFIJBIBNF RB ABNIBKJBIBNF _LHP>K P>J>JI>KJgjPgN.

66.10

(P<P4 R/0:=<B L?<3N7: EPNP< C3?7 E/>P@P

7>Mg RB OgKgC j>?ILKI>Ng G7C; J3BV>3CV@63 _LH HQII>KgIgNI>N. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK ?FN JVTV@ EAB>F>FTF (OP>@H @LKP>FKBN) P>KgJI>U>IgJ. 7gegK PLMIQIQeQ RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK BK ?>OFP LI>KI>NgKA>KAgN: $IBJ>KI>NgK cOP cOPB AQNAQHI>Ng AcjcKcIcN. $HIBKBK EBN BIBJ>K BK cOPB UBNIBjPFNFIFN RB U>IKgV@> ?Q cOPPBHF BIBJ>K> BNFjFIB?FIFN. 2LMIQIQHP>K BIBJ>K _gH>NPgIJ>H FOPBKAFeFKAB AB U>IKgV@> BK cOPPBHF BIBJ>K _gH>NPgI>?FIFN. *QII>KgjIg LIOQK AFUB PLMIQIQHP>HF BIBJ>K O>UgOgKg RBNBK ?FN KFPBIFH AB P>O>NI>NO>H, ?Q ?>OFP RBNF U>MgOgKgK FjIBJIBNFKF jbUIB OgN>I>U>?FIFNFV: x x x x $IBJ>K BHIBJBH $IBJ>K _gH>NPJ>H \OPPBHFKB BNFjPFNJBH $IBJ>K >ABAFKF ?FIAFNJBH

!Q RBNF U>MgOgKg DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH F_FK #'KFK F_ LI>K>HI>NgKA>K LI>K AFVFIBNABK U>N>NI>K>?FIFNFV. #FVFKFK OLKQK@Q BIBJ>Kg, UgegK PLMIQIQeQKQK SDEE7=; BIBJ>Kg LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIFN. #FVF BIBJ>Kg PcNcKc AB O>?FP ?FN PcN LI>N>H U>VJ>H UBNFKB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBNOBH, ?Q RBNF U>MgOgKg EBN PcNIB HQII>K>?FIB@BH jBHFIAB jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: DMBTT :jhjO(5) \ QSJWBUF: 5<> FMFNBOMBS; QVCMJD: WPJE FLMF(5 FMFNBO) \ FMFNBOMBS _= FMFNBO; ^ WPJE djLBSU() \ --FMFNBOMBS.MFOHUI; ^ 5 fTUUFLJ() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO FMFNBOMBS<$ - 1>; ^ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO FMFNBOMBS.MFOHUI; ^

$HIBJB RB _gH>NPJ> FjIBJIBNFKFK cUB FjIBRIBN LIJ>I>Ng ALe>IAgN. gTUUFLJ RB V[VOMVL FjIBRIBNFKF FOB KFPBIFH LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>Ug A>E> QUDQK ?QIAQJ. ZcKHc FHFOF AB ?Q RBNF U>MgOgUI> FIDFIF ?>OFP ?FN ?FIDF OQKQULNI>N.

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!Q OgKgC F_FK ?FN VOJUUFTU ?ILeQ P>KgJI>U>N>H ?BHIBAFeFJFV jBHFIAB _>IgjPgegKA>K BJFK LI>?FIFNFV. j>egA>HF ?ILH ?Q PcNc JOU PcNcKABHF BIBJ>KI>NI> HQII>KgULN: VOJUUFTU \ BVUP ZjhjO = OFX :jhjO!JOU; // &LMFOFO FMFNBO fTUUF HeSfONFMJ ZjhjO.FLMF(42); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.fTUUFLJ == 42); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.V[VOMVL == 1); // .fTUUFLJ WF .V[VOMVL FMFNBOMBSj FULJMFNFNFMJ BTTFSU(ZjhjO.fTUUFLJ == 42); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.V[VOMVL == 1); // :FOJ FLMFOFO FMFNBO fTUUF HeSfONFMJ ZjhjO.FLMF(100); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.fTUUFLJ == 100); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.V[VOMVL == 2); // &MFNBO djLBSUjMjODB eODFLJ HeSfONFMJ ZjhjO.djLBSU(); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.fTUUFLJ == 42); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.V[VOMVL == 1); // 4PO FMFNBO djLBSUjMjODB CPl LBMNBMj ZjhjO.djLBSU(); BTTFSU(ZjhjO.V[VOMVL == 0);

!Q RBNF U>MgOgKg ?FN j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>Jgj LIJ>KgK U>N>NgKg DbNJBH F_FK LKQ HBKAF P>KgJI>AgegJgV ?FN PcNIB HQII>K>IgJ: TUSVDU /PLUB(5) \ 5 Y; 5 Z; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

EPVCMF PcNcKAB cUBIBNF ?QIQK>K /PLUB 'I>Ng F_BNBK ?FN :kikO j>?ILKQ jbUIB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN: BVUP OPLUBMBS = OFX :jhjO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF); !Q RBNF U>MgOgK> LK P>KB N>ODBIB ABeBNIF KLHP> BHIBUBK RB OLKN> LKI>Ng PBHBN PBHBN _gH>NP>K ?FN ABKBJB MNLDN>Jg jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; TUSVDU /PLUB(5) \ 5 Y; 5 Z; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

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// -0.50 JMF 0.50 BSBTjOEB SBTHFMF CJS EFhFS EeOEfSfS EPVCMF SBTHFMF@EPVCMF() PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU((TPOVd >= -0.50) && (TPOVd < 0.50)); ^ CPEZ \ SFUVSO (DBTU(EPVCMF)VOJGPSN(0, 100) - 50) / 100; ^ // #FMJSUJMFO TBZjEB SBTHFMF /PLUB!EPVCMF JdFSFO CJS :jhjO // EeOEfSfS :jhjO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF) SBTHFMF/PLUBMBS(TJ[F@U BEFU) PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.V[VOMVL == BEFU); ^ CPEZ \ BVUP OPLUBMBS = OFX :jhjO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ JNNVUBCMF OPLUB = /PLUB!EPVCMF(SBTHFMF@EPVCMF(), SBTHFMF@EPVCMF()); XSJUFMO("FLMJZPSVN : ", OPLUB); OPLUBMBS.FLMF(OPLUB); ^ ^ SFUVSO OPLUBMBS;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP fTUbTUF/PLUBMBS = SBTHFMF/PLUBMBS(10); XIJMF (fTUbTUF/PLUBMBS.V[VOMVL) \ XSJUFMO("djLBSUjZPSVN: ", fTUbTUF/PLUBMBS.fTUUFLJ); fTUbTUF/PLUBMBS.djLBSU(); ^

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOgKA>K >KI>jgI>@>eg DF?F, BHIBKBKIBNIB _gH>NPgI>KI>N PBNO OgN>A> LIJ>HP>AgN:

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FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : FLMJZPSVN : ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN: ekLBSUkZPSVN:

(0.02,0.1) (0.23,-0.34) (0.47,0.39) (0.03,-0.05) (0.01,-0.47) (-0.25,0.02) (0.39,0.35) (0.32,0.31) (0.02,-0.27) (0.25,0.24) (0.25,0.24) (0.02,-0.27) (0.32,0.31) (0.39,0.35) (-0.25,0.02) (0.01,-0.47) (0.03,-0.05) (0.47,0.39) (0.23,-0.34)

ekLBSUkZPSVN: (0.02,0.1)

66.11

OR:3C R/0:=<B L?<3N7: 797:7 /?/;/ /:5=?7A;/@P

fHFIF >N>J> >IDLNFPJ>Og, ?FN AFVF E>IFKAB U>K U>K> RB OgN>Ig LI>N>H AQN>K ABeBNIBN >N>OgKA> >N>J> U>M>K BK EgVIg >IDLNFPJ>AgN. !Q >IDLNFPJ>KgK ?FN AFeBN >Ag "FHFUB ?bIBNBH >N>J>", fKDFIFV@BOF AB "?FK>NU OB>N@E"PcN. ZLH ?>OFP ?FN >IDLNFPJ>AgN: 1gN>Ig LI>N>H AQN>K ABeBNIBNFK LNP>A>HFKB ?>HgIgN. $eBN >N>K>K ABeBNB BjFPOB, ABeBN ?QIQKJQj ABJBHPFN. $eBN ABeFIOB, L LNP> ABeBNFK >N>K>K ABeBNABK A>E> Hc_cH RBU> ?cUcH LIJ>OgK> DbNB U> OLI U>NgA> U> A> O>e U>NgA> >UKg >IDLNFPJ> PBHN>NI>KgN. !bUIB HBKAFOFKF PBHN>NI>U>N>H P>NFC BAFIBK >IDLNFPJ>I>N RKJ;@7>7?7>; LI>N>H 63 MNLDN>JI>K>?FIFNIBN. !BK AB ?Q FjIBRF UQH>NgA>HF P>KgJgK> A> _LH QUAQeQ F_FK HBKAFOFKF _>egN>K ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H U>V>@>egJ. fjIBRF j>?ILK LI>N>H U>VJ>H UBNFKB, bK@B JOU F_FK DBN_BHIBjPFNB@BeFJ. .KA>K OLKN> >IDLNFPJ>A> HQII>KgI>K JOU 'IBNF 5 U>M>N>H LKQ ?FN j>?ILK> AbKcjPcNB@BeFJ. /* * "SBOBO EFhFS EJ[JEF WBSTB EFhFSJO JOEFLTJOJ, ZPLTB * TJ[F@U.NBY EeOEfSfS. */ TJ[F@U JLJMJ"SB(DPOTU JOU<> EFhFSMFS, JO JOU EFhFS) \ // %J[J CPlTB CVMBNBEjL EFNFLUJS. JG (EFhFSMFS.MFOHUI == 0) \ SFUVSO TJ[F@U.NBY; ^ JNNVUBCMF PSUB/PLUB = EFhFSMFS.MFOHUI / 2; JG (EFhFS == EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ // #VMEVL. SFUVSO PSUB/PLUB; ^ FMTF JG (EFhFS < EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ // 4PM UBSBGUB BSBNBZB EFWBN FUNFMJZJ[ SFUVSO JLJMJ"SB(EFhFSMFS<0 .. PSUB/PLUB>, EFhFS);

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^ FMTF \ // 4Bh UBSBGUB BSBNBZB EFWBN FUNFMJZJ[ BVUP JOEFLT = JLJMJ"SB(EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB + 1 .. $>, EFhFS); JG (JOEFLT != TJ[F@U.NBY) \ // iOEFLTJ Ef[FMUNFNJ[ HFSFLJZPS dfOLf CV OPLUBEB // JOEFLT, TBh UBSBGUBLJ EJMJN JMF JMHJMJ PMBO // WF TjGjSEBO CBlMBZBO CJS EFhFSEFEJS. JOEFLT += PSUB/PLUB + 1; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO JOEFLT;

BTTFSU(GBMTF, "#V TBUjSB IJd HFMJONFNFMJZEJ");

7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR ?Q ?>OFP >IDLNFPJ>Ug jQ AbNP >AgJ E>IFKAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFULN: x #FVF ?LjO> ?QI>J>AgegJgVg ?FIAFNJBH F_FK TJ[F@U.NBY AbKAcN. x .NP>A>HF ABeBN >N>K>K ABeBNB BjFPOB LNP>A>HF ABeBNFK FKABHOFKF AbKAcN. x N>K>K ABeBN LNP>A>HF ABeBNABK bK@BUOB >UKg FjIBRF OLI P>N>CP> ABR>J BPPFN. x #BeFIOB >UKg FjIBRF O>e P>N>CP> ABR>J BPPFN. . FjIBRF ABKBUBK ?FN HLA A> jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: VOJUUFTU \ BVUP EJ[J = < 1, 2, 3, 5 BTTFSU(JLJMJ"SB(EJ[J, 0) BTTFSU(JLJMJ"SB(EJ[J, 1) BTTFSU(JLJMJ"SB(EJ[J, 4) BTTFSU(JLJMJ"SB(EJ[J, 5) BTTFSU(JLJMJ"SB(EJ[J, 6) ^

>; == == == == ==

TJ[F@U.NBY); 0); TJ[F@U.NBY); 3); TJ[F@U.NBY);

. FjIBRF ?FN HBNB JOU AFVFIBNF F_FK U>VgM ALeNQ _>IgjPgegKA>K BJFK LIAQHP>K OLKN>, jFJAF >NPgH ?FN j>?ILK E>IFKB DBPFNB?FIFNFV. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, FjIBRFK P>KgJgKA> U>IKgV@> FHF UBNAB JOU DB_FULN: TJ[F@U JLJMJ"SB(DPOTU JOU<> EFhFSMFS, JO JOU EFhFS) \ // ... CVSBEB IJd JOU CVMVONVZPS ... ^ />N>JBPNBIBNAB DB_BK JOU 'IBN ?Q FjIBRFK HQII>KgI>?FIAFeF ABeBNIBNFK PcNcKc ?BIFNIBJBHPBIBN. .KI>Ng j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>H ?Q FjIBRFK ?FN j>?ILK E>IFKB DBIJBOF RB ALI>UgOgUI> ?>jH> PcNIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: TJ[F@U JLJMJ"SB(5)(DPOTU 5<> EFhFSMFS, JO 5 EFhFS) \ // ... ^ NPgH L FjIBRF F_FKABHF FjIBJIBNB QU>K EBN PcNIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, BIBJ>KI>N FjIBR F_FKAB U>IKgV@> == RB < FjIB_IBNFUIB HQII>KgIgULNI>N: JG (EFhFS == EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ // ...

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^ FMTF JG (EFhFS < EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ // ... . UcVABK, UQH>NgA> P>KgJI>AgegJgV /PLUB j>?ILKQ EBKcV ?Q PcNIB HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgN ABeFIAFN: TUSVDU /PLUB(5) \ 5 Y; 5 Z; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ /PLUB!JOU<> OPLUBMBS; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 15) \ OPLUBMBS _= /PLUB!JOU(J, J); ^ ^ BTTFSU(JLJMJ"SB(OPLUBMBS, /PLUB!JOU(10, 10)) == 10);

!FN ABNIBJB E>P>Og >IgNgV: &SSPS: OFFE NFNCFS GVODUJPO PQ$NQ() GPS TUSVDU DPOTU(/PLUB!(JOU)) UP DPNQBSF . E>P>, /PLUB!JOU 'FK ?FN H>NjgI>jPgNJ> FjIBJFKAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK PQ$NQ FjIBRFKFK P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF ?FIAFNFN. !Q BHOFHIFeF DFABNJBH F_FK fjIB_ 7cHIBJB ?bIcJcKAB DbOPBNFIAFeF ?F_FJAB ?FN PQ$NQ P>KgJI>AgegJgVA> MNLDN>J >NPgH ABNIBKFN RB FHFIF >N>J> FjIBRF /PLUB j>?ILKQ FIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: TUSVDU /PLUB(5) \ // ... JOU PQ$NQ(DPOTU SFG /PLUB TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ SFUVSO (Y == TBhEBLJ.Y Z - TBhEBLJ.Z : Y - TBhEBLJ.Y); ^

66.12

IF3A
i>?ILKI>N ?Q ?bIcJAB DbOPBNAFHIBNFJABK _LH A>E> H>MO>JIgAgN. #BR>JgKg OLKN>U> ?gN>H>N>H ?Q ?bIcJc jbUIB bVBPIBUB?FIFNFV: x i>?ILKI>N HLAQK H>IgM E>IFKAB P>NFC BAFIJBOFKF RB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K DBNBHBK EBN PcN F_FK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H cNBPFIJBOFKF O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. x i>?ILKI>N ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBUBK ?FN LI>K>HPgN. x 2>KgJI>NHBK FOFJIBNFKABK OLKN> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF AB ?BIFNPJBH; FjIBRIBNFK, U>MgI>NgK, RB OgKgCI>NgK j>?ILK E>IFKB DBIJBIBNF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN.

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WPJE JlMFWkBCMPOV(5)(5 JlMFW1BSBNFUSFTJ) \ // ... ^ DMBTT 4jOjGkBCMPOV(5) \ // ... ^ x i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF cKIBJ Fj>NBPFKABK OLKN> >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFNIBN. 2BH M>N>JBPNB F_FK M>N>KPBV HQII>KJ>U> DBNBH ULHPQN. BVUP OFTOF1 = OFX 4jOjGkBCMPOV!(EPVCMF); BVUP OFTOF2 = OFX 4jOjGkBCMPOV!EPVCMF; x i>?ILKQK C>NHIg PcNIBNIB EBN HQII>KgJg C>NHIg ?FN PcNAcN. BTTFSU(UZQFJE(4jOjGkBCMPOV!JOU) != UZQFJE(4jOjGkBCMPOV!VJOU)); x i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF U>IKgV@> FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKA> _gH>NO>K>?FIFNIBN. JlMFWkBCMPOV(42); // JlMFWkBCMPOV!JOU(42) dBhSjMjS // BZOj lFZ

x i>?ILKI>N : H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIBK PcN F_FK bVBIIBKB?FIFNIBN. DMBTT 4jOjGkBCMPOV(5 : EDIBS) \ // ... ^ x 4>NO>UgI>K j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNF = H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. WPJE JlMFWkBCMPOV(5 = MPOH)(5 JlMFW1BSBNFUSFTJ) \ // ... ^

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67

BMJBT
BMJBT >K>EP>N ObV@cec MNLDN>JA> DB_BK FOFJIBNB P>HJ> FOFJ RBNJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN. 2>HJ> FOFJ RBNJBKFK _BjFPIF U>N>NI>Ng R>NAgN. BMJBT , C>NHIg ?FN LI>K>H LI>K BMJBT UIJT FIB H>NgjPgNgIJ>J>IgAgN.

67.0.1

*FB< 07? 7@;7 9P@/:A;/9

[K@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNAcecJcV j>?ILKI>NA> LIAQeQ DF?F, MNLDN>JA> DB_BK ?>Vg FOFJIBN HQII>KgjOgV ABNB@BAB QVQK LI>?FIFNIBN. #>E> bK@B P>KgJI>AgegJgV jQ FjIBRF E>PgNI>U>IgJ: :jhjO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF) SBTHFMF/PLUBMBS(JOU BEFU) \ BVUP OPLUBMBS = OFX :jhjO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF); ^ // ...

/NLDN>JA> >_gH_> :kikO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF) U>VJ>KgK ?FN H>_ O>HgK@>Og DbNcIB?FIFN: x .HQJ>Ug Dc_IBjPFNB@BH ABNB@BAB H>NJ>jgHPgN. x .KQK ?FN UgegK RBNF U>MgOg LIAQeQKQK RB BIBJ>KI>NgKgK /PLUB j>?ILKQKQK EPVCMF PcNc FIB HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKA>K LIQjPQeQKQK EBN KLHP>A> DbNcIJBOF DBNBHOFV ?FN ?FIDF LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIFN. x /NLDN>JgK FEPFU>_I>NgKgK ABeFjJBOF AQNQJQKA> bNKBeFK EPVCMF UBNFKB >NPgH SFBM HQII>KgIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKAB, RBU> UgegK RBNF U>MgOg UBNFKB ?FN FHFIF >e>_ RBNF U>MgOg DBNBHPFeFKAB, PcNcK >_gH_> U>VgIAgeg EBN UBNAB ABeFjFHIFH U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHB@BHPFN. !Q O>HgK@>I>N :kikO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF) FOJFKB PBH KLHP>A> UBKF ?FN FOFJ RBNBNBH DFABNFIB?FIFN: BMJBT /PLUBMBS = :jhjO!(/PLUB!EPVCMF); // ... /PLUBMBS SBTHFMF/PLUBMBS(JOU BEFU) \ BVUP OPLUBMBS = OFX /PLUBMBS; ^ // ...

!FN >AgJ A>E> FIBNF DFABNBH UQH>NgA>HF BMJBT 'g FHF M>N_> E>IFKAB AB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: BMJBT )BTTBT/PLUB = /PLUB!EPVCMF; BMJBT /PLUBMBS = :jhjO!)BTTBT/PLUB; BMJBT 'gK ObV AFVFJF jbUIBAFN: BMJBT takma_isim = ar_olan_isim;

. P>KgJA>K OLKN> P>HJ> FOFJ A>E> bK@BABK R>N LI>K FOJFK BjABeBNF E>IFKB DBIFN RB >NPgH >UKg ?F_FJAB HQII>KgIgN. !>Vg # MNLDN>JI>NgKA> ?Q LI>K>egK BOHF ObV AFVFJFKB AB N>OPI>U>?FIFNOFKFV: // &TLJ Te[ EJ[JNJOJ LVMMBONBZB HFSFL ZPL: BMJBT ar_olan_isim takma_isim;

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2cNIBNFK FOFJIBNFKF JLAcIIBNFUIB ?FNIFHPB QVQK QVQK U>VJ>H UBNFKB AB BMJBT 'P>K U>N>NI>K>?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK PLVM RB GJSNB FOFJIF FHF JLAcIAB .gEgS FOJFKAB FHF C>NHIg PcN P>KgJIg LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ. !Q FHF JLAcIcK AB MNLDN>J> BHIBKAFHIBNF ?FN AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> .gEgS U>VgIAgegKA> MNLDN>J ABNIBKBJBV: JNQPSU PLVM; JNQPSU GJSNB; // ... .fEfS LJlJ; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BNIBUF@F E>KDF .gEgS PcNcKc H>OABPPFeFJFVF >KI>U>J>V: &SSPS: PLVM..gEgS BU <...>/PLVM.E(1) DPOGMJDUT XJUI GJSNB..gEgS BU <...>/GJSNB.E(1) !QKQK bKcKB DB_JBKFK ?FN ULIQ, MNLDN>JA> HQII>KJ>H FOPBAFeFJFV .gEgS 'B ?FN P>HJ> FOFJ RBNJBHPFN. !bUIB@B EBN OBCBNFKAB JLAcIcUIB ?FNIFHPB bNKBeFK PLVM..gEgS U>VJ>H VLNQKA> H>IJ>A>K ?FNABK C>VI> UBNAB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: BMJBT 0LVM.fEfSf = PLVM..fEfS; WPJE NBJO() \ 0LVM.fEfSf LJlJ; // ... ^ 0LVM.fEfSf CBlLB,JlJ;

BMJBT MNLDN>JA>HF ?>jH> _BjFP FOFJIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. P>HJ> FOFJ RBNFIAFeFKF DbOPBNFULN: JOU V[VO#JS%FhJlLFOiTNJ = 42; BMJBT EFhJlLFO = V[VO#JS%FhJlLFOiTNJ; EFhJlLFO = 43; BTTFSU(V[VO#JS%FhJlLFOiTNJ == 43);

j>egA>HF HLA ?FN ABeFjHBKB K>OgI

67.0.2

)/@/?P; 3@<39:7N7
'BN KB H>A>N FIBNFAB ABeFjJBUB@BH LIAQeQKA>K BJFK ?FIB LIQKO>, P>O>NgJgK BOKBH LIJ>Og F_FK JOU DF?F PBJBI PcNIBNB ?FIB >KI>JIg UBKF FOFJIBN RBNFIB?FIFN: BMJBT .flUFSJ/VNBSBTj = JOU; BMJBT kJSLFUiTNJ = TUSJOH; // ... TUSVDU .flUFSJ \ .flUFSJ/VNBSBTj OVNBSB; kJSLFUiTNJ lJSLFU; // ... ^ 1gN>OgUI> JOU 'FK RB TUSJOH 'FK >UKgI>Ng LIO>I>N A>, BeBN L U>MgUg HQII>K>K HLAI>N EBN V>J>K F_FK .gmUFSJ/VNBSBTk RB lJSLFUjTNJ U>V>NI>NO>, U>Mg P>KgJgKA> JOU RBU> TUSJOH UBNFKB ?>jH> ?FN PcN HQII>KgIAgegKA> A>E> >V O>PgNA> ABeFjFHIFH DBNBHJFj LIQN.

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!Q UbKPBJ HLAQK >KI>jgIgN LIJ>OgK> A> U>NAgJ BABN. !FN ABeBNFK PcNcKcK JOU UBNFKB .gmUFSJ/VNBSBTk LIJ>Og, HLA LHQKQNHBK L ABeBNFK >KI>Jg HLKQOQKA> EF_?FN jcMEB ?gN>HJ>V. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> ?bUIB PcN FOFJIBNF ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgCgK F_FKAB AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. !bUIB@B L U>MgKgK RBU> OgKgCgK >N>UcVcKAB ?Q P>HJ> FOFJIBNFUIB HQII>KgIgNI>N. [NKBH LI>N>H >egNIgH KFPBIFeFKB O>EFM ?FN OgKgC> ?>H>IgJ: DMBTT ,VUV \ QSJWBUF: EPVCMF BhjSMjL@; QVCMJD: EPVCMF BhjSMjL() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO BhjSMjL@; ^ ^ // ...

!Q OgKgCgK cUBOFKFK RB KFPBIFeFKFK >_gH_> EPVCMF U>VgI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og HQII>Kg@gI>NgK A> >egNIgeg EPVCMF LI>N>H HQII>KJ>I>NgK> KBABK LI>@>HPgN: EPVCMF UPQMBN"hjSMjL = 0; GPSFBDI (LVUV; LVUVMBS) \ UPQMBN"hjSMjL += LVUV.BhjSMjL; ^ !QKQK H>NjgPg LI>N>H, >egNIgegK PcNcKcK OgKgC F_FKABHF ?FN BMJBT FIB P>KgJI>KAgeg AQNQJ> ?>H>IgJ: DMBTT ,VUV \ QSJWBUF: "hjSMjL BhjSMjL@; QVCMJD: BMJBT "hjSMjL = EPVCMF; "hjSMjL BhjSMjL() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO BhjSMjL@; ^ ^ // ...

*QII>Kg@g HLAQ A> OgKgCgK >N>UcVcKB ?>eIg H>I>N>H >NPgH "ikSMkL U>V>@>HPgN: ,VUV."hjSMjL UPQMBN"hjSMjL = 0; GPSFBDI (LVUV; LVUVMBS) \ UPQMBN"hjSMjL += LVUV.BhjSMjL; ^ ,VUV OgKgCgKgK P>O>NgJ@gOg "ikSMkL 'g A>E> OLKN>A>K ?>jH> jBHFIAB P>KgJI>NO> HLAA> ABeFjPFNFIJBOF DBNBHBK UBNIBNFK O>UgOg ?Q O>UBAB >V>IJgj LIQN.

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J@A @P<P4P< 57F:3<3< 7@7;:3?7<7 /:A @P<P4A/ 5L?M<M? E/>;/9

UKg FOJFK EBJ cOP OgKgCP> EBJ AB >IP OgKgCP> ?QIQKJ>Og FOFJ _>HgjJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. IP OgKgCP> >UKg FOFJAB PBH ?FN FjIBR ?FIB ?QIQKO>, cOP OgKgCgK FjIBRIBNFKFK FOFJIBNF 9;K>7@;C>7C RB >IP OgKgC >N>UcVcKAB DbNcKJBVIBN: DMBTT (FOFM)FTBQ \ WPJE IFTBQMB(JOU Y) \ // ... ^ ^ DMBTT a[FM)FTBQ : (FOFM)FTBQ \ WPJE IFTBQMB() \ // ... ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP IFTBQ = OFX a[FM)FTBQ; IFTBQ.IFTBQMB(42); ^

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

. _>eNgA> 42 ABeBNF HQII>KgIAgegKA>K, b[FM)FTBQ KBOKBOFKFK H>IgPgJ ULIQUI> BAFKAFeF RB JOU PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB >I>K (FOFM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB FjIBRFKFK _>eNgI>@>egKg ?BHIBUB?FIFNFV. .UO>, EBN KB H>A>N M>N>JBPNB IFOPBIBNF C>NHIg LIO> A> b[FM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB FjIBRF, >UKg FOJB O>EFM LIAQeQ F_FK (FOFM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB FjIBRFKF DFVIBN RB MNLDN>J ABNIBKJBV. %AE: ODE DV@V8 ;X>7G;@;@ 3>E DV@V8E3 67T;X;= A>3C3= J7@;67@ E3@V?>3@?3DV@63@ 43:D7E?76;T;?;K7 6;==3E 76;@. NJ>7 A>D3J6V, *SC7?7 4R>S?S@67 3@>3EV>6VTV 9;4;, B3C3?7EC7 >;DE7D;@; SDE DV@V8E3=;J>7 3J@V J3B3C G7 9?/;;3./ 3@3:E3C DRK5STS@S =F>>3@VC6V=. BFC363, 3>E DV@V83 7=>7@7@ J7@; 4;C ;X>7G ;D?;@;@ SDE DV@V8E3=; 4;C ;D;?>7 3J@V A>6FTF 6FCF?63@ 43:D76;JACFK. #BNIBUF@F, (FOFM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB 'Ug ?Q DFVIBJB KBABKFUIB AFHH>PB ?FIB >IJ>V RB b[FM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB 'KgK ?FN JOU FIB _>eNgI>J>U>@>egKg ?BIFNPBK ?FN E>P> RBNFN: &SSPS: GVODUJPO EFOFNF.b[FM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB () JT OPU DBMMBCMF VTJOH BSHVNFOU UZQFT (JOU) !QKQK DB_BNIF ?FN KBABKF R>NAgN: fOFJ DFVIBJB LIJ>O>, FIBNFAB ?Q OgKgCI>N> BHIBKBK RBU> LKI>NA>K _gH>NPgI>K IFTBQMB FjIBRIBNF EF_?FN QU>Ng RBNFIJBABK HLAQK FOPBKBKABK C>NHIg ?FN FjIBRF _>egNJ>OgK> KBABK LI>?FIFNIBN. fOFJ DFVIBJB, KBOKBUB UbKBIFH MNLDN>JI>J>Ug ABOPBHIBUBK ?>jH> AFIIBNAB AB ?QIQK>K RB ?Q PcN E>P>I>Ng bKIBUBK ?FN LI>K>HPgN. &FVIBKBK FOFJIBNFK >IP OgKgC >N>UcVcKAB AB DbNcKJBIBNF FOPBKAFeFKAB UFKB BMJBT 'P>K U>N>NI>KgIgN: DMBTT (FOFM)FTBQ \ WPJE IFTBQMB(JOU Y) \ // ... ^ ^ DMBTT a[FM)FTBQ : (FOFM)FTBQ \ WPJE IFTBQMB()

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\ ^ ^

// ...

BMJBT IFTBQMB = (FOFM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB;

7QH>NgA>HF BMJBT , cOP OgKgCP>HF IFTBQMB FOJFKF >IP OgKgC >N>UcVcKB DBPFNFN RB ?bUIB@B DFVIBKJBOFKF bKIBJFj LIQN. . BHIBJBABK OLKN> HLA >NPgH ABNIBKFN RB FOPBKJFj LIAQeQ DF?F cOP OgKgCgK IFTBQMB FjIBRF _>eNgIgN. $eBN A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQ AcjcKcIcNOB, cOP OgKgCgK FjIBRF C>NHIg ?FN FOFJIB ?FIB DbNcKcN E>IB DBPFNFIB?FIFN: DMBTT (FOFM)FTBQ \ WPJE IFTBQMB(JOU Y) \ // ... ^ ^ DMBTT a[FM)FTBQ : (FOFM)FTBQ \ WPJE IFTBQMB() \ // ... ^ ^ BMJBT HFOFM)FTBQMB = (FOFM)FTBQ.IFTBQMB;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP IFTBQ = OFX a[FM)FTBQ; IFTBQ.HFOFM)FTBQMB(42); ^ fOFJ DFVIBJB cUB ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. fOPBKAFeFKAB LKI>NgK >IP OgKgC >N>UcVcKAB DbNcKJBIBNF AB BMJBT FIB O>eI>KgN. DMBTT bTU4jOjG \ JOU lFIJS; ^ DMBTT "MU4jOjG : bTU4jOjG \ TUSJOH lFIJS() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO ",BZTFSJ"; ^ ^ 'BN KB H>A>N ?FNFOF cUB ABeFjHBK RB AFeBNF cUB FjIBR LIO> A>, >IP OgKgCP>HF mFIJS , cOP OgKgCgK >UKg FOFJABHF cUBOFKF DFVIBN RB ?Q UcVABK >j>egA>HF HLA ABNIBKBJBV: WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP OFTOF = OFX "MU4jOjG; OFTOF.lFIJS = 42; ^

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

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\OP OgKgCgK cUB ABeFjHBKF BMJBT FIB >IP OgKgC >N>UcVcKB DBPFNFIAFeFKAB HLA >NPgH ABNIBKFN. j>egA>HF HLA ABeFjHBKIBNFK AB UBKF FOFJIB HQII>KgI>?FIB@BHIBNFKF DbOPBNFULN: DMBTT bTU4jOjG \ JOU lFIJS; ^ DMBTT "MU4jOjG : bTU4jOjG \ TUSJOH lFIJS() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO ",BZTFSJ"; ^ ^ BMJBT lFIJS,PEV = bTU4jOjG.lFIJS;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP OFTOF = OFX "MU4jOjG; OFTOF.lFIJS,PEV = 42; ^

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68

BMJBT UIJT
!>jH> ?>eI>JI>NA> ?>jH> >KI>JI>N> DBIBK BMJBT RB UIJT >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNF ?FN >N>A> HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> C>NHIg ?FN >KI>J H>V>KgNI>N. !Q UcVABK, FHFOF ?FN >N>A> HQII>KgIAgegKA> PBH ?FN >K>EP>N ObV@cH LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJBIFAFNIBN. BMJBT UIJT , ?FN U>MgKgK RBU> OgKgCgK LPLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJc ULIQUI> ?>jH> PcNIBN UBNFKB DB_JBOFKF O>eI>N. 2cN AbKcjcJc F_FK ?>jH> ?FN OB_BKBH fjIB_ 7cHIBJB ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV PQ$BTU FjIB@FAFN. %>NHI>Ng, PQ$BTU 'FK >_gH_> U>MgI>K PcN AbKcjcJIBNF F_FK, BMJBT UIJT 'FK FOB LPLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJIBNF F_FK HQII>KgIJ>OgAgN. !Q FHF ObV@cH ?FN?FNIBNFKABK >UNg LI>N>H U>VgIgNI>N; >N>I>NgK> U>MgKgK RBU> OgKgCgK ?FN cUBOF DBIFN: BMJBT '"e_de(i+ken_ e"a_i+le UIJT;

BMJBT UIJT U>MgKgK RBU> OgKgCgK PcNcKc DBNBHPFeFKAB ?BIFNPFIBK cUBKFK PcNcKB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjPcNJBUF O>eI>N. #bKcjcJ OLKQ@QKA> cNBPFIBK ABeBN L cUBKFK ABeBNFAFN. j>egA>HF ,FTJS bNKBeF BMJBT UIJT 'F ?FN SJ7 ;X>7G FIB HQII>KgULN. #>E> >j>egA>HF "SBmUkSNB(fSFWMJTJ bNKBeFKAB FOB BMJBT UIJT 'FK SJ7 67T;X=7@>7C>7 HQII>KgJI>NgKg DbNB@BeFV. EFiFSJ FjIBRFKFK AbKcj ABeBNF EPVCMF LIAQeQKA>K, >j>egA>HF BMJBT UIJT ?FIAFNFJF ,FTJS KBOKBIBNFKFK EPVCMF ABeBNIBN UBNFKB HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU ,FTJS \ MPOH QBZ; MPOH QBZEB; EPVCMF EFhFSJ() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO DBTU(EPVCMF)QBZ / QBZEB; ^ BMJBT EFhFSJ UIJT; ^ // ...

EPVCMF IFTBQ(EPVCMF TPMEBLJ, EPVCMF TBhEBLJ) \ SFUVSO 2 * TPMEBLJ + TBhEBLJ; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP LFTJS = ,FTJS(1, 4); // 14 BOMBNjOEB XSJUFMO(IFTBQ(LFTJS, 0.75)); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF U>MgKgK KBOKBIBNF EPVCMF PcNcKAB ABeBN ?BHIBKBK FC>ABIBNAB DB_PFHIBNFKAB EFiFSJ FjIBRF _>eNgIgN RB L FjIBRFK AbKAcNAcec ABeBN HQII>KgIgN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA> >OIgKA> EPVCMF ?BHIBUBK IFTBQ FjIBRFKB ?FN ,FTJS KBOKBOF DbKABNFIB?FIJFj RB L EBO>MP> EFiFSJ FjIBRFKFK AbKAcNAcec 0.25 HQII>KgIJgjPgN. /NLDN>J, 2 * 0.25 + 0.75 EBO>?gKgK OLKQ@QKQ U>VAgNgN: 1.25

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68.1

H=9:B 9/:PAP;
1gKgCI>NgK BK C>VI> ?FN DMBTT 'P>K PcNBPFIB?FIAFHIBNFKF A>E> bK@B 2cNBJB ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. ('>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, JOUFSGBDF 'PBK PcNBJB HLKQOQKA>K ?bUIB ?FN HgOgPI>J> ULHPQN.) -BOKBUB UbKBIFH MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKABK ?>VgI>Ng ?FNABK C>VI> OgKgCP>K PcNBPJBUB AB FVFK RBNFNIBN. !FNABK C>VI> OgKgCP>K PcNBPJBUB QA=>F =3>VEV? ABKFN. BMJBT UIJT OgKgCI>NgK _LHIQ H>IgPgJ> QUDQK LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKF AB O>eI>N. !FNABK C>VI> BMJBT UIJT ?FIAFNFJF HQII>KgIAgegKA> L U>Mg RBU> OgKgC L ?FIAFNFJIBNFK O>eI>AgHI>Ng ?cPcK LPLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJIBNFKAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. %AE: BF 4R>S?S J3K6VTV? DVC363 =F>>3@6VTV? 6?6'@;@ 2.062 DSCS?S 4F =A@F63 :7@SK J7E7CD;K; J3>@VK53 E7= +63+< =23< 4;>6;C;?;@7 ;K;@ G7C;JAC. j>egA>HF "SBmUkSNB(fSFWMJTJ OgKgCg HBKAF F_FKAB biSFODJ RB biSFUNFO PcNIBNFKF cUB ABeFjHBKIBN LI>N>H PQPQULN. !Q PcNcK KBOKBIBNF BMJBT UIJT ?FIAFNFJIBNF O>UBOFKAB EBJ beNBPJBK EBJ AB beNBK@F DBNBHBK UBNIBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; DMBTT ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; VJOU<> OPUMBS; UIJT(TUSJOH JTJN) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN; ^

DMBTT ahSFUNFO \ TUSJOH JTJN; TUSJOH EFST; UIJT(TUSJOH JTJN, TUSJOH EFST) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN; UIJT.EFST = EFST; ^

DMBTT "SBlUjSNB(eSFWMJTJ \ ahSFODJ ehSFODJ,JNMJhJ; ahSFUNFO ehSFUNFO,JNMJhJ; UIJT(TUSJOH JTJN, TUSJOH EFST) \ UIJT.ehSFODJ,JNMJhJ = OFX ahSFODJ(JTJN); UIJT.ehSFUNFO,JNMJhJ = OFX ahSFUNFO(JTJN, EFST); ^ /* #V JLJ CJMEJSJN TBZFTJOEF CV UfS IFN ahSFUNFO IFN EF * ahSFODJ PMBSBL LVMMBOjMBCJMJS. * * /PU: ENE 2.062 CJSEFO GB[MB 'BMJBT UIJT' LVMMBOjNjOj * EFTUFLMFNJZPS. */ BMJBT ehSFUNFO,JNMJhJ UIJT; BMJBT ehSFODJ,JNMJhJ UIJT;

WPJE EFST4BBUJ(ahSFUNFO ehSFUNFO, ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS) JO \ BTTFSU(ehSFUNFO !JT OVMM);

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^ CPEZ \

BTTFSU(ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI > 0);

XSJUFG("%T ehSFUNFO lV ehSFODJMFSF %T BOMBUjZPS:", ehSFUNFO.JTJN, ehSFUNFO.EFST); GPSFBDI (ehSFODJ; ehSFODJMFS) \ XSJUFG(" %T", ehSFODJ.JTJN); ^

XSJUFMO();

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP ehSFODJMFS = < OFX ahSFODJ("a[MFN"), OFX ahSFODJ("a[HfS") >; // )FN ahSFUNFO IFN EF ahSFODJ PMBCJMFO CJS OFTOF: BVUP BSLBO = OFX "SBlUjSNB(eSFWMJTJ(""SLBO", "NBUFNBUJL"); // 'BSLBO' CV LVMMBOjNEB ahSFUNFO LJNMJhJOEFEJS: EFST4BBUJ(BSLBO, ehSFODJMFS); // "lBhjEBLJ LVMMBOjNEB JTF ehSFODJMFSEFO CJSJTJEJS: BVUP BZlF)PDB = OFX ahSFUNFO(""ZlF", "GJ[JL"); EFST4BBUJ(BZlF)PDB, ehSFODJMFS _ BSLBO);

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg >UKg KBOKBKFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H C>NHIg PcNIBN UBNFKB HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKF DbOPBNFULN: "SLBO fiSFUNFO mV fiSFODJMFSF NBUFNBUJL BOMBUkZPS: b[MFN b[HgS "ZmF fiSFUNFO mV fiSFODJMFSF GJ[JL BOMBUkZPS: b[MFN b[HgS "SLBO

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GRDE7C97>7C

69

GL@A3?53:3?
&bOPBNDBIBN ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgIgNI>N. #BeBNIBNF, BNFjFJ O>eI>AgHI>Ng ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBOIBNFAFN. &bOPBNDBIBN EBN PcNABK ABeFjHBKF, KBOKBUF, RB E>PP> ?>jH> DbOPBNDBIBNF AB DbOPBNB?FIFNIBN. !BK ?Q ?bIcJAB HgO> LIOQK AFUB, ?QKI>NgK EBMOFKFK UBNFKB 67T;X=7@ ObVcKc HQII>K>@>egJ. &bOPBNDBIBN JFHNL FjIBJ@FIBNFK BK PBJBI LI>K>HI>NgKA>KAgN RB OFOPBJ MNLDN>J@gIgegKgK bKBJIF ?FN M>N_>OgAgN. #'KFK DbOPBNDB H>RN>Jg RB HQII>KgJg "'ABK DB_JFjPFN. " beNBKBKIBNFK >KI>J>HP> BK _LH VLNI>KAgHI>Ng LI>K>H DbOPBNDBIBN LIAQeQ E>IAB, #'AB DbOPBNDBIBNFK _LH A>E> HLI>U beNBKFIB@BeFKF AcjcKcULNQJ. !QKQK KBABKF, DbOPBNDBIBNFK >J>_I>NgKA>K ?>VgI>NgKgK #'KFK ?>jH> LI>K>HI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K V>PBK H>NjgI>KgULN LIJ>OgAgN. !Q UcVABK, EBJ ?FN _LH AQNQJA> DbOPBNDB HQII>KgIJ>Og DBNBHJBV EBJ AB ?>jH> # LI>K>HI>NgKgK V>PBK >KI>jgIJgj LIJ>Og DbOPBNDBIBNFK >KI>jgIJ>I>NgKg A> HLI>UI>jPgNgN. !Q ?bIcJAB bVBIIFHIB ?>OFP LI>N>H OB_PFeFJ bNKBHIBN DbOPBNDBIBNFK HQII>KgJ >J>_I>NgKg >KI>PJ> HLKQOQKA> UBPBNOFV H>I>?FIFNIBN. 7>VgJI>NgKg RB HQII>KgJI>NgKg beNBKFNHBK ?QKQ DbV>NAg BAB?FIFNOFKFV. $K OLKA> RBNB@BeFJ bNKBHIBNFK A>E> >KI>JIg LI>@>HI>NgKg AcjcKcULNQJ. $H LI>N>H, bNKBHIBNAB ?>OFP_B HfTUFSHF AFUB OB_PFeFJ FOFJIBNFK HQII>KgjOgV LIAQHI>NgKg >HIgKgVA> ?QIQKAQNQK. *BKAF MNLDN>JI>NgKgVA> EBN FOJF >KI>JIg RB >_gHI>Ug@g LI>N>H OB_JBUB bVBK DbOPBNFK.

69.1

'343?/<@ 9/C?/;P
&bOPBNDBIBNB DB_JBABK bK@B DbOPBNDBIBNFK PBJBI >J>@g LI>K C787C3@D H>RN>JgKg jFJAFUB H>A>NHF ?bIcJIBNABK P>KgAgegJgV # LI>K>HI>Ng FIB HgO>@> E>PgNI>U>IgJ.

69.1.1

GPSFBDI '7< SFG 23N7R93<:3?7

GPSFBDI #bKDcOc ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, AbKDc ABeFjHBKIBNF KLNJ>IAB BIBJ>KI>NgK =ABJ3>3CV6VC: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJ[J = < 1, 11, 111 >; GPSFBDI (TBZj; EJ[J) \ TBZj = 0; // n LPQZB EFhJlJS; BTjM FMFNBO EFhJlNF[ ^ ^ XSJUFMO("%eOHfEFO TPOSB FMFNBOMBS: ", EJ[J);

7QH>NgA>HF AbKDc F_FKAB OgCgNI>KJ>HP> LI>K TBZk ABeFjHBKF EBN OBCBNFKAB AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgKA>K ?FNFOFKFK =ABJ3DV6VC. .KQK ABeFjPFNFIJBOF AFVFABHF >OgI BIBJ>Kg BPHFIBJBV: %fOHgEFO TPOSB FMFNBOMBS: 1 11 111 #FVFABHF BIBJ>KI>NgK HBKAFIBNFKFK ABeFjJBIBNF FOPBKAFeFKAB GPSFBDI ABeFjHBKF SFG LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN:

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GPSFBDI (SFG TBZj; EJ[J) \ TBZj = 0; // n BTjM FMFNBO EFhJlJS ^ TBZk ?Q OBCBN AFVFABHF >OgI BIBJ>KgK P>HJ> FOJF DF?F FjIBJ DbNcN RB AFVFABHF >OgI BIBJ>KI>N ABeFjFN: %fOHgEFO TPOSB FMFNBOMBS: 0 0 0

69.1.2

SFG 7R:3C >/?/;3A?3:3?7

fjIBR />N>JBPNBIBNF ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, 67T7C ESCS@67@ LI>K FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF KLNJ>IAB ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNFK HLMU>I>NgAgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE ZBSjN&LMF(EPVCMF EFhFS) \ EFhFS += 0.5; // n NBJO'EFLJ EFhFS EFhJlNF[ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF EFhFS = 1.5; ZBSjN&LMF(EFhFS); ^ XSJUFMO("ilMFWEFO TPOSBLJ EFhFS: ", EFhFS);

fjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF SFG LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>AgegKA>K, FjIBR F_FKABHF >P>J> U>IKgV@> FjIBRFK UBNBI ABeFjHBKF LI>K EFiFS 'F BPHFIBN. NBJO 'ABHF EFiFS ABeFjJBV: jmMFWEFO TPOSBLJ EFiFS: 1.5 fjIBR M>N>JBPNBOFKFK, FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg UBNABHF ABeFjHBKFK P>HJ> FOJF LIJ>Og F_FK SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cec HQII>KgIgN: WPJE ZBSjN&LMF(SFG EPVCMF EFhFS) \ EFhFS += 0.5; ^ !Q OBCBN NBJO F_FKABHF EFiFS BPHFIBKJFj LIQN: jmMFWEFO TPOSBLJ EFiFS: 2

69.1.3

'343?/<@ AM?:3?7
#'AB ?>Vg PcNIBN NBCBN>KO PcNIBNFAFN. !Q PcNIBNABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN O>EFM LIJ>AgHI>Ng ?>jH> ABeBNIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N: x 1gKgC ABeFjHBKIBNF x #FK>JFH AFVFIBN x $jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng 0BCBN>KO H>RN>JgKg #BeBNIBN RB 0BCBN>KOI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. !QN>A> L ?bIcJB A>EFI BPJBAFeFJ OgKgCI>N cVBNFKAB ?FN bNKBH DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; DMBTT 5fLFONF[,BMFN \ EPVCMF NfSFLLFQ; UIJT() \ NfSFLLFQ = 15; ^ WPJE LVMMBO(EPVCMF NJLUBS) \ NfSFLLFQ -= NJLUBS; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP LBMFN = OFX 5fLFONF[,BMFN; BVUP CBlLB,BMFN = LBMFN; // n lJNEJ JLJTJ EF BZOj OFTOFZF // FSJlJN TBhMBSMBS XSJUFGMO("aODF : %T %T", LBMFN.NfSFLLFQ, CBlLB,BMFN.NfSFLLFQ); LBMFN.LVMMBO(1); CBlLB,BMFN.LVMMBO(2); // n BZOj OFTOF LVMMBOjMjS // n BZOj OFTOF LVMMBOjMjS

XSJUFGMO("4POSB: %T %T", LBMFN.NfSFLLFQ, CBlLB,BMFN.NfSFLLFQ);

1gKgCI>N NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF LIAQHI>NgKA>K, C>NHIg OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNF LI>K LBMFN RB CBmLB,BMFN PBH 5gLFONF[,BMFN KBOKBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP>AgN. 1LKQ_P>, FHF ABeFjHBKFK HQII>KgIJ>Og A> >UKg KBOKBUF BPHFIBN: bODF : 15 15 4POSB: 12 12 !Q OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK RB LK> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K FHF OgKgC ABeFjHBKFKFK ?BIIBHPB jQ jBHFIAB AQNAQHI>NgKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV: (5fLFONF[,BMFN OFTOFTJ) LBMFN CBlLB,BMFN ---+-------------------+--- ---+---+--- ---+---+--] NfSFLLFQ ] ] P ] ] P ] ---+-------------------+--- ---+-]-+--- ---+-]-+--u ] ] ] ] ] +--------------------+------------+ 0BCBN>KO H>RN>Jg UQH>NgA>HF jBHFIABHF DF?FAFN: 0BCBN>KOI>N >OgI ABeFjHBKIBNF 9RDE7C;C>7C. /NLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKABHF NBCBN>KO RB DbOPBNDB H>RN>JI>Ng MBNAB >NH>OgKA> JFHNL FjIBJ@FIBNFK 9RDE7C?7 >J>@gUI> HQII>KgI>K U>VJ>_I>Ng FIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. #'KFK UQH>NgA> E>PgNI>PPgegJ cOP AcVBU LI>K>HI>Ng A> MBNAB >NH>OgKA> DbOPBNDBIBNIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFjPFN. !Q UcVABK EBJ V>PBK _LH BPHFK _>IgjgNI>N EBJ AB >_gH_> DbOPBNDB HQII>KJ>U> DBNBH ?gN>HJ>VI>N. !QK> N>eJBK, ?>jH> OFOPBJ MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKAB AB LIAQeQ DF?F, DbOPBNDBIBN # MNLDN>J@gIgegKA> A> JQPI>H> ?FIFKJBIFAFN.

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69.2

)/<P;:/<;/@P
#'KFK DbOPBNDB ObV AFVFJF >UKg "'AB LIAQeQ DF?FAFN. !Q, " ?FIBK MNLDN>J@gI>N F_FK ?FN HLI>UIgH LI>N>H DbNcIOB AB, bVBIIFHIB * FjIB@FKFK C>NHIg >KI>JI>N> O>EFM LIJ>Og "'AB LIAQeQ DF?F #'AB AB beNBKJBUF Dc_IBjPFNB?FIFN. !FN>V >j>egA> >KI>P>@>egJ :7C ESCS 9RDE7C74;>7@ 9RDE7C97 AgjgKA>HF DbOPBNDBIBN >K@>H ?BIFNIF PcNABK ?FN ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNB?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK ?FN JOU DbOPBNDBOF U>IKgV@> JOU PcNcKABK LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNF DbOPBNB?FIFN. !FN DbOPBNDB P>KgJI>KgNHBK, bK@B E>KDF PcNABK ABeBN DbOPBNB@BeF OLKN> A> ?FN * H>N>HPBNF U>VgIgN: g&sterece(i_t'r * g&stergenin_ismi; !FN JOU 'F DbOPBNB@BH LI>K ?FN DbOPBNDB jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: JOU * CFOJN(eTUFSHFN; !bUIB ?FN P>KgJA> * H>N>HPBNFKF "DbOPBNDBOF" AFUB LHQU>?FIFNOFKFV. CFOJN(fTUFSHFN 'FK PcNc ?FN JOU* 'AgN; U>KF ?FN "FKP DbOPBNDBOFAFN". * H>N>HPBNFKABK bK@BHF RB OLKN>HF ?LjIQHI>NgK U>VgIJ>I>Ng FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN RB >j>egA>HF DF?F HQII>KgJI>N A> _LH U>UDgKAgN: JOU* CFOJN(eTUFSHFN; JOU *CFOJN(eTUFSHFN; 2BH ?>jgK> PcN FOJF LI>N>H "FKP DbOPBNDBOF" >KI>JgKA> HQII>KgIAgegKA>, ?LjIQHOQV LI>N>H JOU* LI>N>H U>VgIJ>Og A> _LH U>UDgKAgN.

69.3

GL@A3?53<7< 23N3?7 C3 /2?3@ /:;/ 7R:317 &

&bOPBNDBIBN AB ABeFjHBKAFN RB EBN ABeFjHBKFK LIAQeQ DF?F LKI>NgK A> ABeBNIBNF R>NAgN. #BeBN >P>KJ>U>K DbOPBNDBIBNFK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNF, EF_?FN ABeFjHBKB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>J> ABeBNF LI>K OVMM 'AgN. !FN DbOPBNDBKFK E>KDF ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNAFeF (U>KF 7C;X;? D3T>36VTV), DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBN LI>N>H L ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKF P>jgJ>Og FIB O>eI>KgN. !>jH> ?FN ABUFjIB, DbOPBNDB L >ANBOPBHF ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNFN. iFJAFUB H>A>N SFBEG FjIBRF FIB _LH HQII>KAgegJgV & FjIB@FKF #BeBNIBN RB 0BCBN>KOI>N ?bIcJcKABK AB E>PgNI>U>@>HOgKgV. !Q FjIB_, bKcKB U>VgIAgeg ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKF >IgN. !Q >ANBO ABeBNF, DbOPBNDB ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JOU CFZHJS(fDf = 180; JOU * CFOJN(eTUFSHFN = &CFZHJS(fDf; 7QH>NgA>HF FC>ABAB DbOPBNDBKFK CFZHJS(gDg 'KcK >ANBOF FIB FIHIBKJBOF, CFOJN(fTUFSHFN 'FK CFZHJS(gDg 'Kc 9RDE7C?7D;@; O>eI>N. &bOPBNDBKFK ABeBNF CFZHJS(gDg 'KcK >ANBOF FIB >UKgAgN: XSJUFMO("CFZHJS(fDf'OfO BESFTJ : ", &CFZHJS(fDf); XSJUFMO("CFOJN(eTUFSHFN'JO EFhFSJ: ", CFOJN(eTUFSHFN);

CFZHJS(gDg'OgO BESFTJ : 7'''2$&73'10 CFOJN(fTUFSHFN'JO EFiFSJ: 7'''2$&73'10

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%AE: A6C7D 67T7C; D;K 67@76;T;@;K67 83C=>V A>353=EVC. ,/B13;GK-K , BCA9C3?V@ ;X>7E;? D;DE7?;@67@ 3>6VTV 63:3 4SJS= 4;C 47>>7T;@ 4;C J7C;@67 4F>F@FC. BF J7C BCA9C3?V@ :7C Q3>VXEVCV>VXV@63 4SJS= A>3DV>V=>3 83C=>V 4;C 36C7DE7 4F>F@353=EVC. !FN DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKFK BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOF LIAQeQKQ RB ?bUIB@B L ABeFjHBKF 9RDE7C6;T;@; NBCBN>KOI>N> ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB jbUIB AcjcKB?FIFNFV: 7'''2$&73'10 BESFTJOEFLJ CBlLB CJS BESFTUFLJ CFZHJS(fDf CFOJN(eTUFSHFN ---+-------------------+-----+---------------+--] 180 ] ] 7'''2$&73'10 ] ---+-------------------+-----+-------]-------+--u ] ] ] +-----------------------------+ CFZHJS(gDg 'KcK ABeBNF 180, CFOJN(fTUFSHFN 'FK ABeBNF AB CFZHJS(gDg 'KcK >ANBOFAFN. &bOPBNDBIBN AB ABeFjHBK LIAQHI>NgKA>K, LKI>NgK >ANBOIBNFKF AB & FjIB@F FIB beNBKB?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO("CFOJN(eTUFSHFN'JO BESFTJ: ", &CFOJN(eTUFSHFN);

CFOJN(fTUFSHFN'JO BESFTJ: 7'''2$&73'18 CFZHJS(gDg FIB CFOJN(fTUFSHFN 'FK >ANBOIBNFKFK >N>OgKA>HF C>NHgK ?Q bNKBHPB 8 LIAQeQK> ?>H>N>H RB CFZHJS(gDg 'KcK PcNc LI>K JOU 'FK ?cUcHIcecKcK 4 ?>UP LIAQeQKQ E>PgNI>U>N>H ?Q FHF ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB 4 ?>UP bPBAB ?QIQKAQHI>Ng OLKQ@QKQ _gH>NP>?FIFNFV. GRDE7C?7 H>RN>JgKg ?BIFNPJBH F_FK HQII>KAgegJ LHQ A> H>IAgNgNO>H, ?FN jBNFP DF?F OLIA>K O>e> ALeNQ QV>AgegKg E>U>I BPPFeFJFV ?BIIBeF jFJAF jbUIB AcjcKB?FIFNFV: 7'''2$&73'10 7'''2$&73'14 7'''2$&73'18 : : : : ---+----------------+----------------+----------------+--] 180 ] (CPl) ] 7'''2$&73'10 ] ---+----------------+----------------+----------------+---

*>UK>H HLAA> DB_BK ABeFjHBK FOJF, FjIBR FOJF, >K>EP>N ObV@cH, RO. DF?F FOFJIBN # DF?F ABNIBJBIF AFIIBN FIB LIQjPQNQI>K MNLDN>JI>NgK F_FKAB ?QIQKJ>VI>N. [NKBeFK, MNLDN>J@gKgK FOFJ RBNBNBH P>KgJI>Ageg RB HQII>KAgeg ABeFjHBKIBN MNLDN>J F_FKAB JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK >KI>Ageg >ANBOIBNB RB ABeBNIBNB AbKcjcNIBN. %AE: 'CA9C3?63 =F>>3@V>3@ ;D;?>7C :3E3 3JV=>3JV5V63 J3C3C>3@V>?3= SK7C7 BCA9C3?V@ AB?QD :3>;@67 67 4F>F@FC>3C 3?3 A ;D;?>7C;@ BCA9C3?V@ ;X>7J;X;J>7 ;>9;>7C; JA=EFC.

69.4

E?7R7; 7R:317 *
Z>NMJ> FjIBJFKABK P>KgAgegJgV * H>N>HPBNFKFK DbOPBNDB P>KgJI>NHBK PcN FOJFKABK OLKN> U>VgIAgegKg UQH>NgA> DbNAcH. &bOPBNDBIBNF beNBKFNHBK H>NjgI>jgI>K ?FN Dc_IcH, ?Q H>N>HPBNFK DbOPBNDBKFK DbOPBNAFeF ABeFjHBKB BNFjJBH F_FK AB HQII>KgIJ>OgAgN. !FN DbOPBNDBKFK FOJFKABK bK@B U>VgIAgegKA>, 9RDE7C97@;@ 7C;X;? D3T>36VTV 67T7C >KI>JgK> DBIFN: XSJUFMO("(eTUFSEJhJ EFhFS: ", *CFOJN(eTUFSHFN);

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(fTUFSEJiJ EFiFS: 180

69.5

GL@A3?27N7<7< ME3@7<3 3?7R7; 7K7< . (<=9A/) 7R:317

%AE: ET7C 9RDE7C97>7C; C'67@ E3@VJACD3@VK, 4F ;X>7Q C'67=; -> ;X>75; ;>7 3J@V6VC. * FjIB@FKFK DbOPBNFIBK ABeFjHBKB BNFjFJ F_FK HQII>KgIAgegKg DbNAcH. !Q, PBJBI PcNIBNF DbOPBNBK DbOPBNDBIBN F_FK UBPBNIF ABNB@BAB HQII>KgjIgAgN: *CFOJN(fTUFSHFN U>VgI>N>H DbOPBNFIBK ABeBNB HLI>U@> BNFjFIFN. &bOPBNFIBK ABeFjHBK U>Mg RBU> OgKgC KBOKBOF LIAQeQKA> FOB ?Q U>VgJ OgHgKPgIg E>IB DBIFN. [NKBH LI>N>H Y RB Z cUBIBNF FIB FHF ?LUQPIQ AcVIBJABHF ?FN KLHP>Ug FC>AB BABK ?FN U>MgU> ?>H>IgJ: TUSVDU ,POVN \ JOU Y; JOU Z; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

. PcNABK ?FN ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDBUF >j>egA>HF DF?F P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV RB DbOPBNAFeFKB BNFjB?FIFNFV: BVUP NFSLF[ = ,POVN(0, 0); ,POVN * HeTUFSHF = &NFSLF[; XSJUFMO(*HeTUFSHF);

// UBOjN // FSJlJN

UP4USJOH FjIBRF P>KgJI>KJgj LIAQeQKA>K, L HQII>KgJ ,POVN KBOKBOFKF U>VAgNJ>H F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: (0,0) K@>H, DbOPBNFIBK KBOKBKFK ?FN cUBOFKB BNFjJBH F_FK * FjIB@F HQII>KgIAgegKA> HLA H>NJ>jgHI>jgN: // 10 CJSJN TBhB eUFMF (*HeTUFSHF).Y += 10; . FC>AB NFSLF[ KBOKBOFKFK Y cUBOFKFK ABeBNFKF ABeFjPFNJBHPBAFN. !QKQ jQ >AgJI>NI> >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: x HfTUFSHF : NFSLF[ 'F DbOPBNBK DbOPBNDB x *HfTUFSHF : -BOKBUB BNFjFJ; U>KF NFSLF[ 'FK HBKAFOF x (*HfTUFSHF) : -LHP> H>N>HPBNF DbOPBNDB'UB ABeFI, LKQK DbOPBNAFeFKB QUDQI>KOgK AFUB DBNBHBK M>N>KPBVIBN x (*HfTUFSHF).Y : &bOPBNAFeF KBOKBKFK Y cUBOF &bOPBNFIBK KBOKBKFK cUBOFKB BNFjFJ ?bUIB H>NgjgH ?FN jBHFIAB U>VgIJ>H VLNQKA> H>IgKJ>OgK AFUB, . (KLHP>) FjIB@F DbOPBNDBKFK HBKAFOFKB QUDQI>KgN >J> 9RDE7C6;T;@;@ SJ7D;@7 BNFjFJ O>eI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF FC>ABUF _LH A>E> HgO> LI>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: HeTUFSHF.Y += 10;

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#>E> ?>OFP LI>K HfTUFSHF.Y FC>ABOF UFKB NFSLF[ 'FK Y cUBOFKB BNFjPFNJFjPFN: (10,0) !QKQK OgKgCI>NA>HF HQII>KgJI> >UKg LIAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK. !FN OgKgC 67T;X=7@;@7 ALeNQA>K QUDQI>K>K . (KLHP>) FjIB@F >OIgKA> OgKgC @7D@7D;@;@ cUBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>N: DMBTT 4jOjG5fSf \ JOU fZF; ^ // ... // 4PMEB EFhJlLFO, TBhEB OFTOF 4jOjG5fSf EFhJlLFO = OFX 4jOjG5fSf; // %FhJlLFOF VZHVMBOjS BNB OFTOFOJO fZFTJOF FSJlJS EFhJlLFO.fZF = 42; 1gKgCI>N ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, UQH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF KBOKB, OFX FIB O>eA> FOFJOFV LI>N>H LIQjPQNQIQN. EFiJmLFO , L KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN OgKgC ABeFjHBKFAFN. #BeFjHBKB QUDQI>K>K . (KLHP>) FjIB@F >OIgKA> >OgI KBOKBKFK cUBOFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>N. UKg AQNQJQK DbOPBNDBIBNAB AB ?QIQKJ>Og OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNF FIB DbOPBNDBIBNFK PBJBIAB ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIAFHIBNFKF LNP>U> HLU>N. !Q HQII>KgJgK EBJ OgKgCI>NA> EBJ AB DbOPBNDBIBNAB ?FN FOPFOK>Og R>NAgN. . (KLHP>) FjIB@FUIB BNFjFIBK .TJ[FPG DF?F PcN KFPBIFHIBNF PcNcK HBKAFOFKB QUDQI>KgN, KBOKBUB ABeFI: DIBS D; DIBS * H; XSJUFMO(H.TJ[FPG); // HeTUFSHFOJO V[VOMVhV, DIBS'jO EFhJM

69.6

GL@A3?53 23N3?7<7< 23N7RA7?7:;3@7

&bOPBNDBIBNFK ABeBNIBNF >NPPgNgI>?FIFN RB >V>IPgI>?FIFN, RB DbOPBNDBIBN PLMI>J> RB _gH>NJ> FjIBJIBNFKAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: ++CJS(eTUFSHF; --CJS(eTUFSHF; CJS(eTUFSHF += 2; CJS(eTUFSHF -= 2; XSJUFMO(CJS(eTUFSHF + 3); XSJUFMO(CJS(eTUFSHF - 3); NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBNABK >IgjPgegJgVA>K C>NHIg LI>N>H, ?Q FjIBJIBN DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKF ?BIFNPFIBK JFHP>N H>A>N ABeFjPFNJBVIBN. &bOPBNDBKFK ABeBNF, 47>;CE;>7@ ?;=E3C =363C DA@C3=; (G7J3 R@57=;) ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNB@BH ?F_FJAB ABeFjFN. [NKBeFK, DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKFK ++ FjIB@FUIB >NPPgNgIJ>Og L DbOPBNDBKFK ?BIIBHPB ?FN OLKN> ?QIQK>K ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNJBOFKF O>eI>N: ++CJS(eTUFSHF; // EBIB eODF HeTUFSEJhJOEFO CJS TPOSBLJ // EFhJlLFOJ HeTUFSNFZF CBlMBS

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!QKQK O>eI>K>?FIJBOF F_FK DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKFK PcNcK ?cUcHIcec H>A>N >NPPgNgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK, JOU 'FK ?cUcHIcec 4 LIAQeQKA>K JOU* PcNcKABHF ?FN DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNF ++ FjIBJF OLKQ@QKA> 4 >NP>N. :$4B: &bOPBNDBIBNFK MNLDN>J> >FP LIJ>U>K >ANBOIBNF DbOPBNJBIBNF P>KgJOgV A>RN>KgjPgN. $NFjJBH F_FK HQII>KgIJ>O> ?FIB, ?FN DbOPBNDBKFK R>N LIJ>U>K ?FN ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNJBOF E>P>IgAgN. (%AE: BF@F@ E7= ;DE;D@3DV, 4;C 6;K;@;@ DA@F@5F 7>7?3@V@63@ DA@C3=; :3J3>; 7>7?3@V@ 9RDE7C;>74;>?7D;6;C. BF@F 3X3TV63 3QV=>VJACF?.) [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA> PBH JOU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K CFZHJS(gDg ABeFjHBKFKF DbOPBNBK DbOPBNDBKFK >NPPgNgIJ>Og U>O>I ABeFIAFN: ++CFOJN(eTUFSHFN; // n UBOjNTj[ EBWSBOjl

2>KgJOgV A>RN>Kgj, L FjIBJFK OLKQ@QKA> KB LI>@>egKgK ?BIFNOFV LIJ>Og >KI>JgK> DBIFN. . FjIBJ OLKQ@QKA> MNLDN>JgK _bHB@BeF OFOPBJIBN ?QIQK>?FIFN. ,LABNK ?FIDFO>U>NI>NA>HF JFHNL FjIBJ@FIBNAB FOB DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNF ?cUcH LI>OgIgHI> 4 OLKN>HF ?BIIBH >ANBOFKB O>EFM LI>@>H RB DbOPBNDB UQH>NgA> "(?Lj)" LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K >I>Kg DbOPBNB@BHPFN. . UcVABK, DbOPBNDBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKFK >NPPgNgIJ>Og RBU> >V>IPgIJ>Og >K@>H U>K U>K> ?QIQKAQHI>NgKA>K BJFK LIQK>K ABeFjHBKIBN DbOPBNFIAFeFKAB HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN. #FVFIBN (RB AFVDFIBN) ?Q P>KgJ> QU>NI>N: !FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>Ng ?BIIBHPB U>K U>K>AgN (U>KF 3CE 3C636VC). #FVF BIBJ>KgKg DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKFK ++ FjIB@F FIB >NPgNgIJ>Og LKQK ?FN OLKN>HF BIBJ>Kg DbOPBNJBOFKF O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; FOVN 3FOL \ LjSNj[j, TBSj, NBWJ ^ TUSVDU ,VSlVO,BMFN \ 3FOL SFOL; EPVCMF V[VOMVL; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T TBOUJNMJL %T CJS LBMFN", V[VOMVL, SFOL); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(",VSlVO,BMFN OFTOFMFSJOJO CfZfLMfhf: ", ,VSlVO,BMFN.TJ[FPG, " CBZU"); ,VSlVO,BMFN<> LBMFNMFS = < ,VSlVO,BMFN(3FOL.LjSNj[j, 11), ,VSlVO,BMFN(3FOL.TBSj, 12), ,VSlVO,BMFN(3FOL.NBWJ, 13) >; ,VSlVO,BMFN * HeTUFSHF = &LBMFNMFS<0>; GPS (JOU J = 0; J != LBMFNMFS.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUFMO("HeTUFSHF EFhFSJ: ", HeTUFSHF); XSJUFMO("LBMFN: ", *HeTUFSHF); ++HeTUFSHF; // (1) // (2) // (3) // (4)

1. 2>KgJI>KJ>Og: #FVFKFK FIH BIBJ>KgKgK >ANBOF FIB FIHIBKJBHPBAFN

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2. #BeBNFKFK HQII>KgIJ>Og: #BeBNF, DbOPBNAFeF BIBJ>KgK >ANBOFAFN 3. &bOPBNAFeF KBOKBUB BNFjFJ 4. !FN OLKN>HF KBOKBUF DbOPBNJBOF ZgHPgOg: ,VSmVO,BMFN OFTOFMFSJOJO CgZgLMgig: 12 CBZU HfTUFSHF EFiFSJ: 114'$0 LBMFN: 11 TBOUJNMJL LkSNk[k CJS LBMFN HfTUFSHF EFiFSJ: 114'$$ LBMFN: 12 TBOUJNMJL TBSk CJS LBMFN HfTUFSHF EFiFSJ: 114'%8 LBMFN: 13 TBOUJNMJL NBWJ CJS LBMFN #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, UQH>NgA>HF AbKDc LBMFNMFS.MFOHUI HBNB PBHN>NI>KJ>HP> RB L UcVABK DbOPBNDB EBM R>N LI>K ?FN BIBJ>Kg DbOPBNJBHPBAFN.

69.7

GL@A3?53:3? ?7@9:727?
&bOPBNDBIBNFK ALeNQ LI>N>H HQII>KgIgM HQII>KgIJ>AgHI>Ng HLKQOQKA> ABKBPFJ O>eI>K>J>V. -B ABNIBUF@F, KB AB _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA>HF ABKBPFJIBN ?QKQ D>N>KPFIBUB?FIFNIBN. !FN DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKFK EBN V>J>K F_FK DB_BNIF LIJ>Og MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQKA>AgN. . UcVABK, DbOPBNDBIBNF HQII>KJ>Ug AcjcKJBABK bK@B #'KFK cOP AcVBU RB DcRBKIF LI>K>HI>NgKgK UBPBNIF LIQM LIJ>AgHI>NgK> ?>HJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ.

69.8

D7F7<7< @=< 3:3;/<P<2/< 07? @=<?/@P

#FVFKFK OLKQK@Q BIBJ>KgKA>K EBJBK OLKN>HF E>U>IF BIBJ>KgK DbOPBNFIJBOF U>O>IAgN. !Q, AFIFJIBNABK >IgjgH LIAQeQJQV >N>IgH H>RN>JgK> ?BKVBUBK UbKPBJIBNAB HQII>KgjIgAgN. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, AFIFJ >N>IgHI>NgKgK FHFK@F FKABHOF FjIBJ U>MgI>@>H LI>K BIBJ>KI>NA>K 4;C DA@C3DV@V DbOPBNFN: JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 0, 1, 2, 3 >; XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS<1 .. 3>); // 1 WF 2 EBIJM, 3 IBSJd !Q UbKPBJ DbOPBNDBIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !>jI>KDg_ DbOPBNDBOFKFK FIH BIBJ>Kg DbOPBNJBOF RB ?FPFj DbOPBNDBOFKFK OLK BIBJ>KA>K OLKN>HF BIBJ>Kg DbOPBNJBOF U>UDgK ?FN FjIBR P>O>NgJgAgN. !QKQ ?FN FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB DbNBIFJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // ,FOEJTJOF WFSJMFO BSBMjLUBLJ EFhFSMFSJ 10 LBUjOB djLBSUjS WPJE PO,BUj(JOU * CBl, JOU * TPO) \ XIJMF (CBl != TPO) \ *CBl *= 10; ++CBl; ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 0, 1, 2, 3 >; JOU * CBl = &TBZjMBS<1>; // JLJODJ FMFNBOjO BESFTJ PO,BUj(CBl, CBl + 2); // POEBO JLJ TPOSBLJOJO BESFTJ

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XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS);

CBm + 2 ABeBNF, CBm 'gK DbOPBNAFeFKABK 2 OLKN>HF BIBJ>KgK, U>KF FKABHOF 3 LI>K BIBJ>KgK >ANBOF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF PO,BUk FjIBRF, FHF DbOPBNDB >IJ>HP>AgN; ?QKI>NA>K FIHFKFK DbOPBNAFeF JOU 'F HQII>KJ>HP> >J> FHFK@FOFKFK DbOPBNAFeF JOU 'B EF_?FN V>J>K BNFjJBJBHPBAFN. fHFK@F DbOPBNDBUF, FjIBJ U>M>@>eg JOU 'IBNFK AgjgKg ?BIFNPBK ?FN ABeBN LI>N>H HQII>KJ>HP>AgN. TPO 'QK DbOPBNAFeF BIBJ>Kg HQII>KJ>Ageg F_FK AB AFVFKFK U>IKgV@> 1 RB 2 KQJ>N>Ig FKABHOIF BIBJ>KI>Ng ABeFjJFjPFN: 0 10 20 3 7QH>NgA>HF DF?F FjIBRIBN GPS AbKDcIBNF FIB AB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN: GPS ( ; CBl != TPO; ++CBl) \ *CBl *= 10; ^ #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, GPS AbKDcOcKcK E>VgNIgH ?bIcJc ?Lj ?gN>HgIJgjPgN. !Q FjIBR UBKF ?FN DbOPBNDB HQII>KJ>H UBNFKB ALeNQA>K CBm M>N>JBPNBOFKF >NPPgNJ>HP>AgN. N>IgH ?FIAFNBK _FCP DbOPBNDBIBN GPSFBDI ABUFJF FIB AB QUQJIQ LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN: GPSFBDI (HeTUFSHF; CBl .. TPO) \ *HeTUFSHF *= 10; ^ !Q DF?F ?FN UbKPBJAB ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK :7BD;@;@ 4;C67@ HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK FHFK@F DbOPBNDBKFK AFVFKFK OLKQK@Q BIBJ>KgKA>K ?FN OLKN>Ug DbOPBNJBOF DBNBHFN: // JLJODJ HeTUFSHF EJ[JOJO TPOVODV FMFNBOjOEBO TPOSBLJ // IBZBMJ CJS FMFNBOj HeTUFSJZPS: PO,BUj(CBl, CBl + TBZjMBS.MFOHUI); #FVFIBNFK OLK BIBJ>KI>NgKA>K OLKN>HF 3D>V@63 G3C A>?3J3@ ?FN BIBJ>KgK DbOPBNFIJBOF FjPB ?Q UcVABK U>O>IAgN.

69.9

D7F7 3?7R7; 7R:317 <> 7:3 9B::/<P;P

#'AB EF_ DBNBHJBOB AB DbOPBNDBIBN ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFN DF?F AB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN: EPVCMF<> LFTJSMJMFS = < 0.0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4 >; EPVCMF * HeTUFSHF = &LFTJSMJMFS<2>; *HeTUFSHF = -100; HeTUFSHF<1> = -200; XSJUFMO(LFTJSMJMFS); ZgHPgOg: 0 1.1 -100 -200 4.4 !bUIB ?FN HQII>KgJA> DbOPBNDBKFK DbOPBNJBHPB LIAQeQ ABeFjHBK O>KHF ?FN AFIFJFK FIH BIBJ>KgUJgj DF?F AcjcKcIcN RB <> FjIB@F L E>U>IF AFIFJFK ?BIFNPFIBK BIBJ>KgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>N. // HeTUFSEJhJOF FSJlJN // EJ[J HJCJ FSJlJN

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7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF HfTUFSHF , LFTJSMJMFS AFVFOFKFK 2 FKABHOIF BIBJ>KgKg DbOPBNJBHPBAFN. HfTUFSHF<1> HQII>KgJg, O>KHF E>U>IF ?FN AFIFJ R>NJgj DF?F L AFIFJFK 1 FKABHOIF BIBJ>KgK>, U>KF >OgI AFVFKFK 3 FKABHOIF BIBJ>KgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>N. *>NgjgH DbNcKOB AB ?Q HQII>KgJgK PBJBIFKAB _LH ?>OFP ?FN AbKcjcJ U>P>N. #BNIBUF@F HfTUFSHF<JOEFLT> DF?F ?FN U>VgJg MBNAB >NH>OgKA> *(HfTUFSHF + JOEFLT) FC>ABOFKB AbKcjPcNcN: HeTUFSHF<1> = -200; *(HeTUFSHF + 1) = -200; // EJ[J HJCJ FSJlJN // fTUUFLJZMF BZOj FMFNBOB FSJlJN

7QH>NgA> A> ?BIFNPPFeFJ DF?F, ?Q HQII>KgJgK DB_BNIF ?FN ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNFM DbOPBNJBAFeF ABKBPIBKBJBV. &cRBKIF LI>?FIJBOF F_FK ?QKQK UBNFKB AFIFJ HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN: EPVCMF<> EJMJN = LFTJSMJMFS<2 .. 4>; EJMJN<0> = -100; EJMJN<1> = -200; . AFIFJFK U>IKgV@> FHF BIBJ>Kg ?QIQKAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK. #FIFJ, >OgI AFVFKFK 2 RB 3 FKABHOIF BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>HP>AgN. fKABHOF 4 LI>K BIBJ>K AFIFJFK AgjgKA>AgN. #FIFJIBN DcRBKIFAFN; BIBJ>K BNFjFJF E>P>I>Ng _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> U>H>I>KgN: EJMJN<2> = -300; // )"5": EJMJNJO EjljOB FSJlJN

#FIFJFK 2 FKABHOIF BIBJ>Kg ?QIQKJ>AgegKA>K ?FN E>P> >PgIgN RB ?bUIB@B MNLDN>JgK U>KIgj OLKQ_I>NI> ABR>J BPJBOF bKIBKJFj LIQN: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO.3BOHF&SSPS!EFOFNF(8391): 3BOHF WJPMBUJPO

69.10

GL@A3?5323< 27:7; 3:23 3A;39

#FVF BNFjFJ FjIB@FUIB OLNQKOQV LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFULN LIJ>I>Ng DbOPBNDBIBNFK AFIFJIBNIB BjABeBN LIAQHI>Ng AcjcK@BOFKF ALeQN>?FIFN >K@>H ?Q ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. &bOPBNDBIBN EBJ AFIFJIBNFK >HOFKB BIBJ>K >ABAFKF ?FIJBVIBN EBJ AB >OIgKA> PBH ABeFjHBK DbOPBNB?FIAFHIBNFKABK AFIFJIBN H>A>N HQII>KgjIg RB DcRBKIF ABeFIIBNAFN. !QK> N>eJBK, >NP >NA> H>_ BIBJ>K ?QIQKAQeQKQK ?FIFKAFeF AQNQJI>NA> DbOPBNDBIBNABK AFIFJ LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN. !bUIB@B NFOHIF DbOPBNDBIBN UBNFKB HQII>KgjIg RB DcRBKIF AFIFJIBNABK U>N>NI>KgIJgj LIQN. j>egA>HF HLAA>HF OFTOFMFS0MVmUVS 'QK ?FN " HcPcME>KBOFKFK ?FN FjIBRF LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ. !Q FjIBR :BQk PcNcKABK ?BIFNPFIBK >ABP KBOKB LIQjPQNQULN LIOQK RB ?Q KBOKBIBNABK FIHFKFK >ANBOFKF AbKAcNcULN LIOQK: :BQj * HeTUFSHF = OFTOFMFS0MVlUVS(10); !BIFNIF ?FN DbOPBNDBKFK DbOPBNJBHPB LIAQeQ BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>@>H LI>K AFIFJ LIQjPQN>K ObV AFVFJF >j>egA>HF DF?FAFN: /* ... */ EJMJN = HeTUFSHF<0 .. BEFU>; !QK> DbNB, OFTOFMFS0MVmUVS 'QK LIQjPQNAQeQ RB FIHFKFK >ANBOFKF AbKAcNAcec 10 BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN AFIFJ >j>egA>HF DF?F LIQjPQNQIQN: :BQj<> EJMJN = HeTUFSHF<0 .. 10>;

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NPgH EJMJN MNLDN>JA> KLNJ>I ?FN # AFIFJF DF?F HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN: XSJUFMO(EJMJN<1>); // iLJODJ FMFNBOj ZB[EjSjS

69.11

3? AM?M 5L@A3?307:3< WPJE*

#'AB EBJBK EBJBK EF_ DBNBHJBOB AB, UFKB "'ABK DBIBK ?FN LI>K>H, :7C:3@9; ESC67@ ABeFjHBKIBNF DbOPBNB?FIBK DbOPBNDBIBNAFN. !QKI>N GA;6 9RDE7C97D; LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgNI>N: JOU UBNTBZj = 42; EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = 1.25; WPJE * IFS5fSf(eTUFSFCJMFO; IFS5fSf(eTUFSFCJMFO = &UBNTBZj; IFS5fSf(eTUFSFCJMFO = &LFTJSMJ; 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF WPJE* PcNcKABK LI>K DbOPBNDB EBJ ?FN JOU 'F EBJ AB ?FN EPVCMF 'g DbOPBNB?FIJBHPBAFN. . O>PgNI>NgK FHFOF AB U>O>IAgN RB E>P>OgV LI>N>H ABNIBKFN. WPJE* PcNcKABK LI>K DbOPBNDBIBN _LH HgOgPIgAgNI>N: -B ABeBNIBNF OLKN>HF (RBU> bK@BHF) ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNB@BH ?F_FJAB ABeFjPFNFIB?FIFN KB AB DbOPBNAFHIBNF ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFIB?FIFN. !Q, DBPFNAFeF BOKBHIFeFK ?FN OLKQ@QAQN: &bOPBNFIBK >OgI PcN ?FIFKJBAFeFKABK DbOPBNFIBK BIBJ>KgK H>_ ?>UPIgH LIAQeQ A> ?FIFKBJBV: *IFS5fSf(eTUFSFCJMFO = 43; // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!bUIB FjIBJIBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK, WPJE* 'KFK ABeBNFKFK bK@B ALeNQ PcNc DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDBUB >HP>NgIJ>Og DBNBHFN: JOU UBNTBZj = 42; WPJE * IFS5fSf(eTUFSFCJMFO = &UBNTBZj; // ... JOU * UBNTBZj(eTUFSHFTJ = DBTU(JOU*)IFS5fSf(eTUFSFCJMFO; // (3) *UBNTBZj(eTUFSHFTJ = 43; // (4) 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBH HLAQ jQ >AgJI>NI> >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: 1. OgI ABeFjHBK 2. #BeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKFK ?FN WPJE* F_FKAB O>HI>KJ>Og 3. #>E> OLKN> L ABeBNFK ALeNQ PcNc DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDBUB >HP>NgIJ>Og 4. #BeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKFK ALeNQ PcNc DbOPBNBK DbOPBNDB FIB BNFjFIBNBH ABeFjPFNFIJBOF #'AB WPJE* _LeQKIQHI> " HcPcME>KBIBNF HQII>KgIgNHBK DBNBHFN. JOUFSGBDF , OgKgC, j>?ILK, RO. DF?F cOP AcVBU LI>K>HI>Ng ?QIQKJ>U>K " HcPcME>KBIBNF WPJE* PcNcKABK U>N>NI>KJgj LI>?FIFNIBN. // (1) // (2)

69.12

#/<AP9@/: 74/23:3?23 9B::/<P:;/:/?P

&bOPBNDBIBN LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H CPPM PcNcKB AbKcjB?FIFNIBN. !Q LKI>NgK ABeBNIBNFKFK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. OVMM ABeBNB O>EFM LI>K DbOPBNDBIBN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAB GBMTF ABeBNFKF >IgNI>N, AFeBNIBNF AB USVF ABeBNFKF. 7>KF EF_?FN ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNJBUBK DbOPBNDBIBN GBMTF 'PQN.

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ZgHgj> KBOKB U>VAgN>K ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ. !Q FjIBR, H>_ ?>UP U>VAgegKg A> ?FN _gHgj M>N>JBPNBOF FIB ?FIAFNFULN LIOQK. K@>H, L ?FIDFUF U>IKgV@> bVBIIFHIB FOPBKAFeFKAB RBNFULN LIOQK. !QKQK FOPBeB ?>eIg LIJ>Og FjIBRB DbKABNFIBK DbOPBNDBKFK OVMM LIQM LIJ>J>Og FIB O>eI>K>?FIFN: WPJE CJMHJ7FS(,VSlVO,BMFN LBMFN, TJ[F@U * CBZU"EFEJ) \ JNNVUBCMF CJMHJ = GPSNBU(",BMFN: %T", LBMFN); XSJUFMO(CJMHJ); JG (CBZU"EFEJ) \ *CBZU"EFEJ = CJMHJ.MFOHUI; ^

*>_ ?>UP U>VgIAgeg ?FIDFOFKFK DBNBHJBAFeF AQNQJI>NA> DbOPBNDB LI>N>H OVMM ABeBNF DbKABNFIB?FIFN: CJMHJ7FS(,VSlVO,BMFN(3FOL.TBSj, 7), OVMM); !>UP >ABAFKFK bKBJIF LIAQeQ AQNQJI>NA> FOB OVMM LIJ>U>K ?FN ABeBN: TJ[F@U CBZU"EFEJ; CJMHJ7FS(,VSlVO,BMFN(3FOL.NBWJ, 8), &CBZU"EFEJ); XSJUFMO("`jLjlB ", CBZU"EFEJ, " CBZU ZB[jMNjl"); !QKQ U>IKgV@> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H H>?QI BAFK. !>UP >ABAFKFK FjIBRABK EBN AQNQJA> AbKAcNcIJBOF A>E> QUDQK ?FN P>O>NgJ LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIFN: TJ[F@U CJMHJ7FS(,VSlVO,BMFN LBMFN) \ JNNVUBCMF CJMHJ = GPSNBU(",BMFN: %T", LBMFN); XSJUFMO(CJMHJ); ^ SFUVSO CJMHJ.MFOHUI;

69.13

OFX 0/FP AM?:3? 7K7< /2?3@ 2L<2M?M?

iFJAFUB H>A>N OgKgC KBOKBIBNF LIQjPQNQNHBK H>NjgI>jPgegJgV OFX 'c U>Mg KBOKBIBNF, AFVFIBN, RB PBJBI PcN ABeFjHBKIBNF LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. OFX FIB LIQjPQNQI>K ABeFjHBKIBNB 6;@3?;= 67T;X=7@ ABKFN. OFX bK@B ?BIIBHPBK ABeFjHBK F_FK DBNBHBK ?cUcHIcHPB ?FN UBN >UgNgN. .KA>K OLKN> ?Q UBNAB ?FN ABeFjHBK =FC3C. !Q ABeFjHBKIBNFK HBKAF FOFJIBNF ?QIQKJ>AgegKA>K LKI>N> >K@>H OFX 'cK AbKAcNJcj LIAQeQ NBCBN>KO FIB BNFjFIFN. !Q NBCBN>KO ABeFjHBKFK PcNcKB ?>eIg LI>N>H C>NHIg _BjFPPBKAFN: x 1gKgC KBOKBIBNFKAB jFJAFUB H>A>N _LH DbNAcecJcV DF?F ?FN DV@V8 67T;X=7@;6;C: 4jOjG TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = OFX 4jOjG; x 7>Mg KBOKBIBNFKAB RB PBJBI PcNIBNAB ?FN 9RDE7C976;C: :BQj * ZBQj(eTUFSHFTJ = OFX :BQj; JOU * JOU(eTUFSHFTJ = OFX JOU; x #FVFIBNAB FOB ?FN 6;@3?;= 6;K;6;C:

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JOU<> EJOBNJL%J[J = OFX JOU<100>; BVUP RB UZQFPG ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, OLI P>N>CP>HF PcN FOFJIBNF UBNFKB KLNJ>IAB BVUP >K>EP>N ObV@cec HQII>KgIAgegKA>K _LeQKIQHI> ?Q >UNgJ> AFHH>P BPJBH DBNBHJBV: BVUP BVUP BVUP BVUP TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = OFX 4jOjG; ZBQj(eTUFSHFTJ = OFX :BQj; JOU(eTUFSHFTJ = OFX JOU; EJOBNJL%J[J = OFX JOU<100>;

'BNE>KDF ?FN FC>ABKFK PcN FOJFKFK UZQFPG(5gS).TUSJOHPG UbKPBJFUIB U>VAgNgI>?FIAFeFKF E>PgNI>NO>KgV, OFX 'cK ABeFjFH PcNIBN F_FK KB AbKAcNAcec Hc_cH ?FN MNLDN>JI> jbUIB DbNcIB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU :BQj \^ DMBTT 4jOjG \^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(OFX XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(OFX XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(OFX XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(OFX ^

JOU ).TUSJOHPG); JOU<5>).TUSJOHPG); :BQj ).TUSJOHPG); 4jOjG ).TUSJOHPG);

ZgHPgA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, OFX PBJBI PcN RB U>MgI>N F_FK DbOPBNDB PcNcKAB ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNJBHPBAFN: JOU* JOU<> :BQk* 4kOkG

69.14

D7F7:3?7< .QUS <7A3:7N7

#FVFIBNFK (RB AFIFJIBNFK) .QUS KFPBIFeF FIH BIBJ>KgK >ANBOFKF AbKAcNcN. !Q ABeBNFK PcNc BIBJ>K PcNcKc DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDBAFN: JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 7, 12 >; JOU * JML&MFNBOjO"ESFTJ = TBZjMBS.QUS; XSJUFMO("iML FMFNBO: ", *JML&MFNBOjO"ESFTJ); !Q ABeBN AB " HcPcME>KBIBNFKF HQII>KgNHBK U>N>NIg LI>?FIFN. !>Vg " FjIBRIBNF ?BIIBHPB >NP >NA> ?QIQK>K BIBJ>KI>NgK FIHFKFK >ANBOFKF >IgNI>N. #FVDFIBNFK AB AFVF LIAQHI>NgKg E>PgNI>NO>KgV, LKI>NgK .QUS KFPBIFeF AB FIH H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK >ANBOFKF RBNFN. !QN>A> AFHH>P BAFIJBOF DBNBHBK ?FN HLKQ, AFVDF BIBJ>KI>NgKgK :3C8 ABeFI, L E>NCIBNFK 3KF@LAB HLAI>J>OgKA>HF H>NjgIgHI>Ng LIAQHI>NgAgN. [NKBeFK, j E>NCF ?FN DIBS<> RBU> TUSJOH F_FKAB FHF P>KB DIBS LI>N>H ?QIQKQN. .QUS KFPBIFeFKFK AbKAcNAcec >ANBO FIB BNFjFIAFeFKAB, 3KF@LAB HLAI>J>OgKA> HQII>KgI>K H>N>HPBNIBN >UNg >UNg DbVIBJIBKB?FIFNIBN. !QKQ bNKBHIBN ?bIcJcKAB DbNB@BeFV.

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69.15

ER:3;3 A/0:=:/?P<P< JO 7R:317

OIgKA> DbOPBNDBIBNF $jIBJB 2>?ILI>Ng ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV JO FjIB@F FIB AB HQII>KJgjPgH. .N>A> EBKcV DbOPBNDBIBNF >KI>PJ>Jgj LIAQeQJA>K JO FjIB@FKFK AbKcj PcNcKc 97Q;XE;C?;X RB L ABeBNF cOPc H>M>Ig LI>N>H ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABAB HQII>KJgjPgJ: JG ("NPS" JO SFOL,PEMBSj) \ // FWFU, SFOL,PEMBSj'OEB "NPS" JOEFLTMJ FMFNBO WBSNjl ^ FMTF \ // IBZjS, ZPLNVl... ^ OIgKA> JO FjIB@F P>?ILA> ?QIQKQULNO> BIBJ>KgK >ANBOFKF, ?QIQKJQULNO> OVMM ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLjQI A> ?Q ABeBNFK GBMTF '> RBU> USVF 'U> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjJBOF PBJBIFKB A>U>KgN. JO 'FK AbKcj ABeBNFKF ?FN DbOPBNDBUB >P>NO>H, P>?ILA> ?QIQKAQeQ AQNQJI>NA> L BIBJ>K> BPHFK ?F_FJAB BNFjB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // 5BNTBZjEBO TUSJOH'F EeOflfN UBCMPTV TUSJOH<JOU> TBZjMBS = < 0 : "TjGjS", 1 : "CJS", 2 : "JLJ", 3 : "fd" >; JOU TBZj = 2; BVUP FMFNBO = TBZj JO TBZjMBS; JG (FMFNBO) \ XSJUFMO("#JMJZPSVN: ", *FMFNBO); // (1) // (2) // (3)

^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(TBZj, " TBZjTjOjO ZB[jMjljOj CJMNJZPSVN"); ^

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF FMFNBO DbOPBNDBOF JO FjIB@F FIB FIHIBKJBHPB (1) RB ABeBNF ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABAB HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN (2). #BeBNF OVMM LIJ>AgegKA> A> DbOPBNAFeF ABeFjHBKB BNFjFIJBHPBAFN (3). '>PgNI>NO>KgV, OVMM ABeBNFKFK DbOPBNAFeF DB_BNIF ?FN KBOKB LIJ>Ageg F_FK, ABeBNF OVMM LI>K ?FN DbOPBNDBKFK DbOPBNAFeFKB BNFjFIBJBV. .N>A> FMFNBO 'gK PcNc, BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK 67T7C ESCS@67 ?FN DbOPBNDBAFN. !Q P>?ILA>HF ABeBNIBN TUSJOH LIAQHI>NgKA>K JO 'FK AbKcj PcNc TUSJOH* 'AFN. #LI>UgOgUI>, BVUP UBNFKB PcN >_gH LI>N>H >j>egA>HF DF?F AB U>VgI>?FIFN: TUSJOH * FMFNBO = TBZj JO TBZjMBS;

69.16

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
"MAM>6/<3:3? 53?39A7?27N7<23
SFBEG FjIBRFKAB AB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, HQII>KAgegJgV ?FN HcPcME>KB ?FVABK ?FN DbOPBNDB ?BHIFULN LI>?FIFN. 'BN KB H>A>N # HcPcME>KBIBNFKAB >V O>UgA> LI>@>HI>NgKg AcjcKOBH AB, ?Q PcN FjIBRIBNIB H>NjgI>jPgegJgVA> LKI>N> FOPBAFHIBNF PcNAB DbOPBNDB DbKABNJBJFV DBNBHFN. [NKBeFK, ?FN " HcPcME>KBOF LI>K DPH'ABK QU>NI>KJgj LI>K DPH#'KFK ?>Vg FjIBRIBNFKFK ?>Vg M>N>JBPNBIBNF DbOPBNDBAFN:

69.16.1

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(EL(FPNFUSZ CPZVUMBS; // ... CPZVUMBS OFTOFTJOJO fZFMFSJOJO LVSVMNBTj ... QFODFSF.TFU(FPNFUSZ)JOUT(/* ... */, &CPZVUMBS, /* ... */);

69.16.2

D3N3? AM?M<23< 23N7R93<:3?7 5L@A3?;39 7K7<

7FKB HBOFKIFHIB DBNBHJBOB AB, ABeBN PcNcKABK LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKFK E>KDFOFUIB FjIBJ U>MgI>@>egKg ?FN DbOPBNDB FIB ?BIFNIBUB?FIFNFV. [NKBH LI>N>H U>Vg-PQN> ABKBUF U>M>K ?FN MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; WPJE NBJO() \ TJ[F@U ZB[j"EFEJ = 0; TJ[F@U UVSB"EFEJ = 0; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 100) \ TJ[F@U * IBOHJTJ = (VOJGPSN(0, 2) == 1) &ZB[j"EFEJ : &UVSB"EFEJ; ++(*IBOHJTJ); ^ ^ XSJUFGMO("ZB[j: %T UVSB: %T", ZB[j"EFEJ, UVSB"EFEJ);

2>?FF >UKg FjIBJF DbOPBNDB HQII>KJ>A>K A> DBN_BHIBjPFNB?FIFNFV: VOJGPSN(0, 2) 4BU> ?FN JG HLjQIQUI>: JG (VOJGPSN(0, 2)) \ ++ZB[j"EFEJ; ^ FMTF \ ++UVSB"EFEJ; ^ ++ZB[j"EFEJ : ++UVSB"EFEJ;

69.16.3

+3?7 E/>P:/?P<P< ME3:3?7<23

!>Vg RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK PBJBIF DbOPBNDBIBNB A>U>KgN. #FVFIBNFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK U>K U>K> ?QIQKJ>I>NgKgK >HOFKB, ?>Vg RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK BIBJ>KI>Ng ?BIIBHPB ?FN?FNIBNFKABK >UNg LI>N>H AQNQNI>N. !QKQK ?FN KBABKF, BIBJ>KI>NgK RBNF U>MgOgK> C>NHIg V>J>KI>NA> BHIBKJBIBNF LI>?FIFN. !bUIB RBNF U>MgI>Ng BIBJ>KI>NgK ?FN?FNIBNFKF 9RDE7C?7>7C; PBJBIF cVBNFKB HQNQIQAQN. [NKBeFK, ?>eIg IFOPB RBNF U>MgOgKgK EBN AcecJc HBKAFOFKABK ?FN OLKN>HF AcecJc 9RDE7C;C. fHFIF >e>_ RBNF U>MgOgKgK AcecJIBNF AB OLI RB O>e A>II>NA>HF AcecJIBNF 9RDE7C;C>7C. !>jH> RBNF U>MgI>NgKA> A> DbOPBNDB HQII>KgJgK> _LH N>OPI>KgN. #'AB RBNF U>MgI>Ng NBCBN>KO PcNIBNF HQII>K>N>H A> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIOBIBN AB DbOPBNDBIBN ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> A>E> ALe>I LI>?FIFNIBN. &bOPBNDB cUB bNKBHIBNFKF ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.

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69.16.4

B3::3N3 2=N?B2/< 3?7R;39 53?39A7N7<23

&bOPBNDBIBN ?BIIBeB ALeNQA>K RB ?>UP AcVBUFKAB BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. '>P>U> >_gH LIAQHI>NgKg >HgIA> PQPJ>H DBNBHFN. $H LI>N>H, MNLDN>J> >FP LIJ>U>K ?BIIBeB BNFjJBH P>KgJOgV A>RN>KgjPgN.

69.17

I?<39:3?
B/@7A 07? 0/N:P :7@A3
!>eIg IFOPB RBNF U>MgOgKgK BIBJ>KI>Ng 6STS?>7C E>IFKAB PQPQIQNI>N. +FOPB, EBN AcecJcK HBKAFOFKABK ?FN OLKN>HF AcecJc 9RDE7C?7D; AcjcK@BOF cVBNFKB HQNQIQAQN. 1LKQK@Q AcecJ EF_?FN AcecJc DbOPBNJBV (ABeBNF OVMM 'AgN): JML EfhfN +--------+---+ ] FMFNBO ] P----v +--------+---+ TPO EfhfN +--------+------+ ] FMFNBO ] OVMM ] +--------+------+

69.17.1

EfhfN +--------+---+ ] FMFNBO ] P----v +--------+---+

EfhfN +--------+---+ ] FMFNBO ] P----v ... +--------+---+

7QH>NgA>HF jBHFI U>KgIPg@g LI>?FIFN: #cecJIBNFK ?BIIBHPB >NP >NA> ?QIQKAQHI>Ng O>KgIJ>J>IgAgN; AcecJIBN KLNJ>IAB ?BIIBeFK EBNE>KDF ?FN UBNFKAB ?QIQK>?FIFNIBN. [KBJIF LI>K, EBN AcecJcK HBKAFOFKABK ?FN OLKN>HF AcecJc DbOPBNFULN LIJ>OgAgN. !Q jBHIB QUDQK LI>N>H, ?FN JOU IFOPBOFKFK AcecJcKc jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU %fhfN \ JOU FMFNBO; %fhfN * TPOSBLJ; ^ // ...

%AE: "7@6; ESCS@67@ @7D@7>7C; 9RDE7C6;T; ;Q;@ 4F@F@ bVUFKBIBJBIF 4;C J3BV A>6FTF@F DRJ>7J74;>;C;K. !cPcK AcecJIBNFK ?FN IFOPB LI>N>H AcjcKcIJBOF AB U>IKgV@> ?>jI>KDg_ AcecJcKc DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDB FIB O>eI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU -JTUF \ %fhfN * CBl; ^ // ...

!Q ?bIcJcK >J>@gKA>K C>VI> QV>HI>jJ>J>H F_FK ?QN>A> U>IKgV@> IFOPBKFK ?>jgK> BIBJ>K BHIBUBK FjIBRF DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: TUSVDU -JTUF \ %fhfN * CBl; WPJE CBljOB&LMF(JOU FMFNBO) \ CBl = OFX %fhfN(FMFNBO, CBl); ^ ^ // ...

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!Q HLAQK BK bKBJIF KLHP>Og CBmkOB&LMF FjIBRFKF LIQjPQN>K O>PgNAgN. . O>PgN UBKF BIBJ>Kg IFOPBKFK ?>jgK> BHIBN RB ?bUIB@B ?Q U>MgKgK ?FN 43T>V >;DE7 LIJ>OgKg O>eI>N. (%AE: AD>V@63 DA@F@3 7=>7?7 ;X>7?; 63:3 6AT3> G7 =F>>3@VX>V6VC. BF@F BCA4>7?>7C 4R>S?S@67 9RC757T;K.) 7QH>NgA>HF O>PgNA> O>e P>N>CP> AFK>JFH ?FN %gigN KBOKBOF LIQjPQNQIQULN. !Q UBKF KBOKB HQNQIQNHBK, TPOSBLJ cUBOF LI>N>H IFOPBKFK jQ >KA>HF ?>jg HQII>KgIgULN. +FOPBKFK UBKF ?>jg LI>N>H A> ?Q UBKF AcecJcK >ANBOF HQII>KgIgK@>, IFOPBKFK ?>jgK> BIBJ>K BHIBKJFj LIQULN. !Q Hc_cH RBNF U>MgOgKg ABKBUBK Hc_cH ?FN MNLDN>J: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU %fhfN \ JOU FMFNBO; %fhfN * TPOSBLJ; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ TUSJOH TPOVd = UP!TUSJOH(FMFNBO); JG (TPOSBLJ) \ TPOVd _= " -> " _ UP!TUSJOH(*TPOSBLJ); ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

TUSVDU -JTUF \ %fhfN * CBl; WPJE CBljOB&LMF(JOU FMFNBO) \ CBl = OFX %fhfN(FMFNBO, CBl); ^ TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T)", CBl ^

UP!TUSJOH(*CBl) : "");

WPJE NBJO() \ -JTUF TBZjMBS; XSJUFMO("eODF : ", TBZjMBS); GPSFBDI (TBZj; 0 .. 10) \ TBZjMBS.CBljOB&LMF(TBZj); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("TPOSB: ", TBZjMBS);

ZgHPgOg: fODF : () TPOSB: (9 -> 8 -> 7 -> 6 -> 5 -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 0)

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69.17.2

VCZUF 5L@A3?53@7 7:3 03::3N7< 7<13:3<;3@7

!BIIBeFK >ANBOIBJB ?FNFJF ?>UPPgN. 'BN >ANBOPB PBH ?>UPIgH ?FIDF ?QIQKQN. 'BN ABeFjHBK, HBKAF PcNc F_FK DBNBHBK O>UgA> ?>UP SK7C;@67 HQNQIQN. &bOPBNDBIBN ?BIIBeB ?>UP ?>UP BNFjJB LI>K>eg OQK>NI>N. !BIIBeB ?>UP LI>N>H BNFjJBH F_FK BK QUDQK PcN VCZUF* 'AFN. !FN ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOF ?FN VCZUF DbOPBNDBOFKB >P>KgN RB ?Q DbOPBNDB FIBNIBPFIBNBH L ABeFjHBKF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>NgK PcJc DbVIBJIBKB?FIFN. !QN>A> >_gHI>Ug@g LIOQK AFUB ABeBNF LK>IPgIg AcVBKAB U>VgIJgj LI>K ?FN P>JO>Ug LIOQK: JOU CJS4BZj = 0Y01@02@03@04; !Q ABeFjHBKF DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDBKFK jQ jBHFIAB P>KgJI>KAgegKg DbNAcH: JOU * BESFTJ = &CJS4BZj; . DbOPBNDBKFK ABeBNF, CJS4BZk 'KgK ?BIIBHPB ?QIQKAQeQ UBNFK >ANBOFAFN. &bOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKF PcN AbKcjcJc FIB ?FN VCZUF DbOPBNDBOFKB AB >P>U>?FIFNFV: VCZUF * CBZU(eTUFSHFTJ = DBTU(VCZUF*)BESFTJ; !Q >ANBOPBHF JOU 'F LIQjPQN>K 4 ?>UPg jbUIB U>VAgN>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(CBZU(eTUFSHFTJ<0>); XSJUFMO(CBZU(eTUFSHFTJ<1>); XSJUFMO(CBZU(eTUFSHFTJ<2>); XSJUFMO(CBZU(eTUFSHFTJ<3>); $eBN OFVFK JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFV AB ?BKFJHF DF?F =SQS= DA@5F> FOB, JOU 'F LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>NgK ?BIIBHPB E7CD OgN>A> AQNAQHI>NgKg DbNB?FIFNOFKFV: 4 3 2 1 #BeFjHBKIBNF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>Ng DbVIBJIBJB FjFKF HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQ U>V>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(5)(SFG 5 EFhJlLFO) \ DPOTU VCZUF * CBl = DBTU(VCZUF*)&EFhJlLFO; XSJUFGMO("UfS : XSJUFGMO("EFhFS : XSJUFGMO("BESFT : XSJUFG ("CBZUMBS: %T", 5.TUSJOHPG); %T", EFhJlLFO); %T", CBl); ");

// (1)

// (2) // (3)

XSJUFGMO("%(%02Y %)", CBl<0 .. 5.TJ[FPG>); ^ XSJUFMO();

1. #BeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKFK ?FN VCZUF DbOPBNDBOFKB >P>KJ>Og 2. &bOPBNDBKFK ABeBNFKFK, U>KF ABeFjHBKFK ?>jI>KDg_ >ANBOFKFK U>VAgNgIJ>Og

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3. 2cNcK ?cUcHIcecKcK .TJ[FPG KFPBIFeF FIB BAFKFIJBOF RB DbOPBNDBKFK DbOPBNAFeF ?>UPI>NgK U>VAgNgIJ>Og (CBm DbOPBNDBOFKABK AFIFJ BIAB BAFIAFeFKB RB L AFIFJFK U>VAgNgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK.) !>UPI>N * FjIB@F FIB BNFjBNBH jbUIB AB U>VgI>?FIFNAF: GPSFBDI (CBZU; CBl .. CBl + 5.TJ[FPG) \ XSJUFG("%02Y ", *CBZU); ^ CBZU DbOPBNDBOFKFK ABeBNF L AbKDcAB CBm .. CBm + 5.TJ[FPG >N>IgegKA> ABeFjFN. CBm + 5.TJ[FPG ABeBNFKFK >N>IgH AgjgKA> H>IAgegK> RB LK> EF_?FN V>J>K BNFjFIJBAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. . FjIBR j>?ILKQKQ ABeFjFH PcNIBNIB _>egN>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU CJSJODJ; JOU JLJODJ; ^ DMBTT 4jOjG \ JOU J; JOU K; UIJT(JOU J, JOU K) \ UIJT.J = J; UIJT.K = K; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU UBNTBZj = 0Y11223344; CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(UBNTBZj); EPVCMF LFTJSMJ = EPVCMF.OBO; CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(LFTJSMJ); TUSJOH EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB EfOZB"; CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(EJ[HJ); JOU<3> EJ[J = < 1, 2, 3 >; CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(EJ[J); BVUP ZBQj/FTOFTJ = :BQj(0YBB, 0YCC); CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(ZBQj/FTOFTJ); BVUP TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = OFX 4jOjG(1, 2); CBZUMBSjOj(eTUFS(TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ);

ZgHPgOg >UAgKI>Pg@g LI>?FIFN:

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UgS : EFiFS : BESFT : CBZUMBS: UgS : EFiFS : BESFT : CBZUMBS: UgS : EFiFS : BESFT : CBZUMBS: UgS : EFiFS : BESFT : CBZUMBS: UgS : EFiFS : BESFT : CBZUMBS: UgS : EFiFS : BESFT : CBZUMBS:

JOU 287454020 #''%6%0$ 44 33 22 11 EPVCMF OBO #''%6%14 00 00 00 00 00 00 G8 7G TUSJOH NFSIBCB EgOZB #''%6%1$ 0F 00 00 00 F8 D0 06 08 JOU<3V> 1 2 3 #''%6%24 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 :BQk :BQk(170, 187) #''%6%34 BB 00 00 00 CC 00 00 00 4kOkG EFOFNF.4kOkG #''%6%3$ D0 FD CF 00

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(1)

(4)

G>;/(0/(4: 1. !>Vg PcNIBNFK ?>UPI>Ng ?BHIBAFeFJFV DF?FAFN: JOU 'FK, O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFKFK (JOU<3V> ), RB U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK ABeBNIBNFKFK ?>UPI>Ng ?BIIBHPB PBNO OgN>A> ?QIQKJ>HP>AgN. 2. EPVCMF.OBO bVBI ABeBNFKF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>Ng PBNO OgN>A> AcjcKcK@B ?Q ABeBNFK 0T7CC8000000000000 bVBI ?FP AFVFOF FIB FC>AB BAFIAFeFKF beNBKFULNQV. 3. TUSJOH 8 ?>UPP>K LIQjJ>HP>AgN; LKQK ABeBNF LI>K "JBNE>?> AcKU>"KgK L H>A>N Hc_cH ?FN >I>K> OgeJ>Og LI>K>HOgVAgN. !Q, TUSJOH PcNcKcK MBNAB >NH>OgKA> ?FN U>Mg DF?F P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>OgKA>K DBIFN. #BNIBUF@FKFK ?FN F_ PcNc LIAQeQKQ RQNDQI>J>H F_FK FOJFKF @@ FIB ?>jI>P>N>H, bNKBeFK jbUIB ?FN U>Mg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV: TUSVDU @@TUSJOH \ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL; DIBS * QUS; // BTjM LBSBLUFSMFS ^ !Q P>EJFKF ABOPBHIBUBK ?QIDQUQ TUSJOH 'F LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>NA> DbNcULNQV: #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, "JBNE>?> AcKU>" AFVDFOFKABHF PLMI>J 13 E>NC, F_IBNFKABHF c'KcK 32%-8 HLAI>J>OgKA> FHF ?>UPI> FC>AB BAFIJBOF KBABKFUIB 14 ?>UPP>K LIQjQN. TUSJOH 'FK UQH>NgA> DbNcIBK FIH 4 ?>UPg LI>K 0T0000000B'KFK ABeBNFKFK LKIQ OFOPBJAB 14 LIJ>Og ?Q DbVIBJF ALeNQIQULN.

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4. !BKVBN jBHFIAB, OgKgC KBOKBOFKF LIQjPQN>K J RB K cUBIBNFKFK 4 ?>UP> OgeJ>I>Ng LI>K>HOgVAgN; FHF JOU F_FK 8 ?>UP DBNBHPFeFKF ?FIFULNQV. . _gHPg, OgKgC ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK OgKgC KBOKBOFKF DbOPBNB@BH jBHFIAB PBH ?FN DbOPBNDBABK LIQjPQeQ jcMEBOFKF QU>KAgNgN: TUSVDU @@4jOjG@%FhJlLFO5fSf \ @@4jOjG@"TjM/FTOF5fSf * OFTOF; ^ iFJAF ?FN>V A>E> BOKBH ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ. !BIFNIF ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ?>UPI>Ng UBNFKB, ?BIFNIF ?FN >ANBOPBHF ?BIFNIF O>UgA>HF ?>UPg DbOPBNBK ?FN FjIBR U>V>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BTDJJ; WPJE CFMMFhJ(eTUFS(5)(5 * CFMMFL, TJ[F@U V[VOMVL) \ DPOTU VCZUF * CBl = DBTU(VCZUF*)CFMMFL; GPSFBDI (BESFT; CBl .. CBl + V[VOMVL) \ DIBS LBSBLUFS = (JT1SJOUBCMF(*BESFT) ^ XSJUFGMO("%T: %02Y *BESFT : '.');

%T", BESFT, *BESFT, LBSBLUFS);

TUE.BTDJJ JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIg LI>K JT1SJOUBCMF , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?>UP ABeBNFKFK 1"(( P>?ILOQKQK DbNcKPcIBKB?FIBK ?FN H>N>HPBNF LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNFN. !>Vg ?>UP ABeBNIBNFKFK PBO>AcCBK Q_ ?FNFJFK HLKPNLI H>N>HPBNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIBNBH Q_ ?FNFJFK _>IgjJ>OgKg ?LVJ>I>NgKg bKIBJBH F_FK "JT1SJOUBCMF LIJ>U>K" H>N>HPBNIBN UBNFKB '.' H>N>HPBNFKF U>VAgNgULNQV. !Q FjIBRF TUSJOH 'FK .QUS KFPBIFeFKFK DbOPBNAFeF H>N>HPBNIBNB BNFjJBH F_FK HQII>K>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB EfOZB"; CFMMFhJ(eTUFS(EJ[HJ.QUS, EJ[HJ.MFOHUI); ^ ZgHPgA>K >KI>jgIAgegK> DbNB c E>NCF F_FK FHF ?>UP HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN: 8067'18: 8067'19: 8067'1": 8067'1#: 8067'1$: 8067'1%: 8067'1&: 8067'1': 8067'20: 8067'21: 8067'22: 8067'23: 8067'24: 8067'25: 6E 65 72 68 61 62 61 20 64 D3 CD 6F 79 61 N F S I B C B E . . O Z B

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69.18

&?=0:3;:3?
1. *BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF JOU 'FK ABeBNIBNFKF ABeFj PLHQj BPJBUB _>Igj>K jQ FjIBRF M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB SFG HQII>KJ>A>K AcVBIPFK: WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ JOU HFdJDJ = CJSJODJ; CJSJODJ = JLJODJ; JLJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU J = 1; JOU K = 2; EFhJl5PLVl(J, K); // %FhFSMFSJ EFhJlTJO BTTFSU(J == 2); BTTFSU(K == 1);

. MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgNAgegKgVA> BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNFKFK ?>j>NgOgV LIAQHI>NgKg DbNB@BHOFKFV. 2. !Q ?bIcJAB DbOPBNFIBK IFOPB U>MgOgKg j>?ILK> AbKcjPcNcK RB ?bUIB@B JOU 'PBK ?>jH> PcNIBNIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>UgK. 3. !>eIg IFOPBAB UBKF BIBJ>KI>NgK OLK> BHIBKJBIBNF A>E> ALe>I ?FN FjIBJAFN. !BK A>E> HgO> LIAQeQ F_FK ?Q ?bIcJAB ?>jgK> BHIBJBUF OB_PFJ. 7BKF BIBJ>KI>NgK IFOPBKFK ?>jgK> ABeFI, OLKQK> BHIBKJBIBNFKF O>eI>UgK. !QKQK F_FK IFOPBKFK OLKQK@Q BIBJ>KgKg DbOPBNBK ?FN DbOPBNDB U>N>NIg LI>?FIFN. ... QRKS?>7C

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B7A OR:3;:3?7
!Q ?bIcJAB JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK BK Hc_cH ?FIDF ?FNFJF LI>K ?FPIBNIB U>MgI>K FjIBJIBNF P>KgU>@>egV. !FP FjIBJIBNF JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK BK PBJBI LI>K>HI>NgKA>KAgN. !Q FjIBJIBN EBJ >IP AcVBU MNLDN>J@gIgH >_gOgKA>K ?FIFKJBIFAFN, EBJ AB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H 43JC3= >I>K FjIBRIBN F_FK DBNBHIFAFN. !>UN>H >I>K FjIBRIBNB bVBIIFHIB " HcPcME>KBIBNFKABK QU>NI>KJgj LI>K # HcPcME>KBIBNFKAB N>OPI>K>?FIFN.

70.1

+3?7<7< 3< /:A 2MF3E23 53?K39:3RA7?7:;3@7

# DF?F ?FN MNLDN>JI>J> AFIF >OIgKA> ?FN OLUQPI>J>AgN. /NLDN>J F_FKAB P>KgJI>AgegJgV biSFODJ DF?F ?FN HQII>Kg@g PcNcKcK ?FIDFO>U>NgK F_ U>MgOg FIB ALeNQA>K ?FN FIDFOF ULHPQN. /NLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKFK >J>_I>NgKA>K ?FNFOF, ALK>KgJgK >KI>Ageg AFI FIB FKO>KgK >KI>Ageg AFI >N>OgKA> >N>@gIgH U>MJ>HPgN. !Q UcVABK EBN KB H>A>N # AFIFKF HQII>KgNHBK ALK>KgJI> FIDFIF H>RN>JI>NI> FIDFIBKJBH DBNBHJBOB AB, cOP AcVBU H>RN>JI>NgK BK >IP AcVBUAB BIBHPNLKFH ABRNB BIBJ>KI>NgK> K>OgI ?>eIg LIAQHI>NgKg >KI>J>H bKBJIFAFN. !Q HLKQI>NA> ?>jH> H>UK>HI>NA> _LH JFHP>NA> ?FIDF ?QI>?FIB@BeFKFVF ?FIAFeFJ F_FK ?Q ?>jIgeg LI>?FIAFeFK@B HgO> PQP>@>egJ.

70.1.1

)?/<@7@AL?
,LABNK BIBHPNLKFH >IBPIBNFK FjIBJ U>MJ> UBPBKBHIBNF ?cUcH bI_cAB PN>KOFOPbN ABKBK BIBHPNLKFH ABRNB BIBJ>Kg FIB O>eI>KgN. 2N>KOFOPbNcK ?FN bVBIIFeF, ABRNBKFK ?>jH> P>N>CgKA>HF OFKU>IIBNIB HLKPNLI BAFIB?FIJBOFAFN. !FN >KI>JA> BIBHPNLKFH ABRNBKFK HBKAF AQNQJQKA>K E>?BNFKFK LIJ>OgKg RB HBKAF AQNQJQKQ ABeFjPFNB?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. 2N>KOFOPbNIBN EBJ JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK F_FKAB EBJ AB ?FIDFO>U>NgK >K> ?BIIBeFKAB _LH ?cUcH O>UgI>NA> ?QIQKQNI>N. /NLDN>JI>J> AFIF >N>@gIgegUI> FC>AB BPPFeFJFV FjIBJIBNF RB RBNFIBNF BK >IP AcVBUAB DBN_BHIBjPFNBK BIBJ>KI>NAgN.

70.1.2

B7A
!FIDFO>U>NI>NA> BK Hc_cH ?FIDF ?FNFJF ?FPPFN. !FP BK >IP AcVBUAB ?FN H>_ P>KB PN>KOFOPbNcK ?BIFNIF ?FN AcVBKAB ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFIJBOF FIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN RB RBNF LI>N>H FHF C>NHIg ABeBNABK ?FNFOFKF ABMLI>U>?FIFN: 0 RBU> 1. #BMLI>Ageg RBNFUF, PBHN>N ABeFjPFNFIBKB H>A>N RBU> BKBNGF H>UK>eg HBOFIBKB H>A>N HLNQN. !FIDFO>U>NI>N RBNFUB ?FP AcVBUFKAB ALeNQA>K BNFjFJ O>eI>J>VI>N. !QKQK KBABKF, EBN ?FPFK >ANBOIBKB?FIJBOFKFK ?FIDFO>U>NgK H>NJ>jgHIgegKg RB J>IFUBPFKF _LH >NPPgN>@>H LIJ>Og RB PBH ?FPIFH H>RN>JI>NgK ABOPBHIBKJBUB ABeJBUB@BH H>A>N K>AFN LIJ>I>NgAgN.

70.1.3

B/EA
!>UP, ?FN?FNIBNFUIB FIFjHFIBKAFNFIBK 8 ?FPFK ?FN >N>U> DBIJBOFKABK LIQjQN. !FIDFO>U>NI>NA> >ANBOIBKB?FIBK, U>KF >UNg >UNg BNFjFIB?FIBK BK Hc_cH RBNF ?>UPPgN. !BIIBHPBK PBH OBCBNAB BK >V ?FN ?>UP RBNF LHQK>?FIFN RB ?BIIBeB BK >V ?FN ?>UP RBNF U>VgI>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK, U>IKgV@> GBMTF RB USVF AFUB FHF C>NHIg ABeBN >I>K RB >OIgKA> PBH ?FPIFH ?FIDF P>jgU>K CPPM PcNc ?FIB 1 ?>UP LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. !QKQ CPPM.TJ[FPG ABeBNFKB ?>H>N>H HLI>U@> DbNB?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(CPPM.TUSJOHPG, ' ', CPPM.TJ[FPG, " CBZUUjS");

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70.1.4

,/F;/K
,FHNL FjIBJ@FKFK HBKAF F_FKAB ?QIQK>K ABMLI>J> RB FjIBJ ?FNFJIBNF U>VJ>_I>NAgN. 7>VJ>_I>N LIAQH_> HgOgPIg >J> _LH EgVIg FjIBJIBN OQK>NI>N. 7>VJ>_I>N EBN FjIBJ@FKFK ?FP DBKFjIFeFKB ?>eIg LI>K O>UgA> ?>UPP>K LIQjQNI>N. [NKBeFK, 32 ?FPIFH FjIBJ@FIBNAB U>VJ>_I>N 4 ?>UPP>K, 64 ?FPIFH FjIBJ@FIBNAB AB 8 ?>UPP>K LIQjQN. 7>VJ>_ ?cUcHIcec EBJ JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK BPHFK LI>N>H FjIBUB?FIAFeF ?FIDF JFHP>NgKg EBJ AB BK C>VI> KB H>A>N ?BIIBH >ANBOIBUB?FIAFeFKF ?BIFNIBN. /NLDN>JI>J> AFIF >N>@gIgegUI> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIBK EBN Fj BKFKAB OLKQKA> ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> U>VJ>_ P>N>CgKA>K E>IIBAFIFN.

70.2

O97:7 @/EP @7@A3;7

&cKIcH E>U>PP> HQII>KAgegJgV LKIQ O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB 10 N>H>J R>NAgN: 0123456789. !FIDFO>U>N ALK>KgJI>NgKA> HQII>KgI>K FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB FOB FHF N>H>J R>NAgN: 0 RB 1. !Q, ?FPFK FHF ABeBN >I>?FIJBOFKABK DBIFN. !FPIBN bNKBeFK c_ C>NHIg ABeBN >I>?FIOBIBN, ?FIDFO>U>NI>N c_Ic O>Ug OFOPBJFKF HQII>KgNI>NAg. &cKIcH E>U>PP> HQII>KAgegJgV O>UgI>NgK ?>O>J>HI>Ng ?FNIBN, LKI>N, UcVIBN, ?FKIBN, RO. AFUB >NP>N>H >AI>KAgNgIgN. [NKBeFK, 1023 DF?F ?FN O>Ug jbUIB FC>AB BAFIB?FIFN: 1023 == 1 BEFU 1000, 0 BEFU 100, 2 BEFU 10, WF 3 BEFU 1 #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, OLI> ALeNQ FIBNIBKAFeFKAB EBN ?>O>J>egK ABeBNF 10 H>P >NPJ>HP>AgN: 1, 10, 100, 1000, RO. UKg P>KgJg FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJFKB P>jgUgK@>, FHFIF OFOPBJAB U>VgIJgj LI>K O>UgI>NgK ?>O>J>HI>NgKgK A> ?FNIBN, FHFIBN, AbNPIBN, OBHFVIBN, RO. jBHIFKAB >NPJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF DbNcNcV. 7>KF OLI> ALeNQ FIBNIBKAFeFKAB EBN ?>O>J>egK ABeBNF 2 H>P >NPJ>IgAgN: 1, 2, 4, 8, RO. [NKBeFK, 1011 DF?F ?FN ;=;>; O>Ug jbUIB FC>AB BAFIB?FIFN: 1011 == 1 BEFU 8, 0 BEFU 4, 1 BEFU 2, WF 1 BEFU 1 !>O>J>HI>N KQJ>N>I>KgNHBK, BK O>eA>HF ?>O>J>e> (BK AcjcH ABeBNIF LI>K ?>O>J>e>) 0 @F?3C3>V 43D3?3= ABKFN. !QK> DbNB, FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB U>VgIJgj LI>K 32 ?FPIFH Fj>NBPOFV ?FN ABeBNFK ?cPcK ?>O>J>HI>NgKg RB ?>O>J>H ABeBNIBNFKF jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV:

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#BTBNBL /VNBSBTk 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

%FiFSJ 2,147,483,648 1,073,741,824 536,870,912 268,435,456 134,217,728 67,108,864 33,554,432 16,777,216 8,388,608 4,194,304 2,097,152 1,048,576 524,288 262,144 131,072 65,536 32,768 16,384 8,192 4,096 2,048 1,024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

7cHOBH ABeBNIF ?FPIBNB SDE ?FP, AcjcH ABeBNIF ?FPIBNB 3>E ?FP ABKFN. fHFIF OFOPBJAB U>VgI>K E>VgN ABeBNIBNFK 0C FIB ?>jI>AgHI>NgKg '>VgN #BeBNIBN ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. fHFIF OFOPBJAB ABeBNIBN U>V>N>H ?Q P>?ILU> K>OgI QUAQHI>NgK> ?>H>?FIFNFV. .HQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK >IP _FVDF H>N>HPBNIBNFKABK AB U>N>NI>K>N>H: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // 1073741824 4 1 // q q q JOU TBZj = 0C@01000000@00000000@00000000@00000101; XSJUFMO(TBZj); ^ ZgHPgOg:

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1073741829 #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, L E>VgN ABeBNFK F_FKAB N>H>Jg 1 LI>K U>IKgV@> 3 >ABP ?>O>J>H R>NAgN. 7>VAgNgI>K ABeBNFK ?Q ?>O>J>HI>NgK UQH>NgA>HF P>?ILA>HF ABeBNIBNFKFK PLMI>Jg LIAQeQKQ DbNcULNQV: 1073741824 + 4 + 1 == 1073741829.
70.2.1

OR/?3A:7 AM?:3?7< i$aret 07A7

$K cOP ?FP Fj>NBPIF PcNIBNAB O>UgKgK >NPg RBU> BHOF LIAQeQKQ ?FIAFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN: JOU TBZj = 0C@10000000@00000000@00000000@00000000; XSJUFMO(TBZj);

-2147483648 $K cOP ?FPFK AFeBNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQeQKQ AcjcKJBUFK. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF O>Ug AFeBN ?FPIBNFKFK 0 LIJ>I>NgK> ?>H>N>H -0 ABeBNF LI>N>H AcjcKcIJBJBIFAFN (V>PBK P>JO>UgI>NA> -0 AFUB ?FN ABeBN ULHPQN). !QKQK >UNgKPgOgK> ?QN>A> DFNJBUB@BeFJ RB ?QKQK #'KFK AB HQII>KAgeg ;=;J7 ES?>7J7@ O>Ug DbOPBNFJF FIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKQ ObUIBJBHIB UBPFKB@BeFJ. !QN>A> bKBJIF LI>K, UQH>NgA>HF P>?ILA> DbOPBNFIBK BK UcHOBH 2,147,483,648 ABeBNFKFK U>IKgV@> ;X3C7ED;K PcNIBNAB DB_BNIF LIAQeQKQ ?FIJBKFVAFN. UKg ABKBUF VJOU FIB U>MPgegJgVA> P>?ILA>HF ABeBNF DbNcNcV: VJOU TBZj = 0C@10000000@00000000@00000000@00000000; XSJUFMO(TBZj);

2147483648 !Q UcVABK, >HOFKB ?FN KBABK LIJ>Ageg OcNB@B >j>egA> DbOPBNFIBKIBN DF?F ?FP FjIBJIBNFKAB EBN V>J>K F_FK Fj>NBPOFV PcNIBN HQII>KgIgN: VCZUF , VJOU , RB VMPOH .

70.3

%< /:AP:P @/EP @7@A3;7

7QH>NgA>HF E>VgN ABeBNIBNABK AB DbNcIB?FIB@BeF DF?F, FHFIF O>Ug OFOPBJF LHQK>HIg ABeFIAFN. 'BJ _LH UBN H>MI>N EBJ AB U>IKgV@> 0 RB 1'IBNABK LIQjPQeQ F_FK LHQKJ>Og RB >KI>jgIJ>Og VLNAQN. #>E> HQII>KgjIg LIAQeQ F_FK LK >IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJF U>UDgKI>jJgjPgN. .K >IPgIg O>Ug OFOPBJFKAB PLMI>J 16 N>H>J R>NAgN. IC>?BIBNAB 10'A>K C>VI> N>H>J ?QIQKJ>Ageg F_FK +>PFK >IC>?BOFKABK AB 6 E>NC >IgKJgj RB ?Q OFOPBJFK N>H>JI>Ng LI>N>H 0123456789>?@ABC H>?QI BAFIJFjPFN. . OgN>I>J>A>K ?BHIBKB@BeF DF?F; >, ?, @, A, B, RB C E>NCIBNF OgN>OgUI> 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, RB 15 ABeBNIBNFKABAFN. >?@ABC E>NCIBNF UBNFKB FOPBeB ?>eIg LI>N>H !"#$% E>NCIBNF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF O>Ug OFOPBJIBNFKB ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB, ?Q OFOPBJAB OLI> ALeNQ FIBNIBKAFeFKAB EBN ?>O>J>egK ABeBNF 16 H>P >NP>N: 1, 16, 256, 4096, RO. [NKBeFK, LK >IPgIg OFOPBJABHF 8 ?>O>J>HIg ?FN O>UgKgK ?>O>J>H ABeBNIBNF jbUIBAFN:

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#BTBNBL /VNBSBTk 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

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.K >IPgIg E>VgN ABeBNIBNFK 0Y FIB U>VgIAgHI>NgKg E>PgNI>U>N>H ?FN ABKBJB: // 1048576 4096 1 // q q q VJOU TBZj = 0Y@0030@B00G; XSJUFMO(TBZj);

3186703 !QKQK KBABKFKF O>Ug F_FKABHF OgCgN LIJ>U>K ?>O>J>HI>NgK H>PHgI>NgK> ?>H>N>H >KI>U>?FIFNFV: 3 >ABP 1048576, > >ABP 4096, RB C >ABP 1. >'KgK 10 RB C'KFK 15 LIAQHI>NgKg E>PgNI>U>N>H EBO>MI>NO>H: 3145728 + 40960 + 15 == 3186703. .K >IPgIg RB FHFIF OFOPBJAB U>VgI>K O>UgI>N HLI>U@> ?FN?FNIBNFKB AbKcjPcNcIB?FIFNIBN. .K >IPgIg OFOPBJABHF ?FN O>UgUg FHFIF OFOPBJB AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK, O>UgKgK EBN ?>O>J>eg FHFIF OFOPBJAB AbNP ?>O>J>H LI>N>H U>VgIgN. !FN?FNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIBK ABeBNIBN jbUIBAFN: 0O BMUkMk 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B C D E F G jLJMJ 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0OMV 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

[NKBeFK, UQH>NgA> HQII>KAgegJgV 0T0030>00C LK >IPgIg ABeBNFKF FHFIF LI>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: // PO BMUjMj: 0 0 3 0 B 0 0 G VJOU JLJMJ = 0C@0000@0000@0011@0000@1010@0000@0000@1111;

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fHFIF OFOPBJABK LK >IPgIg OFOPBJB AbKcjPcNJBH F_FK AB FHFIF O>UgKgK EBN AbNP ?>O>J>eg LK >IPgIg OFOPBJAB PBH ?>O>J>H LI>N>H U>VgIgN. 7QH>NgA> FIH HQII>KAgegJgV FHFIF ABeBN F_FK: // JLJMJ: 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101 VJOU PO"MUjMj = 0Y@@@4@@@@0@@@@0@@@@0@@@@0@@@@0@@@@0@@@@5;

70.4

B7A 7R:3;:3?7
#BeBNIBNFK ?FPIBNIB K>OgI FC>AB BAFIAFHIBNFKF RB FHFIF RBU> LK>IPgIg LI>N>H K>OgI U>VgIAgHI>NgKg DbNAcH. iFJAF ABeBNIBNF ?FP AcVBUFKAB ABeFjPFNBK FjIBJIBNB DB_B?FIFNFV. 'BN KB H>A>N ?FP AcVBUFKABHF FjIBJIBNABK ?>EOBAFULN LIO>H A>, ?FPIBNB ALeNQA>K BNFjFIBJBAFeFKABK ?Q FjIBJIBN BK >V 8 ?FPF ?FNABK BPHFIBJBH VLNQKA>AgNI>N. [NKBeFK, VCZUF PcNcKABHF ?FN FC>ABKFK 8 ?FPFKFK EBMOF AB, >J> >UNg >UNg LI>N>H ?FP FjIBJFKB A>EFI BAFIFN. !BK cOP ?FPFK bVBI >KI>Jg KBABKFUIB Fj>NBPIF PcNIBNF DbV>NAg BAB@BeFJ RB ?Q bNKBHIBNAB VJOU PcNcKc HQII>K>@>egJ. 1FV ?QN>A>HF FjIBJIBNF VCZUF RB VMPOH PcNIBNFUIB, RB Fj>NBP ?FPFKFK bKBJFKF E>PgNI>J>H j>NPgUI> CZUF , JOU , RB MPOH PcNIBNFUIB AB ABKBUB?FIFNOFKFV. [K@B >j>egA>HF FjIBJIBNF >_gHI>J>A> U>NAgJ@g LI>@>H ?FN FjIBR U>V>IgJ. *BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK O>UgUg FHFIF, LK >IPgIg, RB LKIQ OFOPBJAB DbOPBNOFK: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE HeTUFS(VJOU TBZj) \ XSJUFGMO("%032C %08Y %10T", TBZj, TBZj, TBZj); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ HeTUFS(123456789); ^ 1gN>OgUI> FHFIF, LK >IPgIg, RB LKIQ: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 123456789

70.4.1

)3?@7<7 /:;/ 7R:317 _

!Q FjIB_ bKcKB U>VgIAgeg FC>ABKFK ?FPIBNF PBNO LI>KgKg cNBPFN. 1 LI>K ?FPIBN 0, 0 LI>KI>N 1 LIQN: VJOU EFhFS = 123456789; XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(EFhFS); XSJUFMO("& --------------------------------"); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(_EFhFS); !Q FjIB@FK BPHFOF FHFIF DbOPBNFJFKAB _LH HLI>U >KI>jgIgULN. 'BN ?FP PBNOFKB AbKJcjPcN: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 123456789 _ -------------------------------11111000101001000011001011101010 G8B432FB 4171510506 !Q FjIB@FK ?FP AcVBUFKABHF BPHFOFKF jbUIB bVBPIBUB?FIFNFV: _0 p 1 _1 p 0

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70.4.2

Ve 7R:317 &
fHF FC>ABKFK >N>OgK> U>VgIgN. fHF FC>ABKFK >UKg KQJ>N>Ig ?FPIBNFKB OgN>UI> ?>HgIgN. 1LKQ_ LI>N>H EBN FHF FC>ABAB AB 1 LI>K ?FPIBN F_FK 1 ABeBNF, AFeBNIBNF F_FK 0 ABeBNF cNBPFIFN. VJOU TPMEBLJ = 123456789; VJOU TBhEBLJ = 987654321; XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TBhEBLJ); XSJUFMO("& --------------------------------"); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ & TBhEBLJ); ,FHNL FjIBJ@F ?Q FjIBJAB EBN FHF FC>ABKFK 31, 30, 29, RO. KQJ>N>Ig ?FPIBNFKF >UNg >UNg HQII>KgN. ZgHPgA> bK@B OLIA>HF FC>ABUF, OLKN> A> O>eA>HF FC>ABUF DbNcULNQV. *BOFHIF _FVDFKFK >IPgKA> A> ?FP FjIBJFKFK OLKQ@Q U>VAgNgIgULN: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 00111010110111100110100010110001 3BEF68C1 & -------------------------------00000010010110100100100000010001 025B4811 123456789 987654321 39471121

#FHH>P BABNOBKFV, HBOFHIF _FVDFKFK >IPgK> U>VAgNAgegJ OLKQ_ ABeBNAB 1 LI>K ?FPIBN _FVDFKFK cOPcKABHF EBN FHF FC>ABAB AB 1 ABeBNFKB O>EFM LI>K ?FPIBNAFN. !Q FjIB_ ?Q UcVABK G7 ;X>75; LI>N>H FOFJIBKAFNFIJFjPFN: OLIA>HF G7 O>eA>HF ?FP 1 LIAQeQKA> 1 ABeBNFKF cNBPFN. !QKQ ?FN P>?IL FIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV. fHF ?FPFK 0 RB 1 LIAQHI>Ng AbNP C>NHIg AQNQJA> >K@>H FHF ?FPFK AB 1 LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJ 1 OLKQ@QKQ RBNFN: 0 0 1 1 & & & & 0 1 0 1 p p p p 0 0 0 1

&bVIBJIBN: x !FN P>N>C 0 FOB AFeBN P>N>CP>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H OLKQ_ 0'AgN; 0 FIB "G7">7?7=, DV8VC>3?3= >KI>JgK> DBIFN. x !FN P>N>C 1 FOB OLKQ_ AFeBNFKFK ABeBNFAFN; 1 FIB "G7">7?7= BPHFOFVAFN.
70.4.3

Veya 7R:317 ]
fHF FC>ABKFK >N>OgK> U>VgIgN. fHF FC>ABKFK >UKg KQJ>N>Ig ?FPIBNFKB OgN>UI> ?>HgIgN. 'BN FHF FC>ABAB AB 0 LI>K ?FPIBNB H>NjgIgH 0 ABeBNF cNBPFIFN; AFeBNIBNFKFK OLKQ@Q 1 LIQN: VJOU TPMEBLJ = 123456789; VJOU TBhEBLJ = 987654321; XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TBhEBLJ); XSJUFMO("] --------------------------------"); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ ] TBhEBLJ);

00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 123456789 00111010110111100110100010110001 3BEF68C1 987654321 ] -------------------------------00111111110111111110110110110101 3GEGFEC5 1071639989

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B;E UX>7?>7C;

#FHH>P BABNOBKFV, OLKQ_P> 0 LI>K ?FPIBN EBN FHF FC>ABAB AB 0 LI>K ?FPIBNAFN. !FPFK OLIA>HF G7J3 O>eA>HF FC>ABAB 1 LIJ>Og, OLKQ@QK A> 1 LIJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: 0 0 1 1 ] ] ] ] 0 1 0 1 p p p p 0 1 1 1

&bVIBJIBN: x !FN P>N>C 0 FOB OLKQ_ AFeBNFKFK ABeBNFAFN; 0 FIB "G7J3">3?3= BPHFOFVAFN. x !FN P>N>C 1 FOB AFeBN P>N>CP>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H OLKQ_ 1'AFN; 1 FIB "G7J3">3?3= 1 U>MJ>H >KI>JgK> DBIFN.
70.4.4

Ya da 7R:317 ?
fHF FC>ABKFK >N>OgK> U>VgIgN. fHF FC>ABKFK >UKg KQJ>N>Ig ?FPIBNFKB OgN>UI> ?>HgIgN. fHF FC>ABAB C>NHIg LI>K ?FPIBNB H>NjgIgH 1 ABeBNF cNBPFIFN; AFeBNIBNFKFK OLKQ@Q 0 LIQN: VJOU TPMEBLJ = 123456789; VJOU TBhEBLJ = 987654321; XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TBhEBLJ); XSJUFMO("? --------------------------------"); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ ? TBhEBLJ);

00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 123456789 00111010110111100110100010110001 3BEF68C1 987654321 ? -------------------------------00111101100001011010010110100100 3E85B5B4 1032168868 #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, OLKQ_P> 1 LI>K ?FPIBN OLIA>HF RB O>eA>HF FC>ABIBNAB C>NHIg LI>K ?FPIBNAFN. fHFOFKAB AB 0 RBU> FHFOFKAB AB 1 LI>K ?FPIBNB H>NjgIgH 0 cNBPFIFN. 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? 0 1 0 1 p p p p 0 1 1 0

&bVIBJ: x *BKAFOFUIB "J3 63">3?3= OgCgNI>J>H >KI>JgK> DBIFN #BeBNF KB LIQNO> LIOQK, >UKg ABeFjHBKFK HBKAFOFUIB "J3 63"I>KJ>Og 0 OLKQ@QKQ cNBPFN: VJOU EFhFS = 123456789; HeTUFS(EFhFS ? EFhFS);

00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000

70.4.5

(/N/ 9/E2P?;/ 7R:317 >>

fC>ABKFK ABeBNFKF LIQjPQN>K ?FPIBNF ?BIFNPFIBK O>UgA> ?>O>J>H H>A>N O>e> H>UAgNgN. *>UAgNgI>@>H UBNIBNF LIJ>U>K BK O>eA>HF ?FPIBN 6SX7C>7C RB ABeBNIBNF H>U?BAFIFN. 1LI P>N>CP>K UBKF DBIBK ?FPIBN Fj>NBPOFV PcNIBNAB 0 LIQN.

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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B;E UX>7?>7C;

!Q bNKBH ?FPIBNF 2 ?>O>J>H H>UAgNgULN: VJOU EFhFS = 123456789; HeTUFS(EFhFS); HeTUFS(EFhFS >> 2); 1>eA>K H>U?BAFIB@BH LI>K ?FPIBNF DNFUIB, OLIA>K UBKF DBIBK ?FPIBNF AB J>RFUIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 00000001110101101111001101000101 01E6G345 123456789 30864197

#FHH>P BABNOBKFV, >IP O>PgNA>HF ?FPIBN cOP O>PgNA>HF ?FPIBNFK FHF ?FP O>e> H>UAgNgIJ>Og FIB BIAB BAFIJFjPFN. !FPIBN O>e> H>UAgNgIgNHBK OLI P>N>C> UBKF DBIBKIBNFK 0 LIAQHI>NgKg DbNAcKcV. !Q, Fj>NBPOFV PcNIBNAB ?bUIBAFN. fj>NBPIF PcNIBNAB FOB ;X3C7E 97@;X>7E;>?7D; (OFDK BTPBKOFLK) ABKBK ?FN UbKPBJ QUDQI>KgN RB O>UgKgK BK OLIA>HF ?FPF KB FOB OLIA>K EBM L ?FPFK ABeBNFKAB ?FPIBN DBIFN. !Q BPHFUF DbOPBNJBH F_FK JOU PcNcKAB RB bVBIIFHIB cOP ?FPF 1 LI>K ?FN ABeBN OB_BIFJ: JOU EFhFS = 0Y80010300; HeTUFS(EFhFS); HeTUFS(EFhFS >> 3); OgI O>UgA> cOP ?FP 1 LIAQeQ F_FK UBKF DBIBK ?FPIBN AB 1 LIQN: 10000000000000010000001100000000 80010300 2147549952 11110000000000000010000001100000 G0002060 4026540128 \OP ?FPFK 0 LIAQeQ ?FN ABeBNAB UBKF DBIBK ?FPIBN AB 0 LIQN: JOU EFhFS = 0Y40010300; HeTUFS(EFhFS); HeTUFS(EFhFS >> 3);

01000000000000010000001100000000 40010300 1073808128 00001000000000000010000001100000 08002060 134226016

70.4.6

OR/?3A@7F @/N/ 9/E2P?;/ 7R:317 >>>

!Q FjIB_ O>e> H>UAgNJ> FjIB@FKB ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB _>IgjgN. 2BH C>NHg ;X3C7E 97@;X>7E;>?7D;@;@ QUDQI>KJ>J>OgAgN. 2cNABK RB BK OLIA>HF ?FPPBK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H OLIA>K EBN V>J>K F_FK 0 DBIFN: JOU EFhFS = 0Y80010300; HeTUFS(EFhFS); HeTUFS(EFhFS >>> 3);

10000000000000010000001100000000 80010300 2147549952 00010000000000000010000001100000 10002060 268443744

70.4.7

(=:/ 9/E2P?;/ 7R:317 <<

1>e> H>UAgNJ> FjIB@FKFK PBNOF LI>N>H ?FPIBNF ?BIFNPFIBK ?>O>J>H H>A>N OLI> H>UAgNgN:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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B;E UX>7?>7C;

VJOU EFhFS = 123456789; HeTUFS(EFhFS); HeTUFS(EFhFS << 4); $K OLIA>HF ?FP ABeBNIBNF H>U?BAFIFN RB O>e P>N>CP>K 0 ABeBNIF ?FPIBN DBIFN: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 123456789 01110101101111001101000101010000 75CDE150 1975308624

70.4.8

AA/;/:P 07A 7R:3K:3?7

!cPcK ?Q FjIB_IBNFK >P>J>Ig LI>KI>Ng A> R>NAgN: _= , &= , ]= , ?= , >>= , >>>= , RB <<= . 2>JO>UgI>N RB NFPJBPFH fjIBJIBN ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV >P>J>Ig >NFPJBPFH FjIB_IBNFKB ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB, ?QKI>N FjIBJF DBN_BHIBjPFNAFHPBK OLKN> OLKQ@Q OLIA>HF FC>ABUB >P>NI>N. [NKBH LI>N>H &= FjIB@FKF HQII>KgNO>H: EFhFS = EFhFS & 123; EFhFS &= 123;

// fTUUFLJZMF BZOj lFZ

70.5

A<:/;:/?P
!Q FjIB_IBNFK ?FP AcVBUFKAB K>OgI FjIBAFHIBNF FjIBJIBNFK E>KDF >KI>JI>NA> DbNcIJBIBNF DBNBHPFeF HLKQOQKA> UBPBNIF LIJ>U>?FIFN. !QN>A> ?Q >KI>JI>N> AFHH>P _BHJBH FOPFULNQJ.

70.5.1

] 7R:317 07?:3R7; 9M;3@727?

fHF FC>ABKFK 1 LI>K ?FPIBNFKFK ?FNIBjFJFKF RBNFN. 3_ ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, ?FPIBNF ?FNBN ?>O>J>H >PI>U>N>H 1 LI>K RB ?FN?FNIBNFKF PQPJ>U>K FHF FC>ABKFK ?FNIBjFJF, OLKQ@QK ?cPcK ?FPIBNFKFK 1 LIJ>OgKg O>eI>N: VJOU TPMEBLJ = 0YBBBBBBBB; VJOU TBhEBLJ = 0Y55555555; XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TBhEBLJ); XSJUFMO("] --------------------------------"); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ ] TBhEBLJ);

10101010101010101010101010101010 BBBBBBBB 2863311530 01010101010101010101010101010101 55555555 1431655765 ] -------------------------------11111111111111111111111111111111 GGGGGGGG 4294967295

70.5.2

& 7R:317 93@7R7; 9M;3@727?

fHF FC>ABKFK 1 LI>K ?FPIBNFKFK HBOFjFJFKF RBNFN. 3_ ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, UQH>NgA>HF FHF FC>ABKFK 1 LI>K EF_?FN ?FPF AFeBNFKF PQPJ>Ageg F_FK, HBOFjFJIBNFKFK ?cPcK ?FPIBNF 0'AgN: VJOU TPMEBLJ = 0YBBBBBBBB; VJOU TBhEBLJ = 0Y55555555; XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TBhEBLJ); XSJUFMO("& --------------------------------"); XSJUF(" "); HeTUFS(TPMEBLJ & TBhEBLJ);

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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B;E UX>7?>7C;

10101010101010101010101010101010 BBBBBBBB 2863311530 01010101010101010101010101010101 55555555 1431655765 & -------------------------------00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 0

70.5.3

]= 7R:317 03:7?:7 07A:3?7 1 E/>/?

fC>ABIBNABK ?FN P>N>CP>HFKF 3DV> 67T;X=7@ LI>N>H AcjcKcNOBH, AFeBN FC>ABUF AB 1 J3BV>353= A>3@ 4;E>7C; D7Q7@ FC>AB LI>N>H DbNB?FIFNFV: VJOU JGBEF = 0Y00GG00GG; VJOU CJS:BQjMBDBL#JUMFS = 0Y10001000; XSJUF("eODF : XSJUF("1 PMBDBLMBS: "); HeTUFS(JGBEF); "); HeTUFS(CJS:BQjMBDBL#JUMFS);

JGBEF ]= CJS:BQjMBDBL#JUMFS; XSJUF("TPOSB : "); HeTUFS(JGBEF); $PHFIBKBK ?FPIBNFK bK@BHF RB OLKN>HF AQNQJI>NgKg J>RFUIB Fj>NBPIBAFJ: fODF : 1 PMBDBLMBS: TPOSB : 00000000111111110000000011111111 00GG00GG 00010000000000000001000000000000 10001000 00010000111111110001000011111111 10GG10GG 16711935 268439552 285151487

CJS:BQkMBDBL#JUMFS ABeBNF, ?FN >KI>JA> E>KDF ?FPIBNFK 1 U>MgI>@>HI>Ng ?FIDFOFKF P>jgJgj RB >OgI FC>ABKFK L ?FPIBNFKF 1 U>MJgj RB AFeBNIBNFKB ALHQKJ>JgjPgN.
70.5.4

&= 7R:317 03:7?:7 07A:3?7 @7:3?

fC>ABIBNABK ?FN P>N>CP>HFKF 3DV> 67T;X=7@ LI>N>H AcjcKcNOBH, AFeBN FC>ABUF AB D;>;@757= A>3@ 4;E>7C; D7Q7@ FC>AB LI>N>H DbNB?FIFNFV: VJOU JGBEF = 0Y00GG00GG; VJOU TjGjS:BQjMBDBL#JUMFS = 0YGGFGGGFG; XSJUF("eODF : XSJUF("TJMJOFDFLMFS: "); HeTUFS(JGBEF); "); HeTUFS(TjGjS:BQjMBDBL#JUMFS);

JGBEF &= TjGjS:BQjMBDBL#JUMFS; XSJUF("TPOSB : "); HeTUFS(JGBEF); $PHFIBKBK ?FPIBNFK bK@BHF RB OLKN>HF AQNQJI>NgKg UFKB J>RFUIB Fj>NBPIBUBNBH DbOPBNFULNQJ: fODF : TJMJOFDFLMFS: TPOSB : 00000000111111110000000011111111 00GG00GG 16711935 11111111111011111111111111101111 GGFGGGFG 4293918703 00000000111011110000000011101111 00FG00FG 15663343

TkGkS:BQkMBDBL#JUMFS ABeBNF, E>KDF ?FPIBNFK OgCgNI>K>@>HI>Ng ?FIDFOFKF P>jgJgj RB >OgI FC>ABKFK L ?FPIBNFKF OgCgNI>JgjPgN.
70.5.5

& 7R:317 03:7?:7 07? 07A7< 1 =:B> =:;/2PNP<P @=?5B:/?

$eBN FC>ABIBNABK ?FNFOFKFK PBH ?FN ?FPF 1 FOB AFeBN FC>ABAB L ?FPFK 1 LIQM LIJ>Ageg OLNDQI>K>?FIFN:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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B;E UX>7?>7C;

VJOU JGBEF = 123456789; VJOU TPSHVMBOBO#JU = 0Y00010000; HeTUFS(JGBEF); HeTUFS(TPSHVMBOBO#JU); XSJUFMO(JGBEF & TPSHVMBOBO#JU

"FWFU, 1" : "1 EFhJM");

OgI FC>ABKFK E>KDF ?FPFKFK OLNDQI>KAgegKg J>RF FIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 00000000000000010000000000000000 00010000 FWFU, 1 !>jH> ?FN ?FPFKF OLNDQI>U>IgJ: VJOU TPSHVMBOBO#JU = 0Y00001000; 123456789 65536

00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 00000000000000000001000000000000 00001000 1 EFiJM

123456789 4096

1LNDQI>J> FC>ABOFKAB ?FNABK C>VI> 1 HQII>K>N>H L ?FPIBNFK :7BD;@;@ 4;C67@ >OgI FC>ABAB 1 LIQM LIJ>AgHI>Ng A> OLNDQI>K>?FIFN.
70.5.6

(/N/ 9/E2P?;/9 797E3 0L:;39A7?

1>e> ?FN ?FP H>UAgNJ>H ABeBNFK U>NgU> FKJBOFKB KBABK LIQN. !QKQ UQH>NgA>HF ?>O>J>H ABeBNIBNF P>?ILOQKA> DbNB?FIFNOFKFV: ?FN O>eA>HF ?FP EBN V>J>K F_FK OLIA>HFKFK U>NgOg ABeBNABAFN. 1>e> ?FNABK C>VI> O>UgA> H>UAgNJ>H L H>A>N O>UgA> U>NgU> ?bIJBH >KI>JgK> DBIFN. [NKBeFK 3 ?FP H>UAgNJ>H, 3 HBNB 2'UB ?bIJBH, U>KF OLKQ_P> 8'B ?bIJBH >KI>JgK> DBIFN: VJOU EFhFS = 8000; XSJUFMO(EFhFS >> 3);

1000 UNgKPgOgK> DFNJBAFeFJ ;=;J7 ES?>7J7@ OFOPBJFKAB O>e> H>UAgNJ>H Fj>NBPIF PcNIBNAB AB FHFUB ?bIJBHPFN: JOU EFhFS = -8000; XSJUFMO(EFhFS >> 3);

-1000

70.5.7

(=:/ 9/E2P?;/9 797 9/AP<P /:;/9AP?

!>O>J>HI>N P>?ILOQKA>HF EBN ?FPFK, ?FN O>egKA>HFKFK FHF H>Pg LIJ>Og KBABKFUIB, ?FN ?FP OLI> H>UAgNJ>H 2 FIB _>NMJ>H >KI>JgK> DBIFN:

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455

B;E UX>7?>7C;

VJOU EFhFS = 10; XSJUFMO(EFhFS << 5); !Bj HBNB 2 FIB _>NMJ>H 32 FIB _>NMJ>KgK BjABeBNFAFN: 320

70.6

B/FP 9B::/<P;:/?P
B/E?/9:/?
!>UN>HI>N ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H ?FN >N>A> PQPQI>K PBH ?FPIFH RBNFIBNAFN. 2BH ?FPIFH LIAQHI>Ng F_FK R>N/ULH, LIOQK/LIJ>OgK, DB_BNIF/DB_BNOFV DF?F FHF ABeBNIF H>RN>JI>Ng FC>AB BABNIBN. 'BN KB H>A>N ?bUIB PBH ?FPIFH ?FIDFIBNFK U>UDgK LIJ>AgHI>NgKg ObUIBJFj LIO>J A> ?>VBK ?FN >N>A> HQII>KgIgNI>N. !>UN>HI>N bVBIIFHIB " HcPcME>KBIBNFKAB U>UDgKAgN. "'ABK QU>NI>K>K # HcPcME>KBIBNFKAB ?QIQKJ>I>Ng A> ?BHIBKB?FIFN. !>UN>HI>N ?FN FOVN PcNcKcK ?FN?FNIBNFUIB bNPcjJBUBK PBH ?FPIFH ABeBNIBNF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgNI>N. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H >N>?> U>NgjgUI> FIDFIF ?FN LUQK MNLDN>Jg AcjcKBIFJ. !Q MNLDN>JgK DBN_BH_FIFeF HQII>Kg@g OB_FJIBNFKB DbNB ?BIFNIBKOFK: x x x x !BKVFK, HQII>KgJ> DbNB >V>I>?FIOFK. Z>NMgjJ>I>N E>O>N ?gN>H>?FIOFK. +>OPFHIBN HQII>KgJ> DbNB BOHFUB?FIOFK. +>OPFHIBN ULIA> FV ?gN>H>?FIOFK.

70.6.1

.UQK OgN>OgKA> ?QKI>NA>K E>KDFIBNFKFK BPHFK LI>@>HI>Ng ?>UN>H ABeBNIBNFUIB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: FOVN (FSdFLdJMJL \ CFO[JO#JUFS IBTBS0MVlVS MBTUJLMFS&TLJS MBTUJLi[MFSJ0MVlVS ^

= = = =

1 1 1 1

<< << << <<

0, 1, 2, 3

#FHH>P BABNOBKFV, L FOVN ABeBNIBNFKFK EBMOF AB ?FN?FNIBNFUIB _>HgjJ>U>K PBH ?FPPBK LIQjJ>HP>AgNI>N. 'BN ABeBN 1'FK C>NHIg O>UgA> OLI> bPBIBKJBOF FIB BIAB BAFIJFjPFN. !FP ABeBNIBNFKFK jbUIB LIAQHI>NgKg DbNB?FIFNFV: CFO[JO#JUFS IBTBS0MVlVS MBTUJLMFS&TLJS MBTUJLi[MFSJ0MVlVS : : : : ...0001 ...0010 ...0100 ...1000

'F_?FN ?FP AFeBNIBNFKFKHFUIB _>HgjJ>Ageg F_FK ?Q ABeBNIBN ] FIB ?FNIBjPFNFIB?FIFN RB EBM ?FNABK PBH ?FN ABeFjHBKAB ?QIQKAQNQI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, U>IKgV@> I>OPFHIBNIB FIDFIF >U>NI>NgK BPHFK LIJ>I>Ng FOPBKAFeFKAB ABeBN jbUIB HQNQI>?FIFN: (FSdFLdJMJL BZBSMBS = (FSdFLdJMJL.MBTUJLMFS&TLJS ] (FSdFLdJMJL.MBTUJLi[MFSJ0MVlVS; XSJUFGMO("%C", BZBSMBS); !Q FHF ?>UN>egK ?FPIBNF >UKg ABeBN F_FKAB U>K U>K> ?QIQKQNI>N:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

456

B;E UX>7?>7C;

1100 #>E> OLKN>A>K, MNLDN>JgK >OgI FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> ?Q ?>UN>HI>NgK BPHFK LIQM LIJ>AgHI>Ng & FjIB@F FIB ABKBPIBKFN: JG (BZBSMBS & (FSdFLdJMJL.CFO[JO#JUFS) \ // ... CFO[JOJO B[BMNBTjZMB JMHJMJ LPEMBS ... ^ JG (BZBSMBS & (FSdFLdJMJL.MBTUJLMFS&TLJS) \ // ... MBTUJLMFSJO FTLJNFTJZMF JMHJMJ LPEMBS ... ^ & FjIB@FKFK OLKQ@Q, >K@>H ?BIFNPFIBK ?>UN>H BZBSMBS F_FKAB AB 1 FOB 1 OLKQ@QKQ RBNFN. JG HLjQIQUI> HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKFK ?FN KBABKF AB 2cN #bKcjcJIBNF ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, OgCgN LIJ>U>K ABeBNIBNFK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H USVF 'U> AbKcjJBOFAFN. & FjIB@FKFK OLKQ@Q 0 LIAQeQKA> GBMTF , C>NHIg ?FN ABeBN LIAQeQKA> A> USVF ABeBNFKB AbKcjcN RB ?>UN>egK BPHFK LIQM LIJ>Ageg ?bUIB@B >KI>jgIJgj LIQN.
70.6.2

#/@93:3;3
!>Vg HcPcME>KBIBNAB RB OFOPBJIBNAB ?BIFNIF ?FN P>JO>Ug ABeBN F_FKB ?FNABK C>VI> ?FIDF UBNIBjPFNFIJFj LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, 32 ?FPIFH ?FN ABeBNFK cOP 3 ?FPFKFK ?BIFNIF ?FN >KI>Jg RB >IP 29 ?FPFKFK ?>jH> ?FN >KI>Jg ?QIQK>?FIFN. !Q RBNFIBN J>OHBIBJB UbKPBJFUIB ?FN?FNIBNFKABK >UNgI>?FIFNIBN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF (/R4 >ANBOIBNFKAB DbNB?FIFNFV. (/R4 >ANBOIBNF >e M>HBPIBNF F_FKAB 32 ?FPIFH PBH ?FN ABeBN LI>N>H ?QIQKQNI>N. !Q 32 ?FPFK 8'BN ?FPIFH 4 M>N_>Og DcKIcH HQII>KgJA>K >IgjgH LIAQeQJQV KLHP>Ig >ANBO DbOPBNFJF ABeBNIBNFAFN. [NKBeFK, 192.168.1.2 DF?F ?FN >ANBO, 32 ?FP LI>N>H 0T@0>80102 ABeBNFAFN: D0 B8 01 02 == 12 * 16 + == 10 * 16 + == 0 * 16 + == 0 * 16 + 0 8 1 2 = 192 = 168 = 1 = 2

,>OHB, FIDFIBKFIBK RBNF FIB bNPcjBK O>UgA> 1'IBNABK LIQjQN. OgI ABeFjHBK ?Q J>OHB FIB "G7">7@6;T;@67, U>KF & FjIB@F FIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> RBNFKFK ABeBNIBNF BIAB BAFIFN. [NKBeFK, 0T000000CC DF?F ?FN J>OHB ABeBNF FC>ABKFK >IP 8 ?FPFKF LIAQeQ DF?F HLNQN, AFeBN ?FPIBNFKF OgCgNI>N: VJOU EFhFS = 123456789; VJOU NBTLF = 0Y000000GG; XSJUF("EFhFS: "); HeTUFS(EFhFS); XSJUF("NBTLF: "); HeTUFS(NBTLF); XSJUF("TPOVd: "); HeTUFS(EFhFS & NBTLF); ,>OHBKFK OB_BNBH HLNQAQeQ ?FPIBNF J>RF FIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ. #FeBN ?cPcK ?FPIBN OgCgNI>KJgjPgN: EFiFS: 00000111010110111100110100010101 075CDE15 NBTLF: 00000000000000000000000011111111 000000GG TPOVe: 00000000000000000000000000010101 00000015 123456789 255 21

!Q UbKPBJF 0T@0>80102 (/R4 >ANBOFKB RB BK cOP 8 ?FPF OB_B@BH ?FN J>OHBUIB QUDQI>AgegJgVA> KLHP>Ig DbOPBNFJABHF FIH >ANBO ABeBNFKF BIAB BABNFV:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

457

B;E UX>7?>7C;

VJOU EFhFS = 0YD0B80102; VJOU NBTLF = 0YGG000000; XSJUF("EFhFS: "); HeTUFS(EFhFS); XSJUF("NBTLF: "); HeTUFS(NBTLF); XSJUF("TPOVd: "); HeTUFS(EFhFS & NBTLF); ,>OHBKFK cOP ?FPIBNF 1 LIAQeQKA>K, ABeBNFK AB cOP ?FPIBNF OB_FIJFj LIQN: EFiFS: 11000000101010000000000100000010 D0B80102 3232235778 NBTLF: 11111111000000000000000000000000 GG000000 4278190080 TPOVe: 11000000000000000000000000000000 D0000000 3221225472 K@>H, OLKQ@QK LKIQ DbOPBNFJF ?BHIBAFeFJFV DF?F 192 ABeFI, 3221225472 LIJQjPQN. !QKQK KBABKF, J>OHBIBKBK 8 ?FPFK ABeBNFK BK O>e P>N>CgK> H>UAgNgIJ>I>NgKgK A> DBNBHJBOFAFN. . 8 ?FPF 24 ?FP O>e> H>UAgNgNO>H ?FNIFHPB FC>AB BPPFHIBNF ABeBNF BIAB BABNFV: VJOU EFhFS = 0YD0B80102; VJOU NBTLF = 0YGG000000; XSJUF("EFhFS: "); HeTUFS(EFhFS); XSJUF("NBTLF: "); HeTUFS(NBTLF); XSJUF("TPOVd: "); HeTUFS((EFhFS & NBTLF) >> 24);

EFiFS: 11000000101010000000000100000010 D0B80102 3232235778 NBTLF: 11111111000000000000000000000000 GG000000 4278190080 TPOVe: 00000000000000000000000011000000 000000D0 192

70.7

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 4BNFIBK (/R4 >ANBOFKFK KLHP>Ig DbOPBNFJFKF AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBR U>VgK: TUSJOH OPLUBMj0MBSBL(VJOU JQ"ESFTJ) \ // ... ^ VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(OPLUBMj0MBSBL(0YD0B80102) == "192.168.1.2"); ^ 2. 4BNFIBK 4 ABeBNF 32 ?FPIFH (/R4 >ANBOFKB AbKcjPcNBK ?FN FjIBR U>VgK: VJOU JQ"ESFTJ(VCZUF VCZUF VCZUF VCZUF \ // ... ^ CBZU3, CBZU2, CBZU1, CBZU0) // FO ZfLTFL EFhFSMJ CBZU // FO EflfL EFhFSMJ CBZU

VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(JQ"ESFTJ(192, 168, 1, 2) == 0YD0B80102); ^ 3. ,>OHB LIQjPQN>K ?FN FjIBR U>VgK. !BIFNPFIBK ?FP FIB ?>jI>U>K RB ?BIFNPFIBK QVQKIQHP> LI>K J>OHB LIQjPQNOQK:

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VJOU NBTLF:BQ(JOU EflfL#JU, JOU V[VOMVL) \ // ... ^ VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(NBTLF:BQ(2, 5) == 0C@0000@0000@0000@0000@0000@0000@0111@1100); // o // CBlMBOHjd CJUJ 2 // WF 5 CJUUFO PMVlVZPS ^ ... QRKS?>7C

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71

"=RB::B D3?:3;3
/NLDN>JgK ?>Vg ?bIcJIBNFKFK ?BIFNIF HLjQII>N> ?>eIg LI>N>H C>NHIg ABNIBKJBOF RBU> EF_ ABNIBKJBJBOF FOPBKB?FIFN. #'KFK HLjQIIQ ABNIBJB LI>K>HI>Ng ?Q HLKQA> HQII>KgIgN. !Q HLjQII>N U>IKgV@> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ABeBNIBKAFNFIFNIBN; MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> BPHFIBNF ULHPQN. Z>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> BPHFIF LI>K JG , GPS , XIJMF DF?F # LI>K>HI>Ng HLjQIIQ ABNIBJB LI>K>HI>Ng ABeFIAFN. OIgKA> bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB HLjQIIQ ABNIBJB LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIB@BH ?>jH> LI>K>HI>N DbNJcjPcH: x !FNFJ PBOPF ?ILHI>NgKA>HF HLAI>N U>IKgV@> -VOJUUFTU ABNIBUF@F OB_BKBeF HQII>KgIAgegKA> ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjPgNgIgN. x 1bVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>Ng LI>K JO , PVU , RB JOWBSJBOU ?ILHI>Ng -SFMFBTF OB_BKBeF HQII>KgIJ>Ageg V>J>K BPHFKAFN. 7QH>NgA>HFIBN MNLDN>JgK ALeNQIQeQKQ >NPPgNJ> >J>@gK> UbKBIFH U>NAgJ@g LI>K>HI>N LI>N>H DbNcIB?FIFN. #BNIBUF@F OB_BKBHIBNFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H HQII>KgIgM HQII>KgIJ>J>I>Ng, MNLDN>JgK >OgI A>RN>KgjgKg V>PBK ABeFjPFNJBJBIFAFN. x i>?ILK bVBIIBJBIBNF U>IKgV@> ?BIFNPFIBK PcNIBN F_FK BPHFIFAFN. . PcNIBN MNLDN>JA> HQII>KgIJ>AgegKA>, bVBIIBJB HLAQ ABNIBKJBV RB MNLDN>J> A>EFI BAFIJBV: WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(5)(SFG 5 CJSJODJ, SFG 5 JLJODJ) \ 5 HFdJDJ = CJSJODJ; CJSJODJ = JLJODJ; JLJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ VOJUUFTU \ BVUP CJS = 'h'; BVUP JLJ = 'l'; EFhJl5PLVl(CJS, JLJ); BTTFSU(CJS == 'l'); BTTFSU(JLJ == 'h');

WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(5 : VJOU)(SFG 5 CJSJODJ, SFG 5 JLJODJ) \ CJSJODJ ?= JLJODJ; JLJODJ ?= CJSJODJ; CJSJODJ ?= JLJOD; // %i,,"5: TPOEBLJ J IBSGJ VOVUVMNVl! ^ WPJE NBJO() \^ 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR j>?ILKQKQK VJOU bVBIIBJBOF, A>E> EgVIg LI>@>eg AcjcKcIAcec F_FK ? ?FP FjIB@FKABK (J3 63 FjIB@F) U>N>NI>KgULN. (%AE: *3? E7CD;@7, QATF ?A67C@ ;X>7?5;67 4F JR@E7? 97Q;5; 67T;X=7@ =F>>3@3@ JR@E7?67@ 63:3 J3G3XEVC.) 1LKQKA>HF U>VgJ E>P>OgK> N>eJBK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjgN. !QKQK KBABKF, EFiJm5PLVm FjIBRFKFK VJOU PcNc FIB _>eNgIJ>Jgj LIJ>Og, RB ?Q UcVABK VJOU bVBIIBJBOFKFK ABNIBKJBJFj LIJ>OgAgN. . MNLDN>JA>HF E>P>, FjIBR VJOU PcNc FIB _>eNgI>K> H>A>N LNP>U> _gHJ>V. !QKQ, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK bKBJFKF DbOPBNBK ?FN ?>jH> bNKBH LI>N>H A> DbNB?FIFNOFKFV. !FNFJ PBOPF AB U>VgIJgj LIO>, L bVBIIBJBABHF E>P> FjIBR U>VgIAgeg OgN>A> LNP>U> _gH>N:

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VOJUUFTU \ VJOU J = 42; VJOU K = 7; EFhJl5PLVl(J, K); BTTFSU(J == 7); BTTFSU(K == 42);

&bNcIAcec DF?F, j>?ILK bVBIIBJBIBNFKFK AB HLjQIIQ LI>N>H ABNIBKAFHIBNFKF H>?QI BAB?FIFNFV. #'KFK HLjQIIQ ABNIBJBUF ABOPBHIBUBK RB ?cPcKcUIB ?Q >J>_ F_FK P>O>NI>KJgj LI>K ?>jH> LI>K>HI>Ng A> R>NAgN: x x x x x EFCVH WFSTJPO TUBUJD JG JT FC>ABOF @@USBJUT

JT FC>ABOFKF ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB, @@USBJUT 'F FOB A>E> A> FIBNFABHF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.

71.1

230B5
/NLDN>J DBIFjPFNJB >j>J>OgKA> U>N>NIg LI>K ?FN LI>K>H EFCVH ?BIFNPB@FAFN. !Q ?BIFNPB_IB Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K FC>ABIBN RB ABUFJIBN U>IKgV@> ABNIBUF@FUB -EFCVH OB_BKBeF RBNFIAFeFKAB BPHFIFAFN: EFCVH ko+ullu_derlenen_bir_ifade; EFCVH \ // ... LPlVMMV EFSMFOFO JGBEFMFS WF EFZJNMFS ... ^ FMTF \ // ... EJhFS EVSVNEB EFSMFOFO JGBEFMFS WF EFZJNMFS ... ^ FMTF ?ILeQ FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF PBH FC>AB AB, ?ILH F_FKABHF FC>ABIBN AB >K@>H -EFCVH ABNIBUF@F OB_BKBeF BPHFK LIAQeQKA> ABNIBKFN. iFJAFUB H>A>NHF MNLDN>JI>NgK EBJBK EBJBK EBMOFKAB MNLDN>JgK K>OgI FjIBAFeFKF DbOPBNBK RB _gHgj> "BHIFULNQJ" RB "_gH>NPgULNQJ" DF?F JBO>GI>N U>VAgN>K O>PgNI>N HQII>KAgH. !bUIB@B >IDLNFPJ>I>NgK FjIBUFjIBNFKF DbNOBI ?FN E>IB DBPFNBNBH LI>Og E>P>I>NgKg ?QI>?FIFULNAQH. "AB?QD", :3E3 9;67C?7= >KI>JgK> DBIFN RB ?Q HLKQA> U>N>NIgAgN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H i>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV JLJMJ"SB FjIBRFKB ?>H>IgJ. . >IDLNFPJ>KgK >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>NgKg _gH>NPgULNQJ RB ?FIBNBH E>P>Ig LI>N>H U>VgULNQJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // %i,,"5! #V BMHPSJUNB IBUBMjEjS TJ[F@U JLJMJ"SB(DPOTU JOU<> EFhFSMFS, JO JOU EFhFS) \ JG (EFhFSMFS.MFOHUI == 0) \ SFUVSO TJ[F@U.NBY; ^

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JNNVUBCMF PSUB/PLUB = EFhFSMFS.MFOHUI / 2; JG (EFhFS == EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ SFUVSO PSUB/PLUB; ^ FMTF JG (EFhFS < EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ SFUVSO JLJMJ"SB(EFhFSMFS<0 .. PSUB/PLUB>, EFhFS); ^ FMTF \ SFUVSO JLJMJ"SB(EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB + 1 .. $>, EFhFS); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TBZjMBS = < -100, 0, 1, 2, 7, 10, 42, 365, 1000 >; BVUP JOEFLT = JLJMJ"SB(TBZjMBS, 42); XSJUFMO(",POVN: ", JOEFLT);

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J 42'KFK >OIgKA> 6 LI>K HLKQJQKQ U>KIgj ?FIAFNFN: ,POVN: 1 !Q E>P>Ug ?QIJ>KgK ?FN ULIQ, FjIBRFK bKBJIF KLHP>I>NgK> FjIBJIBN E>HHgKA> ?FIDFIBN RBNBK O>PgNI>N BHIBJBHPFN: TJ[F@U JLJMJ"SB(DPOTU JOU<> EFhFSMFS, JO JOU EFhFS) \ XSJUFMO(EFhFSMFS, " JdJOEF ", EFhFS, " BSjZPSVN"); JG (EFhFSMFS.MFOHUI == 0) \ XSJUFMO(EFhFS, " CVMVOBNBEj"); SFUVSO TJ[F@U.NBY; ^ JNNVUBCMF PSUB/PLUB = EFhFSMFS.MFOHUI / 2; XSJUFMO("CBLjMBO LPOVN: ", PSUB/PLUB); JG (EFhFS == EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ XSJUFMO(EFhFS, ", ", PSUB/PLUB, " LPOVNVOEB CVMVOEV"); SFUVSO PSUB/PLUB; ^ FMTF JG (EFhFS < EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB>) \ XSJUFMO("JML ZBSjEB PMNBTj HFSFL"); SFUVSO JLJMJ"SB(EFhFSMFS<0 .. PSUB/PLUB>, EFhFS); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("TPO ZBSjEB PMNBTj HFSFL"); SFUVSO JLJMJ"SB(EFhFSMFS<PSUB/PLUB + 1 .. $>, EFhFS); ^

/NLDN>JgK jFJAFHF _gHPgOg >IDLNFPJ>KgK FjIBUFj >AgJI>NgKg A> DbOPBNFN:

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<-100,0,1,2,7,10,42,365,1000> JeJOEF 42 BSkZPSVN CBLkMBO LPOVN: 4 TPO ZBSkEB PMNBTk HFSFL <10,42,365,1000> JeJOEF 42 BSkZPSVN CBLkMBO LPOVN: 2 JML ZBSkEB PMNBTk HFSFL <10,42> JeJOEF 42 BSkZPSVN CBLkMBO LPOVN: 1 42, 1 LPOVNVOEB CVMVOEV ,POVN: 1 '>P>KgK ?Q _gHPgA>K U>N>NI>KgI>N>H ?QIQKAQeQKQ RB DFABNFIAFeFKF R>NO>U>IgJ. '>P> DFABNFIAFHPBK OLKN> >NPgH XSJUFGMO O>PgNI>NgK> DBNBH H>IJ>V, cOPBIFH OFIFKJBIBNF DBNBHFN. !QK> N>eJBK, L O>PgNI>Ng OFIJBH AB ?FN FON>C LI>N>H DbNcIB?FIFN _cKHc ?BIHF AB FIBNFAB PBHN>N DBNBHB?FIFNIBN. .KQK UBNFKB, ?Q O>PgNI>NgK ?>jgK> EFCVH >K>EP>N ObV@cec U>VgI>?FIFN: EFCVH XSJUFMO(EFhFS, " CVMVOBNBEj"); . O>PgNI>N >NPgH U>IKgV@> -EFCVH ABNIBUF@F OB_BKBeF HQII>KgIAgegKA> BPHFK LI>@>HPgN: ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -EFCVH !bUIB@B MNLDN>JgK KLNJ>I FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> _gHPgU> EF_?FN ?FIDF U>VAgNgIJ>U>@>H, ?FN E>P> DbNcIAcecKAB FOB -EFCVH HQII>KgI>N>H >IDLNFPJ>KgK FjIBUFjF E>HHgKA> ?FIDF >IgK>?FIB@BHPFN.
71.1.1

EFCVH(3<37)
EFCVH ?BIFNPB@FKFK _LH UBNAB HQII>KgIJ>Og AQNQJQKA> MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg _LH H>I>?>IgHI>j>?FIFN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> EFCVH ?BIFNPB_IBNFKB FOFJIBN RBNB?FIFN RB LKI>NgK U>IKgV@> HLJQP O>PgNgKA> ?BIFNPFIBKIBNFKFK BPHFKIBjJBIBNFKF O>eI>U>?FIFNFV: EFCVH(JLJMJ@BSBNB) XSJUFMO(EFhFS, " CVMVOBNBEj"); fOFJIF EFCVH ?BIFNPB_IBNFKF BPHFKIBjPFNJBH F_FK HLJQP O>PgNgKA> -EFCVH=3<37 U>VgIgN: ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -EFCVH=JLJMJ@BSBNB fOFJIF EFCVH ?BIFNPB_IBNF AB ?FNABK C>VI> FC>AB F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN: EFCVH(JLJMJ@BSBNB) \ // ... LPlVMMV EFSMFOFO JGBEFMFS WF EFZJNMFS ... ^ UKg >KA> ?FNABK _LH FOFJIF EFCVH ?BIFNPB@F AB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -EFCVH=JLJMJ@BSBNB -EFCVH=ZJHJO@ZBQJTJ . AQNQJA> EBJ JLJMJ@BSBNB , EBJ AB ZJHJO@ZBQJTJ FOFJIF EFCVH ?ILHI>Ng BPHFK LIQN.

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71.1.2

EFCVH(.KC/B)
!>VBK EFCVH ?BIFNPB_IBNFKB FOFJIBN RBNJBH UBNFKB, E>P> >UgHI>J> AcVBUIBNFKF ?BIFNIBUBK O>UgO>I ABeBNIBN RBNFIB?FIFN. NP>K EBN AcVBU, A>E> ABNFKIBJBOFKB ?FIDF RBNB?FIFN: EFCVH JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE CJSilMFW(TUSJOH EPTZBiTNJ, JOU<> TBZjMBS) \ EFCVH(1) XSJUFMO("CJSilMFW JlMFWJOF HJSJMEJ"); EFCVH(2) \ XSJUFMO("JlMFW QBSBNFUSFMFSJ: "); XSJUFMO(" JTJN: ", EPTZBiTNJ); GPSFBDI (J, TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ XSJUFGMO(" %4T: %T", J, TBZj); ^

^ ^

// ... BTjM JlMFNMFS ...

#BNIBUF@FUB ?FIAFNFIBK EFCVH AcVBUF, L AcVBU RB A>E> AcjcH LI>KI>NgKgK BPHFKIBjJBOFKF O>eI>N: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -EFCVH=1 $ ./EFOFNF CJSjmMFW JmMFWJOF HJSJMEJ #>E> ABNFKIBJBOFKB ?FIDF >IJ>H FOPBKAFeFKAB: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -EFCVH=2 $ ./EFOFNF CJSjmMFW JmMFWJOF HJSJMEJ JmMFW QBSBNFUSFMFSJ: JTJN: EFOFNF.UYU 0: 10 1: 4 2: 100

71.2

WFSTJPO(3<37) , C3 WFSTJPO(.KC/B)
WFSTJPO , EFCVH LI>K>egK> _LH ?BKVBN RB HLA F_FKAB >UKg ?F_FJAB HQII>KgIgN: WFSTJPO(EFOFNF4fSfNf) /* ... CJS JGBEF ... */; WFSTJPO(PLVM4fSfNf) \ // ... PLVMMBSB TBUjMBO TfSfNMF JMHJMJ JGBEFMFS ... ^ FMTF \ // ... CBlLB TfSfNMFSMF JMHJMJ JGBEFMFS ... ^ WFSTJPO(1) CJS%FhJlLFO = 5; WFSTJPO(2) \ // ... TfSfN 2 JMF JMHJMJ CJS PMBOBL ... ^

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!cPcKcUIB >UKg ?F_FJAB _>IgjgULN LIO> A>, EFCVH 'A>K C>NHg, MNLDN>J F_FK C>NHIg OcNcJIBN LIQjPQNJ> >J>@gUI> HQII>KgIJ>OgAgN. 7FKB EFCVH 'A> LIAQeQ DF?F, >UKg >KA> ?FNABK C>VI> WFSTJPO ?ILeQ BPHFKIBjPFNFIB?FIFN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -WFSTJPO=LBZJU -WFSTJPO=IBTTBT@IFTBQ !>Vg WFSTJPO FOFJIBNF MNLDN>JI>NgJgVA> U>N>NI>K>?FIJBJFV F_FK E>VgN LI>N>H P>KgJIgAgN. 2>J IFOPBOFKF "LKAFPFLK>I "LJMFI>PFLK O>UC>OgKA> ?QI>@>egKgV ?Q FOFJIBNF >j>egA>HF P>?ILA> bVBPIFULNQJ: bOUBOkNMk WFSTJPO CFMJSUFeMFSJ %FSMFZJDJ ilMFUJN TJTUFNJ %JHJUBM.BST (/6 -%$ 4%$ 8JOEPXT 8JO32 8JO64 MJOVY 049 1PTJY 'SFF#4% 0QFO#4% /FU#4% %SBHPO'MZ#4% #4% 4PMBSJT "*9 )BJLV 4LZ04 4ZT73 4ZT74 )VSE

.JLSP -JUUMF&OEJBO #JH&OEJBO JlMFNDJ TPODVMMVhV %FSMFZJDJ %@$PWFSBHF %@%EPD %@*OMJOF"TN@986 %@*OMJOF"TN@986@64 %@-164 %@1*$ TFdFOFLMFSJ %@932 %@)BSE'MPBU %@4PGU'MPBU %@4*.% %@7FSTJPO2 %@/P#PVOET$IFDLT VOJUUFTU BTTFSU .JLSP JlMFNDJ NJNBSJTJ 1MBUGPSN 986 986@64

"OESPJE $ZHXJO .JO(8 "3. "3.@5IVNC "3.@4PGU "3.@4PGU'1 "3.@)BSE'1 "3.64 11$ 11$@4PGU'1 11$@)BSE'1 11$64 *"64 .*14 .*1432 .*1464 .*14@032 .*14@/32 .*14@064 .*14@/64 .*14@&"#* .*14@/P'MPBU .*14@4PGU'MPBU .*14@)BSE'MPBU 41"3$ 41"3$@781MVT 41"3$@4PGU'1 41"3$@)BSE'1 41"3$64 4390 43909 )11" )11"64 4) 4)64 "MQIB "MQIB@4PGU'1 "MQIB@)BSE'1 ...

...

fHF P>KB AB bVBI FOFJ R>NAgN: x OPOF : !Q FOFJ EF_?FN V>J>K P>KgJIg ABeFIAFN; HLA ?ILHI>NgKg BPHFOFVIBjPFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. x BMM : !Q FOFJ EBN V>J>K P>KgJIgAgN; OPOF 'gK PBNOF LI>N>H HQII>KgIgN. . P>KgJI>NA>K U>N>NI>K>N>H MNLDN>JgKgVgK C>NHIg LI>K>HI>NI> ABNIBKJBOFKF O>eI>U>?FIFNOFKFV. *QII>KgJ bNKBeF LI>N>H TUE.BTDJJ JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIg LI>K OFXMJOF '> ?>H>IgJ. )3EVC DA@F >KI>JgK> DBIBK HLAI>Ng ?BIFNIBUBK OFXMJOF AFVFOF, cVBNFKAB ABNIBKJBHPB LIAQeQ FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKB DbNB C>NHIg HLAI>NA>K LIQjJ>HP>AgN: WFSTJPO(8JOEPXT) \ JNNVUBCMF OFXMJOF = "=S=O"; ^ FMTF WFSTJPO(1PTJY) \ JNNVUBCMF OFXMJOF = "=O"; ^ FMTF \ TUBUJD BTTFSU(0, "6OTVQQPSUFE 04"); ^

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71.3

EFCVH '/ C3 WFSTJPO '/ 7@7; /A/;/9

EFCVH RB WFSTJPO '> O>KHF ABeFjHBKJFjIBN DF?F FOFJ >P>K>?FIFN. #BeFjHBKIBNABK C>NHIg LI>N>H, >P>J> FjIBJF ABeBN ABeFjPFNJBV, ABeBN LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIBK EFCVH RBU> WFSTJPO FOJFKFK 67 BPHFKIBjJBOFKF O>eI>N. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; EFCVH(IFQTJ) \ EFCVH = JLJMJ@BSBNB; EFCVH = ZJHJO@ZBQJTJ; WFSTJPO = EFOFNF4fSfNf; WFSTJPO = PLVM4fSfNf; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EFCVH(JLJMJ@BSBNB) XSJUFMO("JLJMJ@BSBNB FULJO"); EFCVH(ZJHJO@ZBQJTJ) XSJUFMO("ZJHJO@ZBQJTJ FULJO"); WFSTJPO(EFOFNF4fSfNf) XSJUFMO("EFOFNF TfSfNf"); WFSTJPO(PLVM4fSfNf) XSJUFMO("PLVM TfSfNf");

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF EFCVH(IFQTJ) ?ILeQ F_FKABHF >P>J>I>N L FOFJIBNFK AB BPHFKIBjJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. !bUIB@B ?Q MNLDN>J F_FK ABNIBJB O>PgNgKA> AbNP EFCVH RB WFSTJPO OB_BKBeF >UNg >UNg OB_FIB?FIB@BeF DF?F, -EFCVH=IFQTJ HQII>KgIAgegKA>; 1 , 2 , EFOFNF4gSgNg , RB PLVM4gSgNg O>KHF HLJQP O>PgNgKA> ?FIAFNFIJFjIBN DF?F BPHFKIBjFNIBN: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -EFCVH=IFQTJ $ ./EFOFNF JLJMJ@BSBNB FULJO ZJHJO@ZBQJTJ FULJO EFOFNF TgSgNg PLVM TgSgNg

71.4

TUBUJD JG
/NLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA>HF H>N>NI>NA> _LH HQII>KAgegJgV JG HLjQIQKQK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA>HF BjABeBNF TUBUJD JG 'PFN. JG HLjQIQKA> LIAQeQ DF?F, TUBUJD JG HLjQIQ A> ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>AB FIB HQII>KgIgN. TUBUJD JG ?ILeQKA>HF HLAI>N ?Q J>KPgHO>I FC>AB USVF LIAQeQKA> ABNIBKFN RB MNLDN>J> A>EFI BAFIFN, GBMTF LIAQeQKA> FOB L HLAI>N O>KHF EF_ U>VgIJ>JgjI>N DF?F BPHFOFVIBjFNIBN. 7FKB JG 'B ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, FMTF TUBUJD JG RB FMTF ?ILHI>Ng A> ?QIQK>?FIFN. #BNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIAFeFKABK, J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK OLKQ@QKQK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKFULN LIJ>Og j>NPPgN. TUBUJD JG EBN H>MO>JA> HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JLAcI ALOU>OgKA> BK cOP AcVBUAB RBU> U>Mg, OgKgC, j>?ILK, FjIBR, RO. H>MO>JI>NgKA>. *LjQI O>eI>KAgegKA> ?ILH F_FKABHF HLAI>N U>VgIAgHI>Ng O>PgNI>NA> MNLDN>J> A>EFI BAFIFNIBN. TUBUJD JG j>?ILK P>KgJI>NgKA>, JT FC>ABOF FIB ?FNIFHPB, RB @@USBJUT LI>K>eg FIB _LH HQII>KgIgN. TUBUJD JG 'FK JT FC>ABOF FIB ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgJ bNKBHIBNFKF ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. !QN>A> _LH ?>OFP ?FN j>?ILK P>KgJgKA> HQII>K>IgJ. j>egA>HF bNKBH AB JT FC>ABOFKABK U>N>NI>KgULN:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU 7FSJ:BQjTj(5) \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == GMPBU)) \ BMJBT 4POVd5fSf = EPVCMF; ^ FMTF TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == EPVCMF)) \ BMJBT 4POVd5fSf = SFBM; ^ FMTF \ TUBUJD BTTFSU(GBMTF, 5.TUSJOHPG _ " EFTUFLMFONJZPS"); ^ 4POVd5fSf JlMFN() \ XSJUFGMO("%T JdJO TPOVd UfSf PMBSBL %T LVMMBOjZPSVN.", 5.TUSJOHPG, 4POVd5fSf.TUSJOHPG); 4POVd5fSf TPOVd; // ... SFUVSO TPOVd; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP G = 7FSJ:BQjTj!GMPBU(); G.JlMFN(); BVUP E = 7FSJ:BQjTj!EPVCMF(); E.JlMFN();

7FSJ:BQkTk U>IKgV@> GMPBU RB EPVCMF PcNIBNFUIB HQII>KgI>?FIBK ?FN PcN. fjIBJ OLKQ@QKQ EBM ?FN >AgJ A>E> E>OO>O LI>K PcNAB DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH F_FK GMPBU FIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> EPVCMF , EPVCMF FIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> FOB SFBM OB_FULN: GMPBU JeJO TPOVe UgSg PMBSBL EPVCMF LVMMBOkZPSVN. EPVCMF JeJO TPOVe UgSg PMBSBL SFBM LVMMBOkZPSVN. TUBUJD JG VFK@FNIBNF LIQjPQNQNHBK FMTF TUBUJD JG U>VJ>H DBNBHPFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. 7>KIgjIgHI> FMTF JG U>VgIAgegKA>, TUBUJD JG 'FK FMTF ?ILeQ LI>N>H JG HQII>KgI>@>H ABJBHPFN RB JG AB ALe>I LI>N>H _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB@BHPFN.

71.5

TUBUJD BTTFSU
OIgKA> ?FN HLjQIIQ ABNIBJB LI>K>eg LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJBOB AB TUBUJD JG 'B ?BKVBNIFeF KBABKFUIB ?QN>A> >KI>PJ>U> H>N>N RBNAFJ. Z>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> HQII>KJ>U> >IgjPgegJgV BTTFSU 'IB >UKg ?F_FJAB >J> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIFN. ,>KPgHO>I FC>ABOF GBMTF LIAQeQKA> ABNIBJBKFK ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KAgNgIJ>OgKg O>eI>N. TUBUJD JG DF?F TUBUJD BTTFSU AB MNLDN>JA> EBNE>KDF ?FN H>MO>JA> ?QIQK>?FIFN. TUBUJD BTTFSU HQII>KgJgKgK ?FN bNKBeFKF UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA> DbNAcH: GMPBU RBU> EPVCMF PcNIBNFKABK ?>jH> ?FN PcN ?BIFNPFIAFeFKAB ABNIBJB TUBUJD BTTFSU(GBMTF) KBABKFUIB OLKI>KgN: BVUP J = 7FSJ:BQjTj!JOU(); #BNIBJB E>P>Og: &SSPS: TUBUJD BTTFSU "JOU EFTUFLMFONJZPS"

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!>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H ?BIFNIF ?FN >IDLNFPJ>KgK U>IKgV@> ?BIFNIF ?cUcHIcHPBHF PcNIBNIB ALeNQ LI>N>H _>Igj>?FIAFeFKF R>NO>U>IgJ. !QKQ ?FN TUBUJD BTTFSU FIB jbUIB ABKBPIBUB?FIFNFV: 5 CJS"MHPSJUNB(5)(5 EFhFS) \ // #V BMHPSJUNB BODBL CfZfLMfhf EeSEfO LBUj PMBO UfSMFSMF // dBMjlBCJMJS TUBUJD BTTFSU((5.TJ[FPG % 4) == 0); ^ // ...

. FjIBR j>?ILKQ bNKBeFK DIBS FIB _>eNgIAgegKA>, MNLDN>JgK ABNIBKJBOF ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KgN: &SSPS: TUBUJD BTTFSU (1-6 == 0-6) JT GBMTF

!bUIB@B >IDLNFPJ>KgK QUDQKOQV ?FN PcNIB HQII>KgIJ>OgKgK RB LI>OgIgHI> E>P>Ig _>IgjJ>OgKgK bKcKB DB_FIJBHPBAFN. TUBUJD BTTFSU AB JT FC>ABOF A>EFI LIJ>H cVBNB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> LIQjPQNQI>?FIBK EBN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABUIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

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72

JT O4/23@7
!Q FC>AB, A>E> bK@B OVMM ABeBNF RB JT FjIB@F ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV JT FjIB@FKABK >KI>J RB U>VgJ >_gOgKA>K C>NHIgAgN: B JT C JT (/* ... */) // EBIB eODF HeSEfhfNf[ JT JlMFDJ // JT JGBEFTJ

!Q ?bIcJcK HLKQOQ LI>K JT FC>ABOF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIFN RB M>N>KPBV F_FKABHF FC>ABUB ?>eIg LI>K ?FN ABeBN cNBPFN. \NBPPFeF ABeBNFK PcNc JOU 'PFN; HLjQI DB_BNIF LIAQeQKA> 1, DB_BNOFV LIAQeQKA> 0 ABeBNFKF >IgN. JT 'FK >IAgeg HLjQI ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>AB ABeFIAFN >J> JT 'FK HBKAF ABeBNF ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABAB HQII>KgIJ>U> BIRBNFjIFAFN. [NKBeFK JG ABUFJFUIB, RB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIAFeF F_FK A>E> A> QUDQK LI>N>H TUBUJD JG ABUFJFUIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. IAgeg HLjQI PcNIBNIB FIDFIFAFN RB ?FN H>_ bVBI ?F_FJABK ?FNFOF LI>N>H U>VgIJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. $K _LH j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF ABKBPIBJBAB RB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNFUIB FIDFIF ?FIDF PLMI>J>A> U>N>NIgAgN.

72.1

JT (&K;)
5gS 'cK 3@>3?D3> LI>N>H DB_BNIF ?FN PcN LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ABKBPIBN. JT 'FK ?Q HQII>KgJg F_FK ?Q KLHP>A> PBH ?>jgK> bNKBHIBN ?QIJ>H LIAQH_> VLN. !QKQK U>N>NgKg A>E> OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNAB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF FIB HQII>KgNHBK DbNB@BeFV. TUBUJD JG (JT (JOU)) \ XSJUFMO("HFdFSMJ"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("HFdFSTJ["); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF HLjQIA> HQII>KgI>K JOU , DB_BNIF ?FN PcNAcN: HFeFSMJ !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, BjIBJB P>?ILOQ FKABHO PcNc LI>N>H WPJE HQII>KJ>H DB_BNOFV LIAQeQ F_FK ?Q bNKBHPB FMTF ?ILeQ FjIBPFIFN: TUBUJD JG (JT (TUSJOH<WPJE>)) \ XSJUFMO("HFdFSMJ"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("HFdFSTJ["); ^

HFeFSTJ[

72.2

JT (&K; &+57+M<37)
7QH>NgA>HF FIB >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjgN. $H LI>N>H, HLjQI DB_BNIF LIAQeQKA> 5BLNBjTJN 'F PcNcK UBKF P>HJ> FOJF LI>N>H P>KgJI>N:

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TUBUJD JG (JT (JOU :FOJiTJN)) \ XSJUFMO("HFdFSMJ"); :FOJiTJN EFhJlLFO = 42; // JOU WF :FOJiTJN BZOj BOMBNEB ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("HFdFSTJ["); ^ 2>HJ> FOJFK ?Q jBHFIAB JT FC>ABOFKFK F_FKAB P>KgJI>K>?FIJBOF, A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFJFV H>NJ>jgH JT FC>ABIBNFKAB U>N>NIgAgN.

72.3

JT (&K; : HC/6&K;)
5gS 'cK ?BIFNPFIBK bVBI PcNB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjcM AbKcjBJBAFeFKF ABKBPIBN. 2cN #bKcjcJIBNF ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV PBJBI PcN AbKcjcJIBNFKF, RBU> 2cNBJB ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV "?Q >IP OgKgC, L cOP OgKgCgK PcNcKABKAFN" FIFjHFIBNFKF ABKBPIBJBAB HQII>KgIgN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOUFSGBDF 4BBU \ WPJE [BNBOj0LV(); ^ DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ PWFSSJEF WPJE [BNBOj0LV() \ XSJUFMO("10:00"); ^ ^ WPJE CJSilMFW(5)(5 OFTOF) \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5 : 4BBU)) \ // &hFS CVSBZB HFMEJZTFL, lBCMPO QBSBNFUSFTJ PMBO 5 // 4BBU ZFSJOF LVMMBOjMBCJMFO CJS UfSEfS XSJUFMO("CV CJS 4BBU; [BNBOj TeZMFZFCJMJSJ["); OFTOF.[BNBOj0LV(); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("CV CJS 4BBU EFhJM"); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX `BMBS4BBU; CJSilMFW(EFhJlLFO); CJSilMFW(42); ^ . HLA, CJSjmMFW j>?ILKQ 4BBU 'B AbKcjB?FIBK ?FN PcN FIB _>eNgIAgegKA> OFTOF 'KFK [BNBOk0LV FjIBRFKF AB _>egNJ>HP>AgN. 2cN JOU LIAQeQKA> FOB FMTF ?ILeQ ABNIBKJBHPBAFN: CV CJS 4BBU; [BNBOk TfZMFZFCJMJSJ[ 10:00 CV CJS 4BBU EFiJM p aBMBS4BBU JeJO p aBMBS4BBU JeJO p JOU JeJO

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72.4

JT (&K; &+57+M<37 : HC/6&K;)

7QH>NgA>HFUIB >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjgN. $H LI>N>H, HLjQI DB_BNIF LIAQeQKA> 5BLNBjTJN 'F HLjQIQ O>eI>U>K PcNcK UBKF P>HJ> FOJF LI>N>H P>KgJI>N.

72.5

JT (&K; == HC/6&K;)
5gS 'cK ?BIFNPFIBK bVBI PcNcK 3J@VDV LIQM LIJ>AgegKg, RBU> 3J@V 47>;CE757 D3:;B LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ABKBPIBN.

72.5.1

Ayn# t!r /<:/;P<2/

7QH>NgA>HF bNKBH HLAQ ABeFjPFNOBH RB : UBNFKB == HQII>KO>H, ?Q OBCBN aBMBS4BBU F_FK AB DB_BNOFV LI>@>HPgN: TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == 4BBU)) \ XSJUFMO("CV CJS 4BBU; [BNBOj TeZMFZFCJMJSJ["); OFTOF.[BNBOj0LV(); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("CV CJS 4BBU EFhJM"); ^ aBMBS4BBU 4BBU 'PBK PcNBAFeF F_FK ?FN 4BBU 'PFN, >J> 4BBU 'FK >UKgOg ABeFIAFN. . UcVABK HLjQI EBJ aBMBS4BBU F_FK, EBJ AB JOU F_FK DB_BNOFVAFN: CV CJS 4BBU EFiJM CV CJS 4BBU EFiJM

72.5.2

Ayn# belirtece sahip /<:/;P<2/

b[FM5gS UBNFKB ?FN ?BIFNPB_ HQII>KgIAgegKA> PcNcK L ?BIFNPB@B QUQM QUJ>AgegKg ABKBPIBN. !Q HQII>KgJA> ?BIFNPB_ LI>N>H >j>egA>HF >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBN HQII>KgI>?FIFN (?Q ObV@cHIBNABK ?>VgI>NgKg A>E> OLKN>HF ?bIcJIBNAB DbNB@BeFV): x x x x x x x x x x TUSVDU VOJPO DMBTT JOUFSGBDF FOVN GVODUJPO EFMFHBUF DPOTU JNNVUBCMF TIBSFE

WPJE CJSilMFW(5)(5 OFTOF) \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == DMBTT)) \ XSJUFMO("CV CJS TjOjG UfSf"); ^ FMTF TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == FOVN)) \ XSJUFMO("CV CJS FOVN"); ^ FMTF TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == DPOTU)) \ XSJUFMO("CV 'DPOTU' CJS UfS");

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^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("CV CBlLB CJS UfS"); ^

fjIBR j>?ILKI>Ng _>eNgIAgHI>Ng PcNB DbNB ABeFjFH A>RN>K>@>H jBHFIAB HLAI>K>?FIFNIBN. *LjQIQK ABeFjFH ?ILHI>NgKgK BPHFKIBjPFeFKF DbOPBNJBH F_FK jbUIB ABKBUB?FIFNFV: BVUP EFhJlLFO = OFX `BMBS4BBU; CJSilMFW(EFhJlLFO); // (FOVN )BGUB(fOMFSJ CJSB[ BlBhjEB UBOjNMBOjZPS) CJSilMFW()BGUB(fOMFSJ.1B[BSUFTJ); DPOTU EPVCMF TBZj = 1.2; CJSilMFW(TBZj); CJSilMFW(42); ZgHPgOg: CV CJS TkOkG UgSg CV CJS FOVN CV 'DPOTU' CJS UgS CV CBmLB CJS UgS

72.6

JT (&K; 3<37 == B/63;=/I)

7QH>NgA>HF FIB >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjgN. $H LI>N>H, HLjQI DB_BNIF LIAQeQKA> JTJN 'F AQNQJ> DbNB C>NHIg >KI>JI>NA> P>KgJI>N. JTJN , UQH>NgA>HF P>HJ> FOFJIF HQII>KgJI>NA>HF DF?F ALeNQA>K PcNcK P>HJ> FOJF LI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, ?BIFNPB@B ?>eIg LI>N>H ?>jH> ?FN ?FIDF AB LI>?FIFN: #FMJSUFe TUSVDU VOJPO DMBTT JOUFSGBDF TVQFS FOVN GVODUJPO EFMFHBUF SFUVSO @@QBSBNFUFST DPOTU JNNVUBCMF TIBSFE ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r fTU UfS WF BSBZf[MFSEFO PMVlBO %oku#lu FOVN 'VO HFSdFLMFlUJSJMEJhJ temel t'r JlMFW QBSBNFUSFMFSJOEFO PMVlBO %oku#lu EFMFHBUF 'JO t'r' JlMFWJO, EFMFHBUF 'JO, WFZB JlMFW HeTUFSHFTJOJO EeOfl t'r' JlMFWJO, EFMFHBUF 'JO, WFZB JlMFW HeTUFSHFTJOJO QBSBNFUSFMFSJOEFO PMVlBO %oku#lu ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r ko+ulu sa(la"an t'r JTJN 'JO BOMBNk

!Q LI>K>egK K>OgI _>IgjPgegKg DbOPBNJBH F_FK bK@B ?>Vg PcNIBN P>KgJI>U>IgJ: TUSVDU /PLUB \ // ... ^

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JOUFSGBDF 4BBU \ // ... ^ DMBTT `BMBS4BBU : 4BBU \ // ... ^ FOVN )BGUB(fOMFSJ \ 1B[BSUFTJ, 4BMj, `BSlBNCB, 1FSlFNCF, $VNB, $VNBSUFTJ, 1B[BS ^ DIBS GPP(EPVCMF LFTJSMJ, JOU UBNTBZj, 4BBU TBBU) \ SFUVSO 'B'; ^ JT FC>ABOFKFK ?Q ABeFjFH PcNIBNIB HQII>KgJI>NgKg DbOPBNJBH F_FK >j>egA>HF DF?F ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQ U>VgI>?FIFN. fjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg PcNIBNFK, KBOKBIBNFK, RB JTJN 'FK KB >KI>JI>N> DBIAFHIBNFKF >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>Ng LI>N>H U>VAgJ: WPJE CJSilMFW(5)(5 OFTOF) \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5 :FSFM5fS == TUSVDU)) \ XSJUFGMO("=O--- TUSVDU ---"); // 5 WF :FSFM5fS BZOj BOMBNEBEjS; 'OFTOF', CV JlMFWF // HFMFO ZBQj OFTOFTJEJS XSJUFMO(":FOJ CJS ", :FSFM5fS.TUSJOHPG, " OFTOFTJOJ LPQZBMBZBSBL PMVlUVSVZPSVN"); :FSFM5fS ZFOJ/FTOF = OFTOF;

TUBUJD JG (JT (5 fTU5fSMFS == TVQFS)) \ XSJUFMO("=O--- TVQFS ---"); // 'fTU5fSMFS' dPLV[MVTV CfUfO fTU UfSMFSJ JdFSJS; // 'OFTOF', CV JlMFWF HFMFO TjOjG OFTOFTJEJS XSJUFMO(5.TUSJOHPG, " TjOjGjOjO ", fTU5fSMFS.MFOHUI, " BEFU fTU UfSf WBS"); XSJUFMO("IFQTJ CJSEFO: ", fTU5fSMFS.TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO("FO fTUUFLJ: ", fTU5fSMFS<0>.TUSJOHPG);

TUBUJD JG (JT (5 "TjM5fS == FOVN)) \ XSJUFMO("=O--- FOVN ---"); // '"TjM5fS', FOVN EFhFSMFSJOJ HFSdFLMFlUJSNFL JdJO // LVMMBOjMBO BTjM UfSEfS; 'OFTOF', CV JlMFWF HFMFO // FOVN EFhFSJEJS XSJUFMO(5.TUSJOHPG, " FOVN UfSf, QFSEF BSLBTjOEB ", "TjM5fS.TUSJOHPG, " PMBSBL HFSdFLMFlUJSJMNJlUJS");

TUBUJD JG (JT (5 %eOfl5fSf == SFUVSO)) \ XSJUFMO("=O--- SFUVSO ---"); // '%eOfl5fSf', JlMFWJO EeOfl UfSfEfS; CV JlMFWF // QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL HFMFO 'OFTOF', CJS JlMFW // HeTUFSHFTJEJS XSJUFMO("#V, EeOfl UfSf ", %eOfl5fSf.TUSJOHPG, " PMBO CJS JlMFW:"); XSJUFMO(" ", 5.TUSJOHPG); XSJUF("dBhjSjZPSV[... ");

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// /PU: ilMFW HeTUFSHFMFSJ JlMFW HJCJ dBhSjMBCJMJSMFS %eOfl5fSf TPOVd = OFTOF(1.5, 42, OFX `BMBS4BBU); XSJUFMO("WF TPOVd: ", TPOVd);

. FjIBRF UQH>NgA>HF C>NHIg PcNIBNIB jbUIB _>egN>?FIFNFV: // :BQj OFTOFTJZMF CJSilMFW(/PLUB()); // 4jOjG OFTOFTJZMF CJSilMFW(OFX `BMBS4BBU); // FOVN EFhFSMF CJSilMFW()BGUB(fOMFSJ.1B[BSUFTJ); // ilMFW HeTUFSHFTJZMF CJSilMFW(&GPP); ZgHPgOg: --- TUSVDU --:FOJ CJS /PLUB OFTOFTJOJ LPQZBMBZBSBL PMVmUVSVZPSVN --- TVQFS --aBMBS4BBU TkOkGkOkO 2 BEFU gTU UgSg WBS IFQTJ CJSEFO: (JO 0CKFDU, JO 4BBU) FO gTUUFLJ: 0CKFDU --- FOVN --)BGUB(gOMFSJ FOVN UgSg, QFSEF BSLBTkOEB JOU PMBSBL HFSeFLMFmUJSJMNJmUJS --- SFUVSO --#V, EfOgm UgSg DIBS PMBO CJS JmMFW: DIBS GVODUJPO(EPVCMF LFTJSMJ, JOU UBNTBZk, 4BBU TBBU) eBikSkZPSV[... WF TPOVe: B

72.7

JT JT JT JT

(&K; (&K; (&K; (&K;

: B/63;=/I, O+,698#+;+7/=;/ 3<=/<3) == B/63;=/I, O+,698#+;+7/=;/ 3<=/<3) 3<37 : B/63;=/I, O+,698#+;+7/=;/ 3<=/<3) 3<37 == B/63;=/I, O+,698#+;+7/=;/ 3<=/<3)

!Q AbNP HQII>KgJ _LH A>E> H>NJ>jgH FC>ABIBN U>VJ>U> LI>K>H RBNFN. JTJN 'FK ?BIFNPFIJBOF FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN. JTJN , #FMJSUFe , : , RB == EBM UQH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJI>NgUI> >UKg >KI>JA>AgNI>N. lBCMPO1BSBNFUSF-JTUFTJ FOB EBJ HLjQIQK M>N_>Og LI>N>H FjIBJ DbNcN EBJ AB ?cPcK HLjQI O>eI>KAgegKA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H QUDQK PcN FOFJIBNF P>KgJI>J>U> U>N>N. i>?ILKI>NgK PcN _gH>NO>J> LI>K>eg FIB >UKg ?F_FJAB FjIBN. [NKBH LI>N>H, FKABHO ABeBNF TUSJOH LI>K BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng HQII>KgIAgegKA> bVBI FjIBJIBN U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHOFK. 7>IKgV@> ?bUIB PcNIBNB QUJ>U> _>Igj>K ?FN JT FC>ABOF jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN:

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TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == %FhFS<iOEFLT>, %FhFS, iOEFLT : TUSJOH)) \

// (1) // (2) // (3)

. HLjQIQ c_ ?bIcJ LI>N>H >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV. !QKI>NgK OLK FHFOF lBCMPO1BSBNFUSF-JTUFTJ 'KF LIQjPQNJ>HP>AgN: 1. 5 , %FiFS<jOEFLT> U>VgJgK> QUDQKO> 2. %FiFS EBNE>KDF ?FN PcN FOB 3. jOEFLT ?FN TUSJOH FOB (j>?ILK bVBIIBJBOF ObV AFVFJF) #FMJSUFe LI>N>H %FiFS<jOEFLT> HQII>KgIJgj LIJ>Og j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K 5 'KFK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ PcNc LIJ>OgKg DBNBHPFNFN. %FiFS F_FK EF_?FN HLjQI ?BIFNPFIJBJFj LIJ>Og LKQK EBNE>KDF ?FN PcN LIJ>OgKgK UBPBNIF LIAQeQ >KI>JgK> DBIFN. $H LI>N>H, BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK FKABHO PcNcKcK AB bVBIIFHIB TUSJOH LIJ>Og DBNBHJBHPBAFN. #LI>UgOgUI>, UQH>NgA>HF JT FC>ABOF, "5 , FKABHO PcNc TUSJOH LI>K ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ FOB" >KI>JgK> DBIJBHPBAFN. !Q JT FC>ABOFKF HQII>K>K RB AbNP C>NHIg PcNIB _>eNgI>K ?FN bNKBH jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE CJSilMFW(5)(5 OFTOF) \ XSJUFMO("=O--- ", 5.TUSJOHPG, " JMF dBhSjMEjL ---"); TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == %FhFS<iOEFLT>, %FhFS, iOEFLT : TUSJOH)) \ XSJUFMO("&WFU, LPlVM TBhMBOEj."); XSJUFMO("EFhFS UfSf : ", %FhFS.TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO("JOEFLT UfSf: ", iOEFLT.TUSJOHPG); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(")BZjS, LPlVM TBhMBONBEj."); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj; CJSilMFW(TBZj); JOU<TUSJOH> JOU5BCMPTV; CJSilMFW(JOU5BCMPTV); EPVCMF<TUSJOH> EPVCMF5BCMPTV; CJSilMFW(EPVCMF5BCMPTV); EDIBS<MPOH> EDIBS5BCMPTV; CJSilMFW(EDIBS5BCMPTV);

*LjQI, U>IKgV@> FKABHO PcNc TUSJOH LI>K BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng F_FK O>eI>KJ>HP>AgN:

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--- JOU JMF eBiSkMEkL --)BZkS, LPmVM TBiMBONBEk. --- JOU<TUSJOH> JMF eBiSkMEkL --&WFU, LPmVM TBiMBOEk. EFiFS UgSg : JOU JOEFLT UgSg: TUSJOH --- EPVCMF<TUSJOH> JMF eBiSkMEkL --&WFU, LPmVM TBiMBOEk. EFiFS UgSg : EPVCMF JOEFLT UgSg: TUSJOH --- EDIBS<MPOH> JMF eBiSkMEkL --)BZkS, LPmVM TBiMBONBEk.

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73

OR:3C GL@A3?53:3?7, O@7;@7F OR:3C:3?, C3 )3;@7:17:3?

fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF FjIBRIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKFK O>HI>K>?FIJBIBNFKF RB A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN V>J>KA> ?Q DbOPBNDBIBN ULIQUI> _>eNgI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>NI>N. fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF #'UB "'ABK DB_JFjPFN. 2BJOFI@FIBN EBJ FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKF EBJ AB L FjIBRIBNFK HQII>KAgHI>Ng H>MO>JI>Ng ?FN >N>A> O>HI>U>K LI>K>HI>NAgN. 1>HI>K>K H>MO>J L PBJOFI@FKFK F_FKAB LIQjPQNQIAQeQ LNP>J LI>?FIB@BeF DF?F, ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK HBKAFOF AB LI>?FIFN. 2BJOFI@FIBN _LeQ CLKHOFULKBI AFIAB ?QIQK>K =3B3?3 LI>K>egKg A> DBN_BHIBjPFNFNIBN.

73.1

OR:3C 5L@A3?53:3?7
!QKA>K bK@BHF ABNOPB JT FC>ABOFKF ABKBNHBK & FjIB@F FIB FjIBRIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKFK AB >IgK>?FIAFeFKF DbNJcjPcH. . >ANBOF ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQK> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNJFjPFH. i>?ILKI>NgK _BjFPIF PcNIBNIB _>eNgI>?FIJBIBNFKABK RB PcNIBNFK .TUSJOHPG KFPBIFeFKABK U>N>NI>K>N>H, FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKFK PcNIBNF E>HHgKA> ?FIDF BAFKB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU JlMFW(DIBS D, EPVCMF E) \ SFUVSO 42; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ lBCMPO(&JlMFW); ^

// BESFTJOJO BMjONBTj WF // QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL HeOEFSJMNFTJ

WPJE lBCMPO(5)(5 QBSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFMO("UfSf : ", 5.TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO("EFhFSJ: ", QBSBNFUSF); ^ . MNLDN>J _>IgjPgNgIAgegKA>, JmMFW FOFJIF FjIBRFK >ANBOFKFK PcNc HLKQOQKA> ?FN CFHFN O>EF?F LI>?FIFULNQV: UgSg : JOU GVODUJPO(DIBS D, EPVCMF E) EFiFSJ: 80495#4

73.1.1

)/<P;:/<;/@P
fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF GVODUJPO >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB P>KgJI>KgN. !Q ObV@cHPBK bK@B FjIBRFK AbKcj PcNc, OLKN> A> FjIBRFK >IAgeg M>N>JBPNBIBN U>VgIgN: d&n'+_t'r' GVODUJPO(ald*(*_parametreler) HeTUFSHF; !Q P>KgJA> M>N>JBPNBIBNB FOFJ RBNFIJBOF DBNBHJBV; UQH>NgA>HF _gHPgA> DbNAcecJcV M>N>JBPNB FOFJIBNF LI>K D 'KFK RB E 'KFK U>VgIJ>I>Ng FOPBeB ?>eIgAgN. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H, UQH>NgA>Hg JmMFW FOFJIF FjIBRF DbOPBNBK ?FN ABeFjHBKF jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: JOU GVODUJPO(DIBS, EPVCMF) HeTUFSHF = &JlMFW;

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fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKFK U>VgJg LIAQH_> H>NJ>jgH LIAQeQKA>K L PcNB BMJBT FIB UBKF ?FN FOFJ RBNJBH HLAQK LHQK>HIgIgegKg >NPPgNgN: BMJBT )FTBQilMFWJ = JOU GVODUJPO(DIBS, EPVCMF); NPgH GVODUJPO 'Ig QVQK U>VgJ UBNFKB HgO>@> )FTBQjmMFWJ U>VJ>H UBPBNIFAFN. )FTBQilMFWJ HeTUFSHF = &JlMFW; BVUP 'A>K A> U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: BVUP HeTUFSHF = &JlMFW;

73.1.2

H/N?P:;/@P
fjIBR DbOPBNDBOF LI>N>H P>KgJI>K>K ABeFjHBK, O>KHF HBKAFOF ?FN FjIBRJFj DF?F FOJFKABK OLKN>HF M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFUIB _>eNgIgN RB AbKcj ABeBNF HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JOU TPOVd = HeTUFSHF('B', 5.67); BTTFSU(TPOVd == 42); 7QH>NgA>HF _>eNg, FjIBRFK HBKAF FOJFUIB JmMFW('B', 5.67) LI>N>H _>eNgIJ>OgKgK BjABeBNFAFN.

73.1.3

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF ABeBNIBNFK O>HI>KJ>I>NgK> ?BKVBN jBHFIAB, FjIBJIBNFK AB O>HI>K>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. 1>HI>K>K DbOPBNDBIBN MNLDN>JA> A>E> OLKN>A>K FjIBR DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. !FN >KI>JA>, A>E> OLKN>A>K QUDQI>K>@>H LI>K A>RN>KgjI>Ng O>HI>NI>N. OIgKA> A>RN>Kgj C>NHIgIgHI>NgKgK #'KFK ?>jH> LI>K>HI>Ng FIB AB O>eI>K>?FIAFeFKF ?FIFULNOQKQV. [NKBeFK aBMkmBO DF?F ?FN U>MgKgK c@NBPFKFK EBO>MI>KJ>Og OgN>OgKA> E>KDF FjIBRFK _>eNgI>@>eg, ?Q U>MgKgK ?FN FOVN ABeBNF FIB ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN: GJOBM TXJUDI (dBMjlBO.UfS) \ DBTF `BMjlBO5fSf.NBBlMj: NBBlMjbDSFU)FTBCj(); CSFBL; DBTF `BMjlBO5fSf.TBBUMJ: TBBUMJbDSFU)FTBCj(); CSFBL; ^ . UbKPBJFK ?FN UBPBNOFVIFeF, L HLA ?FN HcPcME>KB F_FKAB ?QIQKAQeQ V>J>K LNP>U> _gH>N: !cPcK FOVN ABeBNIBNFKFK RB LKI>N> H>NjgIgH DBIBK ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFK HcPcME>KB HLAQ U>VgIAgeg OgN>A> ?FIFKFULN LIJ>Og DBNBHJBHPBAFN. %>NHIg ?FN c@NBP EBO>?g DBNBHPFeFKAB, HcPcME>KB F_FKABHF FIDFIF TXJUDI ABUFJIBNFKFK EBMOFKFK UBKF PcNc AB F_BNB@BH jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNF DBNBHFN. #>RN>Kgj C>NHg HLKQOQKA> ?>jH> ?FN UbKPBJ, KBOKB UbKBIFJIF MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>NgKA>K U>N>NI>KJ>H LI>?FIFN. aBMkmBO AFUB ?FN >N>UcV P>KgJI>K>?FIFN RB c@NBP EBO>?g LKA>K PcNBUBK >IP OgKgCI>N> U>MPgNgI>?FIFN: JOUFSGBDF `BMjlBO \ EPVCMF fDSFU)FTBCj(); ^ DMBTT .BBlMj`BMjlBO : `BMjlBO

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EPVCMF fDSFU)FTBCj() \ EPVCMF TPOVd; // ... SFUVSO TPOVd; ^

DMBTT 4BBUMJ`BMjlBO : `BMjlBO \ EPVCMF fDSFU)FTBCj() \ EPVCMF TPOVd; // ... SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ ^ // ... EPVCMF fDSFU = dBMjlBO.fDSFU)FTBCj(); !Q, KBOKB UbKBIFJIF MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKB QUDQK LI>K UbKPBJAFN. fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF, A>RN>Kgj C>NHIgIgeg HLKQOQKA> HQII>KgI>K ?>jH>@> ?FN UbKPBJAFN. fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF, KBOKB UbKBIFJIF LI>K>HI>Ng ?QIQKJ>U>K " AFIFKAB U>VgIJgj LI>K HcPcME>KBIBNAB DbNcIB?FIFNIBN.
73.1.4

&/?/;3A?3 L?<3N7
*BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?FN AFVF O>Ug FIB FjIBJ U>M>K ?FN FjIBR P>O>NI>U>IgJ. !Q FjIBR, O>UgI>NgK U>IKgV@> OgCgNA>K ?cUcH LI>KI>NgKgK LK H>PI>NgKg F_BNBK ?FN AFVF AbKAcNOcK: JOU<> Tf[@WF@EeOflUfS(DPOTU JOU<> TBZjMBS) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ JG (TBZj > 0) \ JNNVUBCMF ZFOJ%FhFS = TBZj * 10; TPOVd _= ZFOJ%FhFS; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd; // Tf[NF, // WF EeOflUfSNF

. FjIBRF jbUIB ?FN MNLDN>JI> ABKBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS; // 3BTHFMF 20 TBZj GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 20) \ TBZjMBS _= VOJGPSN(0, 10) - 5; ^ XSJUFMO("HJSJl: ", TBZjMBS); XSJUFMO("TPOVd: ", Tf[@WF@EeOflUfS(TBZjMBS));

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ZgHPgOgKA>K DbNcIAcec DF?F, OLKQ_ U>IKgV@> OgCgNA>K ?cUcH LI>KI>NgK LK H>PI>NgKg F_BNJBHPBAFN: HJSJm: -2 0 3 2 4 -3 2 -4 4 2 2 4 2 1 -2 -1 0 2 -2 4 TPOVe: 30 20 40 20 40 20 20 40 20 10 20 40 Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS FjIBRFKFK ?Q E>IFUIB C>VI> HQII>KgjIg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKBJBUFV _cKHc EBN V>J>K F_FK OgCgNA>K ?cUcH ABeBNIBNFK LK H>PI>NgKg cNBPJBHPBAFN. .UO> OcVJB RB AbKcjPcNJB FjIBJIBNFKF K>OgI QUDQI>U>@>egKg Agj>NgA>K >I>?FIOB _LH A>E> HQII>KgjIg LI>?FIFN. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, OcVJB FjIBJF JOU 'PBK CPPM '> ?FN AbKcjcJ, O>Ug AbKcjPcNJB FjIBJF AB JOU 'PBK UFKB JOU 'B ?FN AbKcjcJAcN: x TBZk > 0 , JOU LI>K O>UgU> ?>H>N>H CPPM OLKQ_ BIAB BAFULN. x TBZk * 10 , JOU LI>K O>Ug HQII>K>N>H UFKB JOU cNBPFULN. !Q FjIBJIBNF FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF ULIQUI> U>MJ>U> DB_JBABK bK@B, ?Q AbKcjcJIBNF O>eI>U>@>H LI>K FjIBR DbOPBNDB PcNIBNFKF jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: BMJBT 4f[NFilMFNJ = CPPM GVODUJPO(JOU); BMJBT %eOflfNilMFNJ = JOU GVODUJPO(JOU); // JOU'UFO CPPM // JOU'UFO JOU

4g[NFjmMFNJ , "FKP >I>K RB ?LLI AbKAcNBK" FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF, %fOgmgNjmMFNJ AB "FKP >I>K RB FKP AbKAcNBK" FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF >KI>JgKA>AgN. !Q PcNIBNABK LI>K FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKF Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS FjIBRFKB Agj>NgA>K M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFNOBH OcVJB RB AbKcjPcNJB FjIBJIBNFKF L FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKB U>MPgN>?FIFNFV. !bUIB@B FjIBR A>E> HQII>KgjIg E>IB DBIFN: JOU<> Tf[@WF@EeOflUfS(DPOTU JOU<> TBZjMBS, 4f[NFilMFNJ Tf[fDf, %eOflfNilMFNJ EeOflUfSfDf) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ JG (Tf[fDf(TBZj)) \ JNNVUBCMF ZFOJ%FhFS = EeOflUfSfDf(TBZj); TPOVd _= ZFOJ%FhFS; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

!Q FjIBR >NPgH >OgI OcVJB RB AbKcjPcNJB FjIBJIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV ?FN E>IB DBIJFjPFN _cKHc L FjIBJIBNF HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKB U>MPgNJ>HP>AgN. 7QH>NgA>HF DF?F DV8VC63@ 4SJS= A>3@>3CV@V@ A@ =3E>3CV@V cNBPB?FIJBOF F_FK jbUIB FHF Hc_cH FjIBR P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV RB Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS FjIBRFKF LKI>NgK >ANBOIBNF FIB _>egN>?FIFNFV: CPPM TjGjSEBO#fZfL@Nf(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj > 0; ^ JOU PO,BUj(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj * 10; ^ // ... XSJUFMO("TPOVd: ", Tf[@WF@EeOflUfS(TBZjMBS,

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&TjGjSEBO#fZfL@Nf, &PO,BUj)); !QKQK U>N>Ng, Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS FjIBRFKFK >NPgH ?>J?>jH> OcVc@c RB AbKcjPcNc@c FjIBRIBNFUIB AB OBN?BOP_B _>eNgI>@>H E>IB DBIJFj LIJ>OgAgN. [NKBeFK Q;8E A>3@>3CV@V@ E7CD ;X3C7E>;>7C; jbUIB BIAB BAFIB?FIFN: CPPM dJGU@NJ(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO (TBZj % 2) == 0; ^ JOU UFSTilBSFUMJTJ(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO -TBZj; ^ // ... XSJUFMO("TPOVd: ", Tf[@WF@EeOflUfS(TBZjMBS, &dJGU@NJ, &UFSTilBSFUMJTJ)); ZgHPgOg: HJSJm: 2 -3 -3 -2 4 4 3 1 4 3 -4 -1 -2 1 1 -5 0 2 -3 2 TPOVe: -2 2 -4 -4 -4 4 2 0 -2 -2 fjIBRIBN eJGU@NJ RB UFSTjmBSFUMJTJ DF?F _LH HgO> LIAQHI>NgKA> ?>jIg ?>jI>NgK> P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBUB?FIFN. !QKQK K>OgI DBN_BHIBjPFNFIAFeFKF ?FN>V >j>egA> UD;?D;K ;X>7G>7C RB bVBIIFHIB LKI>NgK => ObV AFVFJFKF P>KgNHBK DbNB@BeFV: XSJUFMO("TPOVd: ", Tf[@WF@EeOflUfS(TBZjMBS, TBZj => (TBZj % 2) == 0, TBZj => -TBZj));

73.1.5

JE3 L?<3N7
fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF ABeFjHBK LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIAFHIBNF F_FK U>Mg RB OgKgC cUBIBNF AB LI>?FIFNIBN. 7QH>NgA>HF Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS FjIBRF UBNFKB, OcVJB RB AbKcjPcNJB FjIBJIBNFKF HQNQ@Q M>N>JBPNBIBNF LI>N>H >I>K ?FN OgKgC A> U>VgI>?FIFN: DMBTT 4f[fDf%eOflUfSfDf \ 4f[NFilMFNJ Tf[fDf; %eOflfNilMFNJ EeOflUfSfDf; UIJT (4f[NFilMFNJ Tf[fDf, %eOflfNilMFNJ EeOflUfSfDf) \ UIJT.Tf[fDf = Tf[fDf; UIJT.EeOflUfSfDf = EeOflUfSfDf; ^ JOU<> JlMFN:BQ(DPOTU JOU<> TBZjMBS) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (TBZj; TBZjMBS) \ JG (Tf[fDf(TBZj)) \ JNNVUBCMF ZFOJ%FhFS = EeOflUfSfDf(TBZj); TPOVd _= ZFOJ%FhFS; ^

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^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

#>E> OLKN> L PcNABK ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN RB UQH>NgA>HF OLKQ_I>NgK >UKgI>Ng jbUIB BIAB BAFIB?FIFN: BVUP JlMFNDJ = OFX 4f[fDf%eOflUfSfDf(&dJGU@NJ, &UFSTilBSFUMJTJ); XSJUFMO("TPOVd: ", JlMFNDJ.JlMFN:BQ(TBZjMBS));

73.2

O@7;@7F 7R:3C:3?
7QH>NgA>HF bNKBH MNLDN>JI>NA> Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS FjIBRFKFK BOKBHIFeFKABK U>N>NI>KJ>H F_FK Hc_cH FjIBRIBN P>KgJI>KAgegKg RB Tg[@WF@EfOgmUgS _>eNgIgNHBK L Hc_cH FjIBRIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKFK DbKABNFIAFeFKF DbNAcH. 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNAB AB DbNcIAcec DF?F, FjIBRFK >OgI FjF >V LIAQeQKA> ?>jIg ?>jgK> FjIBRIBN P>KgJI>J>H HcICBPIF LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, TBZk > 0 RB TBZk * 10 LIAQH_> ?>OFP RB Hc_cH FjIBJIBNAFN. UX>7G :3KVC 67T7C; LI>N>H A> >AI>KAgN>?FIB@BeFJFV ;D;?D;K ;X>7G LI>K>eg (I>J?A>), ?>jH> FC>ABIBNFK >N>OgKA> Hc_cH FjIBRIBN P>KgJI>J>U> U>N>N. fOFJOFV FjIBRIBN FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF HQII>KgI>?FIBK EBN UBNAB jQ ObV AFVFJFUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN: GVODUJPO d&n'+_t'r'(parametreleri) \ /* i+lemleri */ ^; [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF bNKBHPB P>KgJI>AgegJgV OgKgCP>K LI>K ?FN KBOKBUF ;=;67@ 4SJS= A>3@>3CV@V@ J76; =3E>3CV@V cNBPB@BH jBHFIAB jbUIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: OFX 4f[fDf%eOflUfSfDf( GVODUJPO CPPM(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj > 2; ^, GVODUJPO JOU(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj * 7; ^); !bUIB@B, EBJ ?Q H>A>N Hc_cH FjIBJIBN F_FK >UNg@> FjIBRIBN P>KgJI>J>H VLNQKA> H>IJ>Jgj LIQNQV EBJ AB FOPBAFeFJFV A>RN>Kgjg P>J A> DBNBHBK KLHP>A> ?BIFNPJFj LIQNQV. 7QH>NgA>HF ObV AFVFJIBNFKFK KLNJ>I FjIBRIBNB KB H>A>N ?BKVBAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. -LNJ>I FjIBRIBNIB FOFJOFV FjIBRIBNFK ObV AFVFJIBNFKFK ?Q ABNB@B U>HgK LIJ>I>Ng HLI>UIgH LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIFN. [PB U>KA>K, ?Q >egN ObV AFVFJF FOFJOFV FjIBRIBNFK HQII>KgJ >J>_I>NgUI> E^I^ _BIFjJBHPBAFN _cKHc FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN bVBIIFHIB HgO> FjIBJIBNF HLI>U@> P>KgJI>J> >J>@gKg P>jgNI>N. !Q UcVABK FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN _BjFPIF HgO> ObV AFVFJIBNF FIB AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN.

73.2.1

"P@/ @LF 27F7;7

fOFJOFV FjIBRIBNFK U>VgJI>NgKA> ?>Vg HLI>UIgHI>N A> R>NAgN. fjIBRFK AbKcj PcNcKcK SFUVSO O>PgNgKA>K >KI>jgI>?FIAFeF AQNQJI>NA> AbKcj PcNc U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN: OFX 4f[fDf%eOflUfSfDf( GVODUJPO (JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj > 2; ^, GVODUJPO (JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj * 7; ^); fOFJOFV FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNB >IJ>Ageg AQNQJI>NA> A> M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOF U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF >I>K ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ:

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WPJE CJSilMFW(/* ... JlMFW HeTUFSHFTJ BMTjO ... */) \ // ... ^ . FjIBRFK >IAgeg M>N>JBPNB, EPVCMF AbKAcNBK >J> M>N>JBPNB >IJ>U>K ?FN FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF LIOQK: WPJE CJSilMFW(EPVCMF GVODUJPO() HeTUFSHF) \ // ... ^ . M>N>JBPNBKFK P>KgJgKA>HF GVODUJPO 'A>K OLKN>HF M>N>KPBVFK ?Lj LIJ>Og, L DbOPBNDBKFK B3C3?7EC7 3>?3J3@ 4;C ;X>7G 9RDE7C97D; LIAQeQKQ FC>AB BABN. !bUIB ?FN AQNQJA>, FOFJOFV FjIBRFK LIQjPQNQIAQeQ KLHP>A> ?Lj M>N>KPBV U>VJ>U> A> DBNBH ULHPQN. iQ c_ FOFJOFV FjIBR P>KgJg ?FN?FNIBNFKFK BjABeBNFAFN: CJSilMFW(GVODUJPO EPVCMF() \ SFUVSO 42.42; ^); CJSilMFW(GVODUJPO () \ SFUVSO 42.42; ^); // fTUUFLJZMF BZOj CJSilMFW(GVODUJPO \ SFUVSO 42.42; ^); // fTUUFLJZMF BZOj !FNFK@FOF EF_?FN HgO>IPJ>U> ?>jRQNJ>A>K U>VgIJgjPgN. fHFK@FOF AbKcj PcNcKcK SFUVSO O>PgNgKA>K _gH>NO>KJ>OgKA>K U>N>NI>KJgjPgN. \_cK@cOc AB DBNBHOFV LI>K ?Lj M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKF AB U>VJ>JgjPgN. !FN >AgJ A>E> >PgI>?FIFN RB GVODUJPO A> U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN. . V>J>K ?QKQK FOFJOFV ?FN FjIBR JF ULHO> FOFJOFV ?FN PBJOFI@F JF LIAQeQK> ABNIBUF@F H>N>N RBNFN. .IQjPQNQIAQeQ LNP>JA>HF ABeFjHBKIBNF HQII>KgULNO> PBJOFI@FAFN, HQII>KJgULNO> GVODUJPO 'AgN: CJSilMFW(\ SFUVSO 42.42; ^); // CV EVSVNEB 'GVODUJPO' djLBSTBOjS

!>Vg FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN => ObV AFVFJFUIB A>E> A> HgO> U>VgI>?FIFNIBN.
73.2.2

)39 SFUVSO 74/23@7 E3?7<3 => @LF 27F7;7

7QH>NgA>HF BK HgO> ObV AFVFJF ?FIB DBNBeFKABK C>VI> H>NJ>jgH LI>N>H DbNcIB?FIFN. fjIBRFK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK EBJBK F_FKABHF HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF LHQJ>Ug Dc_IBjPFNJBHPBAFNIBN. \OPBIFH _LeQ FOFJOFV FjIBR PBH SFUVSO ABUFJFKABK LIQjQN. [UIB AQNQJI>NA> KB SFUVSO >K>EP>N ObV@cecKB DBNBH LIJ>IgAgN KB AB OLKQKA>HF KLHP>Ig RFNDcIB. #'KFK FOFJOFV FjIBRIBNFKFK BK HgO> ObV AFVFJF ?>jH> AFIIBNAB AB ?QIQK>K => FIB O>eI>KgN. 7>IKgV@> PBH SFUVSO ABUFJF F_BNBK ?FN FOFJOFV FjIBRFK ObV AFVFJFKF E>PgNI>U>IgJ: GVODUJPO d&n'+_t'r'(parametreler) \ SFUVSO ifade; ^ GVODUJPO >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK RB AbKcj PcNcKcK ?BIFNPFIJBIBNFKFK DBNBHJBAFeFKF UQH>NgA> DbNJcjPcH: (parametreler) \ SFUVSO ifade; ^ UKg FOFJOFV FjIBR => FIB _LH A>E> HgO> LI>N>H jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: (parametreler) => ifade #>E>Og, U>IKgV@> PBH M>N>JBPNB ?QIQKAQeQKA> BPN>CgKA>HF M>N>KPBVIBN AB U>VgIJ>U>?FIFN:

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tek_parametre => ifade !QK> N>eJBK, #'KFK DN>JBNFKFK ?FN DBNBeF LI>N>H EF_ M>N>JBPNB ?QIQKJ>AgegKA> M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK ?Lj LI>N>H RBNFIJBOF j>NPPgN: () => ifade !Q ObV AFVFJFKFK ?FN bNKBeFKF TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF GJMUFS >IDLNFPJ>OgKgK HQII>KgJgKA> DbNBIFJ. GJMUFS , j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?FN HgOP>O, FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H A> ?FN 3C3>V= >IgN. *gOP>Og BIBJ>KI>N> PBHBN PBHBN QUDQI>N; GBMTF _gH>K BIBJ>KI>Ng BIBN RB AFeBNIBNFKF DB_FNFN. *gOP>O, FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN AB A>EFI LIJ>H cVBNB _BjFPIF ULII>NI> ?FIAFNFIB?FIFN. (Not: AC3>V= =3GC3?V@V 63:3 DA@C3=; 4;C 4R>S?67 9RC757T;K. W;?6;>;= 6;>;?>7C;@ 3C3>V= A>6F=>3CV@V =34F> 7674;>;CD;@;K.) [NKBeFK, ABeBNIBNF 10'A>K ?cUcH LI>K BIBJ>KI>Ng DB_FNBK RB AFeBNIBNFKF BIBUBK ?FN GJMUFS FC>ABOFKB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >j>egA>HF DF?F ?FN FOFJOFV FjIBR RBNFIB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 20, 1, 10, 300, -2 >; XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS.GJMUFS!(TBZj => TBZj > 10)); ^ ZgHPgOg: <20, 300> . HgOP>Og jbUIB >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: 4;C D3JV G7C;>6;T;@67 A D3JV 10'63@ 4SJS= ;D7 =;>/ SC7E. !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> => ObV AFVFJFKFK DA>F@63=; 67T7C7 =3CXV>V= D3TV@63=; ;8367J; SC7E7@ ?FN ObV AFVFJF LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV. . HgO> ObV AFVFJFKFK UBNFKB ?FN HBNB AB LKQK BjABeBNF LI>K BK QVQK ObV AFVFJFKF U>V>IgJ. fOFJOFV FjIBRFK P>KgJgKg ?BIFNIBUBK HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNFKF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS.GJMUFS!(GVODUJPO CPPM(JOU TBZj) \ SFUVSO TBZj > 10; ^)); &bNcIAcec DF?F, => ObV AFVFJF PBH SFUVSO ABUFJF F_BNBK FOFJOFV FjIBRIBNAB ?cUcH HLI>UIgH RB LHQK>HIgIgH O>eI>J>HP>AgN. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H FHF M>N>JBPNB HQII>K>K ?FN FOFJOFV FjIBR P>KgJI>U>IgJ. j>egA>HF >IDLNFPJ> HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF AFIFJFK ?FN?FNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH LI>K BIBJ>KI>NgKg FHF M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?FN FjIBRB DbKABNJBHPBAFN. . FjIBRFK AbKAcNAcec OLKQ_I>Ng A> ?FN AFVF LI>N>H AbKAcNcULN: JOU<> JLJMJ)FTBQ(JOU GVODUJPO(JOU, JOU) JlMFN, DPOTU JOU<> TPMEBLJMFS, DPOTU JOU<> TBhEBLJMFS) \ FOGPSDF(TPMEBLJMFS.MFOHUI == TBhEBLJMFS.MFOHUI); JOU<> TPOVdMBS; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. TPMEBLJMFS.MFOHUI) \ TPOVdMBS _= JlMFN(TPMEBLJMFS<J>, TBhEBLJMFS<J>); ^

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SFUVSO TPOVdMBS;

.N>A>HF FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF FHF M>N>JBPNB >IAgegKA>K, JLJMJ)FTBQ 'gK _>eNgIAgeg UBNAB => H>N>HPBNIBNFKABK bK@B M>N>KPBV F_FKAB FHF M>N>JBPNB ?BIFNPFIJBIFAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(JLJMJ)FTBQ((B, C) => (B * 10) + C, < 1, 2, 3 >, < 4, 5, 6 >)); ^ ZgHPgOg: <14, 25, 36>

73.3

)3;@7:17:3?
2BJOFI@F, FjIBR DbOPBNDBOFKB BH LI>N>H LKQK F_FKAB P>KgJI>KAgeg H>MO>JgK A> O>HI>KJ>OgKA>K LIQjQN. 2BJOFI@FIBN A>E> _LH CLKHOFULKBI MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKAB DbNcIBK =3B3?3>3CV A> DBN_BHIBjPFNFNIBN. 2BJOFI@FIBN _LeQ BJFNIF AFIAB ?QIQKJ>O>I>N A> #'KFK Dc_Ic LI>K>HI>Ng >N>OgKA>AgNI>N. 7>j>J 1cNB_IBNF RB 2BJBI fjIBJIBN ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, ABeFjHBKIBNFK U>j>JI>Ng P>KgJIg LIAQHI>Ng H>MO>JA>K _gHgIAgegKA> OLK ?QIQN: \

JOU BSUjl = 10; // ... ^ // n BSUjl'jO ZBlBNj CVSBEB TPO CVMVS BSUkm DF?F J7C7> ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBOIBNF ?Q UcVABK FjIBRIBNABK AbKAcNcIBJBVIBN. BSUkm 'gK FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBR F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K UBNBI ?FN ABeFjHBK LIAQeQKQ AcjcKBIFJ. !Q FjIBRFK OLKQ_ LI>N>H AbKAcNAcec FOFJOFV FjIBR ?Q UBNBI ABeFjHBKF AB HQII>KgULN LIOQK: BMJBT )FTBQilMFWJ = JOU GVODUJPO(JOU); )FTBQilMFWJ IFTBQdj() \ JOU BSUjl = 10; SFUVSO TBZj => BSUjl + TBZj; ^

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#bKAcNcIBK FOFJOFV FjIBR UBNBI ?FN ABeFjHBKF HQII>KJ>U> _>IgjPgeg F_FK L HLA E>P>IgAgN. #BNIBKJBOFKB FVFK RBNFIJFj LIO>, FOFJOFV FjIBR A>E> OLKN>A>K FjIBPFIAFeF OgN>A> U>j>Jg _LHP>K OLK> BNJFj LI>K BSUkm ABeFjHBKFKB BNFjJBUB _>Igj>@>HPgN. . HLAQK ABNIBKFM ALeNQ LI>N>H _>Igj>?FIJBOF F_FK BSUkm 'gK U>j>J OcNB@FKFK FOFJOFV FjIBR U>j>Ageg OcNB@B QV>PgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. 2BJOFI@FIBN FjPB ?bUIB AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgNI>N: 'BJ FjIBR DbOPBNDBOFKF EBJ AB LKQK HQII>KAgeg H>MO>JI>Ng O>HI>AgHI>Ng F_FK L H>MO>JI>NA>HF ABeFjHBKIBNFK U>j>JI>Ng, PBJOFI@FKFK U>j>Jg H>A>N QV>Jgj LIQN.

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2BJOFI@FIBNFK HQII>KgJg FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFKB _LH ?BKVBN: 2BH C>NHI>Ng GVODUJPO UBNFKB EFMFHBUF >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK HQII>KgIJ>OgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK ABNIBKFM ALeNQ LI>N>H _>IgjJ>Og F_FK L H>A>Ng UBPBNIFAFN: BMJBT )FTBQilMFWJ = JOU EFMFHBUF(JOU); )FTBQilMFWJ IFTBQdj() \ JOU BSUjl = 10; SFUVSO TBZj => BSUjl + TBZj; ^ . PBJOFI@FKFK HQII>KAgeg UBNBI H>MO>JA>HF BSUkm DF?F ABeFjHBKIBNFK U>j>JI>Ng PBJOFI@F U>j>Ageg OcNB@B ABR>J BAB@BHPFN. !Q UcVABK PBJOFI@FIBN FIBNFABHF ?FN V>J>KA> _>eNgIAgHI>NgKA> L UBNBI ABeFjHBKIBNF ABeFjPFNB?FIFNIBN AB. !QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ABNOPB beNBKB@BeFJFV U>Mg RB OgKgCI>NgK PQ"QQMZ cUB FjIBRIBNFKAB DbNB@BeFV. 7QH>NgA>HF PBJOFI@FUF jbUIB ?FN HLAI> ABKBUB?FIFNFV: BVUP JlMFW = IFTBQdj(); XSJUFMO("IFTBQ: ", JlMFW(3)); IFTBQek , FOFJOFV ?FN PBJOFI@F AbKAcNJBHPBAFN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLA L PBJOFI@FUF JmMFW FOFJIF ?FN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KJ>HP> RB JmMFW(3) U>VgJgUI> _>egNJ>HP>AgN. 2BJOFI@FKFK FjF AB HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK O>Ug FIB BSUkm 'gK PLMI>JgKg AbKAcNJBH LIAQeQ F_FK _gHgj> 3 RB 10'QK PLMI>Jg U>VAgNgI>@>HPgN: IFTBQ: 13

73.3.1

"P@/ @LF 27F7;7

7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHPB AB HQII>KAgegJgV DF?F, PBJOFI@FIBN AB HgO> ObV AFVFJFUIB RB E>PP> => ObV AFVFJFUIB U>VgI>?FIFNIBN. GVODUJPO RBU> EFMFHBUF U>VgIJ>AgegKA> E>KDFOFKFK QUDQK LIAQeQK> ABNIBUF@F H>N>N RBNFN. *>MO>J O>HI>J> H>UDgOg LIJ>AgegKA>K A>E> BPHFK LI>N>H _>IgjPgeg F_FK bK@BIFHIB GVODUJPO 'g ABKBN, LI>JgULNO> EFMFHBUF 'F OB_BN. *gO> ObV AFVFJFKF ?FN HBNB AB M>N>JBPNB >IJ>U>K ?FN PBJOFI@F FIB DbNBIFJ: JOU<> e[FM4BZjMBS0MVlUVS(JOU BEFU, JOU EFMFHBUF() TBZjbSFUJDJ) \ JOU<> TPOVd = < -1 >; TPOVd.SFTFSWF(BEFU + 2); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ TPOVd _= TBZjbSFUJDJ(); ^ TPOVd _= -1; ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

. FjIBR FIH RB OLK O>UgI>Ng -1 LI>K ?FN AFVF O>Ug LIQjPQNJ>HP>AgN. !Q FHF bVBI O>UgKgK >N>OgK> H>_ >ABP ?>jH> O>Ug DBIB@BeFKF RB ?Q O>UgI>NgK K>OgI cNBPFIB@BHIBNFKF FOB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IJ>HP>AgN. . FjIBRF, EBN _>eNgIAgegKA> >UKg O>?FP ABeBNF AbKAcNBK >j>egA>HF DF?F ?FN PBJOFI@FUIB _>egN>?FIFNFV. 7QH>NgA> ?BIFNPFIAFeF DF?F, M>N>JBPNB >IJ>U>K FOFJOFV FjIBRIBNFK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK ?Lj LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIJBOF j>NPPgN:

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UX>7G GRDE7C97>7C;, UD;?D;K UX>7G>7C, G7 *7?D;>5;>7C

XSJUFMO(e[FM4BZjMBS0MVlUVS(3, () => 42)); ZgHPgOg: -1 42 42 42 -1 UKg FjIBRF ?FN AB UBNBI ?FN ABeFjHBK HQII>K>K ?FN PBJOFI@F FIB _>egN>IgJ: JOU TPO4BZj; XSJUFMO(e[FM4BZjMBS0MVlUVS(15, () => TPO4BZj += VOJGPSN(0, 3))); XSJUFMO("TPO fSFUJMFO TBZj: ", TPO4BZj); . PBJOFI@F N>ODBIB ?FN ABeBN cNBPJBHPB, >J> EBN V>J>K F_FK OLK O>UgU> BHIBAFeF F_FK N>ODBIB O>UgI>NgK ABeBNIBNF EBM >NP>K UbKAB DFPJBHPBAFN. 7BNBI ABeFjHBKFK PBJOFI@FKFK FjIBPFIJBOF OgN>OgKA> K>OgI ABeFjJFj LIAQeQKQ A> _gHPgKgK OLK O>PgNgKA> DbNcULNQV: -1 0 2 3 4 6 6 8 9 9 9 10 12 14 15 17 -1 TPO gSFUJMFO TBZk: 17

73.3.2

)3;@7:17 =:/?/9 <3@<3 C3 ME3 7R:3C7

2BJOFI@FKFK ?FN FjIBR DbOPBNDBOFKF RB LKQK LIQjPQNQIAQeQ H>MO>Jg ?FN >N>A> O>HI>AgegKg DbNAcH. !Q FHFOFKFK UBNFKB ?BIFNIF ?FN KBOKB RB LKQK ?FN cUB FjIBRF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !bUIB LIQjPQNQI>K PBJOFI@F, L cUB FjIBRF RB KBOKBKFK HBKAFOFKF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNJFj LIQN. !QKQK ObV AFVFJF >j>egA>HF DF?FAFN: &nesne.'"e_i+le [K@B ?Q ObV AFVFJFKFK DBN_BHPBK AB ?FN EFMFHBUF LIQjPQNAQeQKQ UFKB .TUSJOHPG 'P>K U>N>NI>K>N>H DbNBIFJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU ,POVN \ MPOH Y; MPOH Z; WPJE WPJE WPJE WPJE TBhB(TJ[F@U BEjN) TPMB(TJ[F@U BEjN) ZVLBSjZB(TJ[F@U BEjN) BlBhjZB(TJ[F@U BEjN) \ \ \ \ Y Y Z Z += -= += -= BEjN; BEjN; BEjN; BEjN; ^ ^ ^ ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP OPLUB = ,POVN(); XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(&OPLUB.TBhB).TUSJOHPG); ^ ZgHPgOg: WPJE EFMFHBUF(VMPOH BEkN) . ObV AFVFJF U>IKgV@> ?FN PBJOFI@F LIQjPQNQN. -BOKBKFK cUB FjIBRF PBJOFI@F LIQjPQNQIAQeQ V>J>K _>eNgIJ>V. . FjIBR, PBJOFI@F A>E> OLKN>A>K FjIBR DF?F HQII>KgIAgegKA> _>eNgI>@>HPgN. !QKQK bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK ?FN PBJOFI@F ABeFjHBK P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV:

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BVUP ZeOilMFWJ = &OPLUB.TBhB; ZeOilMFWJ(3); XSJUFMO(OPLUB); ZgHPgOg: ,POVN(3, 0)

// CVSBEB UBOjNMBOjS // CVSBEB dBhSjMjS

fjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF, FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN, RB PBJOFI@FIBN HBKAFIBNF ABeFjHBK LI>?FIAFHIBNFKABK; ABeFjHBKIBNFK HQII>KgI>?FIAFHIBNF EBN UBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF KBOKB RB cUB FjIBRIBNFKABK LIQj>K ?FN PBJOFI@F AFVFOF jbUIB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN RB A>E> OLKN> FjIBJIBNF FjIBPFIB?FIFN: BVUP OPLUB = ,POVN(); WPJE EFMFHBUF(TJ[F@U)<> JlMFNMFS = < &OPLUB.TBhB, &OPLUB.ZVLBSjZB, &OPLUB.TBhB >; GPSFBDI (JlMFN; JlMFNMFS) \ JlMFN(1); ^ XSJUFMO(OPLUB); . AFVFAB FHF HBNB O>e> ?FN HBNB AB UQH>NgU> DFPJB FjIBJF ?QIQKAQeQKA>K ?cPcK PBJOFI@FIBN FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKAB KLHP>KgK AQNQJQ jbUIB ABeFjJFj LIQN: ,POVN(2, 1)

73.4

EFMFHBUF >/?/;3A?3:7 UP4USJOH

-BOKBIBNF TUSJOH PcNcKAB FC>AB BPJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K UP4USJOH FjIBRFKF HFP>?gK ?Q KLHP>OgK> H>A>N EBM M>N>JBPNB >IJ>U>K RB TUSJOH AbKAcNBK FjIBRIBN LI>N>H P>KgJI>AgH. 7>MgI>N RB OgKgCI>N HBKAF cUBIBNFKFK UP4USJOH FjIBRIBNFKF GPSNBU >N>@gIgegUI> ALI>UIg LI>N>H _>egNgULNI>N RB UP4USJOH FjIBRIBNF HLI>UIgHI> P>KgJI>K>?FIFULNAQ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

TUSVDU 3FOL \ VCZUF S; VCZUF H; VCZUF C; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("3(#:%T,%T,%T", S, H, C); ^

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TUSVDU 3FOLMJ/PLUB \ 3FOL SFOL; /PLUB OPLUB; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ // #V, 3FOL.UP4USJOH WF /PLUB.UP4USJOH'EFO ZBSBSMBOjZPS: SFUVSO GPSNBU("\%T;%T^", SFOL, OPLUB); ^

TUSVDU 1PMJHPO \ 3FOLMJ/PLUB<> OPLUBMBS; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ // #V, 3FOLMJ/PLUB.UP4USJOH'EFO ZBSBSMBOjZPS SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T", OPLUBMBS); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP QPMJHPO = 1PMJHPO( < 3FOLMJ/PLUB(3FOL(10, 10, 10), /PLUB(1, 1)), 3FOLMJ/PLUB(3FOL(20, 20, 20), /PLUB(2, 2)), 3FOLMJ/PLUB(3FOL(30, 30, 30), /PLUB(3, 3)) >); ^ XSJUFMO(QPMJHPO);

7QH>NgA>HF QPMJHPO KBOKBOFKFK MNLDN>JgK OLK O>PgNgKA> _gHPgU> U>VAgNgI>?FIJBOF F_FK 1PMJHPO , 3FOLMJ/PLUB , 3FOL , RB /PLUB U>MgI>NgKgK UP4USJOH FjIBRIBNFKABK ALI>UIg LI>N>H U>N>NI>KgIAgegKA> PLMI>J 10 C>NHIg TUSJOH KBOKBOF LIQjPQNQIJ>HP>AgN. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, >IP AcVBUIBNAB LIQjPQNQI>K EBN TUSJOH KBOKBOF U>IKgV@> HBKAF cOP AcVBUFKABHF TUSJOH KBOKBOFKF LIQjPQNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIJ>HP> RB LKA>K OLKN> U>j>Jg OLK> BNJBHPBAFN. 1LKQ_P> _gHPgU> PBH JBO>G U>VAgNgIJgj LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK 10 >ABP TUSJOH KBOKBOF LIQjPQNQIJQj, >K@>H ?QKI>NA>K U>IKgV@> OLKQK@QOQ _gHPgU> U>VAgNgIJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIJgjPgN: <\3(#:10,10,10;(1,1)^, \3(#:20,20,20;(2,2)^, \3(#:30,30,30;(3,3)^> !Q UbKPBJ HLAQK DBNBHOFV@B U>R>j FjIBJBOFKB KBABK LI>?FIFN. !Q U>R>jIgegK bKcKB DB_JBH F_FK UP4USJOH FjIBRFKFK EFMFHBUF PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB >I>K RB DBKBI LI>N>H A>E> EgVIg FjIBUBK _BjFAF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: WPJE UP4USJOH(WPJE EFMFHBUF(DPOTU(DIBS)<>) djLjl) DPOTU; #bKcj PcNcKcK WPJE LIJ>OgKA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, UP4USJOH 'FK ?Q P>KgJg TUSJOH AbKAcNJBV. .KQK UBNFKB, _gHPgU> U>VgI>@>H LI>K H>N>HPBNIBNF HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK PBJOFI@FUB DbKABNFN. . PBJOFI@F AB RBNFIBK H>N>HPBNIBNF OLKQ_P> U>VAgNgI>@>H LI>K PBH TUSJOH 'FK OLKQK> BHIBN. Not: BF 4R>S?S J3K3C=7@ =F>>3@6VTV? 6?6 2.063 =9%=;381 ';@ 4F E3@V?V@V DV@V8>3C ;Q;@ 67DE7=>7?;JAC. !Q UP4USJOH FjIBRFKABK U>N>NI>KJ>H F_FK U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK, TUE.TUSJOH.GPSNBU UBNFKB TUE.GPSNBU.GPSNBUUFE8SJUF 'g _>egNJ>H RB ekLkm FOFJIF M>N>JBPNBUF LKQK FIH M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H RBNJBHPFN:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.GPSNBU; TUSVDU /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; WPJE UP4USJOH(WPJE EFMFHBUF(DPOTU(DIBS)<>) djLjl) DPOTU \ GPSNBUUFE8SJUF(djLjl, "(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

TUSVDU 3FOL \ VCZUF S; VCZUF H; VCZUF C; WPJE UP4USJOH(WPJE EFMFHBUF(DPOTU(DIBS)<>) djLjl) DPOTU \ GPSNBUUFE8SJUF(djLjl, "3(#:%T,%T,%T", S, H, C); ^

TUSVDU 3FOLMJ/PLUB \ 3FOL SFOL; /PLUB OPLUB; WPJE UP4USJOH(WPJE EFMFHBUF(DPOTU(DIBS)<>) djLjl) DPOTU \ GPSNBUUFE8SJUF(djLjl, "\%T;%T^", SFOL, OPLUB); ^

TUSVDU 1PMJHPO \ 3FOLMJ/PLUB<> OPLUBMBS; WPJE UP4USJOH(WPJE EFMFHBUF(DPOTU(DIBS)<>) djLjl) DPOTU \ GPSNBUUFE8SJUF(djLjl, "%T", OPLUBMBS); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP QPMJHPO = 1PMJHPO( < 3FOLMJ/PLUB(3FOL(10, 10, 10), /PLUB(1, 1)), 3FOLMJ/PLUB(3FOL(20, 20, 20), /PLUB(2, 2)), 3FOLMJ/PLUB(3FOL(30, 30, 30), /PLUB(3, 3)) >); ^ XSJUFMO(QPMJHPO);

!Q MNLDN>JgK C>NHg, UFKB PLMI>J 10 >ABP UP4USJOH FjIBRF _>eNgIJgj LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK, L _>eNgI>NgK PBH TUSJOH 'FK OLKQK> H>N>HPBN BHIBKJBOFKB KBABK LIJ>I>NgAgN.

73.5

IF3A
x GVODUJPO >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF P>KgJI>K>?FIFN RB ?Q DbOPBNDBIBN A>E> OLKN> FjIBR DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIFN. x EFMFHBUF >K>EP>N ObV@cec PBJOFI@F P>KgJI>N. 2BJOFI@F, FjIBR DbOPBNDBOFKB BH LI>N>H L FjIBR DbOPBNDBOFKFK HQII>KAgeg H>MO>Jg A> ?>NgKAgNgN.

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x !FN KBOKB RB LKQK ?FN cUB FjIBRF &OFTOF.gZF@JmMFW ObV AFVFJF FIB EFMFHBUF LIQjPQNQN. x fjIBR DbOPBNDBOF RBU> PBJOFI@F DBNBHBK UBNIBNAB FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN RBU> FOFJOFV PBJOFI@FIBN P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. x fOFJOFV FjIBRIBNFK _BjFPIF HgO> ObV AFVFJIBNF R>NAgN. 2BH SFUVSO ABUFJF F_BNBK FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN ?Q ObV AFVFJIBNFKFK BK HgO>Og LI>K QBSBNFUSF => JGBEF ObV AFVFJF FIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN. x UP4USJOH 'FK A>E> EgVIg FjIBUBK _BjFAF EFMFHBUF M>N>JBPNB >IgN.

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74

,/>P C3 (P<P4:/?2/ GPSFBDI

GPSFBDI #bKDcOc ABNOFKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, ?Q AbKDc QUDQI>KAgeg PcNB DbNB ABeFjFH jBHFIIBNAB FjIBN. ->OgI HQII>KgIAgegK> ?>eIg LI>N>H C>NHIg BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>N: AFVFIBNAB, O>U>_Ig RBU> O>U>_OgV LI>N>H AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgK>; BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA>, FKABHOIF RBU> FKABHOOFV LI>N>H P>?IL BIBJ>KI>NgK>; O>Ug >N>IgHI>NgKA>, ABeBNIBNB; HcPcME>KB PcNIBNFKAB, L PcNB bVBI ?FN jBHFIAB, bNKBeFK 'JMF F_FK ALOU> O>PgNI>NgK>... GPSFBDI 'FK K>OgI FjIBUB@BeFKF HBKAF PcNIBNFJFV F_FK AB ?BIFNIBUB?FIFNFV. !QKQK F_FK FHF C>NHIg UbKPBJ HQII>KgI>?FIFN: x 2cNcK >N>IgH >IDLNFPJ>I>NgUI> A> HQII>KgIJ>OgK> LI>K>H RBNBK 3C3>V= ;X>7G>7C; P>KgJI>J>H x 2cN F_FK PQ"QQMZ cUB FjIBRIBNF P>KgJI>J>H !Q FHF UbKPBJABK PQ"QQMZ FjIBRIBNF bK@BIFHIFAFN: 2>KgJI>KJgjI>NO> ABNIBUF@F L cUB FjIBRIBNF HQII>KgN; P>KgJI>KJ>JgjI>NO> 3C3>V= ;X>7G>7C;@7 ?>jRQNQN. [PB U>KA>K, 3C3>V= ;X>7G>7C; UbKPBJF _LeQ AQNQJA> UBPBNIF, A>E> ?>OFP, RB A>E> HQII>KgjIgAgN. !Q UbKPBJIBNB DB_JBABK bK@B, GPSFBDI 'FK EBN PcNB QUDQK LI>J>U>@>egKg RQNDQI>J>H FOPFULNQJ. !FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB GPSFBDI FIB FIBNIBJBH, >K@>H L PcN EBNE>KDF ?FN jBHFIAB ?FN EAB>F>F= LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB?FIFULNO> >KI>JIgAgN. [NKBeFK, biSFODJ DF?F ?FN OgKgCgK GPSFBDI FIB HQII>KgIJ>OgKA> KB PcN ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFIB@BeF >_gH ABeFIAFN. . UcVABK biSFODJ OgKgCgKgK ?bUIB ?FN HLKQA> ABOPBH RBNJBOF ?BHIBKJBUB?FIFN. [PB U>KA>K, ?>jH> ?FN ?>Hgj >_gOg FIB, GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK biSFODJ KBOKBOFKFK KLPI>NgK> BNFjJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>@>eg A> AcjcKcIB?FIFN. *BKAF PcNIBNFKFVFK GPSFBDI ABOPBeF RBNFM RBNJBUB@BHIBNFKB RB RBNB@BHIBNOB KB PcN ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>@>HI>NgK> OFV H>N>N RBNJBIFOFKFV.

74.1

GPSFBDI 23@A3N7<7 /?/:P9 7R:3C:3?7 7:3 @/N:/;/9

GPSFBDI 'FK GPS 'QK A>E> HQII>KgjIgOg LIAQeQKQ ?FIFULNQV. ibUIB ?FN GPSFBDI AbKDcOc LIOQK: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; BSBMjL) \ // ... JGBEFMFS ... ^ . AbKDc, ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K >NH> MI>KA> ?FN GPS AbKDcOc LI>N>H jbUIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN: GPS ( ; /* CJUNFEJhJ TfSFDF */; /* CBljOEBO EBSBMU */) \ BVUP FMFNBO = /* BSBMjhjO CBljOEBLJ */; ^ // ... JGBEFMFS ...

GPSFBDI 'FK HBKAF PcNIBNFJFVIB AB _>Igj>?FIJBOF F_FK UQH>NgA>HF c_ bVBI ?bIcJAB HQII>KgI>@>H LI>K c_ bVBI cUB FjIBR P>KgJI>J>H DBNBHFN. !Q c_ FjIBR; AbKDcKcK OLKQKQ ?BIFNIBJBH, OLKN>HFKB DB_JBH (>N>Igeg ?>j P>N>CgKA>K A>N>IPJ>H), RB BK ?>jP>HFKB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN. !Q c_ cUB FjIBRFK FOFJIBNF OgN>OgUI> FNQUZ , QPQ'SPOU , RB GSPOU 'PQN. #BNIBUF@FKFK >NH> MI>KA> cNBPPFeF HLA ?Q cUB FjIBRIBNF HQII>KgN: GPS ( ; !BSBMjL.FNQUZ(); BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU()) \ BVUP FMFNBO = BSBMjL.GSPOU();

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// ... JGBEFMFS ...

!Q c_ FjIBR >j>egA>HF DF?F FjIBJBIFAFN: x .FNQUZ() : N>IgH PcHBKJFjOB USVF , ABeFIOB GBMTF AbKAcNcN x .QPQ'SPOU() : !FN OLKN>HFKB DB_BN (>N>Igeg ?>j P>N>CgKA>K A>N>IPgN) x .GSPOU() : !>jP>HF BIBJ>Kg AbKAcNcN . jBHFIAB FjIBUBK ?bUIB c_ cUB FjIBRB O>EFM LIJ>Og, PcNcK GPSFBDI FIB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN.
74.1.1

I?<39
!BIFNIF >N>IgHP> ABeBNIBN cNBPBK ?FN U>Mg P>O>NI>U>IgJ. N>IgegK ?>jgKg RB OLKQKQ ?BIFNIBUBK ABeBNIBN, KBOKB HQNQIQNHBK ?BIFNIBKOFKIBN. &BIBKBHIBNB QUDQK LI>N>H, OLK ABeBN >N>IgegK 6VXV@63 H>?QI BAFIOFK. !FN >KI>JA>, #'KFK CBm..TPO jBHIFKAB U>VgI>K >N>IgHI>NgKgK BjABeBNF LI>N>H _>Igj>K ?FN PcN P>KgJI>U>IgJ: TUSVDU "SBMjL \ JOU CBl; JOU TPO; JOWBSJBOU() \ // CBl'jO IJdCJS [BNBO TPO'EBO CfZfL PMNBNBTj HFSFLJS BTTFSU(CBl <= TPO); ^ CPPM FNQUZ() DPOTU \ // CBl, TPO'B FlJU PMEVhVOEB BSBMjL UfLFONJl EFNFLUJS SFUVSO CBl == TPO; ^ WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ // #JS TPOSBLJOF HFdNFL, CBl'j CJS BSUUjSNBLUjS. #V // JlMFN, CJS BOMBNEB BSBMjhj CBl UBSBGjOEBO LjTBMUjS. ++CBl; ^ JOU GSPOU() DPOTU \ // "SBMjhjO CBljOEBLJ EFhFS, CBl'jO LFOEJTJEJS SFUVSO CBl; ^

%AE: B7@ 9SG7@>;= A>3C3= J3>@VK53 38?+;3+8= 4>ATF@63@ J3C3C>3@6V?. &@3 7= A>3C3=, :9:F;98= G7 0;98= ;X>7G>7C; ;Q;@ 38 4>A=>3CV 63 6SXS@S>74;>;C6;; A ;X>7G>7C;@ 6ATCF A>3C3= Q3>VX34;>?7D; ;Q;@ 3JCV53 3C3>VTV@ 4AX A>?3?3DV 97C7=;C. . U>MgKgK KBOKBIBNFKF >NPgH GPSFBDI FIB jbUIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; "SBMjL(3, 7)) \ XSJUF(FMFNBO, ' '); ^ GPSFBDI , L c_ FjIBRABK U>N>NI>K>N>H >N>IgHP>HF ABeBNIBNF OLKQK> H>A>N, U>KF FNQUZ 'KFK AbKcj ABeBNF USVF LI>K> H>A>N HQII>KgN:

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3 4 5 6

74.1.2

)3?@ @P?/2/ 7:3?:3;39 7K7< TUE.SBOHF.SFUSP

TUE.SBOHF JLAcIc >N>IgHI>NI> FIDFIF _BjFPIF LI>K>HI>N OQK>N. !QKI>N >N>OgKA>K SFUSP , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>Igeg PBNO OgN>A> HQII>KgN. 2cNcK SFUSP FIB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK ?Q >J>@> UbKBIFH FHF cUB FjIBR A>E> DBNBHFN: x .QPQ#BDL() : !FN bK@BHFKB DB_BN (>N>Igeg OLK P>N>CgKA>K A>N>IPgN) x .CBDL() : 1LKA>HF BIBJ>Kg AbKAcNcN K@>H, SFUSP 'KQK L FHF FjIBRF HQII>K>?FIJBOF F_FK ?FN FjIBRFK A>E> P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: x .TBWF() : N>IgegK jQ >KA>HF AQNQJQKQK HLMU>OgKg AbKAcNcN N>IgHI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNB@BeFV.

!Q cUB FjIBRIBN E>HHgKA> A>E> >UNgKPgIg ?FIDFUF A>E> OLKN> !Q c_ FjIBRF "SBMkL U>MgOg F_FK jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU "SBMjL \ // ...

WPJE QPQ#BDL() \ // #JS eODFLJOF HFdNFL, TPO'V CJS B[BMUNBLUjS. #V // JlMFN, CJS BOMBNEB BSBMjhj TPO UBSBGjOEBO LjTBMUjS. --TPO; ^ JOU CBDL() DPOTU \ // "SBMjhjO TPOVOEBLJ EFhFS, TPO'EBO CJS eODFLJ // EFhFSEJS; dfOLf HFMFOFL PMBSBL BSBMjhjO TPOV, // BSBMjhB EBIJM EFhJMEJS. SFUVSO TPO - 1; ^ "SBMjL TBWF() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ // "SBMjL OFTOFTJOJO lV BOEBLJ EVSVNV CJS LPQZBTj // EeOEfSfMFSFL TBhMBOBCJMJS. SFUVSO UIJT; ^

!Q PcNcK KBOKBIBNF SFUSP FIB HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN: JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; // ... GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; "SBMjL(3, 7).SFUSP) \ XSJUF(FMFNBO, ' '); ^ *LAQK _gHPgOgKA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, SFUSP UQH>NgA>HF cUB FjIBRIBNABK U>N>NI>K>N>H ?Q >N>Igeg PBNO OgN>A> HQII>KgN: 6 5 4 3

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74.2

GPSFBDI 23@A3N7<7 PQ"QQMZ 7R:3C:3?7 7:3 @/N:/;/9

7QH>NgA>HF cUB FjIBRIBN, KBOKBUF O>KHF ?FN >N>IgHJgj DF?F HQII>KJ>Ug O>eI>NI>N. . UbKPBJ, KBOKBIBNFK GPSFBDI FIB PBH ?FN jBHFIAB HQII>KgIJ>I>Ng AQNQJQK> A>E> QUDQKAQN. [NKBeFK biSFODJMFS DF?F ?FN PcNcK KBOKBIBNFKFK, beNBK@FIBNB GPSFBDI FIB PBHBN PBHBN BNFjFJ O>eI>J>Og, L UbKPBJIB HLI>U@> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN. [PB U>KA>K, ?>VBK ?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB C>NHIg jBHFIIBNAB FIBNIBJBH FOPBKB?FIFN. !QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKA>K ?FIFULNQV: #bKDc ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK P>KgJgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H U> U>IKgV@> BIBJ>KI>N>, U> A> EBJ BIBJ>KI>N> EBJ AB FKABHOIBNB BNFjFIB?FIFULNAQ: TUSJOH<TUSJOH> JOHJMJ[DFEFO5fSLdFZF; // ... GPSFBDI (UfSLdFTJ; JOHJMJ[DFEFO5fSLdFZF) \ // ... ZBMOj[DB FMFNBOMBS ... ^ GPSFBDI (JOHJMJ[DFTJ, UfSLdFTJ; JOHJMJ[DFEFO5fSLdFZF) \ // ... JOEFLTMFS WF FMFNBOMBS ... ^ PQ"QQMZ FjIBRIBNF, HBKAF PcNIBNFJFVF AB GPSFBDI FIB ?FNABK C>VI> jBHFIAB HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg O>eI>NI>N. PQ"QQMZ 'gK K>OgI P>KgJI>KJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF DbNJBABK bK@B PQ"QQMZ 'gK K>OgI _>eNgIAgegKg >KI>J>JgV DBNBHFULN. /NLDN>JgK FjIBUFjF, GPSFBDI 'FK H>MO>JgK> U>VgI>K FjIBJIBN FIB PQ"QQMZ FjIBRFKFK FjIBJIBNF >N>OgKA>, ?BIFNIF ?FN 3@>3X?3J3 QUDQK LI>N>H DFABN DBIFN. [K@B PQ"QQMZ 'gK F_F FjIBPFIFN; PQ"QQMZ HBKAF FjF OgN>OgKA> GPSFBDI 'FK FjIBJIBNFKF _>egNgN; RB ?Q H>NjgIgHIg DFAFj DBIFj AbKDc OLKQK> H>A>N ABR>J BABN. !Q 3@>3X?3JV >_gHI>J>A>K bK@B GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK U>MgOgKg PBHN>N E>PgNI>PJ>H FOPFULNQJ: // 1SPHSBNDjOjO ZB[Ejhj EeOHf: GPSFBDI (/* EeOHf EFhJlLFOMFSJ */; OFTOF) \ // ... JlMFNMFS ... ^ $eBN AbKDc ABeFjHBKIBNFKB QU>K ?FN PQ"QQMZ FjIBRF P>KgJI>KJgjO>; ABNIBUF@F, AbKDc ABeFjHBKIBNFKF RB AbKDc H>MO>JgKg HQII>K>N>H ?FN E7?D;>5; LIQjPQNQN RB KBOKBKFK PQ"QQMZ FjIBRFKF L PBJOFI@F FIB _>egNgN. !QK> DbNB, UQH>NgA>HF AbKDc ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K >NH> MI>KA> >j>egA>HF HLA> AbKcjPcNcIcN. 2BJOFI@FUF LIQjPQN>K H>MO>J M>N>KPBVIBNFKF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: // %FSMFZJDJOJO BSLB QMBOEB LVMMBOEjhj LPE: OFTOF.PQ"QQMZ(EFMFHBUF JOU(/* EeOHf EFhJlLFOMFSJ */) \ // ... JlMFNMFS ... SFUVSO TPOMBONB#JMHJTJ; ^); 7>KF, GPSFBDI AbKDcOc LNP>A>K H>IH>N; LKQK UBNFKB KBOKBKFK PQ"QQMZ FjIBRF ABNIBUF@FKFK LIQjPQNAQeQ ?FN PBJOFI@F FIB _>eNgIgN. #BNIBUF@FKFK LIQjPQNAQeQ ?FN PBJOFI@FKFK HQII>KgIgULN LIJ>Og PQ"QQMZ FjIBRFKFK U>VgJg HLKQOQKA> ?>Vg VLNQKIQIQHI>N DBPFNFN. !Q AbKcjcJc RB QUQIJ>Og DBNBHBK VLNQKIQIQHI>Ng jQ J>AABIBNIB >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV:

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1. GPSFBDI 'FK FjIBJIBNF PBJOFI@FUF LIQjPQN>K FjIBJIBN E>IFKB DBIFNIBN. !Q PBJOFI@F PQ"QQMZ P>N>CgKA>K _>eNgIJ>IgAgN. 2. #bKDc ABeFjHBKIBNF PBJOFI@FKFK M>N>JBPNBIBNF E>IFKB DBIFNIBN. !Q M>N>JBPNBIBNFK PQ"QQMZ 'gK P>KgJgKA> SFG LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNF DBNBHFN. 3. 2BJOFI@FKFK AbKcj PcNc JOU 'PFN. !QK> QUDQK LI>N>H, PBJOFI@FKFK OLKQK> ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K ?FN SFUVSO O>PgNg BHIBKFN. SFUVSO 'cK AbKAcNAcec ?FIDF, AbKDcKcK bNKBeFK CSFBL FIB OLKI>KgM OLKI>KJ>AgegKg >KI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgIgN. $eBN OgCgN FOB AbKDc ABR>J BPJBIFAFN; OgCgNA>K C>NHIg FOB AbKDc OLKI>KJ>IgAgN. 4. OgI AbKDc PQ"QQMZ 'gK F_FKAB MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. 5. PQ"QQMZ , PBJOFI@FKFK AbKAcNJcj LIAQeQ TPOMBONB#JMHJTJ 'KF AbKAcNJBIFAFN. "SBMkL U>MgOgKg ?Q >KI>jJ>U> QUDQK LI>N>H >j>egA>HF DF?F P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV. 7QH>NgA>HF J>AABIBNF, FIDFIF LIAQHI>Ng UBNIBNAB >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>Ng LI>N>H ?BIFNPFULNQJ: TUSVDU "SBMjL \ JOU CBl; JOU TPO; // (2) (1) JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG JOU) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ JOU TPOVd = 0; GPS (JOU TBZj = CBl; TBZj != TPO; ++TBZj) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(TBZj); // (1) JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^ // (3) // (4)

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVd;

// (5)

!Q U>MgUg A> GPSFBDI FIB >UKg jBHFIAB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; "SBMjL(3, 7)) \ XSJUF(FMFNBO, ' '); ^ ZgHPgOg, >N>IgH FjIBRIBNF HQII>KgIAgeg V>J>KHF _gHPgKgK >UKgOg LI>@>HPgN: 3 4 5 6

74.2.1

F/?9:P 07K7;:3?23 7:3?:3;39 7K7< PQ"QQMZ 'P< EM9:3<;3@7

-BOKB cVBNFKAB C>NHIg jBHFIIBNAB FIBNIBUB?FIJBH, PQ"QQMZ 'gK ABeFjFH PcNIBNABHF PBJOFI@FIBNIB UcHIBKJBOF FIB O>eI>KgN. #BNIBUF@F, GPSFBDI ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK QUAQeQ ?FN PQ"QQMZ UcHIBJBOF ?QIQN RB LKQ _>egNgN. [NKBeFK, "SBMkL KBOKBIBNFKFK FHF GPSFBDI ABeFjHBKF FIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKF FOPBUBIFJ: GPSFBDI (CJSJODJ, JLJODJ; "SBMjL(0, 15)) \ XSJUFG("%T,%T ", CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); ^ . HQII>KgJ, BjIBJB P>?ILI>NgKgK EBJ FKABHOIBNFKB EBJ AB BIBJ>KI>NgK> GPSFBDI FIB BNFjFIAFeF AQNQJ> ?BKVBN.

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!Q bNKBHPB, "SBMkL UQH>NgA>HF DF?F FHF ABeFjHBKIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> >NP >NA> FHF ABeBNB BNFjFIFULN LIOQK; RB AbKDcKcK EBN FIBNIBPFIFjFKAB ABeBNIBN ?BjBN ?BjBN >NPOgK. 7>KF UQH>NgA>HF AbKDcKcK _gHPgOg jbUIB LIOQK: 0,1 5,6 10,11 !QKQ O>eI>J>H F_FK FHF ABeFjHBKIF ?FN PBJOFI@F FIB _>Igj>K UBKF ?FN PQ"QQMZ P>KgJI>J>H DBNBHFN. . PBJOFI@F PQ"QQMZ P>N>CgKA>K RB ?Q HQII>KgJ> QUDQK LI>K FHF ABeBNIB _>eNgIJ>IgAgN: JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG JOU, SFG JOU) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ JOU TPOVd = 0; GPS (JOU J = CBl; (J + 1) < TPO; J += 5) \ JOU CJSJODJ = J; JOU JLJODJ = J + 1; TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(CJSJODJ, JLJODJ); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVd;

fHF ABeFjHBKIF AbKDc HQII>KgIAgegKA> cNBPFIBK PBJOFI@F ?Q PQ"QQMZ UcHIBJBOFKB QUAQeQ F_FK, ABNIBUF@F ?Q P>KgJg HQII>KgN. 2cN F_FK >KI>JIg LIAQeQ OcNB@B ?>jH> PQ"QQMZ FjIBRIBNF AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. '>KDF PQ"QQMZ FjIBRFKFK OB_FIB@BeF AbKDc ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK >ABAF U>KgKA>, PcNIBNF FIB AB ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN. #BeFjHBKIBNFK PcNIBNF GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKAB >_gH_> U>VgI>?FIFN RB ?bUIB@B KB PcN BIBJ>KI>N cVBNFKAB FIBNIBKJBH FOPBKAFeF >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. !QK> DbNB, GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK EBJ beNBK@FIBNB EBJ AB beNBPJBKIBNB BNFjJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeF ?FN 0LVM OgKgCg jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: DMBTT 0LVM \ JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG ahSFODJ) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ // ... ^ JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG ahSFUNFO) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ // ... ^

!Q 0LVM PcNcKc HQII>K>K MNLDN>JI>N, E>KDF BIBJ>KI>N cVBNFKAB FIBNIBKB@BeFKF AbKDc ABeFjHBKFKF >_gH LI>N>H U>V>N>H OB_B?FIFNIBN: GPSFBDI (ahSFODJ ehSFODJ; PLVM) \ // ... ^ GPSFBDI (ahSFUNFO ehSFUNFO; PLVM) \ // ... ^

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#BNIBUF@F, ABeFjHBKFK PcNcKB QU>K ?FN PBJOFI@F cNBPB@BH RB L PBJOFI@FUB QU>K PQ"QQMZ FjIBRFKF _>egN>@>HPgN.

74.3

DL<5M @/E/1P
GPSFBDI 'FK AFVFIBNIB HQII>KgJgKA> HLI>UIgH O>eI>U>K AbKDc O>U>@g EBN PcN F_FK LPLJ>PFH ABeFIAFN; FOPBKAFeFKAB HBKAF PcNIBNFJFV F_FK >_gH_> MNLDN>JI>J>JgV DBNBHFN. $eBN GPSFBDI >N>IgH FjIBRIBNF FIB O>eI>KJgjO>, O>U>_ BIAB BPJBKFK BK HLI>U ULIQ TUE.SBOHF JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIg LI>K [JQ RB TFRVFODF 'P>K U>N>NI>KJ>HPgN: JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; // ... GPSFBDI (J, FMFNBO; [JQ(TFRVFODF!"O", "SBMjL(42, 47))) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, FMFNBO); ^ TFRVFODF!"O" , OgCgNA>K ?>jI>U>K O>UgI>N cNBPFN. [JQ FOB HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF >N>Igeg Bj >AgJI>NI> FIBNIBPFN. !Q FHF LI>K>egK ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgJg OLKQ@QKA> O>U>_ RB >OgI >N>IgHP>HF ABeBNIBN GPSFBDI 'FK FHF ABeFjHBKF LI>N>H BIAB BAFIFNIBN: 0: 1: 2: 3: 4: 42 43 44 45 46

GPSFBDI ABOPBeFKFK PQ"QQMZ FIB O>eI>KAgeg AQNQJA> FOB O>U>_ ABeFjHBKFKFK TJ[F@U PcNcKAB BH ?FN ABeFjHBK LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN. !QKQ DbOPBNJBH F_FK KLHP>I>NA>K LIQj>K RB HBKAF NBKDFKB O>EFM LI>K ?FN MLIFDLK U>MgOg P>O>NI>U>IgJ: FOVN 3FOL \ NBWJ, ZFlJM, LjSNj[j ^ TUSVDU /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; ^ TUSVDU 1PMJHPO \ 3FOL SFOL; /PLUB<> OPLUBMBS; ^ !Q U>MgKgK KLHP>I>NgKg OQK>K D3J3QDVK ?FN PQ"QQMZ UQH>NgA>HFIBNB ?BKVBN LI>N>H jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // ... TUSVDU 1PMJHPO \ // ... JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG DPOTU(/PLUB)) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ JOU TPOVd = 0;

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GPSFBDI (OPLUB; OPLUBMBS) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(OPLUB); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVd;

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP QPMJHPO = 1PMJHPO(3FOL.NBWJ, < /PLUB(0, 0), /PLUB(1, 1) > ); GPSFBDI (OPLUB; QPMJHPO) \ XSJUFMO(OPLUB); ^

PQ"QQMZ 'gK P>KgJgKA> A> GPSFBDI 'PBK U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. NBJO F_FKAB QPMJHPO KBOKBOF cVBNFKAB FjIBUBK GPSFBDI , MLIFDLKQK OPLUBMBS cUBOF cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIBK ?FN GPSFBDI 'PBK U>N>NI>KJgj LIQULN. EFMFHBUF 'FK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK SFG DPOTU(/PLUB) LIAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK. !Q, ?Q PQ"QQMZ 'gK BIBJ>KI>NgK GPSFBDI F_FKAB ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNFKB FVFK RBNJBAFeF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. $IBJ>KI>NgK ABeFjPFNFIJBIBNFKB FVFK RBNFIJBOF F_FK EBJ PQ"QQMZ 'gK EBJ AB M>N>JBPNBOFKFK DPOTU ?BIFNPB@F LIJ>A>K P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. ZgHPgOg: DPOTU(/PLUB)(0, 0) DPOTU(/PLUB)(1, 1) 1PMJHPO PcNcKc ?Q P>KgJg FIB O>U>_Ig LI>N>H HQII>KJ>U> _>IgjPgegJgVA> ?Q HQII>KgJ PQ"QQMZ UcHIBJBOFKB QUJ>U>@>egKA>K ALe>I LI>N>H ?FN ABNIBJB E>P>OgUI> H>NjgI>jgNgV: GPSFBDI (TBZBd, OPLUB; QPMJHPO) \ // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", TBZBd, OPLUB); ^ #BNIBJB E>P>Og GPSFBDI ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK >KI>jgI>J>AgHI>NgKg ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: DBOOPU VOJRVFMZ JOGFS GPSFBDI BSHVNFOU UZQFT !bUIB ?FN HQII>KgJg ABOPBHIBUBK ?FN PQ"QQMZ UcHIBJBOF, PQ"QQMZ 'gK >IAgeg PBJOFI@FKFK TJ[F@U RB /PLUB PcNIBNFKAB FHF M>N>JBPNB >IJ>Og FIB O>eI>KJ>IgAgN: JOU PQ"QQMZ( JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG TJ[F@U, SFG DPOTU(/PLUB)) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ JOU TPOVd = 0; GPSFBDI (TBZBd, OPLUB; OPLUBMBS) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(TBZBd, OPLUB); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^

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^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

/NLDN>J GPSFBDI 'FK OLK HQII>KgJgKg ?Q PQ"QQMZ UcHIBJBOFKB QUAQNQN RB >NPgH ABNIBKFN: 0: DPOTU(/PLUB)(0, 0) 1: DPOTU(/PLUB)(1, 1) !Q PQ"QQMZ 'gK P>KgJgKA> OPLUBMBS cUBOF cVBNFKAB FjIBUBK GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK LPLJ>PFH O>U>@gKA>K U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. (*7?D;>5; B3C3?7EC7D; ;/0 <3C/*= A>3C3= E3@V?>3@?VX A>6FTF :3>67, 7+38 ;Q;@67=; 09;/+-2 6R@9SDS 895=+6+; SK7C;@67 ;>7C>7J7@ AEA?3E;= D3J35V 67T;XE;C7?7K.) &BNBHPFeFKAB O>U>_ ABeFjHBKF >_gH_> P>KgJI>K>?FIFN RB >NPPgNgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF PQ"QQMZ ?Q OBCBN ?FN XIJMF AbKDcOcKABK U>N>NI>KAgeg F_FK O>U>@g HBKAFOF P>KgJIgULN RB >NPPgNgULN: JOU PQ"QQMZ( JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG TJ[F@U, SFG &MFNBO) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ JOU TPOVd = 0; CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; TJ[F@U TBZBd = 0; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ // ... TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(TBZBd, TjSBEBLJ&MFNBO); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^ ^ ^ ++TBZBd;

SFUVSO TPOVd;

74.4

*E/?P: GPSFBDI '7< 7R:3E7R7 @P?/@P<2/ A=>:B:B9 23N7R;3;3:727?

'>KDF UbKPBJIB LIQNO> LIOQK, GPSFBDI ABOPBeF RBNBK ?FN PcN, AbKDcKcK FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> OQKAQeQ EAB>F>F= H>RN>JgKA> ?FN ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>J>IgAgN: AbKDcKcK FjIBUFjF OgN>OgKA> UBKF BIBJ>KI>N BHIBJBJBIF RB R>N LI>K BIBJ>KI>Ng OFIJBJBIFAFN. !Q HQN>I> QUQIJ>J>Og P>KgJOgV A>RN>KgjPgN.

74.5

&?=0:3;:3?
1. 7QH>NgA>HF "SBMkL DF?F _>Igj>K, >J> >N>IgHP>HF ABeBNIBNF ?FNBN ?FNBN ABeFI, ?BIFNPFIBK >AgJ H>A>N FIBNIBPBK ?FN U>Mg P>KgJI>UgK. AgJ ?FIDFOFKF HQNQ@Q FjIBRFKFK c_cK@c M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >IOgK: GPSFBDI (TBZj; "SBMjL(0, 10, 2)) \ XSJUF(TBZj, ' '); ^

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1gCgNA>K 10'> H>A>N FHFjBN FHFjBN FIBNIBJBOF ?BHIBKBK L "SBMkL KBOKBOFKFK _gHPgOg jbUIB LIOQK: 0 2 4 6 8 2. 7>Vg F_FKAB DB_BK 0LVM OgKgCgKg, GPSFBDI 'FK AbKDc ABeFjHBKIBNFKB DbNB beNBK@FIBNB RBU> beNBPJBKIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>@>H jBHFIAB U>VgK. ... QRKS?>7C

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75

B7?:79:3?
!FNIFHIBN, ?FNABK C>VI> cUBKFK >UKg ?BIIBH >I>KgKg M>UI>jJ>I>NgKg O>eI>NI>N. #'UB " AFIFKABK DB_JFj LI>K >IP AcVBU ?FN LI>K>HPgN. fHF C>NH AgjgKA> U>MgI>NI> >UKg jBHFIAB HQII>KgIgN: x TUSVDU UBNFKB VOJPO >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB P>KgJI>KgN x cUBIBNF >UKg ?BIIBH >I>KgKg M>UI>jgNI>N; ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV ABeFIIBNAFN 7>MgI>N DF?F, ?FNIFHIBNFK AB cUB FjIBRIBNF ?QIQK>?FIFN. j>egA>HF bNKBH MNLDN>JI>N ABNIBKAFHIBNF LNP>JgK 32 ?FP RBU> 64 ?FP LIJ>OgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H C>NHIg OLKQ_I>N cNBPB@BHIBNAFN. !Q UcVABK, ?Q ?bIcJABHF MNLDN>JI>Ng ABNIBNHBK -N32 ABNIBUF@F OB_BKBeFKF HQII>KJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ. HOF P>HPFNAB OFVFK OLKQ_I>NgKgV >j>egA> DbOPBNFIBKIBNABK C>NHIg LI>?FIFN. iFJAFUB H>A>N _LH H>NjgI>jPgegJgV U>Mg PcNIBNFKFK HQII>KAgHI>Ng ?BIIBH >I>Kg ?cPcK cUBIBNFKF ?>NgKAgN>@>H H>A>N ?cUcHPc: TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU J; EPVCMF E; ^ // ... XSJUFMO(:BQj.TJ[FPG); #bNP ?>UPIgH JOU 'PBK RB OBHFV ?>UPIgH EPVCMF 'A>K LIQj>K L U>MgKgK ?cUcHIcec 12'AFN: 12 UKg jBHFIAB P>KgJI>K>K ?FN ?FNIFeFK ?cUcHIcec FOB, cUBIBNF >UKg ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKF M>UI>jPgHI>Ng F_FK, cUBIBNABK BK ?cUcec F_FK DBNBHBK UBN H>A>NAgN: VOJPO #JSMJL \ JOU J; EPVCMF E; ^ // ... XSJUFMO(#JSMJL.TJ[FPG); #bNP ?>UPIgH JOU RB OBHFV ?>UPIgH EPVCMF >UKg >I>Kg M>UI>jPgHI>Ng F_FK ?Q ?FNIFeFK ?cUcHIcec BK ?cUcH cUB F_FK DBNBHBK UBN H>A>NAgN: 8 !QKQK ?BIIBH H>V>K@g O>eI>U>K ?FN LI>K>H LIAQeQKQ AcjcKJBUFK. UKg ?BIIBH >I>KgK> ?FNABK C>VI> ?FIDF OgeAgNJ>H LI>K>HOgVAgN. !FNIFHIBNFK U>N>Ng, >UKg ?bIDBKFK C>NHIg V>J>KI>NA> C>NHIg PcNABK ?FIDFIBN F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFAFN. !BIFNIF ?FN >KA> PBH ?FN cUB O>HI>K>?FIFN. !FNIFHIBNFK U>N>NI>NgKA>K ?FNFOF, EBN LNP>JA> >UKg jBHFIAB _>IgjJ>O> A>, ?FIDFKFK M>N_>I>NgK> AFeBN cUBIBN ULIQUI> BNFjFIB?FIJBOFAFN.

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502

B;C>;=>7C

7QH>NgA>HF ?FNIFeF LIQjPQN>K OBHFV ?>UPgK ?BIIBHPB K>OgI AQNAQHI>NgKg, RB cUBIBN F_FK K>OgI HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg jbUIB DbOPBNB?FIFNFV: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ---+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--] <-- JOU JdJO 4 CBZU --> ] ] ] <-------------- EPVCMF JdJO 8 CBZU ---------------> ] ---+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--7> OBHFV ?>UPgK EBMOF ?FNABK EPVCMF cUB F_FK HQII>KgIgN, U> A> FIH AbNP ?>UP JOU cUB F_FK HQII>KgIgN RB DBNFOFKB ALHQKQIJ>V. !BK bNKBH LI>N>H FHF cUB HQII>KAgJ; ?FNIFHIBNF FOPBAFeFKFV H>A>N cUB FIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNOFKFV. \UBIBNFK EBMOF >UKg >I>Kg M>UI>jgNI>N. UKg ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKFK HQII>KgIgULN LIJ>Og FIDFK_ OLKQ_I>N ALeQN>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, ?FNIFeFK ?FN JOU FIB FIHIBKJBOF >J> ?FN EPVCMF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>Og, ?>jP>K HBOPFNFIBJBUB@BH EPVCMF ABeBNIBNF RBNB?FIFN: BVUP CJSMJL = #JSMJL(42); XSJUFMO(CJSMJL.E); // JOU fZFOJO JMLMFONFTJ // EPVCMF fZFOJO LVMMBOjMNBTj

JOU cUBUF LIQjPQN>K AbNP ?>UPgK 42 ABeBNFKF P>jgU>@>H jBHFIAB HQNQIJ>I>Ng, EPVCMF cUBKFK ABeBNFKF AB BPHFIBN: 4.9547F-270 ,FHNL FjIBJ@FKFK ?>UP OgN>I>NgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H JOU cUBUF LIQjPQN>K AbNP ?>UP ?BIIBHPB 0W0W0W42, 42W0W0W0, RBU> A>E> ?>jH> ?FN AcVBKAB ?QIQK>?FIFN. !Q UcVABK UQH>NgA>HF EPVCMF cUBKFK ABeBNF ?>jH> LNP>JI>NA> A>E> C>NHIg A> LI>?FIFN.

75.1

O@7;@7F 07?:79:3?
fOFJOFV ?FNIFHIBN, F_FKAB ?QIQKAQHI>Ng ?FN U>MgKgK E>KDF cUBIBNFKFK M>UI>jgJIg LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg ?BIFNIBNIBN: TUSVDU #JS:BQj \ JOU CJSJODJ; VOJPO \ JOU JLJODJ; JOU fdfODf; ^

// ... XSJUFMO(#JS:BQj.TJ[FPG); 7QH>NgA>HF U>MgKgK OLK FHF cUBOF >UKg >I>Kg M>UI>jgNI>N RB ?Q UcVABK U>Mg, PLMI>J FHF JOU 'FK ?cUcHIcec H>A>N UBN PQP>N. !FNIFH cUBOF LIJ>U>K CJSJODJ F_FK DBNBHBK 4 ?>UP, RB JLJODJ FIB gegODg 'KcK M>UI>jPgHI>Ng 4 ?>UP: 8

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B;C>;=>7C

75.2

B/R9/ 07? AM?M< 0/EA:/?P<P /E?PRAP?;/9

!FNIFHIBN, PcNIBNF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>N> PBHBN PBHBN BNFjJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK >OIgKA> 32 ?FPPBK LIQj>K (/R4 >ANBOIBNFKFK 4 ?bIcJcKc BIAB BPJBH F_FK ?Q 32 ?FPF M>UI>j>K 4 ?>UPIgH ?FN AFVF HQII>KgI>?FIFN. ANBO ABeBNFKF LIQjPQN>K cUB RB AbNP ?>UP ?FN ?FNIFH LI>N>H jbUIB ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFIB?FIFN: VOJPO *Q"ESFTJ \ VJOU EFhFS; VCZUF<4> CBZUMBS; ^ . ?FNIFeF LIQjPQN>K FHF cUB, >UKg ?BIIBeF jQ jBHFIAB M>UI>jgNI>N: 0 1 2 3 ---+------------+------------+------------+------------+--] <------ *1W4 BESFTJOJ PMVlUVSBO 32 CJU -------> ] ] CBZUMBS<0> ] CBZUMBS<1> ] CBZUMBS<2> ] CBZUMBS<3> ] ---+------------+------------+------------+------------+--!Q ?FNIFH, A>E> bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB 192.168.1.2 >ANBOFKFK ABeBNF LI>N>H H>NjgI>jPgegJgV 0T@0>80102 FIB FIHIBKAFeFKAB, CBZUMBS AFVFOFKFK BIBJ>KI>Ng PBHBN PBHBN >ANBOFK AbNP ?bIcJcKB H>NjgIgH DBIFNIBN: WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP BESFT = *Q"ESFTJ(0YD0B80102); XSJUFMO(BESFT.CBZUMBS); ^ ANBOFK ?bIcJIBNF, ?Q MNLDN>Jg ABKBAFeFJ LNP>JA> >IgjgH LIQKAQeQKA>K PBNO OgN>A> _gHJ>HP>AgN: <2, 1, 168, 192> !Q, MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgN>K JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK Hc_cH OLK@QI LIAQeQKQ DbOPBNFN. !>jH> LNP>JI>NA> ?>jH> OgN>A> A> _gH>?FIFN. !Q bNKBHPB bVBIIFHIB ?BIFNPJBH FOPBAFeFJ, ?FNIFH cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKFK ?BIFNOFV LI>?FIB@BHIBNFAFN. !FNIFHIBN, >K@>H RB >K@>H PBH ?FN cUBIBNF FIB HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjgNI>N. '>KDF cUBOF FIB HQNQIJQjO>, ?FNIFH KBOKBOFKFK U>j>Jg ?LUQK@> L cUBOF FIB HQII>KgIJ>Og DBNBHFN. . cUB AgjgKA>HF cUBIBNB BNFjFIAFeFKAB KB PcN ABeBNIBNIB H>NjgI>jgI>@>eg LNP>JA>K LNP>J> C>NHIgIgH DbOPBNB?FIFN. !Q ABNOIB FIDFOF LIJ>O> A>, DPSF.CJUPQ JLAcIcKcK CTXBQ FjIBRFKFK ?Q HLKQA> U>N>NIg LI>?FIB@BeFKF ?BIFNPJBH FOPFULNQJ. CTXBQ , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK VJOU 'FK ?>UPI>Ng PBNO OgN>A> LI>KgKg AbKAcNcN. TUE.TZTUFN JLAcIcKABHF FOEJBO ABeBNFKABK AB U>N>NI>KgNO>H, Hc_cH OLK@QI ?FN LNP>JA> LIAQeQJQVQ jbUIB ?BIFNIBUB?FIFN RB UQH>NgA>HF (/R4 >ANBOFKF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>Ng PBNOFKB _BRFNB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TZTUFN; JNQPSU DPSF.CJUPQ; // ... JG (FOEJBO == &OEJBO.MJUUMF&OEJBO) \ BESFT.EFhFS = CTXBQ(BESFT.EFhFS); ^

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B;C>;=>7C

&OEJBO.MJUUMF&OEJBO ABeBNF OFOPBJFK Hc_cH OLK@QI LIAQeQKQ, &OEJBO.#JH&OEJBO ABeBNF AB ?cUcH OLK@QI LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNPFN. 7QH>NgA>HF AbKcjcJ OLKQ@QKA> (/R4 >ANBOFKFK ?bIcJIBNF >IgjgH LIQK>K OgN>A> _gH>@>HPgN: <192, 168, 1, 2> !QKQ U>IKgV@> ?FNIFHIBNIB FIDFIF ?FN HQII>KgJ bNKBeF LI>N>H DbOPBNAFJ. -LNJ>IAB (/R4 >ANBOIBNFUIB ?bUIB ALeNQA>K FIDFIBKJBH UBNFKB, L Fj F_FK HQII>KgI>K ?FN HcPcME>KBKFK LI>K>HI>NgKA>K U>N>NI>KJ>H A>E> ALeNQ LIQN.

75.3

&?=A=9=: L?<3N7
!>Vg MNLPLHLIIBNAB, bNKBeFK >e MNLPLHLIIBNFKAB, ?>Vg ?>UPI>NgK >KI>Jg ?>jH> ?FN cUB P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKFULN LI>?FIFN. e M>HBAFKFK A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ?bIcJc, L cUBKFK ABeBNFKB DbNB C>NHIg ?FN jBHFIAB HQII>KgIgULN LI>?FIFN: TUSVDU "ESFT \ // ... ^ TUSVDU #JS1SPUPLPM \ // ... ^ TUSVDU #BlLB1SPUPLPM \ // ... ^ FOVN 1SPUPLPM5fSf \ CJS5fS, CBlLB5fS ^ TUSVDU "h1BLFEJ \ "ESFT IFEFG; "ESFT LBZOBL; 1SPUPLPM5fSf UfS; VOJPO \ #JS1SPUPLPM CJS1SPUPLPM; #BlLB1SPUPLPM CBlLB1SPUPLPM; ^ ^ VCZUF<> HFSJ,BMBOj;

7QH>NgA>HF "i1BLFEJ U>MgOgKA> E>KDF MNLPLHLI cUBOFKFK DB_BNIF LIAQeQ UgS 'cK ABeBNFKABK >KI>jgI>?FIFN, MNLDN>JgK DBNF H>I>Kg A> U>MgUg L ABeBNB DbNB HQII>KgN.

75.4

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
!>UP M>UI>jJ>H DF?F H>RN>JI>N LIAQH_> >IP AcVBU H>?QI BAFIB@BHIBNF F_FK, ?FNIFHIBN DcKIcH P>O>NgJI>NgJgVA> EBJBK EBJBK EF_ HQII>KgIJ>VI>N. !FNIFHIBNIB " HcPcME>KBIBNFKAB AB H>NjgI>jgI>?FIFN.

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EE;=7E>7C G7 9AEA

76

EA793A:3? C3 HPUP
$PFHBPIBN HLA O>PgNI>NgK> FOFJIBN RBNJBUB RB MNLDN>J >HgjgKg ?Q FOFJIF O>PgNI>N> UbKBIPJBUB U>N>NI>N. $PFHBPFK FOJFKABK RB : H>N>HPBNFKABK LIQjQNI>N: CJUJl: // n CJS FUJLFU

7QH>NgA>HF BPFHBP, P>KgJI>KAgeg O>PgN> 4;E;X FOJFKF RBNFN. %AE: AD>V@63 7E;=7E>7C :7C:3@9; ;=; 67J;?;@ 3C3DV@63 63 4F>F@34;>;C>7C G7 4F>F@6F=>3CV A @A=E3JV ;D;?>7@6;C?;X A>FC>3C. A@53= 4F =F>>3@V? J3J9V@ 67T;>6;C: CJSiGBEF(); CJUJl: CBlLBiGBEF();

76.1

HPUP
fKDFIFV@B'AB "DFP" >KI>JgK> DBIBK HPUP , MNLDN>J >HgjgKg FOJF ?BIFNPFIBK O>PgN> UbKIBKAFNFN: WPJE CJSilMFW(CPPM LPlVM) \ XSJUFMO("CJSJODJ"); JG (LPlVM) \ HPUP CJUJl; ^ XSJUFMO("JLJODJ"); CJUJl: ^ XSJUFMO("fdfODf");

7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR, LPmVM 'QK USVF LIAQeQ AQNQJI>NA> ALeNQA>K CJUJm FOFJIF O>PgN> DFABN, RB "FHFK@F" U>VAgNgIJ>V: CJSJODJ gegODg $PFHBPIBN RB HPUP #'UB "'ABK DB_JFjPFN. HPUP , U>MgO>I MNLDN>JI>J>U> >UHgNg LIAQeQ F_FK "'AB ?FIB H>_gKgIJ>Og bKBNFIBK ?FN LI>K>HPgN. #LeNQA>K ?BIFNIF O>PgNI>N> UbKIBKAFNBK HPUP 'I>N UBNFKB XIJMF , GPS , RB AFeBN U>MgO>I ABUFJIBNFK HQII>KgIJ>Og bKBNFIFN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF HLAQK BjABeBNF, jFJAFUB H>A>N _LeQ HLAA> DbNAcecJcV DF?F, HPUP HQII>KJ>A>K jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: WPJE CJSilMFW(CPPM LPlVM) \ XSJUFMO("CJSJODJ"); JG (!LPlVM) \ XSJUFMO("JLJODJ"); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("fdfODf");

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!QK> N>eJBK HPUP 'KQK " AFIFKAB FHF P>KB DB_BNIF HQII>KgJg R>NAgN. !Q HQII>KgJI>NgK FHFOF AB #'AB DBNBHOFVAFN.
76.1.1

D'23 53?39;3E3<, @=<:/<2P?P1P 0L:53

HPUP 'KQK "'ABHF DB_BNIF ?FN HQII>KgJg, FjIBRIBNFK OLKI>NgK> U>VgI>K RB L FjIBRAB >UNgIJgj LI>K H>UK>HI>NgK DBNF RBNFIJBOF DF?F FjIBJIBNF F_BNBK OLKI>KAgNg@g ?bIDBAFN: // --- $ LPEV --JOU CJS*TMFW() \ // ... JG (IBUB) \ HPUP CJUJT; ^ // ... CJUJT: // ... TPOMBOEJSNB JTMFNMFSJ CVSBZB ZB[JMJS ... ^ SFUVSO IBUB;

#'AB H>UK>H UbKBPFJF F_FK ?>jH> LI>K>HI>N ?QIQKAQeQ F_FK ?Q HQII>KgJ #'AB DBNBHOFVAFN. #'AB OLKI>KAgNJ> FjIBJIBNF; _bM PLMI>Ug@g, OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBN, E>P> >PJ> AcVBKBeFKFK DBUDI RB GJOBMMZ ?ILHI>Ng, TDPQF() ABUFJIBNF, RO. DF?F LI>K>HI>NI> O>eI>KgN. %AE: BF =F>>3@V?3 C++'E3 63 97C7= JA=EFC.
76.1.2

D'23 53?39;3E3<, 7K 7K3 2L<5M:3?23 9B::/<P;P

HPUP 'KQK "'ABHF AFeBN DB_BNIF HQII>KgJg, F_ F_B AbKDcIBNFK A>E> AgjP> LI>KI>NgKg BPHFIBJBHPFN. #bKDcUc HgNJ>H F_FK HQII>KgI>K CSFBL , RB AbKDcUc EBJBK FIBNIBPJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K DPOUJOVF , U>IKgV@> BK F_PBHF AbKDcUc BPHFIBN. "'AB RB "++'P> AgjP>HF AbKDcUc HgNJ>KgK ?FN ULIQ, AbKDcABK OLKN>HF ?FN BPFHBPB DFPJBHPFN; AgjP>HF AbKDcUc FIBNIBPJBKFK ?FN ULIQ A>, LKQK EBJBK F_FKABHF ?FN BPFHBPB DFPJBHPFN: // --- $ LPEV --XIJMF (CJS,PTVM) \ XIJMF (CBTLB,PTVM) \ // ZBMOJ[DB JDUFLJ EPOHVZV FULJMFS DPOUJOVF; // ZBMOJ[DB JDUFLJ EPOHVZV FULJMFS CSFBL; // EJTUBLJ JDJO 'DPOUJOVF' HJCJ DBMJTJS HPUP EJTUBLJOJ*MFSMFU; // EJTUBLJ JDJO 'CSFBL' HJCJ DBMJTJS HPUP EJTUBLJOEFO$JL;

EJTUBLJOJ*MFSMFU: ; ^ EJTUBLJOEFO$JL:

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%AE: BF =F>>3@V?3 C++ BCA9C3?>3CV@63 63 C3DE>3@34;>;C. UKg AQNQJ F_ F_B ?QIQK>K TXJUDI ABUFJIBNFKAB AB R>NAgN; CSFBL U>IKgV@> F_PBHF TXJUDI 'F BPHFIBAFeFKABK AgjP>HFKABK AB _gHJ>H F_FK HPUP HQII>KgI>?FIFN. #'AB HPUP 'KQK ?Q HQII>KgJgK> A> DBNBH ULHPQN. .KQK UBNFKB ?FN>V >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ AbKDc BPFHBPIBNF HQII>KgIgN.
76.1.3

HPUP '<B< 9B?B1B 7R:3C:3?7 /A:/;/ @=?B<B

*QNQ@Q FjIBRIBN KBOKBIBNFK HQNQIAQHI>Ng O>PgNI>NA> _>eNgIgNI>N. !QKQK KBABKIBNFKABK ?FNFOF, KBOKBKFK HQNQIJ>Og F_FK DBNBHBK ?FIDFKFK EBKcV JBR@QP LIJ>J>Og LI>?FIFN. !FN ?>jH> KBABK, ?BIHF AB EF_ HQII>KgIJ>U>@>H LI>K ?FN KBOKBUF HQNJ>H F_FK DBNBHOFV@B V>J>K RB H>UK>H E>N@>J>J>HPgN. -BOKBIBNFK HQNQIAQHI>Ng O>PgNI>N HPUP FIB >PI>KAgegKA>, EBKcV HQNQIJ>AgHI>NgKA>K E>P>Ig OLKQ_I>N ALeQN>K KBOKBIBNIB H>NjgI>jgI>?FIFN: JG (LPlVM) \ HPUP CJS&UJLFU; ^

// LVSVDV JlMFWJ BUMBS

BVUP OFTOF = :BQj(42); // OFTOFOJO LVSVMEVhV TBUjS CJS&UJLFU: OFTOF.CJSilMFN(); // )"5": CFMLJ EF IB[jS PMNBZBO OFTOF

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF HPUP FIB CJS&UJLFU O>PgNgK> DFAFIAFeFKAB CJSjmMFN() FjIBRF HQII>KgJ> E>VgNI>KJ>Jgj ?FN KBOKB cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIFN.

76.2

DL<5M 3A793A:3?7
#'AB AbKDcIBNABK EBJBK bK@B BPFHBPIBN P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. DPOUJOVF RB CSFBL >K>EP>N ObV@cHIBNFKAB AB BPFHBP ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN RB L AbKDcIBNFK BPHFIBKJBIBNF O>eI>K>?FIFN: Ejl%eOHf: XIJMF (CJS,PlVM) \ XIJMF (CBlLB,PlVM) \ // JdUFLJ EeOHfZf JMFSMFUJS DPOUJOVF; // JdUFLJ EeOHfEFO djLBS CSFBL; // EjlUBLJ EeOHfZf JMFSMFUJS DPOUJOVF Ejl%eOHf; // EjlUBLJ EeOHfEFO djLBS CSFBL Ejl%eOHf;

UKgOg TXJUDI ABUFJIBNF F_FK AB DB_BNIFAFN. CSFBL ABUFJIBNFKFK AgjP>HF ?FN TXJUDI 'F BPHFIBJBOF F_FK L TXJUDI ABUFJFKABK bK@B AB BPFHBP P>KgJI>K>?FIFN.

76.3

DBTF 0L:M;:3?7<23 9B::/<P;P

HPUP 'KQK DBTF ?bIcJIBNFKAB K>OgI HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg TXJUDI RB DBTF ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH:

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EE;=7E>7C G7 9AEA

x HPUP DBTF , ?FN OLKN>HF DBTF 'B >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N. x HPUP EFGBVMU , EFGBVMU ?bIcJcKB >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N. x HPUP 30+./ , FC>ABUB QU>K DBTF 'B >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>N.

76.4

IF3A
x HPUP 'KQK NFOHIF HQII>KgJI>NgK> #'AB DBNBH ULHPQN. x f_ F_B AbKDcIBNABK RBU> TXJUDI ABUFJIBNFKABK E>KDFOFKFK BPHFIBKB@BeFKF ?BIFNPJBH F_FK CSFBL RB DPOUJOVF ABUFJIBNFKAB BPFHBP HQII>KgI>?FIFN. x DBTF ?bIcJIBNFKABHF HPUP 'I>N AFeBN DBTF RB EFGBVMU ?bIcJIBNFKB >PI>KJ>OgKg O>eI>NI>N.

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MA=FK>F>3C

77

H=9BF:B:/?
ZLHQVIQ ?FNABK C>VI> ABeBNF ?FN >N>U> DBPFNBNBH EBM ?FNABK ?FN U>Mg KBOKBOF DF?F HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. !>Vg AFIIBNFK F_ LI>K>eg LI>K _LHQVIQI>N #'AB TUE.UZQFDPOT JLAcIcKABHF 5VQMF FIB ?FN HcPcME>KB LI>K>eg LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFjPFN. 5VQMF ?>Vg FjIBJIBNF F_FK TUE.UZQFUVQMF JLAcIcKABHF 5ZQF5VQMF 'A>K A> U>N>NI>KgN.

77.1

5VQMF C3 UVQMF()
ZLHQVIQI>N 5VQMF j>?ILKQ FIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFjIBNAFN. ZLeQKIQHI> HLI>UIgH FjIBRF LI>K UVQMF() FIB LIQjPQNQIQNI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.UZQFDPOT; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP dPLV[MV = UVQMF(42, "NFSIBCB"); XSJUFMO(dPLV[MV); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF UVQMF() FjIBRF 42 ABeBNFKABHF JOU 'FK RB "NFSIBCB" ABeBNFKABHF TUSJOH 'FK ?FN >N>U> DBIJBOFKABK LIQj>K ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNQN. !Q KBOKBKFK PcNcKc RB cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKF MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOgKA> DbNcULNQV: 5VQMF!(JOU, TUSJOH)(42, "NFSIBCB") . _LHQVIQ PcNcKcK >j>egA>HF ObVAB U>MgKgK BjABeBNF LIAQeQKQ RB MBNAB >NH>OgKA> A> bUIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIAFeFKF AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV: // 5VQMF!(JOU, TUSJOH)'JO FlEFhFSJ TUSVDU @@`PLV[MV@JOU@TUSJOH \ JOU @@fZF@0; TUSJOH @@fZF@1; ^ ZLHQVIQI>NgK cUBIBNFKB KLNJ>IAB OgN> KQJ>N>OgUI> BNFjFIFN. !Q >_gA>K ?>HgIAgegKA> EBN ?FN cUBOF C>NHIg PcNABK LI>?FIBK ?FN AFVF DF?F AcjcKcIB?FIFN: XSJUFMO(dPLV[MV<0>); XSJUFMO(dPLV[MV<1>); ZgHPgOg: 42 NFSIBCB

77.1.1

JE3 7@7;:3?7
ZLHQVIQ cUBIBNFKB OgN> KQJ>N>OgUI> BNFjFIJBOF ?>jH> AFIIBNAB AB U>UDgKAgN. /EL?LO _LHQVIQI>NgKA> FOB cUBIBNB KFPBIFH FOFJIBNFUIB AB BNFjFIB?FIFN. !QKQK F_FK _LHQVIQKQK UVQMF() HLI>UIgH FjIBRF FIB ABeFI, 5VQMF j>?ILKQ FIB >_gH_> LIQjPQNQIJ>Og DBNBHFN. \UBIBNFK PcNIBNF RB KFPBIFH FOFJIBNF _FCPIBN E>IFKAB ?BIFNPFIFNIBN:

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MA=FK>F>3C

BVUP dPLV[MV = 5VQMF!(JOU, "TBZj", TUSJOH, "NFTBK")(42, "NFSIBCB"); 7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJ, JOU PcNcKABHF 0 KQJ>N>Ig cUBUB >UNg@> .TBZk KFPBIFeFUIB RB TUSJOH PcNcKABHF 1 KQJ>N>Ig cUBUB >UNg@> .NFTBK KFPBIFeFUIB BNFjFIJBOFKF O>eI>N: XSJUFMO("0 TjSB OVNBSBTjZMB : XSJUFMO(".TBZj OJUFMJhJ PMBSBL : XSJUFMO("1 TjSB OVNBSBTjZMB : XSJUFMO(".NFTBK OJUFMJhJ PMBSBL: ZgHPgOg: 0 TkSB OVNBSBTkZMB : .TBZk OJUFMJiJ PMBSBL : 1 TkSB OVNBSBTkZMB : .NFTBK OJUFMJiJ PMBSBL: 42 42 NFSIBCB NFSIBCB ", ", ", ", dPLV[MV<0>); dPLV[MV.TBZj); dPLV[MV<1>); dPLV[MV.NFTBK);

77.1.2

JE3:3?7< 23N3? :7@A3@7 =:/?/9 /KP:;/:/?P

ZLHQVIQ KBOKBIBNF cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKABK LIQj>K IFOPB LI>N>H >_gI>?FIFN RB bNKBeFK L PcNIBNB QU>K ?FN FjIBRF _>egNgNHBK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !Q, .FYQBOE KFPBIFeF FIB RBU> _LHQVIQ KBOKBOF AFIFJIBKBNBH O>eI>KgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.UZQFDPOT; WPJE GPP(JOU J, TUSJOH T, EPVCMF E, DIBS D) \ // ... ^ WPJE CBS(JOU J, EPVCMF E, DIBS D) \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP d = UVQMF(1, "2", 3.3, '4'); // iLJTJ EF GPP(1, "2", 3.3, '4')'fO FlEFhFSJEJS: GPP(d.FYQBOE); GPP(d<>); // CBS(1, 3.3, '4')'fO FlEFhFSJEJS: CBS(d<0>, d<$-2..$>);

7QH>NgA>HF _LHQVIQ JOU , TUSJOH , EPVCMF , RB DIBS PcNcKABHF ABeBNIBNABK LIQjJ>HP>AgN. !Q UcVABK, ?cPcK cUBIBNFKFK >_gIJ>OgKA>K LIQj>K IFOPB GPP() 'KQK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKB QU>N RB L UcVABK GPP() _>eNgIgNHBK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. CBS() _>eNgIgNHBK FOB U>IKgV@> FIH cUBOFKFK RB OLK FHF cUBOFKFK ABeBNIBNFKABK LIQj>K c_ ABeBN DbKABNFIJBHPBAFN. \UBIBNFK PcNIBNF >UKg AFVFKFK BIBJ>Kg LI>?FIB@BH H>A>N QUQJIQ LIAQHI>NgKA> _LHQVIQKQK >_gIgJg ?FN AFVFUF FIHIBNHBK AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.UZQFDPOT; WPJE NBJO()

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BVUP dPLV[MV = UVQMF(1, 2, 3); BVUP EJ[J = < dPLV[MV.FYQBOE, dPLV[MV<> >; XSJUFMO(EJ[J);

7QH>NgA>HF bNKBH AFVF c_ JOU 'PBK LIQj>K _LHQVIQKQK FHF HBNB >_gIJ>OgKA>K LIQjJ>HP>AgN: <1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3>

77.1.3

D3?:3;3 F/;/<P GPSFBDI '7

'BJ AFVF DF?F AcjcKcIB?FIAFHIBNFKABK EBJ AB ABeBNIBNF IFOPB LI>N>H >_gI>?FIAFeFKABK _LHQVIQI>N GPSFBDI FIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN: BVUP dPLV[MV = UVQMF(42, "NFSIBCB", 1.5); GPSFBDI (J, fZF; dPLV[MV) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, fZF); ^ ZgHPgOg: 0: 42 1: NFSIBCB 2: 1.5 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF GPSFBDI 'FK _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIAFeF AcjcKcIB?FIFN; >K@>H, ?Q ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. ZLHQVIQ cUBIBNF cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIBK GPSFBDI 'IBN >OIgKA> AbKDc ABeFI, AbKDcKcK F_BNFeFKFK cUB >ABAF H>A>N PBHN>NI>KJ>OgKA>K LIQj>K HLA >_gIgJgAgN. #LI>UgOgUI>, UQH>NgA>HF GPSFBDI AbKDcOc >j>egA>HF c_ HLA ?ILeQKQK BjABeBNFAFN: \

^ \

FOVN TJ[F@U J = 0; JOU fZF = dPLV[MV<J>; XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, fZF); FOVN TJ[F@U J = 1; TUSJOH fZF = dPLV[MV<J>; XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, fZF); FOVN TJ[F@U J = 2; EPVCMF fZF = dPLV[MV<J>; XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, fZF);

^ \

!QKQK KBABKF, EBN _LHQVIQ cUBOFKFK C>NHIg PcNABK LI>?FIJBOF RB ALI>UgOgUI> AbKDcKcK EBN FIBNIBPFIFjFKAB AbKDc H>MO>JgKA>HF HLAI>NgK C>NHIg LI>N>H ABNIBKJBOFKFK DBNBHJBOFAFN.
77.1.4

B7?23< 4/F:/ 23N3? 2L<2M?;39

ZLHQVIQI>N FjIBRIBNFK PBH ABeBN AbKAcNB?FIJB UBPBNOFVIFHIBNFKB H>Njg ?>OFP ?FN _bVcJ LI>N>H DbNcIB?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK, TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF GJOE4QMJU() ?FN >N>Igeg ?>jH> ?FN >N>IgH F_FKAB >N>N RB >N>J> OLKQ@QKA> c_ ?FIDF cNBPFN: ?QIQK>K >N>IgHP>K bK@BOF, ?QIQK>K >N>IgH, RB ?QIQK>K >N>IgHP>K OLKN>Og. GJOE4QMJU() , ?Q c_ M>N_> ?FIDFUF ?FN _LHQVIQ LI>N>H AbKAcNcN:

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JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; // ... BVUP CfUfO"SBMjL = "NFSIBCB"; BVUP BSBOBO = "FS"; BVUP TPOVd = GJOE4QMJU(CfUfO"SBMjL, BSBOBO); XSJUFMO("eODFTJ : ", TPOVd<0>); XSJUFMO("CVMVOBO: ", TPOVd<1>); XSJUFMO("TPOSBTj: ", TPOVd<2>); ZgHPgOg: fODFTJ : N CVMVOBO: FS TPOSBTk: IBCB !FNABK C>VI> ABeBN AbKAcNJBH F_FK ?FN U>Mg KBOKBOF AB AbKAcNcIB?FIB@BeFKF ?FIFULNOQKQV: TUSVDU 4POVd \ // ... ^ 4POVd JlMFW() \ // ... ^

77.2

5ZQF5VQMF
TUE.UZQFUVQMF JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIg LI>K 5ZQF5VQMF KLNJ>IAB ABNIBUF@FUB >FP LI>K RB EBM cOPc H>M>Ig LI>N>H DB_BK RB UQH>NgA> A> N>OPI>AgegJgV ?FN H>RN>Jg MNLDN>J@gKgK HQII>KgJgK> OQK>N: RFNDcIIBNIB >UNgIJgj ABeBN IFOPBOF. j>egA> ?QKQK c_ bNKBeFKF DbNJBHPBUFV: x fjIBR M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF IFOPBOF x i>?ILK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF IFOPBOF x #FVF E>VgN ABeBNF BIBJ>K IFOPBOF !Q c_ C>NHIg IFOPBKFK bNKBHIBNF jbUIB DbOPBNFIB?FIFN: JlMFW(1, "NFSIBCB", 2.5); BVUP OFTOF = :BQjkBCMPOV!(DIBS, MPOH)(); BVUP EJ[J = < 1, 2, 3, 4 >; // JlMFW QBSBNFUSF EFhFSMFSJ // lBCMPO QBSBNFUSF EFhFSMFSJ // EJ[J FMFNBO EFhFSMFSJ

#>E> UQH>NgA> bNKBHIBNFKF DbNAcecJcV 5VQMF cUBIBNFKFK ABeBN IFOPBOF LI>N>H >_gI>?FIJBIBNF AB >OIgKA> 5ZQF5VQMF P>N>CgKA>K O>eI>KgN. AgKgK H>NjgIgeg ESC QA=FK>FDF LI>K 5ZQF5VQMF _LH ?>OFP ?FN H>RN>J LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK #'KFK >KI>jgIJ>Og Dc_ LI>K>HI>NgKA>K ?FNFOFAFN. !QKQK ?FN KBABKF, >AgKgK LIAQeQKA>K A>E> HgOgPIg ?FN >KI>J F_BNJBOFAFN: OIgKA> U>IKgV@> PcNIBNABK ABeFI, EBJ PcNIBNABK EBJ ABeBNIBNABK LIQj>K _LHQVIQI>N LIQjPQN>?FIFN. !Q ?bIcJAB 5ZQF5VQMF 'gK U>IKgV@> U> ?cPcKcUIB PcNIBNABK U> A> ?cPcKcUIB ABeBNIBNABK LIQj>K bNKBHIBNFKF DbNB@BeFV. 'BJ PcNIBNABK EBJ ABeBNIBNABK LIQj>K bNKBHIBNFKF ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJB >UgN>@>egV. 5ZQF5VQMF ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFJFV 47>;CD;K D3JV63 B3C3?7EC7 >I>K j>?ILKI>NA> A> U>N>NIgAgN.

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77.2.1

D3N3?:3?23< =:BR/< 5ZQF5VQMF

!FN ABNIBJB V>J>Kg LI>K>eg LI>K 5ZQF5VQMF , FC>AB BPPFeF M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKF HBKAF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF LI>N>H >IgN. !QKQ c_ M>N>JBPNB >I>K ?FN FjIBR _>eNgOgKA> DbNBIFJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE GPP(JOU J, TUSJOH T, EPVCMF E) \ XSJUFGMO("GPP dBhSjMEj: %T %T %T", J, T, E); ^ -LNJ>IAB L FjIBRFK >_gH_> c_ M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF FIB _>eNgIAgegKg ?FIFULNQV: GPP(1, "NFSIBCB", 2.5); 5ZQF5VQMF L M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKF PBH ABeFjHBK LI>N>H ?FN >N>A> PQP>?FIFN RB FjIBR _>eNgI>Ng OgN>OgKA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOF LI>N>H >_gI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.UZQFUVQMF; // ... BMJBT QBSBNFUSFMFS = 5ZQF5VQMF!(1, "NFSIBCB", 2.5); GPP(QBSBNFUSFMFS); 'BN KB H>A>N ?Q OBCBN PBH ABeBN >IgULNJQj DF?F DbNcKOB AB, UQH>NgA>HF GPP _>eNgOg bK@BHFKFK BjABeBNFAFN RB EBN FHF UbKPBJ AB >UKg _gHPgUg cNBPFN: GPP eBiSkMEk: 1 NFSIBCB 2.5 QBSBNFUSFMFS 'FK BVUP >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB ABeFjHBK LI>N>H ABeFI, BMJBT ObV@cec FIB ?BIFNIF ?FN 5ZQF5VQMF 'gK P>HJ> FOJF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. BVUP >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK HQII>KgI>?FIAFeF AQNQJI>N LIO> A> ?Q ?bIcJABHF bNKBHIBNAB U>IKgV@> P>HJ> FOFJ LI>N>H DbNB@BeFV. 7QH>NgA> 5VQMF ?>jIgeg >IPgKA> A> DbNAcecJcV DF?F, ABeBNIBNFK EBMOF >UKg PcNABK RBU> A>E> DBKBI LI>N>H FJ9F@ PcNIBNABK LIAQHI>NgKA>, 5ZQF5VQMF ?FN AFVF E>VgN ABeBNFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg A> PBJOFI BAB?FIFN: BMJBT FMFNBOMBS = 5ZQF5VQMF!(1, 2, 3, 4); BVUP EJ[J = < FMFNBOMBS >; BTTFSU(EJ[J == < 1, 2, 3, 4 >);

77.2.2

)M?:3?23< =:BR/< 5ZQF5VQMF

5ZQF5VQMF 'gK M>N>JBPNBIBNF PcNIBNFK =7@6;>7C;@67@ AB LIQj>?FIFN. 7>KF, ?BIFNIF ?FN PcNcK ?BIFNIF ?FN ABeBNF ABeFI, JOU DF?F ?FN PcNcK =7@6;D; LI>?FIFN. 2cN F_BNBK 5ZQF5VQMF 'I>N j>?ILKI>NI> HQII>KgIJ>U> BIRBNFjIFAFNIBN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK FHF M>N>JBPNBIF ?FN U>Mg j>?ILKQ AcjcKBIFJ. !Q j>?ILKQK FIH M>N>JBPNBOF U>MgKgK ?FN AFVFOFKFK BIBJ>K PcNcKc, FHFK@FOF AB U>MgKgK ?FN FjIBRFKFK AbKcj PcNcKc ?BIFNIFULN LIOQK: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; TUSVDU 4(&MFNBO5fSf, 4POVd5fSf) \ &MFNBO5fSf<> EJ[J;

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4POVd5fSf V[VOMVL() \ SFUVSO UP!4POVd5fSf(EJ[J.MFOHUI); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP T = 4!(EPVCMF, JOU)(< 1, 2, 3 >); BVUP V = T.V[VOMVL(); ^ 7QH>NgA> ?Q j>?ILKQK (EPVCMF, JOU) PcNIBNF FIB HQII>KgIAgegKg DbNcULNQV. PcN F_BNBK ?FN 5ZQF5VQMF 'A>K A> U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.UZQFUVQMF; // ... BMJBT 5fSMFS = 5ZQF5VQMF!(EPVCMF, JOU); BVUP T = 4!5fSMFS(< 1, 2, 3 >); 7QH>NgA> 4 j>?ILKQ EBN KB H>A>N PBH j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF FIB HQII>KgIgULN DF?F DbNcKOB AB, 5gSMFS LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >_gIgN RB OLKQ_P> 4!(EPVCMF, JOU) PcNcKcK >UKgOg BIAB BAFIFN. 5ZQF5VQMF bVBIIFHIB 47>;CD;K D3JV63 B3C3?7EC7 >I>K j>?ILKI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN. !QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.
77.2.3

UKg >J>_ F_FK FHF

D7F7 5707 9B::/<P:;/@P

5ZQF5VQMF 'gK HQNQIAQeQ j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB AFVF BNFjFJ FjIB@F FIB BNFjFIB?FIFN: BMJBT QBSBNFUSFMFS = 5ZQF5VQMF!(1, "NFSIBCB", 2.5); BTTFSU(QBSBNFUSFMFS<0> == 1); BTTFSU(QBSBNFUSFMFS<1> == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(QBSBNFUSFMFS<2> == 2.5); 5ZQF5VQMF UFKB AFVFIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F AFIFJIBJB FjIBJFKAB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNAB HQII>KgI>K 5ZQF5VQMF 'gK OLK FHF M>N>JBPNBOFKB QU>K ?FN FjIBR LIAQeQKQ AcjcKBIFJ. !bUIB ?FN FjIBR UQH>NgA>HF QBSBNFUSFMFS 'FK OLK FHF ABeBNF AFIFJIBKBNBH _>eNgI>?FIFN: WPJE CBS(TUSJOH T, EPVCMF E) \ // ... ^ // ... CBS(QBSBNFUSFMFS<$-2 .. $>);

77.2.4

GPSFBDI 7:3 9B::/<P:;/@P

7QH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV 5VQMF 'A> LIAQeQ DF?F, 5ZQF5VQMF 'gK GPSFBDI FIB HQII>KgIJ>OgKA> A> _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIBK ?FN AbKDc A>FX?3K; AbKDcKcK F_BNFeF M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKABHF EBN BIBJ>K F_FK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> HLA LI>N>H >_gIgN RB OLKQ_P> L >_gIgJ ABNIBKFN. !QKQK bNKBeFKF UQH>NgA>HF 4 U>Mg j>?ILKQ F_FK U>VgIJgj LI>K ?FN ?FNFJ PBOPFKAB DbNBIFJ. j>egA>HF HLA ?Q U>Mg j>?ILKQKQK BIBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H JOU , MPOH , RB GMPBU HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKF PBOP BAFULN (4POVe5gSg FOB EBM TJ[F@U ):

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VOJUUFTU \ BMJBT 5fSMFS = 5ZQF5VQMF!(JOU, MPOH, GMPBU); GPSFBDI (5fS; 5fSMFS) \ BVUP T = 4!(5fS, TJ[F@U)(< 5fS.JOJU, 5fS.JOJU >); BTTFSU(T.V[VOMVL() == 2); ^

7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF 5gS ABeFjHBKF OgN>OgUI> JOU , MPOH , RB GMPBU PcNcKc PBJOFI BABN RB OLKQ_P> GPSFBDI AbKDcOc >j>egA>HF BjABeBN HLA >_gIgJg LI>N>H ABNIBKFN: \ ^ \ ^ \ ^

BVUP T = 4!(JOU, TJ[F@U)(< JOU.JOJU, JOU.JOJU >); BTTFSU(T.V[VOMVL() == 2); BVUP T = 4!(MPOH, TJ[F@U)(< MPOH.JOJU, MPOH.JOJU >); BTTFSU(T.V[VOMVL() == 2); BVUP T = 4!(GMPBU, TJ[F@U)(< GMPBU.JOJU, GMPBU.JOJU >); BTTFSU(T.V[VOMVL() == 2);

77.3

.UVQMFPG <7A3:7N7
.UVQMFPG ?FN PcNcK RBU> ?FN KBOKBKFK ?cPcK cUBIBNFKF ?FN _LHQVIQ LI>N>H BIAB BPJBUB U>N>N. j>egA>HF bNKBH .UVQMFPG KFPBIFeFKF ?FN PcNB QUDQIQULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU OVNBSB; TUSJOH EJ[HJ; EPVCMF LFTJSMJ; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ GPSFBDI (J, bZF5fSf; UZQFPG(:BQj.UVQMFPG)) \ XSJUFGMO("bZF %T:", J); XSJUFGMO(" UfS : %T", bZF5fSf.TUSJOHPG); TUSJOH JTJN = :BQj.UVQMFPG<J>.TUSJOHPG; XSJUFGMO(" JTJN: %T", JTJN);

:BQk.UVQMFPG 'QK UQH>NgA> FHF UBNAB DB_PFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. fIHFKAB BIBJ>K PcNIBNF UZQFPG FIB BIAB BAFIJBHPB RB EBN PcN GPSFBDI 'FK cZF5gSg ABeFjHBKF LI>N>H ?BIFNJBHPBAFN. fHFK@FOFKAB FOB U>Mg cUBOFKFK FOJF :BQk.UVQMFPG<J>.TUSJOHPG FIB BIAB BAFIJBHPBAFN.

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cZF 0: UgS : JTJN: cZF 1: UgS : JTJN: cZF 2: UgS : JTJN:

JOU OVNBSB TUSJOH EJ[HJ EPVCMF LFTJSMJ

.UVQMFPG ?FN KBOKBUB QUDQI>KAgegKA> FOB L KBOKBKFK cUBIBNFKFK ABeBNIBNFKF _LHQVIQ LI>N>H BIAB BPJBUB U>N>N: BVUP OFTOF = :BQj(42, "NFSIBCB", 1.5); GPSFBDI (J, fZF; OFTOF.UVQMFPG) \ XSJUFGMO("bZF %T:", J); XSJUFGMO(" UfS : %T", UZQFPG(fZF).TUSJOHPG); XSJUFGMO(" EFhFS: %T", fZF); ^ !Q AQNQJA> gZF FOFJIF AbKDc ABeFjHBKF OgN>OgUI> cUBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF PBJOFI BABN: cZF 0: UgS : EFiFS: cZF 1: UgS : EFiFS: cZF 2: UgS : EFiFS:

JOU 42 TUSJOH NFSIBCB EPVCMF 1.5

!QN>A>HF bKBJIF ?FN >UNgKPg, KBOKBUB QUDQI>K>K .UVQMFPG _LHQVIQOQKQK cUBIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKABK ABeFI, cUBIBNFK HBKAFIBNFKABK LIQjJ>OgAgN. !FN >KI>JA>, EBN _LHQVIQ cUBOF PBJOFI BPPFeF >OgI cUBKFK NBCBN>KOgAgN.

77.4

IF3A
x UVQMF() U>Mg ?BKVBNF ABeFjHBKIBN LIQjPQNQN. x _gH_> 5VQMF HQII>KgIAgegKA> cUBIBNB FOFJ RBNFIB?FIFN. x \UBIBN .FYQBOE KFPBIFeF FIB RBU> AFIFJIBKBNBH ABeBN IFOPBOF LI>N>H >_gI>?FIFNIBN. x ZLHQVIQU> QUDQI>K>K GPSFBDI _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> FjIBUBK AbKDc ABeFIAFN, DBNBHBK O>UgA> HLA >_gIgJgAgN. x 5ZQF5VQMF M>N>JBPNB ABeBN IFOPBOF DF?F H>RN>JI>Ng PBJOFI BABN. x 5ZQF5VQMF EBJ ABeBNIBNF EBJ PcNIBNFK HBKAFIBNFKF F_BNB?FIFN. x 5VQMF RB 5ZQF5VQMF AFVF BNFjFJ RB AFIFJIBJB FjIB_IBNFKF ABOPBHIBN. x .UVQMFPG PcNIBNFK RBU> KBOKBIBNFK cUBIBNF FIB FIDFIF ?FIDF RBNFN.

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78

AE?P<AP:P Q/0:=<:/?
i>?ILKI>NgK KB H>A>N HQII>KgjIg LIAQHI>NgKg i>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. IDLNFPJ>I>NgK RBU> RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK PBH P>KgJgKg U>V>N>H ?FNABK _LH PcNIB _>IgjJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>?FIFULNAQH. . ?bIcJAB j>?ILKI>NgK BK _LH H>NjgI>jgI>K HQII>KgJI>NgKg DbOPBNJFjPFJ. !Q ?bIcJAB j>?ILK LI>K>egKg A>E> >UNgKPgIg LI>N>H DbNB@BeFV. #BR>J BPJBABK bK@B BK >VgKA>K L ?bIcJcK OLKQKA>HF bVBPF ?FN HBNB A>E> DbVABK DB_FNJBKFVF bKBNFNFJ; L ?bIcJAB >KI>PgI>KI>Ng ?QN>A> PBHN>NI>J>J>U> _>Igj>@>egJ. #>E> bK@B FjIBR, U>Mg, RB OgKgC j>?ILKI>NgKg P>KgJgjPgH RB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK PcNIBN HLKQOQKA> OBN?BOPIFH DBPFNAFHIBNFKF DbNJcjPcH. !Q ?bIcJAB; EBJ ?FNIFH RB >N>UcV j>?ILKI>NgKg A> P>KgU>@>egV; EBJ AB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK ABeBN, UIJT , BMJBT , RB _LHQVIQ _BjFPIBNF LIAQeQKQ A> DbNB@BeFV.

78.1

"3@A7?;3 C3 BFB< @LF 27F7;7

"++ DF?F ?>jH> AFIIBNAB AB LIAQeQ DF?F #'KFK j>?ILKI>Ng _LH Dc_Ic LI>K>HI>NAgN. !QK> N>eJBK, BK _LH U>N>NI>KgI>K HQII>KgJI>NgKgK LI>?FIAFeFK@B N>E>P RB >KI>jgIgN LIJ>OgK> _>IgjgIJgjPgN. fjIBR, U>Mg, RBU> OgKgC j>?ILKQ P>KgJI>J>H; FOJFKABK OLKN> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOF BHIBJBH H>A>N HLI>UAgN: 5 JLJ,BUj(5)(5 EFhFS) \ SFUVSO 2 * EFhFS; ^ DMBTT ,FTJSMJ(5) \ 5 QBZ; 5 QBZEB; ^ // ...

#>E> bK@B AB DbNJcj LIAQeQKQV UQH>NgA>HF P>KgJI>N, #'KFK HBOPFNJB j>?ILK P>KgJI>NgAgN. OIgKA> j>?ILKI>N A>E> QVQK LI>N>H UFNQMBUF >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB P>KgJI>KgNI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF ObV AFVFJIBNF, >j>egA>HF P>KgJI>NgK HgO> BjABeBNIBNFAFN: UFNQMBUF JLJ,BUj(5) \ 5 JLJ,BUj(5 EFhFS) \ SFUVSO 2 * EFhFS; ^ ^ UFNQMBUF ,FTJSMJ(5) \ DMBTT ,FTJSMJ \ 5 QBZ; 5 QBZEB; ^ // ...

#BNIBUF@FKFK EBN V>J>K F_FK QVQK P>KgJg HQII>KAgegKg, RB HBOPFNJB ObV AFVFJFKF >NH> MI>KA> jQ jBHFIAB QVQK P>KgJ> AbKcjPcNAcecKc AcjcKB?FIFNFV:

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1. 2>KgJI>AgegJgV j>?ILKQ ?FN UFNQMBUF H>MO>Jg F_FKB >IgN. 2. . H>MO>J> A> >UKg FOJF RBNFN. 3. i>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKF ?FVFJ P>KgJI>AgegJgV j>?ILKA>K >IgN RB L H>MO>J> RBNFN. *BOPFNJB P>KgJ; ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFJFV E7= E3@V? ;Q7C7@ X34>A@ LI>K>eg FIB FIDFIFAFN.
78.1.1

Q/0:=< 7@7; /:/<P

UFNQMBUF ?ILeQ, >OIgKA> ?FN OBCBNAB ?FNABK _LH j>?ILK P>KgJI>KJ>OgK> A> LI>K>H RBNFN: UFNQMBUF kBCMPO#MPhV(5) \ 5 CJSilMFW(5 EFhFS) \ SFUVSO EFhFS / 3; ^ TUSVDU #JS:BQj \ 5 fZF; ^

7QH>NgA>HF ?ILHP> ?FN FjIBR ?FN AB U>Mg j>?ILKQ P>KgJI>J>HP>AgN. . j>?ILKI>Ng bNKBeFK JOU RB EPVCMF PcNIBNF F_FK, RB QVQK FOFJIBNFUIB jbUIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: BVUP TPOVd = kBCMPO#MPhV!JOU.CJSilMFW(42); XSJUFMO(TPOVd); BVUP OFTOF = kBCMPO#MPhV!EPVCMF.#JS:BQj(5.6); XSJUFMO(OFTOF.fZF); i>?ILKQK ?BIFNIF ?FN PcNIB HQII>KgJg ?FN ;D;? 3>3@V P>KgJI>N. !ILeQK F_FKABHF FOFJIBN L FOFJ >I>Kg >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIBNBH HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. !Q FOFJIBN C>VI> QVQK LI>?FIB@BHIBNFKABK LKI>N> BMJBT ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV BMJBT >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB HgO> P>HJ> FOFJIBN RBNFIB?FIFN: BMJBT ,BSBLUFS:BQjTj = kBCMPO#MPhV!EDIBS.#JS:BQj; // ... BVUP OFTOF = ,BSBLUFS:BQjTj('h'); XSJUFMO(OFTOF.fZF);

78.1.2

AE<P 7@7;23 A/<P; 7K3?3< UFNQMBUF 0:=9:/?P

i>?ILK ?ILeQKQK FOJF FIB >UKg FOFJAB P>KgJ F_BNBK j>?ILK ?ILHI>Ng F_BNAFHIBNF L P>KgJgK UBNFKB DB_BNIBN. !Q, jFJAFUB H>A>NHF j>?ILKI>NA> HQII>KAgegJgV HBOPFNJB ObV AFVFJFKF O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. (%AE: BF A>3@3T3 U@9;>;K57'67 BMLKUJLQO PBJMI>PBO 67@;C.) [NKBH LI>N>H, ?cUcHIcec 20 ?>UPP>K C>VI> LI>K PcNIBNFK 4SJS= LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIAFeF ?FN MNLDN>J LIOQK. !FN PcNcK ?cUcH LIQM LIJ>AgegKgK H>N>Ng jbUIB ?FN j>?ILKQK F_FKABHF ?FN CPPM ABeFjHBK FIB ?BIFNIBKB?FIFN: UFNQMBUF CfZfL@Nf(5) \ FOVN CfZfL@Nf = 5.TJ[FPG > 20; ^ #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, EBJ j>?ILKQK EBJ AB F_FKABHF P>KgJgK FOFJIBNF >UKgAgN. [UIB LIAQeQKA> ?Q QVQK j>?ILK P>KgJgKgK FOFJ >I>Kg RB F_FKABHF P>KgJ >_gH_> CgZgL@Ng!JOU.CgZgL@Ng AFUB U>VgIJ>V, HgO>@> U>IKgV@> j>?ILKQK FOFJ >I>Kg U>VgIgN:

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XSJUFMO(CfZfL@Nf!JOU); 7QH>NgA>HF Fj>NBPIF ?bIcJ, j>?ILK F_FKABHF >UKg FOFJIF CPPM UBNFKB DB_BN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLA _gHPgU> GBMTF U>V>N _cKHc CgZgL@Ng!JOU , j>?ILK F_FKABHF CPPM PcNcKABHF ABeFjHBKAFN RB JOU 'FK QVQKIQeQ 4 ?>UP LIAQeQKA>K L CPPM ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF GBMTF 'PQN. 7QH>NgA>HF >UKg FOFJAB P>KgJ F_BNBK j>?ILK, HgO> ObV AFVFJFUIB AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: FOVN CfZfL@Nf(5) = 5.TJ[FPG > 20;

78.2

Q/0:=< K3R7A:3?7
OR:3C, @P<P4, C3 E/>P R/0:=<:/?P
!Q >IP ?>jIgeg ?cPcKIcH >J>@gUI> U>VAgJ. 7QH>NgA> A> DbNcIAcec DF?F, ?Q PcN j>?ILKI>NI> EBJ i>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKAB EBJ AB A>E> OLKN>HF bNKBHIBNAB _LH H>NjgI>jPgH.

78.2.1

78.2.2

B7?:79 R/0:=<:/?P
!FNIFH j>?ILKI>Ng, U>Mg j>?ILKI>Ng FIB >UKg jBHFIAB P>KgJI>KgNI>N. !FNIFH j>?ILKI>Ng F_FK AB HBOPFNJB j>?ILK ObV AFVFJF HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H, !FNIFHIBN ?bIcJcKAB P>KgJI>AgegJgV *Q"ESFTJ ?FNIFeFKFK A>E> DBKBI RB A>E> HQII>KgjIg LI>KgKg P>O>NI>J>U> _>Igj>IgJ. . ?bIcJABHF ?FNIFH; ABeBN LI>N>H VJOU PcNcKc HQII>KgULNAQ. . ABeBNFK M>N_>I>NgK> BNFjJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc AB VCZUF FAF: VOJPO *Q"ESFTJ \ VJOU EFhFS; VCZUF<4> CBZUMBS; ^ . ?FNIFH, EBJ (/R4 >ANBOF ABeBNF PQPQULNAQ, EBJ AB L ABeBNFK M>N_>I>NgK> >UNg >UNg BNFjJB LI>K>eg RBNFULNAQ. UKg H>RN>Jg A>E> DBKBI FOFJIBN AB HQII>K>N>H ?FN j>?ILK E>IFKAB jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: VOJPO 1BSdBMj%FhFS("TjM5fS, 1BSdB5fSf) \ "TjM5fS EFhFS; 1BSdB5fSf</* HFSFLFO FMFNBO BEFEJ */> QBSdBMBS; ^ !Q ?FNIFH j>?ILKQ, >OgI ABeBNFK RB >IP M>N_>I>NgKgK PcNcKc OBN?BOP_B P>KgJI>J> LI>K>eg RBNFN. OgI PcN RB M>N_> PcNc, ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H OB_FIB?FIFNIBN. !QN>A> DBNBHBK ?FN FjIBJ, M>N_> AFVFOFKFK QVQKIQeQKQK HQII>KgI>K PcNIBNB ?>eIg LI>N>H EBO>MI>KJ>OgAgN. *Q"ESFTJ ?FNIFeFKAB, VJOU 'FK AbNP >ABP VCZUF M>N_>Og LIAQeQKQ ?FIAFeFJFV F_FK O>?FP LI>N>H 4 U>V>?FIJFjPFH. !Q j>?ILKA> FOB AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQ, HQII>KgI>K PcNIBNB DbNB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H EBO>MI>KJ>IgAgN. 2cNIBNFK ?>UP LI>N>H QVQKIQHI>NgKgK .TJ[FPG KFPBIFeFKABK beNBKFIB?FIAFeFKF ?FIFULNQV. *>_ M>N_> DBNBHPFeF ?FIDFOFKF .TJ[FPG KFPBIFeFKABK U>N>NI>K>K RB HgO> ObV AFVFJFKB LI>K>H RBNBK ?FN j>?ILK F_FKAB EBO>MI>U>?FIFNFV:

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UFNQMBUF FMFNBO"EFEJ("TjM5fS, 1BSdB5fSf) \ FOVN FMFNBO"EFEJ = ("TjM5fS.TJ[FPG + (1BSdB5fSf.TJ[FPG - 1)) / 1BSdB5fSf.TJ[FPG; ^ %AE: & :7D3BE3=; (#+;I+&K;K.<3C/90 - 1) ;8367D;, ESC>7C;@ FKF@>F=>3CV@V@ 4;C4;C>7C;@7 E3? A>3C3= 4R>S@7?76;T; 6FCF?>3C63 97C7=;C. ADV> ESCS@ 5 43JE, B3CQ3 ESCS@S@ 2 43JE A>6FTF@F 6SXS@S@. AD>V@63 3 B3CQ3 97C7=E;T; :3>67 A ;8367 7=>7@?76;T;@67 5/2 :7D34V@V@ DA@F5F E3?D3JV =VCBV>?3DV @767@;J>7 2 QV=3C. NPgH M>N_> AFVFOFKFK BIBJ>K >ABAF LI>N>H L j>?ILKQK ABeBNFKF HQII>K>?FIFNFV RB ?bUIB@B ?FNIFeFK P>KgJg P>J>JI>KJgj LIQN: VOJPO 1BSdBMj%FhFS("TjM5fS, 1BSdB5fSf) \ "TjM5fS EFhFS; 1BSdB5fSf<FMFNBO"EFEJ!("TjM5fS, 1BSdB5fSf)> QBSdBMBS; ^ #>E> bK@B P>KgJI>AgegJgV *Q"ESFTJ ?FNIFeFKFK BjABeBNF LI>N>H ?Q j>?ILKQ HQII>KJ>H FOPBOBH, PcNIBNF *Q"ESFTJ 'KAB LIAQeQ DF?F OgN>OgUI> VJOU RB VCZUF LI>N>H ?BIFNPJBJFV DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP BESFT = 1BSdBMj%FhFS!(VJOU, VCZUF)(0YD0B80102); GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; BESFT.QBSdBMBS) \ XSJUF(FMFNBO, ' '); ^

!FNIFHIBN ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV _gHPgKgK >UKgOgKg BIAB BABNFV: 2 1 168 192 !Q j>?ILKQK DBPFNAFeF BOKBHIFeF DbNJBH F_FK (/R4 >ANBOFKFK M>N_>I>NgKg FHF >ABP VTIPSU LI>N>H BAFKJBH FOPBAFeFJFVF AcjcKBIFJ. !Q OBCBN, 1BSeBMk%FiFS j>?ILKQKQK 1BSeB5gSg M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H VTIPSU U>VJ>H UBPBNIFAFN: BVUP BESFT = 1BSdBMj%FhFS!(VJOU, VTIPSU)(0YD0B80102); IgjgH LIJ>AgegJgV ?FN AcVBKAB LIO> A>, ?Q OBCBNHF _gHPg FHF VTIPSU 'P>K LIQjJ>HP>AgN: 258 49320

78.2.3

A?/EMF R/0:=<:/?P
N>UcV j>?ILKI>Ng >N>UcVAB HQII>KgI>K PcNIBN, ABeBNIBN, RO. HLKQOQKA> OBN?BOPIFH DBPFNFNIBN. N>UcV j>?ILKI>NgKA> A> HBOPFNJB P>KgJ HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBH LI>N>H, NBKHIF KBOKBIBNFK >N>UcVcKc P>KgJI>U>K >J> NBKH LI>N>H E>KDF PcNcK HQII>KgI>@>egKg OBN?BOP ?gN>H>K ?FN >N>UcV P>O>NI>U>IgJ: JOUFSGBDF 3FOLMJ/FTOF(3FOL5fSf) \

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WPJE SFOLMFOEJS(3FOL5fSf SFOL);

. >N>UcV, HBKAFOFKABK PcNBUBK OgKgCI>NgK SFOLMFOEJS FjIBRFKF P>KgJI>J>I>NgKg DBNBHPFNFN; >J> NBKH LI>N>H KB PcN HQII>KgI>@>eg HLKQOQKQ OBN?BOP ?gN>HgN. !FN OFPBABHF ?FN _BN_BRBUF PBJOFI BABK ?FN OgKgC; NBKH LI>N>H HgNJgVg, UBjFI, RB J>RFABK LIQj>K c_Ic ?FN U>Mg HQII>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU ,jSNj[j:FlJM.BWJ \ VCZUF LjSNj[j; VCZUF ZFlJM; VCZUF NBWJ; ^ DMBTT 4JUF`FSdFWFTJ : 3FOLMJ/FTOF!,jSNj[j:FlJM.BWJ \ WPJE SFOLMFOEJS(,jSNj[j:FlJM.BWJ SFOL) \ // ... ^ ^ [PB U>KA>K, NBKH LI>N>H gjgegK CNBH>KOgKg HQII>KJ>H FOPBUBK ?FN OgKgC, NBKH F_FK CNBH>KO ABeBNFKB QUDQK LI>K ?>jH> ?FN PcNABK U>N>NI>K>?FIFN: BMJBT 'SFLBOT = EPVCMF; DMBTT -BNCB : 3FOLMJ/FTOF!'SFLBOT \ WPJE SFOLMFOEJS('SFLBOT SFOL) \ // ... ^ ^ 7FKB i>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, "EBN j>?ILK DBN_BHIBjPFNJBOF C>NHIg ?FN PcNAcN". !QK> DbNB, 3FOLMJ/FTOF!,kSNk[k:FmJM.BWJ RB 3FOLMJ/FTOF!'SFLBOT >N>UcVIBNF, C>NHIg >N>UcVIBNAFN. !Q UcVABK, LKI>NA>K PcNBUBK OgKgCI>N A> ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV OgN>AcVBKIBNFK M>N_>I>Ng LIQNI>N; 4JUFaFSeFWFTJ RB -BNCB , ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgVAgN.

78.3

Q/0:=< >/?/;3A?3 K3R7A:3?7

iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV j>?ILKI>N, EBM PcNIBN HLKQOQKA> OBN?BOPIFH DBPFNFULNI>NAg. 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHIBNAB AB HQII>KAgegJgV 5 RB 3FOL5gSg DF?F j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF, EBM PcNIBNF PBJOFI BAFULNI>NAg. [NKBeFK 5 'KFK >KI>Jg, j>?ILKQK HLA F_FKABHF HQII>KgJgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H JOU , EPVCMF , biSFODJ , RO. DF?F ?FN PcN LI>?FIFULNAQ. i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF; ABeBN, UIJT , BMJBT , RB _LHQVIQ A> LI>?FIFNIBN.

78.3.1

)M? >/?/;3A?3:3?7
!Q >IP ?>jIgeg ?cPcKIcH >J>@gUI> U>VAgJ. iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV ?cPcK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF V>PBK EBM PcN M>N>JBPNBIBNFUAF.

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78.3.2

D3N3? >/?/;3A?3:3?7
i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ABeBNIBN AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !Q, j>?ILKQK P>KgJg FIB FIDFIF ?FN ABeBNFK OBN?BOP ?gN>HgIJ>OgKg O>eI>N. i>?ILKI>N ABNIBJB V>J>Kg LI>K>HI>Ng LIAQHI>NgKA>K, ABeBN LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> EBO>MI>K>?FIJBOF j>NPPgN. !Q UcVABK, MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> EBO>MI>K>K, bNKBeFK DFNFjPBK LHQK>K ?FN ABeBN HQII>KgI>J>V. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H, ?BIFNIF O>UgA> HbjBABK LIQj>K jBHFIIBNF PBJOFI BABK U>MgI>N P>KgJI>U>IgJ: TUSVDU bdHFO \ /PLUB<3> LelFMFS; // ... ^ TUSVDU %eSUHFO \ /PLUB<4> LelFMFS; // ... ^ TUSVDU #FlHFO \ /PLUB<5> LelFMFS; // ... ^ [NKBH HgO> LIOQK AFUB ?>jH> cUBIBNFKF DbOPBNJBAFJ. -LNJ>IAB, L PcNIBNFK ?>jH> cUBIBNFKFK RB FjIBRIBNFKFK AB ?QIQKAQeQKQ RB EBMOFKAB P>J>JBK >UKg jBHFIAB P>KgJI>KAgHI>NgKg R>NO>U>IgJ. 1LKQ_P>, AFVF QVQKIQeQKQ ?BIFNIBUBK 67T7C AgjgKA>, L U>MgI>NgK P>KgJI>Ng >UKg LIOQK. #BeBN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF ?bUIB AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF P>KgJI>N UBNFKB PBH U>Mg j>?ILKQ P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. 7BKF P>KgJ DBKBI >J>_Ig LIAQeQ F_FK, FOJFKF AB L jBHFIIBNFK DBKBI FOJF LI>K BA>;9A@ HLU>N>H jbUIB P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV: TUSVDU 1PMJHPO(TJ[F@U LelF"EFEJ) \ /PLUB<LelF"EFEJ> LelFMFS; // ... ^ . U>Mg j>?ILKQ M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H TJ[F@U PcNcKAB RB LfmF"EFEJ FOJFKAB ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF >IJ>HP>AgN. . M>N>JBPNB ABeBNF U>MgKgK P>KgJgKA> EBNE>KDF ?FN UBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. NPgH L j>?ILKQ FOPBAFeFJFV O>UgA> HbjBOF LI>K MLIFDLKI>Ng FC>AB BPJBH F_FK HQII>K>?FIFNFV: BVUP Zf[,elFMJ = 1PMJHPO!100(); 7FKB BMJBT 'P>K U>N>NI>K>N>H HQII>KgjIg FOFJIBN RBNB?FIFNFV: BMJBT bdHFO = 1PMJHPO!3; BMJBT %eSUHFO = 1PMJHPO!4; BMJBT #FlHFO = 1PMJHPO!5; // ... BVUP fdHFO = bdHFO(); BVUP EeSUHFO = %eSUHFO(); BVUP CFlHFO = #FlHFO();

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!bUIB@B EBJ ?>jI>KDg_P>HF c_ C>NHIg U>Mg UBNFKB PBH j>?ILK P>KgJI>Jgj LIQNQV, EBJ AB EBNE>KDF O>UgA> HbjBOF LI>K jBHFIIBN F_FK HQII>K>?FIFNFV. 7QH>NgA>HF 67T7C j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK PcNc TJ[F@U FAF. #BNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKAFeF OcNB@B ABeBN LI>N>H ?cPcK >NFPJBPFH RB AFVDF PcNIBNF HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, ?>OFP 6,+ BIBJ>KI>Ng LIQjPQNJ>HP> HQII>KgI>K ?FN OgKgC j>?ILKQ P>O>NI>U>IgJ. !Q ?>OFP 6,+ P>KgJg, _LH ?>OFP_B jQ _gHPgUg cNBPJBH F_FK HQII>KgIOgK: x [K@B < > H>N>HPBNIBNF >N>OgKA> BIBJ>KgK FOJF: <JTJN> x 1LKN> BIBJ>KgK ABeBNF x $K OLKQKA> A> </ > H>N>HPBNIBNF >N>OgKA> UFKB BIBJ>KgK FOJF: </JTJN> [NKBeFK ABeBNF 42 LI>K ?FN BIBJ>KgK <JTJN>42</JTJN> jBHIFKAB DbNcKJBOFKF FOPBUBIFJ. $IBJ>K FOFJIBNFKF ?FN OgKgC j>?ILKQKQK TUSJOH PcNcKABHF ?FN ABeBN M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBUB?FIFNFV: DMBTT 9NM&MFNBOj(TUSJOH JTJN) \ EPVCMF EFhFS; UIJT(EPVCMF EFhFS) \ UIJT.EFhFS = EFhFS; ^ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("<%T>%T</%T>", JTJN, EFhFS, JTJN); ^

!Q bNKBHPBHF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF, j>?ILKA> HQII>KgI>K ?FN PcNIB ABeFI, ?FN TUSJOH 67T7C;J>7 FIDFIFAFN. . TUSJOH 'FK ABeBNF AB j>?ILK F_FKAB DBNBHBK EBN UBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. BMJBT 'P>K U>N>NI>K>N>H HQII>KgjIg PcN FOFJIBNF AB P>KgJI>U>N>H: BMJBT ,POVN = 9NM&MFNBOj!"LPOVN"; BMJBT 4jDBLMjL = 9NM&MFNBOj!"TjDBLMjL"; BMJBT "hjSMjL = 9NM&MFNBOj!"BhjSMjL"; WPJE NBJO() \ 0CKFDU<> FMFNBOMBS; FMFNBOMBS _= OFX ,POVN(1); FMFNBOMBS _= OFX 4jDBLMjL(23); FMFNBOMBS _= OFX "hjSMjL(78); ^ XSJUFMO(FMFNBOMBS);

%AE: B7@ 4F RC@7=E7 =VD3 A>DF@ 6;J7 G7 @3DV> A>D3 4SES@ DV@V8 DVC36SK7@>7C;@;@ 7@ SDES@67 4F>F@6FTF ;Q;@ 4;C ",4/-= 6;K;D; =F>>3@6V?. & DV@V8 X34>A@F 3D>V@63 63:3 FJ9F@ 4;C 3C3JSK DV@V8V@63@ 63 ESC7E;>74;>;C6;. 7QH>NgA>HF HLAQK _gHPgOg: <<LPOVN>1</LPOVN>, <TkDBLMkL>23</TkDBLMkL>, <BikSMkL>78</BikSMkL>>

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#BeBN M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK AB R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNIBNF LI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, EBNE>KDF ?LUQPIQ ?FN QV>UA>HF KLHP>I>Ng PBJOFI BABK ?FN U>Mg P>O>NI>U>IgJ. -LHP>I>NgK HLLNAFK>P ABeBNIBNF F_FK HQII>KgI>K PcN RB QV>UgK H>_ ?LUQPIQ LIAQeQ, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF FIB ?BIFNIBKOFK: TUSVDU ,POVN(5, TJ[F@U CPZVU = 3) \ 5<CPZVU> LPPSEJOBUMBS; ^ CPZVU M>N>JBPNBOFKFK R>NO>UgI>K ?FN ABeBNFKFK ?QIQKJ>Og, ?Q j>?ILKQK L M>N>JBPNB ?BIFNPFIJBABK AB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N: ,POVN!EPVCMF NFSLF[; // fd CPZVUMV V[BZEB CJS OPLUB

&BNBHPFeFKAB C>NHIg ?FN ABeBN AB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: ,POVN!(JOU, 2) OPLUB; // JLJ CPZVUMV Ef[MFNEF CJS OPLUB

78.3.3

JE3 7R:3C R/0:=<:/?P 7K7< UIJT >/?/;3A?3:3?7

\UB FjIBRIBN AB j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN. \UB FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKgK A> PcN RB ABeBN M>N>JBPNBIBNF ?QIQK>?FIFN, RB KLNJ>I FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKA>K ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjgNI>N. $H LI>N>H, cUB FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKgK M>N>JBPNBIBNF UIJT >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. !Q AQNQJA>, L >K>EP>N ObV@cHPBK OLKN> U>VgI>K FOFJ, L KBOKBKFK UIJT NBCBN>KOgKgK PcNc E>IFKB DBIFN. (%AE: BFC363, QATF@>F=>3 =FCF5F ;X>7G>7C ;Q;@67 9RC6STS?SK =23<.KB/ = ./L/; =F>>3@V?V@63=; =23< C787C3@DV@63@, J3@; KBOKBKFK HBKAFOFKF FC>AB BABK C787C3@DE3@ 43:D76;JACFK.) TUSVDU #JS:BQj(5) \ WPJE CJSilMFW(UIJT ,FOEJ5fSfN)() DPOTU \ XSJUFMO("#V OFTOFOJO UfSf: ", ,FOEJ5fSfN.TUSJOHPG); ^ ^ ,FOEJ5gSgN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF L cUB FjIBRFK FjIBJBHPB LIAQeQ KBOKBKFK >OgI PcNcAcN: BVUP N = #JS:BQj!JOU(); BVUP D = DPOTU(#JS:BQj!JOU)(); BVUP J = JNNVUBCMF(#JS:BQj!JOU)(); N.CJSilMFW(); D.CJSilMFW(); J.CJSilMFW(); ZgHPgOg: #V OFTOFOJO UgSg: #JS:BQk!JOU #V OFTOFOJO UgSg: DPOTU(#JS:BQk!JOU) #V OFTOFOJO UgSg: JNNVUBCMF(#JS:BQk!JOU) &bNcIAcec DF?F, ,FOEJ5gSgN EBJ 5 'KFK ?Q HQII>KgJA> JOU LI>K H>NjgIgegKg EBJ AB DPOTU RB JNNVUBCMF DF?F PcN ?BIFNPB_IBNFKF F_BNFN. UIJT j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF, j>?ILK LIJ>U>K U>MgI>NgK RBU> OgKgCI>NgK cUB FjIBRIBNFKAB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

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78.3.4

BMJBT >/?/;3A?3:3?7
BMJBT j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB H>NjgIgH LI>N>H # MNLDN>JI>NgKA> DB_B?FIBK ?cPcK U>O>I FOFJIBN RBU> FC>ABIBN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !Q FOFJIBN UBNBI FOFJIBN, JLAcI FOFJIBNF, ?>jH> j>?ILK FOFJIBNF, RO. LI>?FIFNIBN. 2BH HLjQI, L M>N>JBPNBKFK j>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJgKgK L M>N>JBPNBUB QUDQK LIJ>OgAgN. !Q LI>K>H, GJMUFS RB NBQ DF?F j>?ILKI>NgK A> FjIBJIBNF Agj>NgA>K >IJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. [NKBH LI>N>H, E>KDF UBNBI ABeFjHBKF ABeFjPFNB@BeF HBKAFOFKB ?FN BMJBT M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIBK ?FN U>MgU> ?>H>IgJ: TUSVDU #JS:BQj(BMJBT EFhJlLFO) \ WPJE CJSilMFW(JOU EFhFS) \ EFhJlLFO = EFhFS; ^ ^ . U>MgKgK cUB FjIBRF, EFiJmLFO FOJFKAB ?FN ABeFjHBKB ?FN >P>J> U>MJ>HP>AgN. . ABeFjHBKFK MNLDN>JA>HF E>KDF ABeFjHBK LIAQeQ; ?Q j>?ILK P>KgJI>KAgeg V>J>K ABeFI, j>?ILK HQII>KgIAgeg V>J>K ?BIFNIBKFN: JOU Y = 1; JOU Z = 2; BVUP OFTOF = #JS:BQj!Y(); OFTOF.CJSilMFW(10); XSJUFMO("Y: ", Y, ", Z: ", Z); 7>Mg j>?ILKQKQK UQH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJgKA> UBNBI Y ABeFjHBKF ?BIFNPFIAFeF F_FK, CJSjmMFW F_FKABHF >P>J> LKQ BPHFIBN: Y: 10, Z: 2 [PB U>KA>K, #JS:BQk!Z ?F_FJFKABHF HQII>KgJA> EFiJmLFO ABeFjHBKF Z UBNFKB DB_BNAF. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, GJMUFS RB NBQ DF?F BMJBT M>N>JBPNBOFKF FjIBR LI>N>H HQII>K>K ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQK> ?>H>IgJ: WPJE dBhjSBO(BMJBT JlMFW)() \ XSJUF("dBhjSjZPSVN: "); JlMFW(); ^ () M>N>KPBVIBNFKABK >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, eBikSBO FOJFKABHF FjIBR j>?ILKQ, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK M>N>JBPNBUF ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H HQII>KJ>HP>AgN. UNg@>, M>N>KPBVIBNFK F_FKFK ?Lj LIJ>OgKA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, L FjIBR M>N>JBPNB DbKABNJBABK _>eNgIJ>HP>AgN. />N>JBPNB >IJ>AgHI>Ng F_FK L HQII>KgJ> QU>K FHF AB FjIBR ?QIQKAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ: WPJE CJSJODJ() \ XSJUFMO("CJSJODJ"); ^ WPJE JLJODJ() \

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XSJUFMO("JLJODJ");

. FjIBRIBN, eBikSBO j>?ILKQ F_FKABHF HQII>KgJ> QUAQHI>Ng F_FK L j>?ILKQK BMJBT M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeBNF LI>?FIFNIBN: dBhjSBO!CJSJODJ(); dBhjSBO!JLJODJ(); !BIFNPFIBK FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgegKg DbNcNcV: eBikSkZPSVN: CJSJODJ eBikSkZPSVN: JLJODJ BMJBT j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF EBN _BjFP j>?ILKI> HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV. [KBJIF LI>K, L M>N>JBPNBKFK j>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJ> QUJ>OgAgN. [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF BMJBT M>N>JBPNBOF UBNFKB ?FN ABeFjHBK HQII>KgIJ>Og ABNIBJB E>P>OgK> KBABK LI>@>HPgN: JOU EFhJlLFO; dBhjSBO!EFhJlLFO();

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

IAgegJgV E>P>, () H>N>HPBNIBNFKABK bK@B ?FN FjIBR ?BHIBKAFeFKF, JOU PcNcKABHF EFiJmLFO 'FK QUDQK LIJ>AgegKg ?BIFNPFN: &SSPS: GVODUJPO FYQFDUFE CFGPSF (), OPU EFiJmLFO PG UZQF JOU 'BN KB H>A>N Fj>NBPIBAFeFJ O>PgN KBABKFUIB LIO> A>, ABNIBJB E>P>Og >OIgKA> eBikSBO FjIBRFKFK F_FKABHF JmMFW() O>PgNg F_FK RBNFIFN. #BNIBUF@FKFK DbVcKAB E>P>Ig LI>K; j>?ILK> DbKABNFIBK M>N>JBPNB ABeFI, L M>N>JBPNBKFK j>?ILKA>HF HQII>KgIgjgAgN. 3UDQKOQV j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF bKIBJBKFK ?FN ULIQ, X34>A@ =VDVE>3?3>3CV P>KgJI>J>HPgN. !QKQ >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV. [PB U>KA>K, ?FN FjIBR DF?F _>eNgI>?FIBK EBN LI>K>H ?Q bNKBHPBHF BMJBT M>N>JBPNBOF UBNFKB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. j>egA> EBJ PQ$BMM() FjIB@FKF UcHIBJFj LI>K ?FN OgKgC FIB EBJ AB ?FN FOFJOFV FjIBR FIB HQII>KgJgKg DbNcULNQV: DMBTT 4jOjG \ WPJE PQ$BMM() \ XSJUFMO("4jOjG.PQ$BMM dBhSjMEj."); ^ ^ // ... BVUP OFTOF = OFX 4jOjG(); dBhjSBO!OFTOF(); dBhjSBO!(\ XSJUFMO("iTJNTJ[ JlMFW dBhSjMEj."); ^)(); ZgHPgOg: eBikSkZPSVN: 4kOkG.PQ$BMM eBiSkMEk. eBikSkZPSVN: jTJNTJ[ JmMFW eBiSkMEk. BMJBT M>N>JBPNBIBNF AB bVBIIBKB?FIFNIBN. K@>H, bVBIIBJB ObV AFVFJF AFeBN M>N>JBPNB _BjFPIBNFKABK C>NHIgAgN; bVBIIBKBK PcN BMJBT FIB M>N>JBPNB FOJF >N>OgK> U>VgIgN:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE GPP(BMJBT EFhJlLFO)() \ XSJUFGMO("(FOFM UBOjN %T UfSfOEFLJ '%T' EFhJlLFOJ JdJO JlMJZPS.", UZQFPG(EFhJlLFO).TUSJOHPG, EFhJlLFO.TUSJOHPG); ^ WPJE GPP(BMJBT JOU J)() \ XSJUFGMO("JOU e[FMMFNFTJ '%T' EFhJlLFOJ JdJO JlMJZPS.", J.TUSJOHPG); ^ WPJE GPP(BMJBT EPVCMF E)() \ XSJUFGMO("EPVCMF e[FMMFNFTJ '%T' EFhJlLFOJ JdJO JlMJZPS.", E.TUSJOHPG); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH JTJN; GPP!JTJN(); JOU BEFU; GPP!BEFU(); EPVCMF V[VOMVL; GPP!V[VOMVL();

OgI ABeFjHBKIBNFK FOFJIBNFKFK AB j>?ILK F_FKAB DbNcIB?FIAFHIBNFKB >UNg@> AFHH>P BAFK: (FOFM UBOkN TUSJOH UgSgOEFLJ 'JTJN' EFiJmLFOJ JeJO JmMJZPS. JOU f[FMMFNFTJ 'BEFU' EFiJmLFOJ JeJO JmMJZPS. EPVCMF f[FMMFNFTJ 'V[VOMVL' EFiJmLFOJ JeJO JmMJZPS.

78.3.5

H=9BF:B >/?/;3A?3:3?7
fjIBRIBNFK ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB >I>?FIAFHIBNFKF ?FIFULNQV. [NKBeFK, XSJUFMO FjIBRFKF FOPBAFeFJFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB FIB _>egN>?FIFNFV. !Q PcN FjIBRIBNFK K>OgI P>KgJI>KAgHI>NgKg />N>JBPNB 1BN?BOPIFeF ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. UKg OBN?BOPIFH j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB AB ?QIQKQN. i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK O>UgOgKg RB _BjFPIBNFKF OBN?BOP ?gN>HJ>H j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK BK OLKQK> ?FN _LHQVIQ FOJF RB ... H>N>HPBNIBNF U>VJ>H H>A>N ?>OFPPFN. fOJF ?BIFNPFIBK _LHQVIQ, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKF FC>AB BABK ?FN 5ZQF5VQMF DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !QKQ M>N>JBPNBIBNF E>HHgKA> ?FIDF RBNBK ?>OFP ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQKA> DbNBIFJ: WPJE CJMHJ7FS(5...)(5 QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ // ... ^ i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>K 5... , CJMHJ7FS FjIBR j>?ILKQKQK ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB FIB _>eNgI>?FIJBOFKF O>eI>N. 'BJ 5 EBJ AB QBSBNFUSFMFS _LHQVIQAQN: x 5 , FjIBR M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKFK PcNIBNFKABK LIQj>K _LHQVIQAQN. x QBSBNFUSFMFS , FjIBR M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKABK LIQj>K _LHQVIQAQN. fjIBRFK c_ C>NHIg PcNABK M>N>JBPNB FIB _>eNgIAgeg AQNQJ> ?>H>IgJ:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; // ... WPJE NBJO() \ CJMHJ7FS(1, "BCD", 2.3); ^ j>egA> QBSBNFUSFMFS 'FK GPSFBDI FIB HQII>KgJgKg DbNcULNQV: WPJE CJMHJ7FS(5...)(5 QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ // 'QBSBNFUSFMFS' CJS 5ZQF5VQMF HJCJ LVMMBOjMjS: GPSFBDI (J, QBSBNFUSF; QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T UfSfOEF %T", J, UZQFPG(QBSBNFUSF).TUSJOHPG, QBSBNFUSF); ^ ^ ZgHPgOg: 0: JOU UgSgOEF 1 1: TUSJOH UgSgOEF BCD 2: EPVCMF UgSgOEF 2.3 />N>JBPNBIBNFK PcNIBNF UZQFPG(QBSBNFUSF) UBNFKB 5<J> FIB AB BAFKFIB?FIFN. fjIBR j>?ILKQ M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNFKFK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K _gH>NO>K>?FIAFHIBNFKF ?FIFULNOQKQV. 7QH>NgA>HF CJMHJ7FS() _>eNgOg OgN>OgKA> M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKB ?>HgI>N>H LKI>NgK PcNIBNFKFK OgN>OgUI> JOU , TUSJOH , RB EPVCMF LIAQHI>Ng ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K _gH>NO>KJgjPgN. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBIBNF DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK, TUE.DPOW.UP j>?ILKQ EBABC PcNcKc >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHBK ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >IgN: UP!TUSJOH(42); i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIAFeFKAB L M>N>JBPNBIBN ABeBN, PcN, RBU> ?>jH> _BjFPIBNABK H>NgjgH LI>?FIFNIBN. [UIB AQNQJI>NA> EBN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK PcN RBU> ?>jH> _BjFPPBK LIQM LIJ>AgegKgK ?BIFNIBKJBOF RB j>?ILK HLAI>NgKgK ?QK> QUDQK LI>N>H U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHB?FIFN. i>?ILK _BjFPIBNFKF >UgNP BPJBKFK ULIQ, M>N>JBPNBIBNF UFKB 5ZQF5VQMF DF?F HQII>KJ>HPgN. !QKQK bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK U>Mg P>KgJg cNBPBK ?FN FjIBR P>O>NI>U>IgJ. !Q FjIBR ?BIFNPFIBK PcNIBNAB RB FOFJIBNAB cUBIBNF LI>K U>Mg P>KgJg F_BNBK H>UK>H HLA cNBPOFK RB TUSJOH LI>N>H AbKAcNOcK. fIH LI>N>H U>MgKgK FOJF RBNFIAFHPBK OLKN> cUBIBNFK PcN RB FOFJIBNF _FCPIBN E>IFKAB ?BIFNPFIOFKIBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(ZBQj5BOjNMB!("ahSFODJ", TUSJOH, "JTJN", JOU, "OVNBSB", JOU<>, "OPUMBS")()); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg >j>egA>HF H>UK>H HLA LIJ>IgAgN:

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TUSVDU biSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; JOU OVNBSB; JOU<> OPUMBS; ^ %AE: B+:N&+8N76+ 9;4; =A6 SC7E7@ ;X>7G>7C;@ J3C3C>3CV@V 63:3 DA@C3=; 4;C 4R>S?67=; 73A38 3@3:E3C DRK5STS@S RTC7@;C=7@ 9RC757T;K. . OLKQ@Q cNBPBK j>?ILK >j>egA>HF DF?F P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. *LAA>HF ABKBPFJIBNAB JT FC>ABOFKABK AB U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, JT (QBSBNFUSF) FC>ABOF QBSBNFUSF DB_BNIF ?FN PcN LIAQeQKA> USVF cNBPFULNAQ: JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSJOH ZBQj5BOjNMB(TUSJOH JTJN, bZFMFS...)() \ /* bZFMFS UfS WF JTJN PMBSBL dJGUMFS IBMJOEF * CFMJSUJMNFMJEJS. aODF CVOV EFOFUMFZFMJN. */ TUBUJD BTTFSU((bZFMFS.MFOHUI % 2) == 0, "bZFMFS dJGUMFS IBMJOEF CFMJSUJMNFEJMJS."); /* aODF ZBQj UBOjNjOjO JML TBUjSjOj PMVlUVSVZPSV[. */ TUSJOH TPOVd = "TUSVDU " _ JTJN _ "=O\=O"; GPSFBDI (J, QBSBNFUSF; bZFMFS) \ TUBUJD JG (J % 2) \ /* 5FL OVNBSBMj QBSBNFUSFMFS fZF JTJNMFSJOJ * CFMJSMJZPSMBS. 0OMBSj IFNFO CVSBEB LVMMBONBL * ZFSJOF BlBhjEBLJ 'FMTF' CeMfNfOEF bZFMFS<J+1> * Te[ EJ[JNJZMF LVMMBOBDBhj[. * * :JOF EF fZF JTJNMFSJOJO TUSJOH PMBSBL * CFMJSUJMEJLMFSJOJ CVSBEB EFOFUMFZFMJN. */ TUBUJD BTTFSU (JT (UZQFPG(QBSBNFUSF) == TUSJOH), "bZF JTNJ " _ QBSBNFUSF.TUSJOHPG _ " TUSJOH EFhJM."); ^ FMTF \ /* #V EVSVNEB 'QBSBNFUSF' fZFOJO UfSfOf * CFMJSUJZPS. aODFMJLMF CV QBSBNFUSFOJO HFSdFLUFO * CJS UfS PMEVhVOV EFOFUMFZFMJN. */ TUBUJD BTTFSU (JT (QBSBNFUSF), QBSBNFUSF.TUSJOHPG _ " UfS EFhJM."); /* 5fS WF fZF JTJNMFSJOJ LVMMBOBSBL TBUjSj * PMVlUVSVZPSV[. * * /PU: #VSBEB bZFMFS<J> ZFSJOF 'QBSBNFUSF' EF * ZB[BCJMJSEJL. */ TPOVd _= GPSNBU(" %T %T;=O", bZFMFS<J>.TUSJOHPG, bZFMFS<J+1>);

/* :BQj UBOjNjOjO LBQBNB QBSBOUF[J. */ TPOVd _= "^"; ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

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78.4

Q/0:=< LF3::3;3:3?7
[VBIIBJBIBNF AB i>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. bVBIIBJB bNKBHIBNF DbNB@BHOFKFV. j>egA>HF ?7E3 BCA9C3?>3?3 ?>jIgegKA> A>

2cN M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ?>jH> _BjFP j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF AB bVBIIBKB?FIFN. j>egA>HF j>?ILKQK EBJ DBKBI EBJ AB 0 ABeBNF F_FK bVBI P>KgJg DbNcIcULN: WPJE CJSilMFW(JOU CJS%FhFS)() \ // ... HFOFM UBOjNj ... ^ WPJE CJSilMFW(JOU CJS%FhFS : 0)() \ // ... TjGjSB e[FM UBOjNj ... ^

78.5

#3A/ >?=5?/;:/;/
*LA cNBPJB FIB FIDFIF LIAQHI>NgKA>K j>?ILKI>N AFeBN # LI>K>HI>NgKA>K A>E> cOP AcVBU MNLDN>JI>J> >N>_I>Ng LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFNIBN. i>?ILKI>N ?FN >KI>JA> HLA LIQjPQN>K HLAI>NAgN. *LAI>NgK A>E> cOP AcVBU HLAI>NI> LIQjPQNQIJ>I>Ng H>RN>JgK> ?7E3 BCA9C3?>3?3 ABKFN. i>?ILKI>NgK ABNIBJB V>J>Kg LI>K>HI>Ng LIJ>I>Ng KLNJ>IAB _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> U>MgI>K FjIBJIBNFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgK> P>jgKJ>I>NgK> LI>K>H RBNFN. (%AE: AJ@V 3?3Q>3 #BNIBJB 8>J>KgKA> fjIBR fjIBPJB ("2%$) A>3@3TV 63 =F>>3@V>34;>;C. BF =A@FJF 63:3 DA@C3=; 4;C 4R>S?67 9RC757T;K.) i>?ILKI>NgK ?Q >J>_I> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ;X>7E;>?7>7C;, _LeQKIQHI> bVUFKBIBJB cVBNFKB HQNQIQAQN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK 0'A>K ?>jI>U>N>H ?BIFNIF ?FN O>UgU> H>A>N LI>K ?cPcK O>UgI>NgK PLMI>JgKg EBO>MI>U>K KLNJ>I ?FN FjIBR AcjcKBIFJ. !Q FjIBR, M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H bNKBeFK 4 >IAgegKA> 0+1+2+3+4'cK PLMI>JgKg AbKAcNOcK: JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS) \ JOU TPOVd; GPSFBDI (EFhFS; 0 .. TPO%FhFS + 1) \ TPOVd += EFhFS; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

UKg FjIBRF bVUFKBIBJBIF LI>N>H A> U>V>?FIFNFV: JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS) \ SFUVSO (TPO%FhFS == 0 TPO%FhFS : TPO%FhFS + UPQMB(TPO%FhFS - 1)); ^ [VUFKBIBJBIF FjIBR HBKAF AcVBUFKABHF ABeBNF ?FN bK@BHF EBO>?> BHIBJBHPBAFN. fjIBRAB 0 ABeBNFKFK bVBI LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgegKg DbNcULNOQKQV; bVUFKBIBJB LKQK O>UBOFKAB OLKI>KJ>HP>AgN.

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fjIBRIBNFK KLNJ>IAB _>IgjJ> V>J>Kg LI>K>HI>Ng LIAQHI>NgKg ?FIFULNQV. UPQMB 'Ug _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> DBNBHPFH_B _>egN>?FIFN RB OLKQ@QKQ HQII>K>?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO(UPQMB(4)); UKg OLKQ@QK U>IKgV@> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> DBNBHPFeF AQNQJI>NA> FOB, L EBO>M ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQUI> A> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN. 7>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK; ABeBNFK FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ABeFI, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>OgAgN: // 6ZBSj: #V LPE ZBOMjlUjS JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS)() \ SFUVSO (TPO%FhFS == 0 TPO%FhFS : TPO%FhFS + UPQMB!(TPO%FhFS - 1)()); ^ !Q j>?ILK A> EBO>M OgN>OgKA> HBKAFOFKABK U>N>NI>KJ>HP>AgN. *BKAFOFKF, TPO%FiFS 'FK ?FN BHOFeF FIB HQII>KJ>HP> RB EBO>?g UFKB bVUFKBIBJBIF LI>N>H BIAB BPJBUB _>IgjJ>HP>AgN. -B U>VgH HF L HLA U>VgIAgeg jBHFIAB _>Igj>J>V. #BNIBUF@F, : FjIB@FKF _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> FjIBPB@BeF F_FK, UQH>NgA>HF bVUFKBIBJB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> OLKI>K>J>V: XSJUFMO(UPQMB!4()); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

#BNIBUF@F, >UKg j>?ILKQK OLKOQV HBNB A>II>KAgegKg >KI>N RB ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KgN: &SSPS: UFNQMBUF JOTUBODF EFOFNF.UPQMB!(-296) SFDVSTJWF FYQBOTJPO i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H RBNAFeFJFV 4'PBK DBNFUB ALeNQ -296'U> H>A>N O>UAgegK> ?>HgIgNO>, ABNIBUF@F j>?ILKI>NgK bVUFKBIBJB O>UgOgKg 300 FIB OgKgNI>J>HP>AgN. ,BP> MNLDN>JI>J>A> bVUFKBIBJBUF HgNJ>KgK ULIQ, j>?ILK bVBIIBJBIBNF HQII>KJ>HPgN. !Q AQNQJA>, >UKg j>?ILKQ 0 ABeBNF F_FK bVBIIBUB?FIFN RB bVUFKBIBJBKFK HgNgIJ>OgKg ?Q O>UBAB O>eI>U>?FIFNFV: // (FOFM UBOjN JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS)() \ SFUVSO TPO%FhFS + UPQMB!(TPO%FhFS - 1)(); ^ // 4jGjS EFhFSJ JdJO e[FMMFNFTJ JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS : 0)() \ SFUVSO 0; ^ #BNIBUF@F, TPO%FiFS 'FK OgCgNA>K C>NHIg ABeBNIBNF F_FK EBM DBKBI P>KgJg HQII>KgN RB BK OLKQKA> 0 ABeBNF F_FK bVBI P>KgJ> DB_BN. . P>KgJ A> ?>OFP_B 0 ABeBNFKF AbKAcNAcec F_FK bVUFKBIBJB OLKI>KJgj LIQN. . FjIBR j>?ILKQKQ jbUIB ?FN MNLDN>JI> ABKBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS)() \ SFUVSO TPO%FhFS + UPQMB!(TPO%FhFS - 1)();

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^ JOU UPQMB(JOU TPO%FhFS : 0)() \ SFUVSO 0; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(UPQMB!4()); ^ iFJAF E>P>OgV LI>N>H ABNIBKB@BH RB 4+3+2+1+0'gK PLMI>JgKg cNBPB@BHPFN: 10 !QN>A> AFHH>PFKFVF _BHJBH FOPBAFeFJ bKBJIF KLHP>, UPQMB!4() FjIBRFKFK ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIFULN LIJ>OgAgN. 1LKQ_P> ABNIBUF@FKFK cNBPPFeF HLA, XSJUFMO 'B ALeNQA>K 10 E>VgN ABeBNFKF DbKABNJBKFK BjABeBNFAFN: XSJUFMO(10); // UPQMB!4()'Mf LPEVO FlEFhFSJ

#BNIBUF@FKFK cNBPPFeF HLA, 10 E>VgN ABeBNFKF ALeNQA>K MNLDN>J> U>VJ>H H>A>N EgVIg RB ?>OFPPFN. . 10 E>VgN ABeBNF, UFKB AB 4+3+2+1+0 EBO>?gKgK OLKQ@Q LI>N>H ?QIQKJ>HP>AgN; >K@>H L EBO>M, j>?ILKI>NgK bVUFKBIBJBIF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKgK OLKQ@QKA> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIJBHPBAFN. !QN>A> DbNcIAcec DF?F, JBP> MNLDN>JI>J>KgK U>N>NI>NgKA>K ?FNFOF, j>?ILKI>NgK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>N>H KLNJ>IAB _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> U>MgIJ>OgK> >IgjPgegJgV EBO>MI>NgK ABNIBJB V>J>KgK> P>jgK>?FIJBOFAFN. 7QH>NgA> A> ObUIBAFeFJ DF?F, A>E> OLKN>HF ?FN ?bIcJAB DbOPBNB@BeFJ "2%$ LI>K>eg ?>Vg JBP> MNLDN>JI>J> UbKPBJIBNFKF #'AB DBNBHOFV E>IB DBPFNFN.

78.6

D3?:3;3 F/;/<P K=9 R397::7:7N7

!Q H>RN>J, fKDFIFV@B'AB "@LJMFIB PFJB MLIUJLNMEFOJ" LI>N>H DB_BN. -BOKB UbKBIFJIF MNLDN>JI>J>A> _LH jBHFIIFIFeFK OgKgC PcNBPJB FIB O>eI>KAgegKg ?FIFULNOQKQV. [NKBeFK ?FN FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ?FN >N>UcV LIJ>Og, L M>N>JBPNB UBNFKB L >N>UcVABK PcNBJFj EBN OgKgCgK HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. #>E> bK@B DbNAcecJcV ?FN bNKBeF E>PgNI>U>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOUFSGBDF 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT(); ^ DMBTT ,FNBO : 4FTMJ"MFU \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "~"; ^ ^ DMBTT `BO : 4FTMJ"MFU \

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TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "djO"; ^

WPJE TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(4FTMJ"MFU BMFU) \ // ... CB[j JlMFNMFS ... XSJUFMO(BMFU.TFT()); // ... CBlLB JlMFNMFS ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX ,FNBO); TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX `BO); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO FjIBRF _LH jBHFIIFIFHPBK U>N>NI>KJ>HP>AgN. />N>JBPNBOF 4FTMJ"MFU LIAQeQ F_FK, LKA>K PcNBJFj LI>K ?cPcK PcNIBNIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF OLK @cJIBAB DB_BK 4SES@ ESC>7C>7 =F>>3@V>34;>?7 H>RN>JgKg j>?ILKI>NA>K A> P>KgULNQV. !bUIB AcjcKcK@B, j>?ILKI>NgK A> ?FN _BjFP _LH jBHFIIFIFH OQKAQHI>NgKg DbNcNcV. i>?ILKI>N ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBUF@FKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA>HF HLA cNBPJBOFUIB FIDFIF LIAQHI>NgKA>K, j>?ILKI>NgK OQKAQHI>Ng _LH jBHFIIFIFeB 67C>7?7 K3?3@V QA= X7=;>>;>;T; ABKFN. #LeNQOQ, EBN FHF _LH jBHFIIFIFH AB 4SES@ PcNIBNIB HQII>KgI>J>V. 'BN FHFOFKAB AB PcNIBNFK QUJ>I>Ng DBNBHBK ?>Vg HLjQII>N R>NAgN. Z>IgjJ> V>J>Kg _LH jBHFIIFIFeF, ?BIFNIF ?FN >N>UcVABK PcNBJB FIB HgOgPIgAgN. #BNIBJB V>J>Kg _LH jBHFIIFIFeF FOB j>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJ> QUJ> FIB HgOgPIgAgN. i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF, j>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJA> ABNIBJB E>P>OgK> KBABK LIJQULNO>, L j>?ILKI> HQII>KgI>?FIFN. (%AE: ET7C E3@V?>3@?VXD3, X34>A@ =VDVE>3?3>3CV@3 63 FJ?3DV 97C7=;C. W34>A@ =VDVE>3?3>3CV@V 4;C3K 3X3TV63 3@>3E353TV?.) [NKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO FjIBRF ?FN j>?ILK LI>N>H U>VgIAgegKA>, TFT cUB FjIBRF ?QIQK>K ?cPcK PcNIBNIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: WPJE TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(5)(5 BMFU) \ // ... CB[j JlMFNMFS ... XSJUFMO(BMFU.TFT()); // ... CBlLB JlMFNMFS ... ^ DMBTT "SBCB \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "EfU EfU"; ^ ^ // ... TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX ,FNBO); TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX `BO); TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX "SBCB); 7QH>NgA>HF j>?ILK, AFeBNIBNFUIB H>IgPgJ FIFjHFOF ?QIQKJ>U>K "SBCB PcNc FIB AB HQII>KgI>?FIJFjPFN.

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78.7

"=2 R7R;3@7
i>?ILKI>N HLA cNBPJB FIB FIDFIFAFNIBN. #BNIBUF@F, j>?ILKQK C>NHIg M>N>JBPNBIBNIB EBN HQII>KgJg F_FK C>NHIg HLA cNBPFN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA> BK OLK U>VAgegJgV TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO FjIBR j>?ILKQ, MNLDN>JA> HQII>KgIAgeg EBN PcN F_FK >UNg >UNg cNBPFIFN RB ABNIBKFN. /NLDN>JA> UcV C>NHIg PcN FIB _>eNgIAgegKg AcjcKcNOBH; ABNIBUF@F L FjIBR j>?ILKQKQK P>KgJgKg, EBN PcN F_FK >UNg >UNg, PLMI>J UcV HBNB LIQjPQN>@>HPgN. /NLDN>JgK ?LUQPQKQK ?cUcJBOFKB KBABK LIAQeQ F_FK ?Q BPHFUB =A6 X;X?7D; (@LAB ?IL>P) ABKFN. ZLeQ MNLDN>JA> OLNQK LIQjPQNJ>O> A>, j>?ILKI>NgK ?Q bVBIIFeFKFK >HgIA> PQPQIJ>Og DBNBHFN. [PB U>KA>K, TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO FjIBRFKFK FIH U>VAgegJgV 4FTMJ"MFU >I>K P>KgJgKA>, U>KF j>?ILK LIJ>U>K P>KgJgKA>, ?bUIB ?FN HLA PBHN>Ng ULHPQN. #BNIBUF@F, L FjIBRF ?FN HBNB ABNIBN RB EBN 4FTMJ"MFU PcNc F_FK >UKg FjIBRF _>egNgN. fjIBR PBH LIAQeQ E>IAB EBN E>UR>KgK HBKAFOFKB bVBI LI>N>H A>RN>K>?FIJBOF, ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNFUIB O>eI>KgN. #BNIBUF@F EBN PcN F_FK C>NHIg ?FN FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF HQII>KgN RB ?bUIB@B EBN PcN F_FK C>NHIg cUB FjIBR _>eNgIgN. Z>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> _LH Hc_cH ?FN EgV H>U?gK> ULI >_O> A>, FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF HQII>KJ>KgK _LeQ MNLDN>JA> bKBJF ULHPQN RB V>PBK ?Q _bVcJc OQK>K BK EgVIg DBN_BHIBjPFNJBAFN. !QN>A> ObVcKc BPPFeFJ EgV BPHFIBNFKF P>O>NgJI>NgKgVA> C>VI> bK MI>KA> PQPJ>UgK. /NLDN>J ?LUQPQKQK >NPJ>Og A>, _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> C>VI>A>K FjIBJIBN U>MgIJ>Og A> EgVg AcjcNB@BHPFN. !BIFNIF ?FN MNLDN>JA> E>KDFOFKFK BPHFOFKFK A>E> C>VI> LIAQeQK> >K@>H L MNLDN>J ABKBKBNBH H>N>N RBNFIB?FIFN.

78.8

Q/0:=< 9P@PA:/;/:/?P
i>?ILKI>NgK EBN PcN RB ABeBNABHF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF FIB _>eNgI>?FIFULN LIJ>I>NgKgK DBPFNAFeF ?FN OLNQK R>NAgN. 3UQJOQV ?FN M>N>JBPNB HQII>KgIAgegKA>, ?Q QUQJOQVIQH >K@>H j>?ILKQK HBKAF HLAI>Ng ABNIBKFNHBK C>NHBAFIB?FIFN. !Q UcVABK, ABNIBJB E>P>OgKA> ?BIFNPFIBK O>PgN KQJ>N>Og, j>?ILK ?ILeQK> Fj>NBP BABN. 7QH>NgA>HF TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO j>?ILKQKQ TFT FOJFKAB cUB FjIBRF ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN PcNIB _>egN>IgJ: DMBTT 'JODBO \ // ... TFT() JlMFWJ ZPL ... ^ // ... TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(OFX 'JODBO); // n VZVNTV[ CJS UfS

.N>A>HF E>P>, j>?ILKQK QUQJOQV ?FN PcNIB _>eNgIgULN LIJ>OgAgN. .UO> ABNIBJB E>P>Og, j>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJ> Fj>NBP BABN: WPJE TFTMJ"MFU,VMMBO(5)(5 BMFU) \ // ... CB[j JlMFNMFS ... XSJUFMO(BMFU.TFT()); // ... CBlLB JlMFNMFS ... ^

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!QKQK ?FN O>HgK@>Og, ?BIHF AB ?FN HcPcME>KB JLAcIcKAB P>KgJIg LI>K ?FN j>?ILK> Fj>NBP BAFIJBOFKFK, E>P>KgK L HcPcME>KBAB LIAQeQ U>KgIDgOgKg QU>KAgN>?FIB@BeFAFN. #>E> bKBJIFOF, >OgI E>P>KgK E>KDF O>PgNA> LIAQeQKQK EF_ ?FIAFNFIJFULN LIJ>OgAgN.

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!bUIB ?FN OLNQKQK >N>UcVIBNAB ?QIQKJ>AgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. />N>JBPNB LI>N>H >N>UcV >I>@>H jBHFIAB U>VgIJgj LI>K ?FN FjIBR, >K@>H L >N>UcVABK PcNBJFj LI>K PcNIBNIB _>eNgI>?FIFN. 2cNBUBK EBN PcN >N>UcVcK FjIBRIBNFKF DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH VLNQKA> LIAQeQ F_FK, FjIBRFK QUQJOQV ?FN PcNIB _>eNgIJ>Og LI>K>HOgVAgN. . AQNQJA> ABNIBJB E>P>Og, FjIBRF QUDQKOQV PcNIB _>egN>K O>PgN> Fj>NBP BABN. i>?ILKI>NgK U>IKgV@> ?BIFNIF HLjQII>Ng O>eI>U>K PcNIBNIB HQII>KgIJ>I>Ng j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng FIB O>eI>KgN. i>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng, j>?ILK ?ILeQKQK EBJBK bK@BOFKB U>VgI>K JG ABUFJFKFK F_FKABHF J>KPgHO>I FC>ABIBNAFN: WPJE CJSkBCMPO(5)() JG (/* ... k*s*tlama ko+ulu ... */) \ // ... lBCMPOVO UBOjNj ... ^ #BNIBUF@F ?Q j>?ILK P>KgJgKg >K@>H HgOgPI>J> HLjQIQ USVF LIAQeQKA> DbVB >IgN. *LjQIQK GBMTF LIAQeQ AQNQJA> FOB ?Q j>?ILK P>KgJgKg DbV>NAg BABN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H JBP> MNLDN>JI>J> ULIQUI> C>HPbNFUBI EBO>MI>U>K ?FN j>?ILK> RB LKQK 0 ABeBNF F_FK bVBIIBJBOFKB ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; VMPOH GBLUeSJZFM(VMPOH EFhFS)() \ SFUVSO EFhFS * GBLUeSJZFM!(EFhFS - 1)(); ^ VMPOH GBLUeSJZFM(VMPOH EFhFS : 0)() \ SFUVSO 1; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFGMO("19! == %25T", GBLUeSJZFM!19()); XSJUFGMO("20! == %25T", GBLUeSJZFM!20()); XSJUFGMO("21! == %25T", GBLUeSJZFM!21()); XSJUFMO(); XSJUFGMO("(VMPOH.NBY: %T)", VMPOH.NBY); XSJUFGMO("(EPhSV 21!: 51090942171709440000)"); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J; 19, 20, RB 21 ABeBNIBNFKFK C>HPbNFUBIFKF EBO>MI>J>HP>AgN. (%AE: AJ@V ;X;@ X34>A@ =F>>3@?363@, @AC?3> ;X>7G>7C>7 67 97CQ7=>7XE;C;>74;>757T;@; :3EVC>3E?3= ;DE;JACF?. .F=3CV63=; X34>A@>3C, DA@FQ>3CV@ 67C>7?7 K3?3@V@63 :7D3B>3@?3>3CV@V G7 D3@=; =3J@3= =A63 RC@7T;@ 6ATCF63@ 121645100408832000 J3KV>?VX 9;4; 67C>7@?7>7C;@; D3T>3C>3C.) . MNLDN>JA>HF ABeBNIBNF bVBI LI>N>H OB_PFJ; _cKHc 21'FK C>HPbNFUBIFKFK VMPOH '> OgeJ>AgegKg ?FIFULNQJ. 7QH>NgA>HF HLA, 21 RB A>E> ?cUcH ABeBNIBNFK C>HPbNFUBIFKF U>KIgj EBO>MI>N: 19! == 20! == 21! == 121645100408832000 2432902008176640000 14197454024290336768

(VMPOH.NBY: 18446744073709551615) (EPiSV 21!: 51090942171709440000) 21'FK C>HPbNFUBIF, 51,090,942,171,709,440,000 ABeBNFAFN. . ABeBN VMPOH '> OgeJ>Ageg F_FK P>jJgjPgN.

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GBLUfSJZFM j>?ILKQKQK DB_BNOFV ABeBNIBNIB HQII>KgIJ>Og RB ?Q UcVABK U>KIgj OLKQ_I>N cNBPJBOF ?FN j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>Og FIB BKDBIIBKB?FIFN: VMPOH GBLUeSJZFM(VMPOH EFhFS)() JG (EFhFS <= 20) \ SFUVSO EFhFS * GBLUeSJZFM!(EFhFS - 1)(); ^ #BNIBUF@F, j>?ILKQ >K@>H L HLjQI> QU>K ABeBNIBN F_FK DbVB >I>@>HPgN: XSJUFGMO("21! == %25T", GBLUeSJZFM!21()); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #BNIBJB E>P>Og, L HQII>KgJ> H>NjgIgH ?FN j>?ILK P>KgJg ?QIQKJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: UFNQMBUF JOTUBODF GBLUfSJZFM!(21) EPFT OPU NBUDI BOZ UFNQMBUF EFDMBSBUJPO !bUIB@B >J>@gJgV> QI>jJgj LIQNQV. NPgH ABNIBJB E>P>Og j>?ILKQK U>KIgj M>N>JBPNB FIB HQII>KgIAgeg O>PgN> Fj>NBP BPJBHPBAFN. i>?ILKI>N ABNIBJB V>J>Kg LI>K>HI>Ng LIAQHI>NgKA>K, j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng A> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIFNIBN. !Q UcVABK, JT fC>ABOF ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV RB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIAFeFKF beNBKAFeFJFV JT FC>ABOF FIB AB _LH HQII>KgIgNI>N. !QKQK bNKBHIBNFKF >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ.
78.8.1

)39 ME3:7 K=9BF:B >/?/;3A?3 EL<A3;7

!>VBK PBH j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF DBNBHB?FIFN >J> L M>N>JBPNBKFK PcN, ABeBN, RBU> BMJBT _BjFAFKABK LI>?FIJBOF FOPBKFN. !QKQ O>eI>J>KgK ?FN ULIQ, _LHQVIQ _BjFAFKABK M>N>JBPNB HQII>KJ>H >J> _LHQVIQKQK QVQKIQeQKQ ?FN j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>Og FIB PBH LI>N>H ?BIFNIBJBHPFN: UFNQMBUF CJSkBCMPO(5...) JG (5.MFOHUI == 1) \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5<0>)) \ // kBCMPOVO UFL QBSBNFUSFTJ CJS UfSNfl FOVN CPPM CJSkBCMPO = /* ... */; ^ FMTF \ // kBCMPOVO UFL QBSBNFUSFTJ UfS EFhJMNJl FOVN CPPM CJSkBCMPO = /* ... */; ^

#>E> FIBNFAB DbNB@BeFJFV TUE.USBJUT JLAcIcKABHF ?>Vg j>?ILKI>N ?Q UbKPBJABK U>N>NI>KgN.

78.8.2

O@7;:7 9P@PA:/;/ EL<A3;7

i>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> UQH>NgA>HFKABK _LH A>E> H>NJ>jgH LI>?FIFNIBN. !QKQK cOPBOFKABK DBIJBKFK ?FN ULIQ, ?BKFJ ;D;?>; =VDVE>3?3 LI>N>H >AI>KAgNAgegJ ?FN UbKPBJAFN. !Q UbKPBJ #'KFK AbNP LI>K>egKA>K U>N>NI>K>N>H HgOgPI>J>U> >KI>jgIgN ?FN FOFJ RBNFN. !Q AbNP LI>K>H; FOFJOFV FjIBR, UZQFPG , JT FC>ABOF, RB PBH P>KgJ F_BNBK j>?ILKI>NAgN. !Q UbKPBJF ?QN>A> A>E> _LH ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H DbOPBNB@BeFJ RB EBN >UNgKPgOgK> DFNJBJBUB _>Igj>@>egJ. />N>JBPNBOFKF ?BIFNIF jBHFIAB HQII>K>K ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQ LIOQK:

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WPJE LVMMBO(5)(5 OFTOF) \ // ... OFTOF.IB[jSMBO(); // ... OFTOF.Vd(42); // ... OFTOF.LPO(); // ... ^ i>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJgKA>K >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, ?Q j>?ILKQK HQII>KgIAgeg PcNIBNFK IB[kSMBO , Ve , RB LPO FOJFKAB c_ cUB FjIBRFKFK ?QIQKJ>Og DBNBHFN (3%"1 LI>K>eg O>UBOFKAB KLNJ>I FjIBRIBN AB LI>?FIFNIBN.) . FjIBRIBNABK Ve 'QK >UNg@> JOU PcNcKAB ?FN AB M>N>JBPNBOF LIJ>IgAgN. !Q HgOgPI>J>Ug JT RB UZQFPG FC>ABIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>N>H jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: WPJE LVMMBO(5)(5 OFTOF) JG (JT (UZQFPG(OFTOF.IB[jSMBO())) && JT (UZQFPG(OFTOF.Vd(1))) && JT (UZQFPG(OFTOF.LPO()))) \ // ... ^ . HLjQIQK >KI>JgKg >j>egA> A>E> >UNgKPgIg LI>N>H DbNB@BeFV. iFJAFIFH JT (UZQFPG(OFTOF.IB[kSMBO())) HQII>KgJgKg ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H 7T7C A ESC 8/<8/.2+CN;6+8() Q3TCVDV@V 67DE7=>;JACD3 >KI>JgKA> H>?QI BAB?FIFNOFKFV. fjIBRB JT (UZQFPG(OFTOF.Ve(1))) ?F_FJFKAB M>N>JBPNB RBNFIAFeFKAB FOB, A ;X>7G 38= ESCS@67 B3C3?7EC7 67 3>VJACD3 AFUB H>?QI BAB?FIFNOFKFV. 7QH>NgA>HF DF?F ?FN HgOgPI>J> FOPBKAFeF DF?F _>IgjgULN LIO> A>, EBN V>J>K F_FK P>J >_gH LIJ>U>?FIFN. .KQK UBNFKB, L j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>OgKgK KB >KI>J> DBIAFeFKF A>E> FUF >_gHI>U>K ?FN FOFJ RBNFIB?FIFN: WPJE LVMMBO(5)(5 OFTOF) JG (VdBCJMJS@NJ!5) \ // ... ^

// n JTJNMJ LjTjUMBNB

!Q HgOgPI>J> ?FN bK@BHFKABK A>E> >_gHPgN. !Q j>?ILKQK FQ34;>7@ PcNIBNIB _>IgjPgegKg LHQK>HIg ?FN jBHFIAB ?BIDBIBN. 7QH>NgA>HF DF?F FOFJIF HgOgPI>J>I>N jQ H>Ig?> QUDQK LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgNI>N: UFNQMBUF VdBCJMJS@NJ(5) \ FOVN VdBCJMJS@NJ = JT (UZQFPG( \ 5 VdBO; VdBO.IB[jSMBO(); // VdNBZB IB[jSMBOBCJMNFMJ VdBO.Vd(1); // CFMJSMJ NFTBGF VdBCJMNFMJ VdBO.LPO(); // JTUFOEJhJOEF LPOBCJMNFMJ ^())); ^ . UbKPBJAB HQII>KgI>K # LI>K>HI>NgKg RB ?FN?FNIBNFUIB K>OgI BPHFIBjPFHIBNFKF _LH HgO>@> DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: UFNQMBUF VdBCJMJS@NJ(5) \

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// (6) (5) (4) FOVN VdBCJMJS@NJ = JT (UZQFPG( \ // (1) 5 VdBO; // (2) VdBO.IB[jSMBO(); VdBO.Vd(1); VdBO.LPO(); // (3) ^()));

1. A5,05,; ,C/(8: fOFJOFV FjIBRIBNF fjIBR &bOPBNDBIBNF, fOFJOFV fjIBRIBN, RB 2BJOFI@FIBN ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. 7QH>NgA> O>NgUI> Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K ?ILH M>N>KPBVIBNF FOFJOFV ?FN FjIBR P>KgJI>N. 2. AC/(8 %/2@7: fjIBR ?ILeQ, HgOgPI>J>Og P>KgJI>KJ>HP> LI>K PcNc >OgI j>?ILKA> HQII>KgIAgeg DF?F HQII>KgN. 7QH>NgA>HF ?ILHP> bK@B ?Q PcNABK ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNQIJ>HP> RB L PcNcK O>EFM LIJ>Og DBNBHBK c_ cUB FjIBRF _>eNgIJ>HP>AgN. (%AE: BF =A6>3C =B:/90 E3C38V@63@ =F>>3@V>VC>3C 3?3 :;Q4;C K3?3@ ;X>7E;>?7K>7C.) 3. AC/(8,1 ,C/(6,/0(5,: !FN FjIBRFK OLKQK> U>VgI>K () M>N>KPBVIBNF KLNJ>IAB L FjIBRF FjIBPFN. K@>H, UQH>NgA>HF FjIBPJB ?FN UZQFPG F_FKAB LIAQeQKA>K ?Q FjIBR EF_?FN V>J>K FjIBPFIJBV. (!Q, ?FN OLKN>HF J>AABAB >_gHI>KgULN.) 4. UZQFPG ,)$'(5,: UZQFPG , jFJAFUB H>A>NHF bNKBHIBNAB _LH HQII>KAgegJgV DF?F, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FC>ABKFK PcNcKc cNBPFN. UZQFPG 'QK bKBJIF ?FN bVBIIFeF, PcNcKc cNBPPFeF FC>ABUF FjIBPJBJBOFAFN. UZQFPG , ?FN FC>ABKFK 7T7C ;X>7E;>D7 KB PcNABK ?FN ABeBN cNBPB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN: JOU J = 42; UZQFPG(++J) K; BTTFSU(J == 42);

// 'JOU K;' ZB[NBLMB BZOj BOMBNEBEjS // ++J JlMFUJMNFNJlUJS

7QH>NgA>HF BTTFSU 'PBK AB >KI>jgIAgeg DF?F, ++J FC>ABOF FjIBPFIJBJFjPFN. UZQFPG , U>IKgV@> L FC>ABKFK PcNcKc cNBPJFj RB ?bUIB@B K AB JOU LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJgjPgN. $eBN UZQFPG '> RBNFIBK FC>ABKFK DB_BNIF ?FN PcNc ULHO>, UZQFPG WPJE ?FIB LIJ>U>K DB_BNOFV ?FN PcN AbKAcNcN. $eBN VeBCJMJS@NJ j>?ILKQK> DbKABNFIBK PcN, L FOFJOFV FjIBR F_FKABHF HLAI>NA> DbOPBNFIAFeF DF?F ABNIBKB?FIFULNO>, UZQFPG DB_BNIF ?FN PcN cNBPFN. $eBN L PcN FjIBR F_FKABHF HLAI>NA>HF DF?F ABNIBKBJFULNO>, UZQFPG DB_BNOFV ?FN PcN AbKAcNcN. 5. JT ,)$'(5,: JT fC>ABOF ?bIcJcKAB JT FC>ABOFKFK ?FNABK C>VI> HQII>KgJgKg DbNJcjPcH. !QN>A>HF JT (&K;) jBHIFKABHF HQII>KgJg, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK PcNcK >KI>JIg LIAQeQ AQNQJA> USVF ABeBNFKF cNBPFN: JOU J; XSJUFMO(JT (UZQFPG(J))); XSJUFMO(JT (UZQFPG(WBS0MNBZBO#JSiTJN))); // USVF // GBMTF

7QH>NgA>HF FHFK@F FC>ABAB ?FIFKJBUBK ?FN FOFJ HQII>KgIAgeg E>IAB ABNIBUF@F E>P> RBNJBV. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg FHFK@F O>PgN F_FK GBMTF ABeBNFKF F_BNFN: USVF GBMTF !QKQK KBABKF, UZQFPG 'QK FHFK@F HQII>KgJ F_FK DB_BNOFV ?FN PcN cNBPJFj LIJ>OgAgN.

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6. T(. 6$1B0 ,=(4(1 C$%/21: #>E> UQH>NgA> >KI>PgIAgeg DF?F, VeBCJMJS@NJ j>?ILKQKQK F_FKAB PBH P>KgJ ?QIQKAQeQKA>K RB L P>KgJgK FOJF j>?ILKQK FOJFUIB >UKg LIAQeQKA>K; VeBCJMJS@NJ j>?ILKQ, F_BNAFeF VeBCJMJS@NJ FOVN O>?FP ABeBNF UBNFKB DB_BN. 1LKQ_P>, UQH>NgA>HF LVMMBO FjIBR j>?ILKQ ?cPcK ?Q LI>K>HI>N O>UBOFKAB FOFJIF ?FN HgOgPI>J> BAFKJFj LIQN: WPJE LVMMBO(5)(5 OFTOF) JG (VdBCJMJS@NJ!5) \ // ... ^ . j>?ILKQ ?FNFOF QUQJIQ, AFeBNF QUQJOQV FHF PcNIB _>egNJ>Ug ABKBUBIFJ: // kBCMPOEBLJ LVMMBOjNB VZBO CJS UfS DMBTT .PEFM6dBL \ WPJE IB[jSMBO() \^ WPJE Vd(JOU NFTBGF) \^ WPJE LPO() \^

// kBCMPOEBLJ LVMMBOjNB VZNBZBO CJS UfS DMBTT (fWFSDJO \ WPJE Vd(JOU NFTBGF) \^ ^ // ... LVMMBO(OFX .PEFM6dBL); LVMMBO(OFX (fWFSDJO); // n EFSMFOJS // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

fOFJIF RBU> FOFJOFV, ?FN j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>Og P>KgJI>KJgj LIAQeQKA>K, ?Q ABNIBJB E>P>Og >NPgH j>?ILKQK F_FKB ABeFI j>?ILKQK QUQJOQV PcNIB HQII>KgIAgeg O>PgN> Fj>NBP BABN.

78.9

IF3A
[K@BHF j>?ILKI>N ?bIcJcKcK OLKQKA> jQKI>Ng E>PgNI>PJgjPgJ: x i>?ILKI>N HLAQK H>IgM E>IFKAB P>NFC BAFIJBOFKF RB ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K DBNBHBK EBN PcN F_FK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H cNBPFIJBOFKF O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. x i>?ILKI>N ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBUBK ?FN LI>K>HPgN. x 2>KgJI>NHBK FOFJIBNFKABK OLKN> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF AB ?BIFNPJBH; FjIBRIBNFK, U>MgI>NgK, RB OgKgCI>NgK j>?ILK E>IFKB DBIJBIBNF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. x i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF cKIBJ Fj>NBPFKABK OLKN> >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFNIBN. 2BH M>N>JBPNB F_FK M>N>KPBV HQII>KJ>U> DBNBH ULHPQN. x i>?ILKQK C>NHIg PcNIBNIB EBN HQII>KgJg C>NHIg ?FN PcNAcN. x i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNF U>IKgV@> FjIBR j>?ILKI>NgKA> _gH>NO>K>?FIFNIBN. x i>?ILKI>N : H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIBK PcN F_FK bVBIIBKB?FIFNIBN. x 4>NO>UgI>K j>?ILK M>N>JBPNB PcNIBNF = H>N>HPBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN. !Q ?bIcJAB AB jQ H>RN>JI>Ng DbNAcH:

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x x x x x x x x x x x

i>?ILKI>N HBOPFNJB RBU> QVQK ObV AFVFJIBNFUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFNIBN. i>?ILK H>MO>Jg ?FN FOFJ >I>Kg ?BIFNIBN. f_FKAB ?FN P>KgJI> >UKg FOFJB O>EFM LI>K j>?ILK L P>KgJ UBNFKB DB_BN. fjIBR, OgKgC, U>Mg, ?FNIFH, RB >N>UcV j>?ILKI>Ng P>KgJI>K>?FIAFeF DF?F, ?Q P>KgJI>N j>?ILK H>MO>Jg F_FKAB H>NgjgH LI>N>H ?QIQK>?FIFNIBN. i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK PcN, ABeBN, UIJT , BMJBT , RB _LHQVIQ _BjFPIBNF R>NAgN. i>?ILKI>N M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK EBNE>KDF ?FN HQII>KgJg F_FK bVBIIBKB?FIFNIBN. ,BP> MNLDN>JI>J>, FjIBJIBNFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> U>MgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>N. i>?ILKI>N 67C>7?7 K3?3@V QA= X7=;>>;>;T; LI>K>HI>NgAgN. i>?ILKQK EBN C>NHIg M>N>JBPNBIF HQII>KgJg F_FK >UNg HLA cNBPFIJBOF =A6 X;X?7D;@7 KBABK LI>?FIFN. .I>Og ABNIBJB E>P>I>NgKgK j>?ILKQK U>KIgj HQII>KgIAgeg O>PgN> Fj>NBP BAB?FIJBOF F_FK j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. fOFJIF HgOgPI>J> UbKPBJF HgOgPI>J>I>N> LHQK>HIg FOFJIBN RBNJBUB U>N>N.

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79

D7N3? OR:3C %:/</9:/?P

fjIBRIBNF A>E> bK@B >j>egA>HF ABNOIBNAB DbNJcjPcH: x x x x fjIBRIBN fjIBR />N>JBPNBIBNF fjIBR 7cHIBJB fjIBR &bOPBNDBIBNF RB *>M>J>I>N

!Q ABNOPB, bK@BHF ABNOIBNAB UBN >IJ>U>K ?>jH> FjIBR LI>K>HI>NgKg >KI>P>@>egJ.

79.1

DL<MR AM?M =:/</9:/?P

fjIBRIBN BVUP , SFG , JOPVU , RB BVUP SFG LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIB?FIFNIBN. !QKI>N, FjIBRIBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNFUIB FIDFIFAFN.

79.1.1

BVUP 7R:3C:3?
BVUP LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIBK FjIBRIBNFK AbKcj PcNIBNFKFK >_gH_> U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHJBV: BVUP UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, EPVCMF JLJODJ) \ EPVCMF TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ #BNIBUF@F AbKcj PcNcKc SFUVSO O>PgNgKA>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _gH>NO>N. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBRFK SFUVSO FIB AbKAcNAcec OLKQ_ EPVCMF LIAQeQ F_FK, L FjIBR O>KHF AbKcj PcNc EPVCMF U>VgIJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN.

79.1.2

SFG 7R:3C:3?
fjIBRIBNFK AbKAcNAcHIBNF ABeBNIBN, KLNJ>IAB FjIBRF _>egN>K P>N>C> HLMU>I>KgNI>N. SFG ?BIFNPB@F, AbKcj ABeBNFKFK HLMU>I>KJ>H UBNFKB NBCBN>KO LI>N>H AbKAcNcIJBOFKF O>eI>N. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF FjIBR, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF M>N>JBPNBABK ?cUcH LI>KgKg AbKAcNJBHPBAFN: JOU CfZfhf(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ SFUVSO (CJSJODJ > JLJODJ) CJSJODJ : JLJODJ; ^ . FjIBRFK EBJ M>N>JBPNBIBNF EBJ AB AbKcj ABeBNF KLNJ>IAB HLMU>I>KgN: JOU B = 1; JOU C = 2; JOU TPOVd = CfZfhf(B, C); TPOVd += 10; // n OF B OF EF C FULJMFOJS XSJUFGMO("B: %T, C: %T, TPOVd: %T", B, C, TPOVd); CgZgig FjIBRFKFK AbKcj ABeBNF TPOVe ABeFjHBKFKB HLMU>I>KAgeg F_FK; L ABeFjHBKFK >NPPgNgIJ>Og, U>IKgV@> TPOVe FOFJIF HLMU>Ug BPHFIBN. fjIBRB HBKAFIBNF AB V>PBK HLMU>I>K>N>H DB_FNFIJFj LI>K B RB C ABeFjJBVIBN: B: 1, C: 2, TPOVe: 12

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/>N>JBPNBIBNFK HLMU>I>KJ>H UBNFKB NBCBN>KO LI>N>H DbKABNFIJBIBNF F_FK SFG >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FIFULNOQKQV. UKg ObV@cH AbKcj PcNc F_FK AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN RB FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNFKFK AB NBCBN>KO LI>N>H AbKAcNcIJBOFKF O>eI>N: SFG JOU CfZfhf(SFG JOU CJSJODJ, SFG JOU JLJODJ) \ SFUVSO (CJSJODJ > JLJODJ) CJSJODJ : JLJODJ; ^ #bKAcNcIBK NBCBN>KO, M>N>JBPNBIBNABK ?FNFOFKFK P>HJ> FOJF UBNFKB DB_B@BH RB LKA> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH >NPgH U> B 'Ug U> A> C 'UF ABeFjPFNB@BHPFN: JOU B = 1; JOU C = 2; CfZfhf(B, C) += 10; // n ZB B ZB C FULJMFOJS XSJUFGMO("B: %T, C: %T", B, C); #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, FjIBRFK AbKAcNAcec NBCBN>KOg TPOVe AFUB ?FN ABeFjHBK HQII>KJ>A>K ALeNQA>K >NPPgNgULNQV. . FjIBJ, B RB C 'ABK ?cUcH LI>KgKg BPHFIBN: B: 1, C: 12 "(4(/ 4()(4$15 ,=,1 *>56(4*( *(4(.,4: !QN>A> ?FN KLHP>U> AFHH>PFKFVF _BHJBH FOPFULNQJ. SFG HQII>KgIJgj LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK, L AbKcj ABeBNFKFK UBNBI ?FN ABeFjHBKB >P>KJ>Og; B RBU> C 'UF UFKB AB ABeFjPFNJBV: JOU TPOVd = CfZfhf(B, C); TPOVd += 10;

// n ZJOF ZBMOj[DB 'TPOVd' EFhJlJS

CgZgig FjIBRF B 'U> RBU> C 'UB NBCBN>KO AbKAcNcULN LIO> A>, L NBCBN>KO TPOVe FOJFKABHF UBNBI ABeFjHBKB HLMU>I>KAgeg F_FK B RBU> C ABeFjJBV: B: 1, C: 2, TPOVe: 12 TPOVe 'QK B 'KgK RBU> C 'KFK NBCBN>KOg LIJ>Og FOPBKOBUAF, ?FN DbOPBNDB LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>Og DBNBHFNAF: JOU * TPOVd = &CfZfhf(B, C); *TPOVd += 10; XSJUFGMO("B: %T, C: %T, TPOVd: %T", B, C, *TPOVd); TPOVe >NPgH U> B 'U> U> A> C 'UB BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg F_FK; LKQK >N>@gIgegUI> U>MgI>K ABeFjFHIFH, L FHFOFKFK ?cUcH LI>KgKg BPHFIBNAF: B: 1, C: 12, TPOVe: 12 "(4(/ '(@,C.(1( 4()(4$15 '>1'?4?/(0(;: 7QH>NgA>HF SFG AbKcj ABeBNF, A>E> FjIBR _>eNgIJ>A>K bK@B U>j>J>U> ?>jI>U>K FHF ABeFjHBKABK ?FNFOFKFK P>HJ> FOJF DF?F _>IgjJ>HP>AgN. !FN ?>jH> ABUFjIB, CJSJODJ AB AbKAcNcIOB, JLJODJ AB AbKAcNcIOB; L AbKcj ABeBNF EBM FjIBRFK _>eNgIAgeg KLHP>A> V>PBK U>j>J>HP> LI>K B 'KgK RBU> C 'KFK NBCBN>KOgAgN. 7>j>J OcNBOF FjIBRABK _gHgIgNHBK OLK> BNB@BH LI>K ?FN ABeFjHBKB NBCBN>KO AbKAcNcIBJBV: SFG TUSJOH QBSBOUF[idJOEF(TUSJOH Te[) \ TUSJOH TPOVd = '(' _ Te[ _ ')';

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SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ // n TPOVd'VO ZBlBNj CVSBEB TPOB FSFS fjIBR H>MO>JgKA> P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K TPOVe 'QK U>j>Jg, L FjIBRABK _gHgIAgegKA> OLK> BNBN. . UcVABK, L ABeFjHBKFK P>HJ> FOJF DF?F HQII>KgI>@>H ?FN AbKcj ABeBNF LI>J>V. #BNIBJB, UBNBI ABeFjHBKB NBCBN>KO AbKAcNcIAcecKc ?FIAFNBK ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KgN: &SSPS: FTDBQJOH SFGFSFODF UP MPDBM WBSJBCMF TPOVe

79.1.3

BVUP SFG 7R:3C:3?

7QH>NgA>HF QBSBOUF[jeJOEF FjIBRFKFK U>j>J OcNBOF OLK> BNBK UBNBI ABeFjHBK KBABKFUIB ABNIBKBJBAFeFKF DbNAcH. BVUP SFG , bUIB AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN. BVUP SFG LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LI>K ?FN FjIBRFK AbKcj PcNc, BVUP FjIBRIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _gH>NO>KgN. $H LI>N>H, NBCBN>KO LI>J>U>@>H ?FN ABeBN AbKAcNcIAcecKAB; L ABeBN NBCBN>KO LI>N>H ABeFI, HLMU>I>K>N>H AbKAcNcIcN. UKg FjIBRF BVUP SFG LI>N>H U>VAgegJgVA> MNLDN>J ABNIBKFN: BVUP SFG QBSBOUF[idJOEF(TUSJOH Te[) \ TUSJOH TPOVd = '(' _ Te[ _ ')'; SFUVSO TPOVd; // EFSMFOJS ^ #bKAcNcIBK ABeBNFK NBCBN>KO LI>?FIAFeF AQNQJI>NA> FOB L ABeFjHBKB NBCBN>KO AbKAcNcIcN.

79.1.4

JOPVU 7R:3C:3?
!Q ?BIFNPB_ FjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB RB AbKcj PcNcKAB HQII>KgIgN, RB L FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H 67T;X74;>7@, DPOTU , RBU> JNNVUBCMF >KI>JgK> DBIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBRF TUSJOH >I>@>H RB TUSJOH AbKAcNB@BH jBHFIAB PBHN>N U>V>IgJ: TUSJOH QBSBOUF[idJOEF(TUSJOH Te[) \ SFUVSO '(' _ Te[ _ ')'; ^ . FjIBRB TUSJOH PcNcKAB M>N>JBPNB RBNFIJBOF DBNBHPFeFKF, RB OLKQ@QKQK A> TUSJOH LIAQeQKQ ?FIFULNQV: XSJUFMO(QBSBOUF[idJOEF("NFSIBCB")); "JBNE>?>" E>VgN ABeBNFKFK PcNc TUSJOH , U>KF JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> LIAQeQ F_FK, L HLA ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjgN: (NFSIBCB) !QN>A> HQII>KgjOgV ?FN AQNQJ R>NAgN. . FjIBR TUSJOH PcNcKB ?>eIg LI>N>H U>VgIAgeg F_FK, JNNVUBCMF LIJ>U>K ?FN AFVDF FIB _>eNgI>J>V: DIBS<> EJ[HJ; // FMFNBOMBSj EFhJlFCJMJS EJ[HJ _= "TFMBN"; XSJUFMO(QBSBOUF[idJOEF(EJ[HJ));

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#BNIBJB E>P>Og, 67T;X74;>7@ H>N>HPBNIBNABK LIQj>K DIBS<> PcNcKcK TUSJOH 'B AbKcjPcNcIBJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: DBOOPU JNQMJDJUMZ DPOWFSU FYQSFTTJPO (EJ[HJ) PG UZQF DIBS<> UP TUSJOH UKg OLNQK, DPOTU(DIBS)<> AFVDFIBNFKAB AB R>NAgN. !Q OLNQKQ _bVJBH F_FK ?FN H>_ UbKPBJ AcjcKcIB?FIFN. !FN UbKPBJ, FjIBRF 67T;X74;>7@ RB DPOTU H>N>HPBN AFVFIBNF F_FK AB UcHIBJBHPFN: DIBS<> QBSBOUF[idJOEF(DIBS<> Te[) \ SFUVSO '(' _ Te[ _ ')'; ^ DPOTU(DIBS)<> QBSBOUF[idJOEF(DPOTU(DIBS)<> Te[) \ SFUVSO '(' _ Te[ _ ')'; ^ !QKQK MNLDN>J@gIgHP> H>_gKgIJ>Og DBNBHBK =A6 E7=C3CV >KI>JgK> DBIAFeFKF DbNcULNQV. !Q FjIBRIBNFK FIBNFAB DBIFjB?FIB@BHIBNFKF RBU> LI>Og E>P>I>NgKgK DFABNFIB?FIB@BHIBNFKF AcjcKcNOBH, L ABeFjFHIFHIBNFK c_cKAB AB U>MgIJ>OgKgK QKQPQIJ>J>Og DBNBHB@BHPFN. . UcVABK ?Q NFOHIF ?FN P>O>NgJAgN. !>jH> ?FN UbKPBJ, FjIBRF j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>HPgN: 5 QBSBOUF[idJOEF(5)(5 Te[) \ SFUVSO '(' _ Te[ _ ')'; ^ . _bVcJ j>?ILK F_FKABHF HQII>KgJ> QU>K EBN PcN FIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !QKQK ?>VBK C>VI> BOKBH LI>?FIB@BeFKF RB j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng HQII>KgIJ>OgKgK DBNBHB?FIB@BeFKF AB bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNJcjPcH. JOPVU UbKPBJF j>?ILK _bVcJcKB _LH ?BKVBN; >J> ?cPcK PcNc ABeFI, U>IKgV@> PcNcK 67T;X74;>7@, DPOTU , RBU> JNNVUBCMF bVBIIFeFKF BOKBH ?gN>HgN. . bVBIIFeF, FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKABK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _gH>NO>N: JOPVU(DIBS)<> QBSBOUF[idJOEF(JOPVU(DIBS)<> Te[) \ SFUVSO '(' _ Te[ _ ')'; ^ JOPVU , M>N>JBPNBABK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _gH>NO>K>K bVBIIFeF AbKcj PcNcKB AB >HP>NgN. . FjIBR DIBS<> PcNcUIB _>eNgIAgegKA> EF_ JOPVU U>VgIJ>Jgj DF?F ABNIBKFN. JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> RBU> DPOTU(DIBS)<> PcNIBNFUIB _>eNgIAgegKA> FOB JOPVU OgN>OgUI> JNNVUBCMF RBU> DPOTU UBNFKB DB_BN. !QKQ FjIBRFK AbKcj PcNcKc U>VAgN>N>H DbNB?FIFNFV: DIBS<> EFhJlFCJMFO; XSJUFMO(UZQFJE(QBSBOUF[idJOEF(EFhJlFCJMFO))); DPOTU(DIBS)<> TBCJU; XSJUFMO(UZQFJE(QBSBOUF[idJOEF(TBCJU))); JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> EFhJlNF[; XSJUFMO(UZQFJE(QBSBOUF[idJOEF(EFhJlNF[)));

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\_ _>eNgKgK C>NHIg AbKcj PcNIBNF: DIBS<> DPOTU(DIBS)<> JNNVUBCMF(DIBS)<> [VBPIB, JOPVU M>N>JBPNB PcNcKcK 67T;X74;>?7, DPOTU , RBU> JNNVUBCMF bVBIIFeFKF AbKcj PcNcKB >HP>NgN.

79.2

D/C?/<PR =:/</9:/?P
QVSF RB OPUISPX , FjIBRIBNFK DBKBI A>RN>KgjI>NgUI> FIDFIFAFN.

79.2.1

QVSF 7R:3C:3?
fjIBRIBNFK ABeBN cNBPB?FIAFHIBNFKF RBU> U>K BPHF LIQjPQN>?FIAFHIBNFKF ?FIFULNQV. !QKI>Ng fjIBRIBN ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. /NLDN>J@gIgHP> ABeBN cNBPJBKFK U>K BPHF LIQjPQNJ>HP>K ?FN _LH >_gA>K A>E> FUF LIAQeQ H>?QI BAFIFN. fjIBRIBNFK OLKQ_I>NgKgK MNLDN>JgK ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA>HF DBKBI AQNQJQKA>K ?>egJOgV LIJ>Og RB MNLDN>JgK DBKBI AQNQJQKQ ABeFjPFNJBJBOF UBeIBKFN. !FN FjIBRFK OLKQ@QKQK MNLDN>JgK DBKBI AQNQJQKA>K ?>egJOgV RB ?cPcKcUIB DFNFj M>N>JBPNBIBNFKB ?>eIg LIJ>Og, L FjIBRFK PQP>NIg RB DcRBKIF LI>N>H _>IgjJ>OgK> U>NAgJ BABN. [UIB ?FN FjIBR, ?BIFNIF M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNFKB H>NjgIgH EBM >UKg AbKcj ABeBNFKF cNBPB@BHPFN. 7>K BPHF cNBPJBUBK ?bUIB FjIBRIBN A>E> HLI>U U>VgIgNI>N RB PBOP BAFIFNIBN. !Q _LH bKBJIF ?FN HLKQ LI>N>H DbNcIAcec F_FK, ?>Vg CLKHOFULKBI MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKAB FjIBRIBNFK U>K BPHF cNBPJBIBNF LI>K>HOgVAgN. !bUIB MNLDN>JI>J> AFIIBNFKFK "O>C" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "MQNB" LIAQeQ ObUIBKFN. fjIBRIBNFK D38>VTV HLKQOQKA> ABNIBUF@FABK U>N>NI>KJ>KgK ULIQ, LKI>Ng QVSF LI>N>H ?FIAFNJBHPFN. #BNIBUF@F, QVSF FjIBRIBNFK MNLDN>JA> BRNBKOBI ABeFjFHIFHIBN U>MJ>I>NgK> FVFK RBNJBV: QVSF JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ XSJUFMO("UPQMVZPSVN"); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* SFUVSO CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ XSJUFMO U>K BPHFOF LI>K ?FN FjIBRAFN _cKHc MNLDN>JgK OP>KA>NP _gHgjgKA> ABeFjFHIFeB KBABK LIQN. Z>eNgI>?FIOB, QVSF LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LI>K UPQMB 'KgK A> U>K BPHFIF LIJ>OgK> KBABK LI>@>HPgN. . UcVABK UQH>NgA>HF FjIBR ABNIBKBJBV. #BNIBJB E>P>Og, QVSF LIJ>U>K XSJUFMO 'FK _>eNgI>J>U>@>egKg ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: QVSF GVODUJPO 'UPQMB' DBOOPU DBMM JNQVSF GVODUJPO 'XSJUFMO' [PB U>KA>K, QVSF FjIBRIBNFK ?Q H>A>N HgOgPIg LIJ>I>Ng ?>VBK FOPBKJBV. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF DF?F ?FN XSJUFMO FC>ABOF MNLDN>JA>HF ?FN E>P>KgK DFABNFIJBOF OgN>OgKA> DB_F@F LI>N>H BHIBKJFj LI>?FIFN. !Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIg LIJ>H >J>@gUI>, EFCVH LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K FC>ABIBN RB ?ILHI>N O>C LIJ>O>I>N ?FIB QVSF FjIBRIBNAB HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN: QVSF JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ EFCVH XSJUFMO("UPQMVZPSVN"); // n lJNEJ EFSMFOJS SFUVSO CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ %AE: BF D787C BCA9C3?V@ -./,>1 D7Q7@7T; ;>7 67C>7@?7D; 97C7=;C.

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QVSF LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LI>K ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFK QUJ>Og DBNBHBK HLjQI jQAQN: x /NLDN>JgK BRNBKOBI AQNQJQ FIB FIDFIF EF_?FN ?FIDF BAFKBJBV, RBU> L AQNQJQ ABeFjPFNBJBV. fjIBRFK MNLDN>JgK DBKBI AQNQJQK> ?>eIg LIJ>Og RBU> L AQNQJQ ABeFjPFNJBOF ?Q O>UBAB bKIBKFN. $H LI>N>H, >j>egA>HF HLjQIQK O>eI>KgM O>eI>KJ>J>OgK> DbNB FjIBR E3? D38 (OPNLKDIU MQNB) RBU> J3CV D38 (SB>HIU MQNB) LI>N>H >KgIgN: x 2>J O>C FjIBRIBNFK ?cPcK M>N>JBPNBIBNF U> JNNVUBCMF 'AgN U> A> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H JNNVUBCMF '> AbKcjB?FIFN. 2>J O>C FjIBRIBNFK, M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>M>N>H U>K BPHF LIQjPQNJ>I>Ng A> ?bUIB@B bKIBKJFj LIQN. 7>Ng O>C FjIBRIBN FOB M>N>JBPNBIBNFKAB ABeFjFHIFH U>M>?FIFNIBN: // ZBSj TBG (XFBLMZ QVSF) QVSF WPJE FLTJMU(SFG JOU EFhFS) \ --EFhFS; ^ 7QH>NgA>HF D>N>KPFIBNFK O>eI>K>?FIJBOF F_FK ABNIBUF@F QVSF FjIBRIBNABK QVSF LIJ>U>K FjIBRIBNFK _>eNgIJ>I>NgK> FVFK RBNJBV.
79.2.2

OPUISPX 7R:3C:3?
#'KFK E>P> AcVBKBeFKF '>P> PJ> RB 7>H>I>J> ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. 'BN FjIBRFK E>KDF AQNQJI>NA> E>KDF E>P>I>Ng >P>?FIB@BeF L FjIBRFK ?BIDBOFKAB ?BIFNPFIJBIFAFN. &BKBI ?FN HQN>I LI>N>H, ?cPcK E>P>I>NgK ALI>UIg A> LIO> &YDFQUJPO 'A>K PcNBJFj LIAQHI>Ng R>NO>UgI>?FIFN RB PBH DBUDI ?ILeQ FIB ?cPcK E>P>I>N U>H>I>K>?FIFN. (%AE: E;;9; DVC36SK7@;@67@ ESC7?;X A>3@ :3E3>3CV@ G7 7@ 97@7> :3E3 ESCS A>3@ &2;9@+,6/ ESCS@S@ J3=3>3@?3DV@V@ R@7C;>?76;T;@; J;@7 A 67CDE7 9RC?SXES=.) !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB _>egNAgegJgV FjIBRIBNFK KB PcN E>P>I>N >PPgHI>NgKg ABeFI, HBOFKIFHIB E>P> >PJ>AgHI>NgKg ?FIJBH FOPBNFV. !BIFNIF >AgJI>NgKgK HBOFKPFOFV LI>N>H ABR>J BPJBOF DBNBHBK ?>Vg >IDLNFPJ>I>N, L >AgJI>N OgN>OgKA> E>P> >PgIJ>AgegKA>K BJFK LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgNI>N. OPUISPX , FjIBRFK E>P> >PJ>AgegKg D>N>KPF BABN: OPUISPX JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ // ... ^ . FjIBR KB HBKAFOF E>P> >P>?FIFN KB AB E>P> >P>?FIBK ?FN FjIBRF _>egN>?FIFN: OPUISPX JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ XSJUFMO("UPQMVZPSVN"); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* SFUVSO CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ #BNIBJB E>P>Og, UPQMB 'KgK E>P> >P>?FIB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN: &SSPS: GVODUJPO EFOFNF.UPQMB 'UPQMB' JT OPUISPX ZFU NBZ UISPX !QKQK KBABKF, XSJUFMO 'FK OPUISPX LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj ?FN FjIBR LIJ>J>OgAgN.

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#BNIBUF@F, FjIBRIBNFK HBOFKIFHIB E>P> >PJ>U>@>HI>NgKg A> >KI>U>?FIFN. UPQMB 'KgK >j>egA>HF P>KgJgKA> EBN PcN E>P> U>H>I>KAgeg F_FK, OPUISPX 'QK DBPFNAFeF D>N>KPFIBN DB_BNIFIFeFKF OcNAcNcN, RB FjIBR OPUISPX LIJ>U>K FjIBRIBNF ?FIB _>egN>?FIFN: OPUISPX JOU UPQMB(JOU CJSJODJ, JOU JLJODJ) \ JOU TPOVd; USZ \ XSJUFMO("UPQMVZPSVN"); // EFSMFOJS TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ // ... ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd; // CfUfO IBUBMBSj ZBLBMBS

79.3

GMC3<:79 =:/</9:/?P
!TBGF , !USVTUFE , RB !TZTUFN ?BIFNPB_IBNF FjIBRIBNFK D>N>KPF BPPFHIBNF DcRBKIFHIBNIB FIDFIFAFN.

79.3.1

!TBGF 7R:3C:3?
/NLDN>J@g E>P>I>NgKgK bKBJIF ?FN ?bIcJc, C>NHgKA> LIJ>A>K ?BIIBeFK U>KIgj UBNIBNFKB U>VgIJ>Og RB L UBNIBNABHF ?FIDFIBNFK ?Q UcVABK 4AKF>?3>3CV FIB FIDFIFAFN. !Q E>P>I>N DBKBIIFHIB DbOPBNDBIBNFK U>KIgj HQII>KgIJ>I>Ng RB DcRBKOFV PcN AbKcjcJIBNF OLKQ@QKA> LIQjQN. "&cRBKIF" >KI>JgK> DBIBK !TBGF FjIBRIBN, ?BIIBeF ?LVJ>U>@>egKg D>N>KPF BABK FjIBRIBNAFN. !>VgI>NgK> ?Q ABNOIBNAB EF_ ABeFKJBJFj LIO>J A>, ABNIBUF@F !TBGF FjIBRIBNAB jQ FjIBJIBNB RB LI>K>HI>N> FVFK RBNJBV: x x x x x x x x x x x x x DbOPBNDBIBN WPJE* AgjgKA>HF DbOPBNDB PcNIBNFKB AbKcjPcNcIBJBVIBN DbOPBNDB LIJ>U>K ?FN PcN, DbOPBNDB PcNcKB AbKcjPcNcIBJBV DbOPBNDBIBNFK ABeBNIBNF ABeFjPFNFIBJBV DbOPBNDB RBU> NBCBN>KO cUBIBNF ?QIQK>K ?FNIFHIBN HQII>KgI>J>V !TZTUFN LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LI>K FjIBRIBN _>eNgI>J>V &YDFQUJPO OgKgCgKA>K PcNBJFj LIJ>U>K ?FN E>P> U>H>I>K>J>V ;@>;@7 3DD7?4>7C HQII>KgI>J>V 67T;X74;>7@ ABeFjHBKIBN JNNVUBCMF '> AbKcjPcNcIBJBVIBN JNNVUBCMF ABeFjHBKIBN 67T;X74;>7@ PcNIBNB AbKcjPcNcIBJBVIBN FjIBPFJ AFVFIBNFKFK UBNBI ABeFjHBKIBNF TIBSFE 'B AbKcjPcNcIBJBVIBN TIBSFE ABeFjHBKIBN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK UBNBI ABeFjHBKF LI>@>H jBHFIAB AbKcjPcNcIBJBVIBN FjIBRIBNFK UBNBI ABeFjHBKIBNFKFK RBU> M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK >ANBOIBNF >IgK>J>V @@HTIBSFE ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFIBJBV

79.3.2

!USVTUFE 7R:3C:3?
"&cRBKFIFN" >KI>JgK> DBIBK !USVTUFE LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LI>K FjIBRIBN, !TBGF LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIBJBUB@BH LIAQHI>Ng E>IAB P>KgJOgV A>RN>Kgj> KBABK LIJ>U>K FjIBRIBNAFN. !bUIB FjIBRIBN, !TBGF FjIBRIBNFK U>O>HI>Ageg FjIBJIBNF U>MgULN LIAQHI>Ng E>IAB E>P>Ig LIJ>AgHI>Ng MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K D>N>KPFIBKBK FjIBRIBNAFN. /NLDN>J@gKgK ABNIBUF@FUB "?Q FjIBRB DcRBKB?FIFNOFK" ABJBOF DF?FAFN.

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#BNIBUF@F MNLDN>J@gKgK ObVcKB DcRBKFN, RB !USVTUFE FjIBRIBNFK !TBGF FjIBRIBNABK _>eNgIJ>I>NgK> FVFK RBNFN.
79.3.3

!TZTUFN 7R:3C:3?
!TBGF RBU> !USVTUFE LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJFj LIJ>U>K ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFK !TZTUFN LIAQHI>Ng R>NO>UgIgN. #BNIBUF@F ?bUIB FjIBRIBNFK ALeNQ RBU> DcRBKFIFN LIAQHI>NgKg AcjcKBJBV.

79.4

D3?:3;3 F/;/<P<2/ 7R:3C 7R:3A;3 (C)FE)

#BNIBJB V>J>KgKA> U>MgI>?FIBK EBO>MI>N _LeQ MNLDN>JI>J> AFIFKAB LIAQH_> HgOgPIgAgN. !Q EBO>MI>N DBKBIIFHIB O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNFK QVQKIQHI>NgKg EBO>MI>J>H, RBU> E>VgN ABeBNIBN HQII>K>K >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBN U>MJ>H H>A>N ?>OFPPFN: XSJUFMO(1 + 2); 7QH>NgA>HF 1 + 2 FjIBJF ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIFN RB MNLDN>J ALeNQA>K 3 U>VgIJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN; L EBO>M F_FK _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> EF_ V>J>K E>N@>KJ>V. #'KFK "@LJMFIB PFJB CQK@PFLK BTB@QPFLK ("2%$)" ABKBK bVBIIFeF FOB, KLNJ>I LI>N>H _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF AcjcKB@BeFJFV FjIBRIBNFK ?FIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKB LI>K>H O>eI>N. [NKBH LI>N>H, _gHPgU> ?FN JBKc U>VAgN>K ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSJOH NFOf(TUSJOH CBlMjL, TUSJOH<> TFdFOFLMFS, JOU HFOJlMJL) \ TUSJOH TPOVd = PSUBMBONjl4BUjS("-= " _ CBlMjL _ " =-", HFOJlMJL); GPSFBDI (J, TFdFOFL; TFdFOFLMFS) \ TPOVd _= PSUBMBONjl4BUjS(". " _ TFdFOFL _ " .", HFOJlMJL); ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

. FjIBRFK LIAQH_> H>NJ>jgH LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV. 'BJ ?>jIgH O>PgNgKg EBJ AB OB_BKBHIBNF ?BIFNIF bI_cAB FjIBAFHPBK OLKN> LKI>Ng PSUBMBONkm4BUkS FOFJIF ?>jH> ?FN FjIBRB DbKABNJBHPBAFN. !BKVBN H>NJ>jgHIgeg PSUBMBONkm4BUkS FjIBRFKAB AB DbNcULNQV: TUSJOH PSUBMBONjl4BUjS(TUSJOH ZB[j, JOU HFOJlMJL) \ TUSJOH HJSJOUJ; JG (ZB[j.MFOHUI < HFOJlMJL) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. (HFOJlMJL - ZB[j.MFOHUI) / 2) \ HJSJOUJ _= ' '; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO HJSJOUJ _ ZB[j _ '=O';

!cPcK L H>NJ>jgHIge> N>eJBK, HQII>KgJgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H, NFOg FjIBRF ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK TUBUJD ?FN ABeFjHBKFK FIHIBKJBOF OgN>OgKA>:

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WPJE NBJO() \ TUBUJD TUSJOH UBUMj.FOfTf = NFOf("5BUMjMBS", < "#BLMBWB", ",BEBZjG", ".VIBMMFCJ" >, 30); XSJUFMO(UBUMj.FOfTf); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF NFOg FjIBRF, PSUBMBONkm4BUkS FjIBRFKABK RB HBKAF FjIBJIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>N>H jQ JBKcUc LIQjPQNQN: -= 5BUMkMBS =. #BLMBWB . . ,BEBZkG . . .VIBMMFCJ . !QN>A> bKBJIF LI>K, UQH>NgA>HF OLKQ@QK ?cPcKcUIB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> LIQjPQNQIJQj LIJ>OgAgN. !Q, UBUMk.FOgTg ABeFjHBKF TUBUJD LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIAFeF F_FKAFN. TUBUJD ABeFjHBKIBN MNLDN>JA> U>IKgV@> ?FN HBNB FIHIBKFNIBN. TUBUJD ABeFjHBKIBNFK FIH ABeBNIBNFKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?FIFKJBIBNF DBNBHFN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF FjIBRIBNFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKFK OLKQ@QKA>, UBUMk.FOgTg ABeFjHBKF O>KHF L EBO>MI>NgK OLKQKA> LIQj>K AFVDF MNLDN>J> >_gH_> U>VgIJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN: // :VLBSjEBLJ LPEVO FlEFhFSJ: TUBUJD TUSJOH UBUMj.FOfTf = " " " "

-= 5BUMjMBS =-=O" . #BLMBWB .=O" . ,BEBZjG .=O" . .VIBMMFCJ .=O";

NFOg DF?F ?FN FjIBR _>eNgIAgeg E>IAB RB LKQK OLKQ@QKA> FjIBJIBN U>MgIAgeg E>IAB, L AFVDFKFK LIQjPQNQIJ>Og F_FK _>IgjJ> V>J>KgKA> EF_ V>J>K E>N@>KJ>V. !Q LI>K>H, ABNIBUF@FKFK A>RN>Kgjg FIB FIDFIF LIAQeQKA>K, FjIBRIBNFK DBN_BHPBK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIFM FjIBPFIJBAFHIBNFKF DbNJBH L H>A>N HLI>U LIJ>U>?FIFN. #FVDFKFK DBN_BHPBK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> LIQjPQNQIAQeQKQ DbNJBKFK ?FN ULIQ, MNLDN>Jg ?FN :7I 76;ERC'AB >_J>HPgN. #BNIBJB V>J>KgKA> LIQjPQNQIJQjO>, ?cPcK JBKc AFVDFOF, ABNIBKJFj LI>K MNLDN>JgK F_FKAB DbJcIc LI>N>H DbNcIcN. . AFVDFKFK P>J>JgKg DbNJBKFK ?>jH> ?FN ULIQ, 3KFT LNP>JI>NgKA> ?QIQK>K TUSJOHT RB HSFQ MNLDN>JI>NgKA>K U>N>NI>KJ>HPgN. TUSJOHT , ?FN ALOU> F_FKABHF ?cPcK LHQK>HIg AFVDFIBNF ?QIQN RB OP>KA>NP _gHgjgK> DbKABNFN. HSFQ FOB, DFNFjFKB DBIBK O>PgNI>N >N>OgKA>K ?BIFNIF ?FN AcVBKB QU>KI>NgKg OB_BN RB OP>KA>NP _gHgjgK> DbKABNFN. /NLDN>JgK FOJFKFK EFOFNF LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>NO>H, >j>egA>HF HLJQP, F_FKAB "2>PI" DB_BK O>PgNg, RB OLKN>OgKA>HF 4 O>PgNg DbOPBNFN: $ TUSJOHT EFOFNF ] HSFQ -" 4 5BUM -= 5BUM MBS =. #BLMBWB . . ,BEBZ . .VIBMMFCJ .

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7QH>NgA>HF _gHPgA>HF g E>NCIBNFKFK ?BKFJ LNP>JgJA> OLNQK _gH>NPgULN LIJ>I>Ng bKBJIF ABeFIAFN. !QN>A> DbOPBNJBH FOPBAFeFJ, OLKQ_ AFVDFKFK MNLDN>JgK F_FKAB DbJcIc LI>N>H ?QIQKAQeQAQN. NFOg FjIBRF, ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIJFjPFN. 'BN FjIBR ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIBJBV. !FN FjIBRFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB?FIJBOF F_FK bK@BIFHIB ?QKQK JcJHcK LIAQeQ ?FN FC>ABAB HQII>KgIJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: x TUBUJD ?FN ABeFjHBKFK FIHIBKJBOF x FOVN ?FN ABeFjHBKFK FIHIBKJBOF; bNKBeFK, UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF TUBUJD UBNFKB, ?QN>A>HF HQII>KgJgKA> =7D;@>;=>7 67T;X?7J7@ 67T7C >KI>JgK> DBIBK FOVN A> U>VgI>?FIFN FOVN TUSJOH UBUMj.FOfTf = /* ... */ x O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ ?FN AFVFKFK QVQKIQeQKQK EBO>MI>KJ>Og x ?FN ABeBN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ABeBNFKFK EBO>MI>KJ>Og $H LI>N>H, >j>egA>HF HLjQII>NgK O>eI>KJ>I>Ng A> DBNBHFN: 1. FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK QUJ>Og DBNBHBK HLjQII>N: { { { { { { { { { { { { P>JO>Ug E>VgN ABeBNIBNF HBOFNIF O>Ug E>VgN ABeBNIBNF H>N>HPBN E>VgN ABeBNIBNF AFVDF E>VgN ABeBNIBNF ?Q IFOPBABHF BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQj>K AFVF E>VgN ABeBNIBNF ?Q IFOPBABHF BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQj>K BjIBJB P>?ILOQ E>VgN ABeBNIBNF ?Q IFOPBABHF BIBJ>KI>NA>K LIQj>K U>Mg E>VgN ABeBNIBNF ?Q IFOPBABHF BIBJ>KI>NI> FIHIBKJFj LI>K O>?FP ABeFjHBKIBN H>M>J>I>N FjIBR DbOPBNDBIBNF FOFJOFV PBJOFI@FIBN FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN

2. ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> M>N>JBPNB >I>K FjIBRIBNFK " AFIFKABHF DF?F P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng (/>N>JBPNB 1BN?BOPIFeF ABNOFKF >KI>PgNHBK ?Q LI>K>eg ?FIBNBH >PI>JgjPgJ) 3. FjIBR, Bj V>J>KIg _>Igj>@>H jBHFIAB P>KgJI>KJgj LIJ>J>IgAgN 4. FjIBRABHF FC>ABIBN { { { { E>P> >P>J>VI>N DbOPBNDB RBU> OgKgC HQII>K>J>VI>N BRNBKOBI ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjBJBVIBN UBNBI TUBUJD ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjBJBVIBN

{ EFMFUF 'F _>egN>J>VI>N { ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIBJBUBK FjIBRIBN _>egN>J>VI>N 5. jQ ABUFJIBN HQII>KgI>J>V: { { { { { Bj V>J>KIg _>IgjJ> ABUFJIBNF UISPX XJUI TDPQF USZ-DBUDI-GJOBMMZ

{ BPFHBPIF CSFBL RBU> DPOUJOVF 6. ?FN FOPFOK> LI>N>H, jQ KFPBIFHIBN ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> FjIBPFIB?FIFNIBN: { .EVQ

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{ .MFOHUI { .LFZT { .WBMVFT

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"/A;/:/?
*>PJ>I>N, ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> j>?ILKI>N RBU> AFVDFIBN P>N>CgKA>K cNBPFIBK HLAI>NgK MNLDN>JgK FOPBKBK KLHP>I>NgK> BHIBKJBIBNFKB U>N>NI>N.

80.1

Q/0:=< 9/A;/:/?P
i>?ILKI>NgK ?BIFNIF H>IgMI>N> DbNB HLA cNBPBK LI>K>HI>N LIAQHI>NgKg i>?ILKI>N RB UNgKPgIg i>?ILKI>N ABNOIBNFKAB DbNJcjPcH. i>?ILKI>NA>K U>N>NI>K>N>H C>NHIg M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF F_FK FjIBR, U>Mg, ?FNIFH, OgKgC, >N>UcV, RBU> U>O>I LIAQeQ OcNB@B EBN PcN # HLAQKQ LIQjPQN>?FIFULNAQH. i>?ILK H>PJ>I>Ng, ?FN j>?ILK F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ?cPcK HLAI>NgK MNLDN>JgK ?BIFNIF ?FN KLHP>OgK>, O>KHF LN>U> >_gH_> BIIB U>VgIJgj DF?F BHIBKJBIBNFKF O>eI>NI>N. !Q >_gA>K, " RB "++ AFIIBNFKABHF J>HNLI>N DF?F FjIBAFHIBNF AcjcKcIB?FIFN. NJYJO >K>EP>N ObV@cec, j>?ILKQK ?BIFNIF ?FN HQII>KgJgKg MNLDN>JgK EBNE>KDF ?FN KLHP>OgK> UBNIBjPFNFN. "*>PJ>H", "F_FKB H>NgjPgNJ>H" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "JFT FK"ABK PcNBJFjPFN. NJYJO >K>EP>N ObV@cecKABK OLKN>, j>?ILKQK ?BIFNIF M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF F_FK ?FN HQII>KgJg U>VgIgN: NJYJO bir_+ablon!(+ablon_parametreleri) . j>?ILKQK L M>N>JBPNBIBNIB HQII>KgJg F_FK cNBPFIBK HLAI>N, LIAQHI>Ng DF?F NJYJO O>PgNgKgK ?QIQKAQeQ KLHP>U> UBNIBjPFNFIFNIBN. [NKBH LI>N>H ?FN HbjB AFVFOFKF, RB L HbjBIBN cVBNFKABHF FjIBJIBNF P>KgJI>U>K ?FN j>?ILK AcjcKBIFJ: UFNQMBUF ,elF%J[JTJ0MBOBhj(5, JOU BEFU) \ 5<BEFU> LelFMFS; WPJE LelF%FhJlUJS(JOU JOEFLT, 5 LelF) \ LelFMFS<JOEFLT> = LelF; ^ WPJE LelFMFSJ(eTUFS() \ XSJUFMO("#fUfO LelFMFSJN:"); GPSFBDI (J, LelF; LelFMFS) \ XSJUF(J, ":", LelF, ' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

. j>?ILK, AFVF BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc RB BIBJ>K >ABAF HLKQOQKA> BOKBHIFH DBPFNJBHPBAFN. 2cN RB BIBJ>K >ABAF, HQII>KgJ> DbNB >NPgH OBN?BOP_B OB_FIB?FIFN. . j>?ILKQK JOU PcNcUIB RB 2 ABeBNFUIB HQII>KgIJ>OgKg FOPBAFeFJFVF ?FN NJYJO 'B jbUIB ?BIFNPB?FIFNFV: NJYJO ,elF%J[JTJ0MBOBhj!(JOU, 2); 7QH>NgA>HF NJYJO , j>?ILKQK F_FKABHF HLAI>Ng HQII>K>N>H FHF BIBJ>KIg JOU AFVFOFKF RB L AFVFUF HQII>K>K FHF FjIBRF LIQjPQNQN. !bUIB@B, LKI>Ng bNKBeFK ?FN U>MgKgK cUBIBNF E>IFKB DBPFNB?FIFNFV:

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TUSVDU `J[HJ \ NJYJO ,elF%J[JTJ0MBOBhj!(JOU, 2); ^ i>?ILK F_FKABHF HLAI>N, 5 'UB H>NjgIgH JOU RB BEFU 'B H>NjgIgH 2 LI>@>H jBHFIAB cNBPFIFNIBN RB NJYJO >K>EP>N ObV@cecKcK ?QIQKAQeQ UBNB UBNIBjPFNFIFNIBN. !bUIB@B aJ[HJ U>MgOgKgK 2 BIBJ>KIg ?FN AFVFOF RB L AFVF FIB FjIBUBK FHF FjIBRF LIJQj LIQN: BVUP dJ[HJ = `J[HJ(); dJ[HJ.LelF%FhJlUJS(0, 100); dJ[HJ.LelF%FhJlUJS(1, 200); dJ[HJ.LelFMFSJ(eTUFS(); /NLDN>J jQ _gHPgUg cNBPFN: #gUgO LfmFMFSJN: 0:100 1:200 UKg j>?ILKQ bNKBeFK ?FN FjIBR F_FKAB RB ?>jH> M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF FIB AB HQII>K>?FIFNFV: WPJE NBJO() \ NJYJO ,elF%J[JTJ0MBOBhj!(/PLUB, 5); LelF%FhJlUJS(3, /PLUB(1.1, 2.2)); LelFMFSJ(eTUFS();

. NJYJO , NBJO 'FK F_FKB UBNBI ?FN AFVF RB UBNBI FHF FjIBR UBNIBjPFNFN. NJYJO 'B RBNFIBK /PLUB 'KgK A> jbUIB ?>OFP ?FN U>Mg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU /PLUB \ EPVCMF Y = 0; EPVCMF Z = 0; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

ZgHPgOg: #gUgO LfmFMFSJN: 0:(0,0) 1:(0,0) 2:(0,0) 3:(1.1,2.2) 4:(0,0)

80.2

D7F57 9/A;/:/?P
#'KFK _LH Dc_Ic ?FN LI>K>eg, ABeBNIBNF ABNIBJB OgN>OgKA> ?FIFKB?FIBK AFVDFIBNFK HLA LI>N>H MNLDN>JgK F_FKB UBNIBjPFNFIB?FIJBIBNFAFN. f_FKAB U>O>I # HLAI>Ng ?QIQK>K EBN AFVDF, NJYJO >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB MNLDN>J> BHIBKB?FIFN. !Q HQII>KgJA> AFVDFKFK M>N>KPBV F_FKAB ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHFN:

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NJYJO(derleme_#aman*nda_olu+turulan_di#gi) [NKBeFK "JBNE>?> AcKU>" MNLDN>JgKg ?FN AFVDF H>PJ>Og FIB jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ NJYJO(AXSJUFMO("NFSIBCB EfOZB");A); ^ #FVDF F_FKABHF HLA NJYJO O>PgNgK> BHIBKFN, MNLDN>J ABNIBKFN, RB ?BHIBAFeFJFV _gHPgUg RBNFN: NFSIBCB EgOZB !QKQK BPHFOFKF DbOPBNJBH F_FK ?FN>V A>E> FIBNF DFAB?FIFN RB ?cPcK MNLDN>Jg ?FIB ?FN AFVDF H>PJ>Og LI>N>H U>V>?FIFNFV: NJYJO( AJNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB EfOZB"); ^A ); UKg _gHPg BIAB BAFIFN: NFSIBCB EgOZB !Q bNKBHIBNABHF NJYJO 'IBNB DBNBH LIJ>Ageg >_gHPgN. . HLAI>NgK jFJAFUB H>A>N EBM U>MPgegJgV DF?F MNLDN>J> >_gH_> U>VgIJ>I>Ng A>E> J>KPgHIgAgN. #FVDF H>PJ>I>NgKgK Dc@c, HLAQK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H LIQjPQNQI>?FIJBOFKABK DBIFN. #BNIBJB V>J>KgKA> LIQjPQNQI>?FIAFeF OcNB@B, NJYJO FC>ABOF FjIBRIBNFK AbKAcNAcec AFVDFIBNABK ?FIB U>N>NI>K>?FIFN. j>egA>HF bNKBH, NJYJO 'B RBNFIB@BH LI>K HLA AFVDFIBNFKF ?FN FjIBRB LIQjPQNPJ>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSJOH ZB[EjSNB%FZJNJ(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ SFUVSO AXSJUFMO("A _ NFTBK _ A");A; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ NJYJO(ZB[EjSNB%FZJNJ("NFSIBCB EfOZB")); NJYJO(ZB[EjSNB%FZJNJ("TFMBN EfOZB")); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J, ZB[EkSNB%FZJNJ 'KFK LIQjPQNAQeQ FHF AFVDFUF NJYJO O>PgNI>NgKgK UBNIBNFKB UBNIBjPFNFN RB MNLDN>J L HLAI>NI> ABNIBKFN. !QN>A> AFHH>PFKFVF _BHJBH FOPBAFeFJ KLHP>, XSJUFMO FjIBRIBNFKFK ZB[EkSNB%FZJNJ 'KFK F_FKAB _>eNgIJ>AgHI>NgAgN. ZB[EkSNB%FZJNJ 'KFK U>MPgeg, U>IKgV@> F_FKAB "SNFPBIK" DB_BK AFVDFIBN AbKAcNJBHPFN. . AFVDFIBN, NJYJO 'IBNFK ?QIQKAQHI>Ng O>PgNI>N> HLA LI>N>H UBNIBjPFNFIFNIBN. 1LKQ_P> ABNIBKBK MNLDN>J, jQKQK BjABeBNFAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("NFSIBCB EfOZB");

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XSJUFMO("TFMBN EfOZB");

NJYJO 'IF MNLDN>J, O>KHF L FHF XSJUFMO O>PgNg R>NJgj DF?F ABNIBKFN RB _>IgjgN: NFSIBCB EgOZB TFMBN EgOZB

80.3

OR:3K EM9:3;32397 9B::/<P;P

fjIB_ 7cHIBJB ABNOFKAB FjIB_IBNFK j>?ILK ObV AFVFJF FIB P>KgJI>KAgHI>NgKg DbNJcjPcH. . ObV AFVFJIBNFKF ?FN H>IgM LI>N>H H>?QI BPJBKFVF NF@> BPJFj RB LKI>NgK j>?ILKI>NI> FIDFIF ABNOIBNABK OLKN> >_gHIge> H>RQj>@>HI>NgKg ObUIBJFjPFJ. fjIB_ UcHIBJBUIB FIDFIF LI>K cUB FjIBRIBNFK j>?ILKI>N LI>N>H P>KgJI>KJ>I>NgKgK KBABKF, FjIB_IBNF ?BIFNIBUBK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK TUSJOH PcNcKAB LIJ>I>Ng RB ?Q UcVABK AFVDF H>PJ>I>NgKA>K U>N>NI>K>?FIJBIBNFAFN. !QKQ DbNJBH F_FK PBHN>N 4gSF U>MgOgK> ?>H>IgJ. !Q PcNcK KBOKBIBNFKFK + RB - FjIB_IBNFUIB HQII>KgIgNHBK JOU H>?QI BAB?FIJBIBNF F_FK >j>egA>HF cUB FjIBRIBNF P>KgJI>KJgj LIOQK: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; // TfSF += 2 HJCJ LVMMBOjNMBS JdJO WPJE PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ EBLJLB += NJLUBS; ^ // TfSF -= 2 HJCJ LVMMBOjNMBS JdJO WPJE PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) JG (JlMFd == "-") \ EBLJLB -= NJLUBS; ^ // TfSF + 2 HJCJ LVMMBOjNMBS JdJO 4fSF PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ SFUVSO 4fSF(EBLJLB + NJLUBS); ^ // TfSF - 2 HJCJ LVMMBOjNMBS JdJO 4fSF PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) JG (JlMFd == "-") \ SFUVSO 4fSF(EBLJLB - NJLUBS); ^

&bNcIAcec DF?F, PQ0Q"TTJHO 'gK RB PQ#JOBSZ 'KFK + RB - FjIB_IBNF F_FK P>KgJI>Ng "+" RB "-" H>N>HPBNIBNF AgjgKA> >UKgAgN. !QN>A>HF HLA PBHN>NgKg LNP>A>K H>IAgNJ>H F_FK NJYJO 'IBNABK U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB;

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WPJE PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) \ NJYJO("EBLJLB " _ JlMFd _ "= NJLUBS;"); ^ 4fSF PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) \ NJYJO("SFUVSO 4fSF(EBLJLB " _ JlMFd _ " NJLUBS);"); ^

\OPBIFH ?Q OBCBN j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng A> HQII>KgIJ>Ageg F_FK ?>jH> >NFPJBPFH FjIBJIBN AB ABOPBHIBKJBHPBAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; WPJE PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) \ NJYJO("EBLJLB " _ JlMFd _ "= NJLUBS;"); ^ 4fSF PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JOU NJLUBS) \ NJYJO("SFUVSO 4fSF(EBLJLB " _ JlMFd _ " NJLUBS);"); ^ TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T EBLJLB", EBLJLB); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TfSF = 4fSF(10); TfSF += 1; TfSF -= 2; TfSF /= 3; TfSF %= 4; XSJUFMO("TfSF BVUP BVUP BVUP BVUP TPOVd1 TPOVd2 TPOVd3 TPOVd4 = = = = : ", TfSF); TfSF TfSF TfSF TfSF + / % 3; 4; 4; 4; TPOVd1); TPOVd2); TPOVd3); TPOVd4);

XSJUFMO("TPOVd1: XSJUFMO("TPOVd2: XSJUFMO("TPOVd3: XSJUFMO("TPOVd4:

", ", ", ",

ZgHPgOg: TgSF : TPOVe1: TPOVe2: TPOVe3: TPOVe4: 3 EBLJLB 6 EBLJLB -1 EBLJLB 0 EBLJLB 3 EBLJLB

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&BNBHPFeFKAB UFKB AB j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>Ng BHIBKB?FIFN RB QUDQK LIJ>U>K FjIBJIBN L O>UBAB BIBKB?FIFN.

80.4

I?<39
(%AE: "VDE3D>3CV@ 4F RC@7=E7 A>6FTF 9;4; 6;K9; A>3C3= 47>;CE;>?7>7C; ;D;?D;K ;X>7G>7C;@ => DRK 6;K;?>7C;@67@ 63:3 7D=; 4;C A>3@3=EVC. BF RC@7=E7=; 6;K9; =F>>3@V?V ':A4AD'E3 :P>P 97Q7C>; A>D3 63 => DRK 6;K;?; 63:3 =F>>3@VX>V6VC.) *BKAFOFKB RBNFIBK O>UgI>NA>K ?BIFNIF ?FN HLjQI> QU>KI>NgKg OB_BK RB ?FN AFVF LI>N>H AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBRB ?>H>IgJ: JOU<> TFd(TUSJOH LPlVM)(JO JOU<> TBZjMBS) \ JOU<> TPOVd; GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; TBZjMBS) \ JG (NJYJO(LPlVM)) \ TPOVd _= FMFNBO; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

. FjIBR, OB_JB HLjQIQKQ ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >IJ>HP>, RB JG ABUFJFKFK M>N>KPBVFKFK F_FKB L HLjQIQ LIAQeQ DF?F HLA LI>N>H UBNIBjPFNJBHPBAFN. . FC>ABKFK bNKBeFK BIBJ>KI>NgK 7'ABK Hc_cH LI>KI>NgKg OB_JBOF F_FK JG ABUFJF F_FKB jbUIB ?FN FC>ABKFK U>VgIJ>Og DBNBHFN: JG (FMFNBO < 7) \ fjPB, UQH>NgA>HF TFe FjIBRF, ?FVB L HLjQIQ MNLDN>JA> ?FN AFVDF LI>N>H ?FIAFNJB LI>K>eg RBNFN: JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 1, 8, 6, -2, 10 >; JOU<> TFdJMFOMFS = TFd!"FMFNBO < 7"(TBZjMBS); !QN>A> bKBJIF ?FN KLHP>U> AFHH>P _BHJBH FOPFULNQJ. TFe j>?ILKQK> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIBK AFVDFKFK F_FKAB HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBK FOJFKFK, TFe FjIBRF F_FKAB P>KgJI>K>KI> >UKg LIJ>Og j>NPPgN. . ABeFjHBK FOJFKFK KB LIAQeQ, TFe FjIBRFKFK ?BIDBIBNFKAB ?BIFNPFIJBH VLNQKA>AgN. . FjIBRF HQII>K>K MNLDN>J@gI>N A> L FOJB QUJ>H VLNQKA>AgNI>N. !Q >J>_I> HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBK FOFJIBNF HLKQOQKA> /EL?LO'P> ?FN OP>KA>NP DBIFjJBUB ?>jI>JgjPgN. !BKFJ OB_PFeFJ "BIBJ>K" DF?F QVQK ?FN FOFJ ABeFI; >, ?, @ AFUB PBH E>NCIFH FOFJIBN HQII>KgIgN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeF LI>N>H TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF TPSU FjIBRFKB ?>H>?FIFNFV. "1gN>I>" >KI>JgK> DBIBK TPSU , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>Igeg OgN>I>J>U> U>N>N. TPSU FjIBRF, OgN>I>J> HLjQIQKA> HQII>KgI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK B RB C LIJ>I>NgKg j>NP HLj>N. *LKQJQVI> FIDFOF LIJ>U>K ?bIcJIBNFKF DbOPBNJBABK, TPSU 'QK P>KgJg jbUIBAFN. WPJE TPSU(BMJBT MFTT = "B < C", /* ... */)(/* ... */) MFTT FOFJIF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNF, B RB C ABeFjHBKIBNFKF HQII>KgN. .N>A>HF B RB C , TPSU 'QK EBN OgN>I>J> H>N>NgKA> HQII>KAgeg DA>63=; RB D3T63=; ABeFjHBKIBNAFN. . HLjQI OLIA>HFKFK O>eA>HFKABK Hc_cH LIJ>OgK> ?>HPgeg F_FK; MFTT 'FK R>NO>UgI>K OgN>I>J>Og =SQS=E7@ 4SJST7 6ATCF6FC.

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TPSU j>?ILKQ, bUIB ?FN R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNB O>EFM LIAQeQ F_FK, L M>N>JBPNB ?FIAFNFIJBABK HQII>KgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 >; TPSU(TBZjMBS); XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS); ^ %AE: D;K;>7C;@ .<9;= @;E7>;T;@;@ 67 3J@V 3?3Q>3 =F>>3@V>34;>757T;@; :3EVC>3JV@. !BHIBKAFeF DF?F, AFVF BIBJ>KI>Ng OgN>I>KJgjI>NAgN: 1 2 3 4 5 $IBJ>KI>NgK PBNO OgN>A> OgN>I>KJ>I>Ng F_FK MFTT M>N>JBPNBOFKF >_gH_> U>VJ>H RB < UBNFKB > ?BIFNPJBH UBPBN: JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 >; TPSU!"B > C"(TBZjMBS); XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS); !Q OBCBN, EBN H>NjgI>jPgNJ>A> DA>63=; BIBJ>KgK D3T63=; BIBJ>KA>K ?cUcH LIJ>Og HgOP>Og HQII>KgIAgegKA>K AFVF ?cUcHPBK Hc_ceB ALeNQ OgN>I>KgN: 5 4 3 2 1 OIgKA> >UKg >J>@> QI>jJ>H F_FK ?>jH> ULII>N A> ?QIQKAQeQKQ E>PgNI>UgK. [NKBeFK fjIBR &bOPBNDBIBNF RB *>M>J>I>N ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F ?FN EFMFHBUF M>N>JBPNB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 'BN V>J>K LIAQeQ DF?F, E>KDF AQNQJA> E>KDF UbKPBJFK A>E> QUDQK LI>@>egK> HBKAFKFV H>N>N RBNJBIFOFKFV.

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81

A?/:P9:/?
N>IgHI>N, PLMIQIQH BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ FjIBJFKF OLUQPI>NI>N. !Q OLUQPI>J>, _LH O>UgA>HF RBNF U>MgOgKgK _LH O>UgA>HF >IDLNFPJ> FIB QUQJIQ LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>OgKg O>eI>N. 4BNF U>MgI>NgKgK K>OgI DBN_BHIBjPFNFIJFj LIAQHI>Ng bKBJOFVIBjFN, BIBJ>KI>NgK> K>OgI BNFjFIAFeF bK MI>K> _gH>N. N>IgHI>N, PcNIBNFK ?BIFNIF FOFJABHF FjIBRIBNF OQKJ>I>Ng FIHBOF cVBNFKB HQNQIQ LI>K >OIgKA> _LH ?>OFP ?FN H>RN>JAgN. !Q H>RN>JI> A>E> bK@B 7>Mg RB 1gKgCI>NA> GPSFBDI ABNOFKAB AB H>NjgI>jJgjPgH: FNQUZ , GSPOU RB QPQ'SPOU() cUB FjIBRIBNFKF P>KgJI>U>K EBN PcN, GPSFBDI AbKDcOc FIB HQII>KgI>?FIFULNAQ. . c_ FjIBR, *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgH _BjFAFKFK DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBRIBNAFN. N>IgHI>NI> FIDFIF H>RN>JI>Ng BK ?>OFP >N>IgH _BjFAF LI>K *OQVU3BOHF FIB DbOPBNB@BeFJ. #FeBN >N>IgHI>NgK C>NHI>Ng, ?>jH> FjIBRIBN AB DBNBHPFNJBIBNFAFN. #>E> FIBNF DFPJBABK bK@B >N>IgHI>NI> ALeNQA>K FIDFIF LI>K PLMIQIQH RB >IDLNFPJ> P>KgJI>NgKg E>PgNI>PJ>H FOPFULNQJ. T23/7/7. (8(4, :$3B5B): 2LMIQIQH, KBNBABUOB ?cPcK MNLDN>JI>NA> H>NjgI>jgI>K _LH U>N>NIg ?FN H>RN>JAgN. #BeFjHBKIBN ?BIFNIF >J>_I>NI> ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFIFNIBN RB OLKN>A>K ?FN PLMIQIQeQK BIBJ>KI>Ng LI>N>H HQII>KgIgNI>N. #'ABHF PLMIQIQHI>N; AFVFIBN, BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng, RB TUE.DPOUBJOFS JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K PLMIQIQH PcNIBNFAFN. 'BN PLMIQIQH ?BIFNIF ?FN G7C; J3BVDV LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. [NKBeFK BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng ?FN :3D: E34>7 RBNF U>MgOg DBN_BHIBjPFNJBOFAFN. 'BN RBNF U>MgOg PcNc, BIBJ>KI>Ng L RBNF U>MgOgK> bVBI ?F_FJAB ?>NgKAgNgN RB BIBJ>KI>N> L RBNF U>MgOgK> bVBI ?F_FJAB BNFjPFNFN. [NKBeFK AFVF RBNF U>MgOgKA> BIBJ>KI>N U>K U>K> AQNQNI>N RB OgN> KQJ>N>Og FIB BNFjFIFNIBN; ?>eIg IFOPB U>MgOgKA> BIBJ>KI>N AcecJIBNAB O>HI>KgNI>N RB ?Q AcecJIBN >N>@gIgegUI> BNFjFIFNIBN; FHFIF >e>_ RBNF U>MgOgKA> AcecJIBN HBKAFIBNFKABK OgN>I>J>A> bK@BHF RB OLKN>HF BIBJ>KI>N> C>NHIg A>II>N ULIQUI> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N; RO. !BK ?Q ABNOPB EAB>F>F= RB G7C; J3BVDV ABUFJIBNFKF >UKg >KI>JA> HQII>K>@>egJ. A/*24,60$ (,C/(8): 4BNF U>MgI>NgKgK ?BIFNIF >J>_I>NI> RB ?BIFNIF >AgJI>N E>IFKAB FjIBKJBIBNFKB >IDLNFPJ> ABKFN. [NKBeFK DVC3>V 3C3?3 >IDLNFPJ>Og, >N>K>K ABeBNF PLMIQIQHP>HF ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>Ng ?>jgKA>K OLKQK> H>A>N FIBNIBUBNBH >N>U>K ?FN >IDLNFPJ>AgN; ;=;>; 3C3?3 >IDLNFPJ>Og, EBN >AgJA> BIBJ>KI>NgK U>NgOgKg BIBUBNBH >N>U>K ?FN >IDLNFPJ>AgN; RO. !BK ?Q ABNOPB 3>9AC;E?3 RB ;X>7G ABUFJIBNFKF >UKg >KI>JA> HQII>K>@>egJ. j>egA>HF _LeQ bNKBHPB BIBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H JOU , PLMIQIQH PcNc LI>N>H A> JOU<> HQII>K>@>egJ. OIgKA> >N>IgHI>NgK Dc@c j>?ILKI>NI> ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> LNP>U> _gH>N. N>IgHI>NgK ?FN?FNIBNFKB QUAQNAQeQ _LeQ PLMIQIQH RB _LeQ >IDLNFPJ> j>?ILKAQN. !QKI>NgK bNKBHIBNFKF ?FN OLKN>HF ABNOB ?gN>H>@>egJ.

81.1

)/?76K3
IDLNFPJ>I>NI> RBNF U>MgI>NgKg ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>j>NgUI> OLUQPI>U>K ?FN HcPcME>KB, "++ AFIFKFK OP>KA>NP HcPcME>KBOFKFK AB ?FN M>N_>Og LI>K 12+'AFN (1P>KA>NA 2BJMI>PB +F?N>NU). 12+ ?Q OLUQPI>J>Ug "++'gK j>?ILK LI>K>egKA>K U>N>NI>K>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNAFeF 7C;X;5; (FPBN>PLN) H>RN>Jg FIB O>eI>N. ZLH Dc_Ic ?FN OLUQPI>J> LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK BNFjF@F H>RN>JgKgK ?>Vg V>UgCIgHI>Ng A> R>NAgN. N>IgHI>N, BNFjF@FIBNFK ?Q V>UgCIgHI>NgKg DFABNJBUB UbKBIFH LI>N>H KANBF IBT>KANBO@Q P>N>CgKA>K P>O>NI>KJgjPgN. /EL?LO, >N>IgHI>Ng HQII>K>K FIH RB ?FIFKBK PBH HcPcME>KBAFN. KANBF IBT>KANBO@Q, $IBJ>K $NFjFJF \VBNFKB FOFJIF J>H>IBOFKAB >N>IgHI>Ng P>KgPgN RB >N>IgHI>NgK BNFjF@FIBNABK KBABK A>E> cOPcK LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFN.

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81.2

A?/:P9:/? D'23 9/KP<P:;/F2P?

N>IgHI>N #'UB bVDc ?FN H>RN>JAgN. #FIFJIBN BK FjIBROBI >N>IgH _BjFAF LI>K 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF 'B QU>NI>N RB /EL?LO, >N>IgHI>NI> FIDFIF _LH O>UgA> LI>K>H F_BNFN. ZLeQ MNLDN>JA> HBKAF >N>IgH PcNIBNFJFVF RBU> >N>IgH FjIBRIBNFJFVF U>VJ>JgV DBNBHJBV. !QK> N>eJBK >N>IgHI>NgK /EL?LO'P> K>OgI HQII>KgIAgegKg ?FIJBH bKBJIFAFN. /EL?LO'P>HF _LH O>UgA> >IDLNFPJ>, HQII>KgJI>Ng OgN>OgKA> C>NHBAFIJBOB ?FIB >OIgKA> DB_F@F >N>IgH KBOKBIBNF AbKAcNcNIBN. [NKBeFK BIBJ>KI>NgK 10'A>K ?cUcH LI>KI>NgKg OB_JBH F_FK HQII>KgI>K >j>egA>HF GJMUFS() AFVF ABeFI, >N>IgH KBOKBOF AbKAcNcN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> TBZjMBS = < 1, 20, 7, 11 >; XSJUFMO(TBZjMBS.GJMUFS!(TBZj => TBZj > 10)); ^ XSJUFMO , GJMUFS() 'gK AbKAcNJcj LIAQeQ >N>IgH KBOKBOFKF DBNBHPFH_B PBJ?BI LI>N>H HQII>KgN. 1LKQ_P>, ?BIFNPFIBK HgOP>O> QU>K BIBJ>KI>N U>VAgNgIgNI>N: <20, 11> . OLKQ@> ?>H>N>H GJMUFS() 'gK JOU AFVFOF AbKAcNAcec AcjcKcIB?FIFN; >K@>H ?Q ALeNQ ABeFIAFN. #bKAcNcIBK KBOKB ?FN AFVF LIJ>Ageg F_FK bNKBeFK >j>egA>HF O>PgN ABNIBKBJBV: JOU<> TFdJMFOMFS = TBZjMBS.GJMUFS!(TBZj => TBZj > 10); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* #bKAcNcIBK KBOKBKFK PcNcKc E>P> JBO>GgKA> DbNcULNQV: &SSPS: DBOOPU JNQMJDJUMZ DPOWFSU FYQSFTTJPO (GJMUFS(TBZkMBS)) PG UZQF 'JMUFS3FTVMU!(@@MBNCEB2, JOU<>) UP JOU<> %AE: & ESC D;K;@ 67@76;T;@;K ':A4AD DSCS?S@67 83C=>V A>34;>;C. . DB_F@F >N>IgH KBOKBOFKFK FOPBKAFeFKAB ?FN AFVFUB AB AbKcjPcNcIB?FIB@BeFKF >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ.

81.3

A:5=?7A;/:/?P< 53:3<39@3: 53?K39:3RA7?;3:3?7

&BIBKBHOBI LI>N>H >IDLNFPJ>I>N FjIBJBHPB LIAQHI>Ng RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK K>OgI DBN_BHIBjPFNFIAFHIBNFKF ?FIJBH VLNQKA>AgNI>N. [NKBeFK ?FN ?>eIg IFOPBKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg OgN>UI> _gHgj> U>VAgN>K >j>egA>HF FjIBR, HQII>KAgeg ?>eIg IFOPBKFK AcecJIBNFKFK FMFNBO RB TPOSBLJ FOJFKAB FHF cUBOF ?QIQKAQeQKQ ?FIJBH VLNQKA>AgN: TUSVDU %fhfN \ JOU FMFNBO; %fhfN * TPOSBLJ; ^ WPJE ZB[EjS(DPOTU(%fhfN) * MJTUF) \ GPS ( ; MJTUF; MJTUF = MJTUF.TPOSBLJ) \ XSJUF(' ', MJTUF.FMFNBO);

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!BKVBN jBHFIAB, ?FN AFVFUF U>VAgN>K FjIBR AB AFVFIBNFK MFOHUI FOJFKAB KFPBIFHIBNFKFK ?QIQKAQeQKQ RB BIBJ>KI>NgK> <> FjIB@F FIB BNFjFIAFeFKF ?FIJBH VLNQKA>AgN: WPJE ZB[EjS(DPOTU JOU<> EJ[J) \ GPS (JOU J = 0; J != EJ[J.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUF(' ', EJ[J<J>); ^ ^ %AE: D;K;>7C67 ;>7C>7C=7@ 09;/+-2 ';@ 63:3 FJ9F@ A>6FTF@F 4;>;JACFK. A?35V? 3>9AC;E?3>3CV@ 97>7@7=D7> A>3C3= G7C; J3BV>3CV@3 6ATCF63@ 43T>V A>6F=>3CV@V 9RDE7C?7= A>6FTF ;Q;@, 09; 'F@ 97CQ7=E7@ 97C7=E;T; 4;C 6FCF? A>6FTF@F =34F> 767>;?. IDLNFPJ>I>NgK RBNF U>MgI>NgK> ?Q ?F_FJAB ?>eIg LIJ>I>Ng, LKI>NgK EBN RBNF U>MgOg F_FK bVBI LI>N>H U>VgIJ>I>NgKg DBNBHPFNFN. [NKBeFK; AFVF, ?>eIg IFOPB, BjIBJB P>?ILOQ, FHFIF >e>_, UgegK, RO. DF?F RBNF U>MgI>NgKgK EBN ?FNFOF F_FK >N>(), OgN>I>(), LNP>H.I>KI>NgKg!QI(), ABeFjPFN(), RO. DF?F >IDLNFPJ>I>NgK >UNg >UNg U>VgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> A> >ABP >IDLNFPJ>KgK 4 >ABP RBNF U>MgOg FIB HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF F_FK DBNBHBK FjIBR O>UgOg _>NMg 4'AFN. (-LP: 'BN >IDLNFPJ> EBN RBNF U>MgOg FIB HQII>KgI>J>Ageg F_FK DBN_BHPB ?Q O>Ug A>E> AcjcHPcN. [NKBeFK BjIBJB P>?ILI>Ng OgN>I>K>J>VI>N.) [PB U>KA>K, >N>IgHI>N RBNF U>MgI>NgUI> >IDLNFPJ>I>Ng ?FN?FNIBNFKABK OLUQPI>AgHI>Ng F_FK U>IKgV@> >ABP >IDLNFPJ> RB 4 >ABP RBNF U>MgOg U>VJ>H UBPBNIF LIQN. 7BKF U>VgI>K ?FN RBNF U>MgOg, LKQK OQKAQeQ >N>IgH _BjFAFKF ABOPBHIBUBK ?cPcK >IDLNFPJ>I>NI> HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN; UBKF U>VgI>K ?FN >IDLNFPJ> A> LKQK DBNBHPFNAFeF >N>IgH _BjFAFKB QU>K ?cPcK RBNF U>MgI>Ng FIB FjIBJBUB E>VgNAgN.

81.4

&6=0=@ /?/:P9:/?P
!Q ABNOFK HLKQOQ LI>K >N>IgHI>N, CBm..TPO ?F_FJFKAB U>VgI>K O>Ug >N>IgHI>NgKA>K C>NHIgAgN. 1>Ug >N>IgHI>NgKg GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABHF RB AFIFJIBNABHF HQII>KgJI>NgKA>K P>KgULNQV: JOU<> EJMJN = EJ[J<5..10>; GPSFBDI (TBZj; 3..7) \ // TBZj BSBMjhj, // 1IPCPT BSBMjhj %&gi// TBZj BSBMjhj, // 1IPCPT BSBMjhj %&gi-

!BK ?Q ABNOPB 3C3>V= U>VAgegJ UBNIBNAB /EL?LO >N>IgHI>NgKg H>OPBAB@BeFJ. N>IgHI>N ?FN 3C3>V= DVC36SK7@; LIQjPQNQNI>N. !Q OgN>AcVBK BK ?>OFP >N>IgH LI>K *OQVU3BOHF FIB ?>jI>N. #FeBN >N>IgHI>N, PBJBI >IAgHI>Ng >N>IgegK DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBRIBNB BH LI>N>H ?>jH> FjIBRIBN AB DBNBHPFNFNIBN. N>IgH _BjFPIBNF, BK PBJBIABK BK FjIBROBIB ALeNQ RB DBNBHPFNAFHIBNF FjIBRIBNIB ?FNIFHPB jQKI>NAgN: x x x x *OQVU3BOHF , 9;C;X 3C3>VTV: FNQUZ , GSPOU RB QPQ'SPOU() FjIBRIBNF 'PSXBSE3BOHF , ;>7C>7?7 3C3>VTV: BH LI>N>H TBWF FjIBRF #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF , Q;8E FQ>F 3C3>V=: BH LI>N>H CBDL RB QPQ#BDL() FjIBRIBNF 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF , C3DE97>7 7C;X;?>; 3C3>V=: BH LI>N>H <> FjIB@F (OLKIQ RBU> OLKOQV LIJ>OgK> DbNB ?>jH> HLjQII>N A> DBNBHPFNFN)

!Q OgN>AcVBKF >j>egA>HF DF?F DbOPBNB?FIFNFV. 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF , OLKIQ RB OLKOQV LI>N>H FHF _BjFPPFN:

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*OQVU3BOHF (HJSJl BSBMjhj) o 'PSXBSE3BOHF (JMFSMFNF BSBMjhj) s r #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF (TPOTV[) (dJGU VdMV BSBMjL) (SBTUHFMF FSJlJNMJ BSBMjL) o 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF (TPOMV) (SBTUHFMF FSJlJNMJ BSBMjL) 7QH>NgA>HF >N>IgHI>N BIBJ>K BNFjFJFKB UbKBIFH >N>IgHI>NAgN. .KI>N> BH LI>N>H BIBJ>K QV=VXV FIB FIDFIF LI>K ?FN >N>IgH A>E> R>NAgN: x 0VUQVU3BOHF , QV=VX 3C3>VTV: QVU(BSBMkL, FMFNBO) FjIBJFKF ABOPBHIBJBH !Q ?Bj >N>IgH, >IDLNFPJ>I>NgK RBNF U>MgI>NgKA>K OLUQPI>KJ>I>Ng F_FK UBPBNIFAFN.
81.4.1

A?/:PNP 2/?/:A/?/9 7:3?:3;39

iFJAFUB H>A>N _LeQ bNKBHPB HQII>KAgegJgV FIBNIBJB UbKPBJFKAB >N>IgegK HBKAF AQNQJQKA> ABeFjFHIFH LIJ>V. [NKBeFK ?FN AFIFJAB GPSFBDI RBU> GPS FIB FIBNIBKAFeFKAB AFIFJFK HBKAFOF ABeFjJBV: JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 11, 12 >; GPS (JOU J = 0; J != EJMJN.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUF(' ', EJMJN<J>); ^ BTTFSU(EJMJN.MFOHUI == 3); // V[VOMVhV EFhJlNF[

!QN>A>, O>IP FIBNIBJB FjIBJFKFK AFIFJAB ?FN ABeFjFHIFH LIQjPQNJ>AgegKg ?BIFNPJBH FOPFULNQJ. %>NHIg ?FN ?>Hgj >_gOg DBPFNBK ?FN UbKPBJ, >N>Igeg ?>jgKA>K A>N>IP>N>H FIBNIBJBHPFN. !Q UbKPBJAB >N>IgegK EBM FIH BIBJ>KgK> BNFjFIFN. fIBNIBJB, EBN OBCBNFKAB ?>jP>HF BIBJ>K _gH>NPgI>N>H O>eI>KgN: GPS ( ; EJMJN.MFOHUI; EJMJN = EJMJN<1..$>) \ XSJUF(' ', EJMJN<0>); // IFQ JML FMFNBOB FSJlJMJS ^ 7QH>NgA>HF AbKDcKcK ;>7C>7?7D;, EJMJN = EJMJN<1..$> FC>ABOFKFK ?>jP>HF BIBJ>Kg AFIFJABK _gH>NPJ>Og FIB O>eI>KJ>HP>AgN. #FIFJ, L FC>ABKFK BPHFOFUIB >j>egA>HF >j>J>I>NA>K DB_BNBH A>N>IgN RB OLKQKA> ?Lj>IgN: < 10, 11, 12 < 11, 12 < 12 < > > > >

fjPB /EL?LO >N>IgHI>NgKA>HF FIBNIBJB H>RN>Jg, >N>Igeg ?Q jBHFIAB ?>jgKA>K A>N>IPJ> AcjcK@BOF cVBNFKB HQNQIQAQN. (#JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF RB OLKIQ 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgHI>Ng OLK P>N>CP>K A> A>N>I>?FIFNIBN.) . bNKBeF U>IKgV@> ?Q PcN FIBNIBJB H>RN>JgKg DbOPBNJBH F_FK RBNAFJ; GPS AbKDcIBNFKFK L jBHFIAB U>VgIJ>Og KLNJ>I H>?QI BAFIJBJBIFAFN. 1>IP FIBNIBJFj LIJ>H F_FK BIBJ>KI>NgK AFIFJABK ?Q jBHFIAB _gH>NPgIJ>I>Ng _LeQ AQNQJA> FOPBKJBUB@BeFKABK; >OgI PLMIQIQeQK HBKAFOF ABeFI, U>IKgV@> FIBNIBJBH F_FK LIQjPQNQI>K ?>jH>

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?FN >N>IgH PcHBPFIFN. !Q bNKBHPBHF >OgI AFIFJF HLNQJ>H F_FK bNKBeFK ?>jH> ?FN AFIFJABK U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: JOU<> EJMJN = < 10, 11, 12 >; JOU<> EJMJN2 = EJMJN; GPS ( ; EJMJN2.MFOHUI; EJMJN2 = EJMJN2<1..$>) \ XSJUF(' ', EJMJN2<0>); ^ BTTFSU(EJMJN2.MFOHUI == 0); BTTFSU(EJMJN.MFOHUI == 3); // n EJMJN2 CPlBMjS // n EJMJN EFhJlNF[

/EL?LO FjIBRIBNF AB >OgI PLMIQIQeQK ABeFjJBJBOF F_FK bVBI >N>IgH KBOKBIBNF AbKAcNcNIBN.

81.5

*OQVU3BOHF , giri$ aral#"#

!Q _BjFP >N>IgH, UQH>NgA>HF DBIBKBHOBI ZB[EkS() FjIBRIBNFKAB AB LIAQeQ DF?F BIBJ>KI>NgK >NP >NA> BNFjFIAFHIBNF >N>IgH _BjFAFKF FC>AB BABN. !Q BNFjFJ EBM FIBNF UbKABAFN; PBHN>N ?>j> AbKcIBJBV. !QK> N>eJBK, _LH O>UgA> >IDLNFPJ> U>IKgV@> *OQVU3BOHF HQII>K>N>H U>VgI>?FIFN; _cKHc _LeQ >IDLNFPJ> U>IKgV@> ;>7C; JR@67 ;>7C>7?7 cVBNFKB HQNQIQAQN. /NLDN>JI>NgK OP>KA>NP DFNFjIBNFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, LHQKAQH_> BIBJ>KI>NgK PcHBPFIAFHIBNF >HgJI>N A> ?Q PcN >N>IgH P>KgJgK> DFNBNIBN. *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgKgK DBNBHPFNAFeF c_ FjIBRF ?cPcKIcH >J>@gUI> ?FN HBNB A>E> E>PgNI>PgULNQJ: x FNQUZ : "?Lj JQ" >KI>JgK> DBIFN RB >N>IgegK OLKQK> DBIFKFM DBIFKJBAFeFKF ?FIAFNFN; >N>IgH ?Lj H>?QI BAFIAFeFKAB USVF , ABeFIOB GBMTF AbKAcNJBIFAFN x GSPOU : "bKABHF" >KI>JgK> DBIFN RB >N>IgegK ?>jgKA>HF BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>N x QPQ'SPOU() : "bKABHFKF _gH>NP" >KI>JgK> DBIFN RB >N>IgegK ?>jgKA>HF BIBJ>Kg _gH>NP>N>H >N>Igeg ?>j P>N>CgKA>K A>N>IPgN %AE: /7:=B G7 0;98= ;X>7G>7C;@; @;E7>;= A>3C3= =F>>3@V>?3J3 FJ9F@ A>6F=>3CV ;Q;@ B3C3@E7KD;K, :9:F;98=() ;X>7G;@; ;D7 J3@ 7E=;D; A>3@ 4;C ;X>7G A>6FTF ;Q;@ B3C3?7EC7 >;DE7D; ;>7 J3K?3J3 =3C3C G7C6;?. ZB[EkS() FjIBRFKF ?FN HBNB AB ?Q c_ FjIBRABK U>N>NI>K>@>H jBHFIAB DBN_BHIBjPFNBIFJ: WPJE ZB[EjS(5)(5 BSBMjL) \ GPS ( ; !BSBMjL.FNQUZ; BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU()) \ XSJUF(' ', BSBMjL.GSPOU); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc HLKQOQKA> ?FN HgOgPI>J> DBPFNJFj LIJ>J>H F_FK FjIBRF >UNg@> j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>AgegJ> AFHH>P BAFK. ZB[EkS() ?bUIB@B PLMIQIQeQK >OgI PcNcKABK AB ?>egJOgV E>IB DBIFN RB *OQVU3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF c_ FjIBRF OQK>K EBN PLMIQIQHI> HQII>KgI>?FIFN.
81.5.1

B7? *OQVU3BOHF L?<3N7

#>E> bK@B AB H>NjgI>jJgj LIAQeQJQV 0LVM PcNcKc *OQVU3BOHF P>KgJgK> QUDQK LI>N>H PBHN>N P>O>NI>U>IgJ. 0LVM 'Q ?FN biSFODJ PLMIQIQeQ LI>N>H AcjcKBIFJ RB LKQ BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc biSFODJ LI>K ?FN >N>IgH LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>U> _>Igj>IgJ. [NKBeF HgO> PQPJQj LIJ>H F_FK ?>Vg bKBJIF HLKQI>NI> FIDFIBKJBUB@BeFJ:

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x x x x

U>IKgV@> ?Q ?bIcJc FIDFIBKAFNBK cUBIBNF U>V>@>egJ ?cPcK PcNIBNF U>Mg LI>N>H P>O>NI>U>@>egJ QSJWBUF , QVCMJD , DPOTU DF?F >OIgKA> U>N>NIg LI>K ?BIFNPB_IBN HQII>KJ>U>@>egJ ObVIBjJBIF MNLDN>JI>J> RBU> ?FNFJ PBOPF LI>K>HI>NgKA>K U>N>NI>KJ>U>@>egJ

JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; JOU OVNBSB; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T(%T)", JTJN, OVNBSB); ^

TUSVDU 0LVM \ ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP PLVM = 0LVM( < ahSFODJ("&CSV", 1), ahSFODJ("%FSZB", 2) , ahSFODJ("%BNMB", 3) > ); ^ 0LVM PcNcKc ?FN *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>K>?FIJBH F_FK, *OQVU3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF c_ cUB FjIBRF P>KgJI>J>JgV DBNBHFULN. FNQUZ FjIBRFKFK >N>IgH ?Lj LIAQeQKA> USVF AbKAcNJBOFKF O>eI>J>H F_FK ALeNQA>K fiSFODJMFS AFVFOFKFK QVQKIQeQKQ HQII>K>?FIFNFV. #FVFKFK QVQKIQeQ 0 LIAQeQKA> >N>IgH A> ?Lj H>?QI BAFIJBIFAFN: TUSVDU 0LVM \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ CPPM FNQUZ() DPOTU \ SFUVSO ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI == 0; ^

/NLDN>JA> HQII>KgNHBK PLVM.FNQUZ ?F_FJFKAB M>N>KPBVOFV LI>N>H U>V>?FIJBH F_FK FjIBRF !QSPQFSUZ ?BIFNPB@F FIB P>KgJI>AgJ. GSPOU FjIBRFKFK >N>IgHP>HF FIH BIBJ>Kg AbKAcNJBOF, AFVFKFK FIH BIBJ>Kg AbKAcNcIBNBH O>eI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU 0LVM \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ SFG ahSFODJ GSPOU() \ SFUVSO ehSFODJMFS<0>; ^

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%AE: D;K;67=; 3DV> 7>7?3@3 7C;X;? D3T>3?VX A>?3= ;Q;@ ;/0 6R@SX ESCS =F>>3@6VTV?VK3 6;==3E 76;@. NJ>7 J3K?3D3J6V=, HL;/8-3 4;C J3BV ESCS A>6FTF ;Q;@ ;>= 7>7?3@V@ =ABJ3DV 6R@6SCS>SC6S. QPQ'SPOU() FjIBRFKFK >N>Igeg ?>jgKA>K A>N>IPJ>Og, fiSFODJMFS AFVFOFKF ?>jgKA> A>N>IP>N>H O>eI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU 0LVM \ // ... WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ ehSFODJMFS = ehSFODJMFS<1 .. $>; ^

%AE: .F=3CV63 63 67T;@6;T;? 9;4;, D3>E ;>7C>7?;X A>?3= ;Q;@ 3C3>V=E3@ RTC7@5; QV=3CEV>VJAC A>?3DV QATF 6FCF?3 FJ9F@ 67T;>6;C. BF DACF@F 63:3 DA@C3 RK7> 4;C 3C3>V= ESCS J3C6V?VJ>3 9;67C757T;K. !Q c_ FjIBR 0LVM PcNcKcK *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIFAFN. 0LVM KBOKBIBNFKF >NPgH ?>jH> EF_?FN jBU DBNBHJBABK bNKBeFK ZB[EkS() j>?ILKQK> DbKABNB?FIFNFV: ZB[EjS(PLVM); ZB[EkS() , *OQVU3BOHF P>KgJgK> QU>K 0LVM 'Q >N>IgH FjIBRIBNF >N>@gIgegUI> HQII>KgN. 1LKQ_P> >N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>Ng PBHBN PBHBN _gHgj> U>VAgNgIgNI>N: &CSV(1) %FSZB(2) %BNMB(3) !bUIB@B HBKAF U>VAgegJgV ?FN PcNc *OQVU3BOHF P>KgJgK> QUAQNJQj RB *OQVU3BOHF 'IBNIB FjIBUBK ?FN FjIBRB DbKABNB?FIJFj LIAQH. 0LVM , /EL?LO RBU> ?>jH> HcPcME>KBIBNFK *OQVU3BOHF >I>K >IDLNFPJ>I>NgUI> A> HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN. !QKQ ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.
81.5.2

D7:7;:3?7 /?/:P9 =:/?/9 9B::/</07:;39 7K7< TUE.BSSBZ ;=2M:M

$K OgH HQII>KgI>K PLMIQIQH _BjFAF LI>K AFIFJIBN, BK FjIBROBI >N>IgH _BjFAF LI>K 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. !QKQK F_FK TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIcKcK BHIBKJBOF UBPBNIFAFN. TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIc; FNQUZ , GSPOU , QPQ'SPOU() RB AFeBN >N>IgH FjIBRIBNFKF AFIFJIBN F_FK bVBI LI>N>H P>KgJI>N. !bUIB@B AFIFJIBN bNKBeFK ZB[EkS() FjIBRFKB DbKABNFIJBUB E>VgNAgNI>N: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; // ... ZB[EjS(< 1, 2, 3, 4 >); %AE: B;C3K 3X3TV63 9RC757T;?;K <=..;+81/ ?A6S>S 7=>7@6;T;@67 <=..+;;+B ';@ 3JCV53 7=>7@?7D;@7 97C7= JA=EFC. 1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBNABK BIBJ>K _gH>NPgIJ>Og JcJHcK LIJ>AgegKA>K QPQ'SPOU() LKI>N F_FK P>KgJI>K>J>V. !Q UcVABK O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBN HBKAFIBNF >N>IgH LI>N>H HQII>KgI>J>VI>N: WPJE ZB[EjS(5)(5 BSBMjL) \ GPS ( ; !BSBMjL.FNQUZ; BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU()) \ // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

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^ ^

XSJUF(' ', BSBMjL.GSPOU);

XSJUFMO();

WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<4> EJ[J = < 1, 2, 3, 4 >; ZB[EjS(EJ[J); ^ %AE: D7C>7?7 :3E3DV@V@ B+C.N;() 'V@ Q3TCV>6VTV D3EVC63 A>FX?3DV :3E3@V@ =3J@3TV@V 9RDE7C?7D; 3QVDV@63@ 63:3 J3C3C>V A>FC6F. BF@F@ ;Q;@ B+C.N;() '3 4;C DA@C3=; 4R>S?67 9RC757T;?;K 3<I8:>=$+81/ '67@ J3C3C>3@3@ 4;C X34>A@ =VDVE>3?3DV 7=>7@74;>;C. WPJE ZB[EjS(5)(5 BSBMjL) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!5) // lBCMPO LjTjUMBNBTj \ // ... ^ // ... ZB[EjS(EJ[J); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* 1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ ?FN AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgK> >N>IgH FjIBRIBNFUIB BNFjJBH UFKB AB JcJHcKAcN. 7>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK, AFVFKFK HBKAFOFKF ABeFI, ?cPcK AFVFUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN AFIFJ HQII>KJ>HPgN: ZB[EjS(EJ[J<>); // lJNEJ EFSMFOJS

'BN AFIFJFK >N>IgH LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBOFKFK >HOFKB, >N>IgHI>N AFVF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>J>VI>N. N>IgH BIBJ>KI>NgKA>K AFVF LIQjPQNJ>H DBNBHPFeFKAB BIBJ>KI>N PBHBN PBHBN >_gH_> HLMU>I>KJ>IgAgN. !QKQK F_FK TUE.BSSBZ.BSSBZ FjIBRF HQII>KgI>?FIFN. BSSBZ() , *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKg ?>jgKA>K OLKQK> H>A>N FIBNIBN, EBN BIBJ>Kg HLMU>I>N, RB UBKF ?FN AFVF AbKAcNcN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; // ... // /PU: 6'$4'UFO EF ZBSBSMBOjMjZPS BVUP ehSFODJMFSJO,PQZBMBSj = PLVM.BSSBZ; XSJUFMO(ehSFODJMFSJO,PQZBMBSj); ZgHPgOg: <&CSV(1), %FSZB(2), %BNMB(3)> *LAA> 3%"1'PBK AB U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. 3%"1 HLAQK U>VgJg FIB FjIBUFjFKF ?FN?FNFKB QUDQK E>IB DBPFNAFeFKABK bVBIIFHIB >N>IgH >IDLNFPJ>I>NgKA> _LH U>N>NI>KgI>K ?FN LI>K>HPgN.
81.5.3

TUE.BSSBZ ;=2M:M<M< 27F57:3?3 LF3: E/?/?P

2>KgJ DBNBeF LI>N>H V>PBK =3C3=E7C 6;K;D; LI>K AFVDFIBN AB TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIc O>UBOFKAB EBJBK EBJBK ?cPcK >N>IgH _BjFPIBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. !QKQK FOPFOK>I>Ng, DIBS RB XDIBS AFVDFIBNFKFK 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF P>KgJgK> DFNBJFULN LIJ>I>NgAgN. K@>H, TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIcKcK AFVDFIBNB bVBI bKBJIF ?FN U>N>Ng A>E> R>NAgN: #FVDFIBNAB FIBNF RBU> DBNF UbKAB FIBNIBKAFeFKAB BIBJ>KI>N> 32% HLA ?FNFJIBNF LI>N>H ABeFI, 3KF@LAB

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H>N>HPBNIBNF LI>N>H BNFjFIFN. !QKQK >KI>Jg, KB PcN AFVDF LIQNO> LIOQK AFVDF BIBJ>KI>NgKgK :3C8 :3C8 FIBNIBKJBOFAFN. j>egA>HF AFVDFIBNAB DIBS '> OgeJ>AgHI>NgKg ?FIAFeFJFV _ RB e E>NCIBNFKABK ?>jH> XDIBS '> OgeJ>U>K 9AE;= 3:D3 :3C8; (?) AB ?QIQKQULN. !Q LNP>JA> ABOPBHIBKJFULNO> ?FN OLNQ Fj>NBPF LI>N>H DbNcKcULN LI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; // ... ZB[EjS("BCDdEFGHh "D); ZB[EjS("BCDdEFGHh "X); ZB[EjS("BCDdEFGHh "E); !QK> N>eJBK, MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg _LeQ AQNQJA> V>PBK FOPBJFj LI>@>egJgV DF?FAFN: B C D e E F G H i B C D e E F G H i B C D e E F G H i !Q _gHPgKgK *>N>HPBNIBN RB #FVDFIBN ABNOIBNFKAB DbNAcecJcV A>RN>KgjI>N> QUJ>AgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. '>PgNI>NO>KgV, DIBS RB XDIBS AFVDFIBNFKFK BIBJ>KI>Ng 32% HLA ?FNFJIBNFAFN. (%AE: 3D>V@63 .-2+; 63 +*F-32 =A6 4;C;?;6;C 3?3 +*F-32 =A6 4;C;?>7C; +@;5A67 =3C3=E7C>7C;@7 4;C7 4;C =3CXV>V= 97>;C>7C.) !QKQ E>PgNI>J>H F_FK AFVDFIBNF BIBJ>KI>NgK> PBH PBH BNFjBNBH U>VAgN>IgJ: WPJE FMFNBOMBSjOj:B[EjS(5)(5 EJ[HJ) \ GPS (JOU J = 0; J != EJ[HJ.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUF(' ', EJ[HJ<J>); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

// ... FMFNBOMBSjOj:B[EjS("BCDdEFGHh "D); FMFNBOMBSjOj:B[EjS("BCDdEFGHh "X); FMFNBOMBSjOj:B[EjS("BCDdEFGHh "E); #LeNQA>K AFVDF BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFIAFeF F_FK E>NCIBNB ABeFI, 32% HLA ?FNFJIBNFKB BNFjFIJFj LIQN. /NLDN>JgK ?BKFJ LNP>JgJA>HF _gHPgOg >j>egA>HF DF?F LIQULN: B C D E F G H B C D e E F G H i B C D e E F G H i

81.5.4

"3<27 3:3;/<:/?P 0B:B<;/E/< /?/:P9:/?

7QH>NgA> >N>IgH bNKBeF LI>N>H HQII>KAgegJgV AFVFIBNAB RB 0LVM KBOKBIBNFKAB EBM DBN_BH BIBJ>KI>N ?QIQKQULNAQ. [NKBeFK 0LVM.GSPOU , R>N LI>K ?FN biSFODJ KBOKBOFKB NBCBN>KO AbKAcNcULNAQ. N>IgHI>NgK ?FN cOPcKIcec, ?Q HLKQA> A> BOKBHIFH DBPFNJBIBNFAFN: GSPOU 'QK AbKAcNAcec BIBJ>KgK ?FN PLMIQIQeQK DBN_BH ?FN BIBJ>Kg LIJ>Og DBNBHJBV. . DRK67 7>7?3@, bNKBeFK

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QPQ'SPOU() EBN _>eNgIAgegKA> EBO>MI>K>N>H LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN RB GSPOU EBN _>eNgIAgegKA> AbKAcNcIB?FIFN. &BN_BH BIBJ>KI>Ng ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN >N>IgH bNKBeFUIB >OIgKA> ?FN>V UQH>NgA> A> H>NjgI>jPgH: #FVDFIBN >N>IgH LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> 32% HLA ?FNFJIBNFKB ABeFI, 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNFKB BNFjFIAFeFKF DbNAcH. .UO>; DIBS RB XDIBS 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNF FC>AB BABJBUB@BHIBNFKABK, >N>IgH LI>N>H HQII>KAgegJgVA> BIAB BAFIBK 3KF@LAB H>N>HPBNIBNF L AFVDFIBNFK DBN_BH BIBJ>KI>Ng LI>J>VI>N. GSPOU 'QK AbKAcNAcec H>N>HPBN, AFVDFABHF 32% HLA ?FNFJIBNFKFK ?FN >N>U> DBPFNFIJBIBNFKABK A>FXEFCF>3@ ?FN EDIBS 'AgN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; WPJE NBJO() \ EDIBS IBSG = "lV".GSPOU; // GSPOU'VO EeOEfSEfhf EDIBS, // l'ZJ PMVlUVSBO JLJ DIBS'jO // CJMFlJNJEJS ^ #FVDFKFK BIBJ>K PcNc DIBS LIAQeQ E>IAB UQH>NgA>HF GSPOU 'QK AbKcj PcNc EDIBS 'AgN. . EDIBS , AFVDF F_FKABHF FHF 32% HLA ?FNFJFKABK LIQjJQjPQN >J> HBKAFOF AFVDFKFK BIBJ>Kg ABeFIAFN. !QK> ?BKVBN LI>N>H, ?>Vg >N>IgHI>NgK FOB EF_ BIBJ>KI>Ng ULHPQN; ?bUIB >N>IgHI>N U>IKgV@> ?>jH> >N>IgHI>NgK BIBJ>KI>NgK> BNFjFJ O>eI>J>H F_FK HQII>KgIgNI>N. !Q, UQH>NgA> 0LVM >N>IgegKA> FIBNIBNHBK H>NjgI>jPgegJgV BIBJ>K H>U?BAFIJBOF OLNQKQKQ A> LNP>A>K H>IAgNgN. !QKQK F_FK bNKBeFK 0LVM PcNcKcK HBKAFOF ABeFI, PBH >J>@g LHQIA>HF beNBK@FIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>J>H LI>K bVBI ?FN PcN *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN. #>E> bK@B 0LVM F_FKAB P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQJQV ?cPcK >N>IgH FjIBRIBNFKF UBKF biSFODJ"SBMkik PcNcKB P>jgU>IgJ. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV ?Q ABeFjFHIFH OLKN>OgKA> 0LVM >NPgH HBKAFOF ?FN >N>IgH LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIBJBV: TUSVDU 0LVM \ ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; ^ TUSVDU ahSFODJ"SBMjhj \ ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; UIJT(0LVM PLVM) \ UIJT.ehSFODJMFS = PLVM.ehSFODJMFS; ^ !QSPQFSUZ CPPM FNQUZ() DPOTU \ SFUVSO ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI == 0; ^ !QSPQFSUZ SFG ahSFODJ GSPOU() \ SFUVSO ehSFODJMFS<0>; ^ WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ ehSFODJMFS = ehSFODJMFS<1 .. $>; ^

7BKF >N>IgH, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK 0LVM 'QK beNBK@FIBNFKF DbOPBNBK ?FN AFIFJ LIQjPQNQN RB QPQ'SPOU() F_FKAB L AFIFJF PcHBPFN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> A> >OgI AFVF ABeFjJBJFj LIQN:

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BVUP PLVM = 0LVM( < ahSFODJ("&CSV", 1), ahSFODJ("%FSZB", 2) , ahSFODJ("%BNMB", 3) > ); ZB[EjS(ahSFODJ"SBMjhj(PLVM)); BTTFSU(PLVM.ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI == 3); // BTjM EJ[J EFhJlNF[ %AE: BSES@ ;X>7C;@; 6ATCF63@ SJ7D; A>3@ 6;>;?7 J3BEVC6VTV ;Q;@ HL;/8-3A;+6NLN '@V@ ;J; 4;C RC@7= A>?36VTV@V 6SXS@74;>;C;K. MS@=S @3DV> A>D3 "5>6.JL;/8-36/; 6;K;D;@;@ 4;C 6;>;?;@; =7@6;?;K 67 6ATCF63@ =F>>3@34;>;C6;=. NE7 J3@63@, JL;/8-36/; 6;K;D; "5>6 'F@ RK7> 4;C SJ7D; 67 A>34;>;C6; G7 HL;/8-3A;+6NLN 7@ 3KV@63@ A RK7> SJ7J7 7C;X;? D3T>3?3= ;Q;@ J3C3C>V A>34;>;C6;.
81.5.5

(=<@BF /?/:P9:/?
*BKAF BIBJ>KI>Ng ?QIQKJ>U>K >N>IgHI>NgK ?>jH> ?FN U>N>Ng, OLKOQV QVQKIQHP> >N>IgHI>N LIQjPQN>?FIJBHPFN. !FN >N>IgegK EF_ OLKI>KJ>J>Og, FNQUZ FjIBRFKFK EBN V>J>K F_FK GBMTF ABeBNFKAB LIJ>Og FIB O>eI>KgN. 'BN V>J>K F_FK GBMTF ABeBNFKAB LI>K FNQUZ 'KFK FjIBR LIJ>Og A> DBNBHJBUB@BeFKABK ?FN FOVN ABeBN LI>N>H P>KgJI>KgN: FOVN FNQUZ = GBMTF; // n TPOTV[ BSBMjL

!>jH> ?FN OB_BKBH, ABeFjJBV ?FN TUBUJD cUB HQII>KJ>HPgN: TUBUJD JNNVUBCMF CPPM FNQUZ = GBMTF; // fTUUFLJZMF BZOj

!QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK %F?LK>@@F OBNFOFKF cNBPBK ?FN >N>IgH AcjcKBIFJ. j>egA>HF >N>IgH, U>IKgV@> FHF >ABP JOU cUBOF ?QIQKJ>OgK> N>eJBK OLKOQV QVQKIQHP>HF %F?LK>@@F OBNFOF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN: TUSVDU 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ \ JOU CBlUBLJ = 0; JOU TPOSBLJ = 1; FOVN FNQUZ = GBMTF; // n TPOTV[ BSBMjL

!QSPQFSUZ JOU GSPOU() DPOTU \ SFUVSO CBlUBLJ; ^ WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ JOU JLJ4POSBLJ = CBlUBLJ + TPOSBLJ; CBlUBLJ = TPOSBLJ; TPOSBLJ = JLJ4POSBLJ; ^

%AE: 7C @7 =363C DA@DFK A>D3 63, D3JV ESCS A>3C3= 38= =F>>3@6VTV ;Q;@ 38=.7+A 'E3@ 63:3 4SJS= 67T7C>7C7 97>;@6;T;@67 F3,98+--3%/;3<3 J3@>VX Q3>VXVC. 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ KBOKBIBNF F_FK FNQUZ 'KFK ABeBNF EBM GBMTF LIAQeQKA>K, M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFIAFeFKAB ZB[EkS() 'gK F_FKABHF GPS AbKDcOc EF_ OLKI>KJ>V: ZB[EjS('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ()); // IJd TPOMBONB[

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1LKOQV >N>IgHI>N >K@>H OLKQK> H>A>N FIBNIBJBKFK DBNBHJBAFeF AQNQJI>NA> HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ 'KFK U>IKgV@> ?BIFNIF >ABP BIBJ>KgKgK K>OgI HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKF >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.
81.5.6

A?/:P9 2L<2M?3< 7R:3C:3?

!FN biSFODJ"SBMkik KBOKBOFKF UQH>NgA> >_gH_> biSFODJ"SBMkik(PLVM) U>V>N>H LIQjPQNJQj RB HQII>KJgjPgH. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> FOB biSFODJ"SBMkik DF?F PcNIBNF >_gH_> U>VJ>H UBNFKB, L PcNcK KBOKBIBNFKF AbKAcNBK FjIBRIBNABK U>N>NI>KgIgN. [NKBeFK ?cPcK FjF ?FN biSFODJ"SBMkik KBOKBOF AbKAcNJBH LI>K >j>egA>HF FjIBR, HLAI>J>Ug HLI>UI>jPgN>?FIFN: ahSFODJ"SBMjhj ehSFODJMFSJ(SFG 0LVM PLVM) \ SFUVSO ahSFODJ"SBMjhj(PLVM); ^ // ... // /PU: #VSBEB EB 6'$4'UFO ZBSBSMBOjMjZPS ZB[EjS(PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ); !bUIB@B HQII>Kg@gI>N ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> _LH H>NJ>jgH LI>?FIBK bVBI >N>IgH PcNIBNFKFK FOFJIBNFKF RB j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKF ?FIJBH RB >_gH_> U>VJ>H UBNFKB, LKI>Ng AbKAcNBK FjIBRIBNFK HgO> FOFJIBNFKF E>PgNI>U>?FIFNIBN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF _LH ?>OFP LI>K TUE.SBOHF.UBLF FjIBRFKAB DbNB?FIFNFV. " I" >KI>JgK> DBIBK UBLF() , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?FN >N>IgegK ?>jgKA>HF ?BIFNIF >ABP BIBJ>K> PBHBN PBHBN BNFjFJ O>eI>N. OIgKA> ?Q FjIBJ UBLF() FjIBRF P>N>CgKA>K ABeFI, LKQK AbKAcNJcj LIAQeQ bVBI ?FN >N>IgH PcNc P>N>CgKA>K DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. 7FKB AB ?FV UBLF() 'F HQII>KgNHBK ?QKQ ?FIJBH VLNQKA> ABeFIFVAFN: JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; // ... BVUP PLVM = 0LVM( < ahSFODJ("&CSV", 1), ahSFODJ("%FSZB", 2) , ahSFODJ("%BNMB", 3) > ); ZB[EjS(PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ.UBLF(2)); 7QH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJA> UBLF() , PLVM KBOKBOFKFK ?>jgKA>HF 2 BIBJ>K> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>@>H LI>K DB_F@F ?FN >N>IgH KBOKBOF AbKAcNcN. ZB[EkS() A> UBLF() 'FK AbKAcNJcj LIAQeQ ?Q DB_F@F >N>IgH KBOKBOFKF HQII>KgN: &CSV(1) %FSZB(2) 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBJFK OLKQ@QKA> PLVM KBOKBOFKAB EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFH LIJ>V; LKQK E^I^ 3 BIBJ>Kg R>NAgN: ZB[EjS(PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ.UBLF(2)); BTTFSU(PLVM.ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI == 3); UBLF() DF?F FjIBRIBNFK HBKAF >J>_I>Ng F_FK AbKAcNAcHIBNF >N>IgHI>NgK PcNIBNF _LeQ AQNQJA> ?FVF FIDFIBKAFNJBV. .KI>NgK FOFJIBNFUIB ?>VBK E>P> JBO>GI>NgKA> H>NjgI>j>?FIFNFV; RBU> A>E> bK@B AB U>N>NI>KJgj LIAQeQJQV UZQFPG RB TUSJOHPG FIB HBKAFJFV AB U>VAgN>?FIFNFV:

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XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ.UBLF(2)).TUSJOHPG); ZgHPgOg, UBLF() 'FK AbKAcNAcec PcNcK 5BLF FOJFKAB ?FN j>?ILK LIAQeQKQ DbOPBNFULN: 5BLF!(biSFODJ"SBMkik)

81.5.7

TUE.SBOHF C3 TUE.BMHPSJUIN ;=2M::3?7

*BKAF PcNIBNFJFVF >N>IgH LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>KgK _LH ?cUcH ?FN U>N>Ng; LKI>Ng U>IKgV@> HBKAF FjIBRIBNFJFVIB ABeFI, /EL?LO RB ?>jH> HcPcME>KBIBNFK >N>IgH >IDLNFPJ>I>NgUI> A> HQII>K>?FIJBJFVAFN. TUE.SBOHF JLAcIcKAB bVBIIFHIB >N>IgHI>NI> FIDFIF LI>K _LH O>UgA> LI>K>H ?QIQKQN. TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIc FOB ?>jH> AFIIBNFK HcPcME>KBIBNFKAB AB ?QIQK>K _LH O>UgA> P>KgKJgj >IDLNFPJ> F_BNFN. !FN bNKBH LI>N>H TUE.BMHPSJUIN.TXBQ'SPOU >IDLNFPJ>OgKg 0LVM PcNc FIB HQII>K>IgJ. "[KABHFKF ABeFj PLHQj BP" >KI>JgK> DBIBK TXBQ'SPOU , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKgK FIH BIBJ>KI>NgKg ABeFj PLHQj BABN. JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; // ... BVUP UfSL0LVMV = 0LVM( < ahSFODJ("&CSV", 1), ahSFODJ("%FSZB", 2) , ahSFODJ("%BNMB", 3) > ); BVUP BNFSJLBO0LVMV = 0LVM( < ahSFODJ(".BSZ", 10), ahSFODJ("+BOF", 20) > ); TXBQ'SPOU(UfSL0LVMV.ehSFODJMFSJ, BNFSJLBO0LVMV.ehSFODJMFSJ); ZB[EjS(UfSL0LVMV.ehSFODJMFSJ); ZB[EjS(BNFSJLBO0LVMV.ehSFODJMFSJ); fHF LHQIA>HF FIH beNBK@FIBN ABeFjJFjPFN: .BSZ(10) %FSZB(2) %BNMB(3) &CSV(1) +BOF(20) !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H TUE.BMHPSJUIN.GJMUFS >IDLNFPJ>OgK> ?>H>IgJ. GJMUFS() , BIBJ>KI>NgK ?BIFNIF ?FN HgOP>O> QUJ>U>KI>NgKg BIBJBHIB DbNBRIF LI>K bVBI ?FN >N>IgH AbKAcNcN. !Q FjIBJ OgN>OgKA> >OgI >N>IgHP> EF_?FN ABeFjFHIFH LIJ>V. GJMUFS() '> RBNFIBK HgOP>O _LH DBKBI LI>N>H FJ3@>3C ;Q;@ =;>/ , FJ?3J3@>3C ;Q;@ 0+6</ cNBPBK ?FN FC>ABAFN. GJMUFS() '> j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H RBNFIBK HgOP>Og ?FIAFNJBKFK ?FN H>_ ULIQ R>NAgN. !FN ULI, A>E> bK@B AB H>NjgI>jPgegJgV DF?F FOFJOFV ?FN FjIBR HQII>KJ>HPgN. *gO> LIJ>Og F_FK f LI>N>H >AI>KAgNAgegJ M>N>JBPNB >N>IgHP>HF EBN beNBK@FUF PBJOFI BABN: PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ.GJMUFS!(e => e.OVNBSB % 2) 7QH>NgA>HF FC>ABABHF HgOP>O, PLVM.fiSFODJMFSJ >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>NgK KQJ>N>Og PBH LI>KI>NgKg OB_BN. UBLF() FjIBRFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, GJMUFS() A> bVBI ?FN >N>IgH KBOKBOF AbKAcNcN. !bUIB@B, AbKAcNcIBK >N>IgH KBOKBOFKF AB ALeNQA>K ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB DbKABNB?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK, OB_FIJFj LI>K BIBJ>KI>Ng cNBPB@BH LI>K >N>IgH KBOKBOF ZB[EkS() '> DbKABNFIB?FIFN:

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ZB[EjS(PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ.GJMUFS!(e => e.OVNBSB % 2)); . HLAQ O>eA>K OLI> ALeNQ LHQU>N>H jbUIB >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: 95>6.JL;/8-36/;3 3C3>VTV@63=; 7>7?3@>3CV@ E7= @F?3C3>V A>3@>3CV@V D7Q7@ 4;C 3C3>V= A>FXEFC G7 B+C.N;() ;X>7G;@7 9R@67C. ZgHPgOg U>IKgV@> PBH KQJ>N>Ig beNBK@FIBNABK LIQjQN: &CSV(1) %BNMB(3) 1B_FIB@BH LI>K BIBJ>KI>N F_FK USVF cNBPJBOF HLjQIQUI>, HgOP>O GJMUFS() '> ?FN FjIBR LI>N>H A> ?FIAFNFIB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; // ... CPPM CBl)BSGJ%@NJ(ahSFODJ ehSFODJ) \ SFUVSO ehSFODJ.JTJN.GSPOU == '%'; ^ ZB[EjS(PLVM.ehSFODJMFSJ.GJMUFS!CBl)BSGJ%@NJ); 7QH>NgA>HF bNKBHPBHF HgOP>O FjIBRF, >IAgeg biSFODJ KBOKBOFKFK ?>j E>NCF # LI>KI>Ng F_FK USVF , AFeBNIBNF F_FK GBMTF AbKAcNJBHPBAFN. %AE: & ;836767 43X :3C8 ;Q;@ JL;/8-3.3<37'0) J3K?36VTV?3 6;==3E 76;@. NJ>7 J3KD3J6V? 43X :3C8;@; 67T;>, ;>= +*F-8 =A6 4;C;?;@; 7>67 767C6;?. .F=3CV63 63 47>;CEE;T;? 9;4;; 0;98= , 3<37 '; 4;C 3C3>V= A>3C3= =F>>3@VC G7 :7C K3?3@ ;Q;@ ;>= +@;5A67 =3C3=E7C;@;, J3@; ;>= :3C8;@; 6R@6SCSC. . HLAQK OLKQ@QKA> A> ?>j E>NCF # LI>K beNBK@FIBN OB_FIFN RB U>VAgNgIgN: %FSZB(2) %BNMB(3)

81.5.8

)3;03::79
N>IgH AbKAcNBK FjIBRIBNFK ?>jH> ?FN U>N>Ng, L >N>IgHI>NgK PBJ?BI LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFAFN. !Q EBJ MNLDN>J EgVg RB ?BIIBH HQII>KgJg >_gOgKA>K _LH U>N>NIgAgN, EBJ AB OLKOQV >N>IgHI>NgK R>N LI>?FIJBIBNF V>PBK ?cPcKcUIB PBJ?BIIFH LI>K>eg O>UBOFKABAFN. 2BJ?BI >N>IgHI>N FjIBNFKF DBNBHPFH_B RB M>N_> M>N_> DBN_BHIBjPFNFNIBN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ >N>IgegKA> DbNcULNQV: $IBJ>KI>N >K@>H DBNBHPFH_B QPQ'SPOU() FjIBRFKAB PBHBN PBHBN EBO>MI>KgNI>N. 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ BeBN PBJ?BI UBNFKB EBRBOIF ?FN >N>IgH LIO>UAg, U>KF HQII>KgIJ>A>K bK@B ?cPcK >N>Igeg cNBPJBUB _>IgjO>UAg, OLKOQV> H>A>N FjIBJBUB ABR>J BABNAF. \NBPPFeF BIBJ>KI>Ng O>HI>J>Og A> DBNBHB@BeF F_FK OLKOQV O>UgA>HF BIBJ>K> A> UBN ?QI>J>VAg. 'BRBOIF >N>IgHI>NgK ?>jH> ?FN O>HgK@>Og, OLKIQ O>UgA> ?FIB LIO>I>N ?BIHF AB EF_ HQII>KgIJ>U>@>H LI>K BIBJ>KI>N F_FK ?FIB DBNBHOFV@B UBN E>N@>U>@>H LIJ>I>NgAgN. /EL?LO'P>HF _LeQ >IDLNFPJ> DF?F UBLF() RB GJMUFS() A> PBJ?BIIFHPBK U>N>NI>KgNI>N. [NKBeFK 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ 'KF UBLF() 'B RBNBNBH ?Q OLKOQV >N>IgegK ?BIFNIF O>UgA>HF BIBJ>KgKg HQII>K>?FIFNFV: ZB[EjS('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ().UBLF(10)); ZgHPgOg U>IKgV@> FIH 10 O>UgUg F_BNFN: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

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81.6

'PSXBSE3BOHF , ilerleme aral#"#

*OQVU3BOHF , BIBJ>KI>Ng _gH>NPgIAgH_> PcHBKBK >N>IgH H>RN>JgKg FC>AB BAFULNAQ. !>Vg >N>IgHI>N FOB *OQVU3BOHF DF?F FjIBUB?FIJBIBNFKFK U>KgKA>, >N>IgegK ?BIFNIF ?FN AQNQJQKQ E>PgNI>J> UBPBKBeFKB AB O>EFMPFNIBN. 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ KBOKBIBNF ?QKQ O>eI>U>?FIFNIBN, _cKHc 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ KBOKBIBNF OBN?BOP_B HLMU>I>K>?FIFNIBN RB ?Q HLMU>I>N ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV >N>IgHI>N LI>N>H U>j>JI>NgK> ABR>J BAB?FIFNIBN. 'PSXBSE3BOHF >N>IgHI>Ng, >N>IgegK ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA>HF HLMU>OgKg AbKAcNBK TBWF FjIBRFKF AB OQK>K >N>IgHI>NAgN. TBWF 'FK AbKAcNAcec HLMU>KgK >OgI >N>IgHP>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBOF j>NPPgN. [NKBeFK ?FN HLMU> cVBNFKAB FIBNIBJBH AFeBN HLMU>Ug FIBNIBPJBJBIFAFN. TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIcKcK BHIBKJFj LIJ>Og AFIFJIBNF AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H 'PSXBSE3BOHF P>KgJgK> OLH>N. TBWF FjIBRFKF 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ F_FK DBN_BHIBjPFNJBH FOPBAFeFJFVAB KBOKBKFK ?FN HLMU>OgKg AbKAcNJBH UBPBNIFAFN: TUSVDU 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ TBWF() DPOTU \ SFUVSO UIJT; ^

#bKAcNcIBK HLMU>, ?Q KBOKBKFK HLMU>I>KAgeg UBNABK ABR>J BAB@BH LI>K ?>egJOgV ?FN >N>IgHPgN. TBWF 'FK AbKAcNAcec KBOKBKFK >OgI >N>IgHP>K ?>egJOgV LIAQeQKQ >j>egA>HF DF?F ?FN MNLDN>J U>NAgJgUI> DbNB?FIFNFV. /NLDN>JA> U>N>NI>KAgegJ TUE.SBOHF.QPQ'SPOU/() , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>IgegK ?>jgKA>K ?BIFNPFIBK O>UgA> BIBJ>K _gH>NPgN. CJMHJ7FS() FjIBRF AB _gHgjg HgO> PQPJ>H F_FK U>IKgV@> FIH ?Bj BIBJ>Kg DbOPBNFULN: JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; // ... WPJE CJMHJ7FS(5)(DPOTU EDIBS<> CBlMjL, DPOTU SFG 5 BSBMjL) \ XSJUFGMO("%40T: %T", CBlMjL, BSBMjL.UBLF(5)); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP BSBMjL = 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(); CJMHJ7FS("#BlMBOHjdUBLJ BSBMjL", BSBMjL); BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU/(2); CJMHJ7FS("iLJ FMFNBO djLBSUjMEjLUBO TPOSB", BSBMjL); BVUP LPQZBTj = BSBMjL.TBWF; CJMHJ7FS(",PQZBTj", LPQZBTj); BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU/(3); CJMHJ7FS("bd FMFNBO EBIB djLBSUjMEjLUBO TPOSB", BSBMjL); CJMHJ7FS(",PQZBTj", LPQZBTj);

. HLAQK _gHPgOg, BSBMkLUBO 'P>K BIBJ>K _gH>NPgIJgj LIJ>OgKgK LPQZBTk 'Kg BPHFIBJBAFeFKF DbOPBNFN.:

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#BmMBOHkeUBLJ BSBMkL: jLJ FMFNBO ekLBSUkMEkLUBO TPOSB: ,PQZBTk: ce FMFNBO EBIB ekLBSUkMEkLUBO TPOSB: ,PQZBTk:

<0, <1, <1, <5, <1,

1, 2, 2, 8, 2,

1, 2, 3> 3, 5, 8> 3, 5, 8> 13, 21, 34> 3, 5, 8>

CJMHJ7FS() F_FKAB >N>IgHI>Ng ALeNQA>K XSJUFGMO 'B DbKABNAFeFJB >UNg@> AFHH>P BAFK. *BKAF U>VAgegJgV ZB[EkS() FjIBRFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, TUEJP JLAcIcKcK _gHgj FjIBRIBNF AB *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgKg HQII>K>?FIFNIBN. !QKA>K OLKN>HF bNKBHIBNAB ZB[EkS() UBNFKB TUEJP 'KQK _gHgj FjIBRIBNFKF HQII>K>@>egJ. 'PSXBSE3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgUI> FjIBUBK ?FN >IDLNFPJ> bNKBeF LI>N>H TUE.SBOHF.DZDMF '> ?>H>?FIFNFV. DZDMF() , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>Igeg OcNBHIF LI>N>H PBHN>NI>N. !>jgKA>K PBHN>NI>U>?FIJBOF F_FK >N>IgegK FIH AQNQJQKQ O>HI>J>Og DBNBHB@BeFKABK, ?Q >N>IgegK ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF LIJ>Og j>NPPgN. NPgH ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF AB H>?QI BAFIBK 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ KBOKBIBNFKF DZDMF() FjIBRFKB DbKABNB?FIFNFV: XSJUFMO('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ().UBLF(5).DZDMF.UBLF(20)); 'BJ DZDMF() '> RBNFIBK >N>IgegK EBJ AB DZDMF() 'gK AbKAcNAcec >N>IgegK OLKIQ LIJ>I>Ng F_FK FHF KLHP>A> UBLF() 'PBK U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. ZgHPgOg, F3,98+--3%/;3<3 3C3>VTV@V@ ;>= 47X 7>7?3@V@V@ E7=C3C>3@?3DV@63@ A>FX3@ 3C3>VTV@ ;>= J;C?; 7>7?3@V6VC : <0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3> *LAQK >KI>jgIJ>OgKg HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK >N> ABeFjHBKIBN AB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF PBH O>PgNIgH HLAQK ?FN BjABeBNF jQAQN: BVUP BVUP BVUP BVUP TFSJ CBl5BSBGj UFLSBSMBONjlj UFLSBSMBONjljOjO#Bl5BSBGj = = = = 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(); TFSJ.UBLF(5); CBl5BSBGj.DZDMF; UFLSBSMBONjlj.UBLF(20);

XSJUFMO(UFLSBSMBONjljOjO#Bl5BSBGj); 2BJ?BIIFeFK U>N>NgKg ?QN>A> ?FN HBNB A>E> E>PgNI>PJ>H FOPFULNQJ: fIH AbNP O>PgNA> U>IKgV@> >OgI FjIBJIBNF DBN_BHIBjPFNB@BH LI>K DB_F@F >N>IgH KBOKBIBNF LIQjPQNQIQN. !cPcK FC>ABKFK cNBPJFj LIAQeQ O>UgI>N, 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ.QPQ'SPOU() FjIBRF F_FKAB RB >K@>H DBNBHPFH_B EBO>MI>KgNI>N. %AE: F9;@+;.$+81/ A>3C3= F3,98+--3%/;3<3 ESCS@S =F>>3@353TV?VKV DRJ>76;T;?;K :3>67 -B-6/() '3 F3,98+--3%/;3<3.=+5/(5) ;8367D;@; G7C6;=. =+5/() ';@ 6R@6SC6STS 3C3>VTV@ ESCS B3C3?7EC7D;@7 FJ3C: B3C3?7EC7 A>3C3= F9;@+;.$+81/ G7C;>6;T;@67 6R@6SC6STS 3C3>V= 63 F9;@+;.$+81/ ESCS@676;C. BF@F D3T>3J3@ 3<F9;@+;.$+81/ A>3@3TV@V 4;C DA@C3=; 4R>S?67 9RDE7C757T;?.

81.7

#JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF , ift ulu aral#k

#JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF >N>IgHI>Ng, 'PSXBSE3BOHF FjIBRIBNFKB BH LI>N>H FHF FjIBR A>E> OQK>NI>N. CBDL , GSPOU 'QK ?BKVBNF LI>N>H >N>IgegK OLKQKA>HF BIBJ>Kg AbKAcNcN. QPQ#BDL() AB QPQ'SPOU() 'QK ?BKVBNF LI>N>H >N>Igeg OLKQKA>K A>N>IPgN. TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIc BHIBKAFeFKAB AFIFJIBN #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF P>KgJgK> A> DFNBNIBN.

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[NKBH LI>N>H #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF >N>Igeg DBNBHPFNBK TUE.SBOHF.SFUSP FjIBRFKF DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ. SFUSP() , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>IgegK GSPOU 'QKQ CBDL 'FKB, QPQ'SPOU() 'QKQ A> QPQ#BDL() 'FKB ?>eI>U>N>H >N>IgHP>HF BIBJ>KI>N> PBNO OgN>A> BNFjFIJBOFKF O>eI>N: XSJUFMO(< 1, 2, 3 >.SFUSP); ZgHPgOg: <3, 2, 1> SFUSP() 'KQK AbKAcNAcec bVBI >N>IgegK ?FN ?BKVBNFKF _LH ?>OFP LI>N>H >j>egA>HF DF?F P>KgJI>U>?FIFNFV. 7>IKgV@> JOU AFVFIBNFUIB FjIBAFeF F_FK _LH HgOgPIg LIO> A> >N>IgHI>NgK Dc@cKc DbOPBNJBUB UBPFULN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU 5FST4jSBEB \ JOU<> BSBMjL; UIJT(JOU<> BSBMjL) \ UIJT.BSBMjL = BSBMjL; ^ !QSPQFSUZ CPPM FNQUZ() DPOTU \ SFUVSO BSBMjL.FNQUZ; ^ !QSPQFSUZ JOU GSPOU() DPOTU \ SFUVSO BSBMjL.CBDL; // n UFST ^ !QSPQFSUZ JOU CBDL() DPOTU \ SFUVSO BSBMjL.GSPOU; // n UFST ^ WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ BSBMjL.QPQ#BDL(); ^ WPJE QPQ#BDL() \ BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU(); ^

// n UFST

// n UFST

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(5FST4jSBEB(< 1, 2, 3>)); ^ N>Igeg E7CD DVC363 HQII>KAgeg F_FK SFUSP() FIB >UKg OLKQ_ BIAB BAFIFN: <3, 2, 1>

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81.8

3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF , rastgele eri$imli aral#k

3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF , ?BIFNIF OgN>A>HF BIBJ>KI>NgK> <> FjIB@F FIB BNFjFIB?FIBK >N>IgHI>Ng FC>AB BABN. fjIB_ 7cHIBJB ?bIcJcKABK E>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, <> FjIB@F PQ*OEFY() cUB FjIBRF FIB P>KgJI>KgN. TUE.BSSBZ JLAcIc DBKBI LI>N>H AFIFJIBNF AB 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF P>KgJgK> OLH>N. K@>H; 32%-8 RB 3%2-16 HLAI>J>I>Ng E>NCIBNB OgN> KQJ>N>OgUI> BNFjFJF ABOPBHIBJBAFHIBNF F_FK, DIBS RB XDIBS AFVDFIBNF E>NC BNFjFJF >_gOgKA>K 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>Igeg LI>N>H HQII>KgI>J>VI>N. [PB U>KA>K, 32%-32 HLAI>J>OgKA> HLAI>NI> E>NCIBN ?FNB ?FN H>NjgIgH DBIAFHIBNFKABK, EDIBS AFVDFIBNF E>NC BNFjFJFKAB 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. 'BN PcNcK PQ*OEFY() FjIBRFKF HBKAFOFKB BK QUDQK ?F_FJAB P>KgJI>U>@>eg ALe>IAgN. K@>H, ?FIDFO>U>N ?FIFJFKFK >IDLNFPJ> H>NJ>jgHIgHI>Ng FIB FIDFIF LI>N>H ?Q HLKQA> ?FN ?BHIBKPFOF R>NAgN: 0>OPDBIB BNFjFJ, D34;E K3?3@63 DBN_BHIBjJBIFAFN. 1>?FP V>J>KA> BNFjFJ, BNFjFJ F_FK DBNBHBK FjIBJIBNFK >N>IgHP>HF BIBJ>K >ABAFKABK ?>egJOgV LIJ>Og >KI>JgK> DBIFN. N>IgHP> KB H>A>N BIBJ>K LIQNO> LIOQK, EF_?FNFOFKFK BNFjFJF >N>IgegK QVQKIQeQK> ?>eIg LIJ>J>IgAgN. 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF P>KgJgK> DFNB?FIJBH F_FK BH LI>N>H >j>egA>HF HLjQII>NA>K 4;C;D;@;@ A>E> O>eI>KJgj LIJ>Og DBNBHFN: x OLKOQV ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF LIJ>H RBU> x MFOHUI KFPBIFeFKF AB OQK>K ?FN #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF LIJ>H

81.8.1

(=<@BF 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF
[K@B DA@DFK F9;@+;.$+81/ P>KgJg cVBNFKB HQNQIQ LI>K ?FN 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF bNKBeFKB ?>H>IgJ. !Q P>KgJ> DFNB?FIJBH F_FK DBNBHBK FjIBRIBN jQKI>NAgN: x x x x *OQVU3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF FNQUZ , GSPOU RB QPQ'SPOU() 'PSXBSE3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF TBWF 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF PQ*OEFY() OLKOQV LI>?FIJBH F_FK FNQUZ 'KFK ABeBNFKFK ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> GBMTF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJFj LIJ>Og

'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ 'KFK BK OLK P>KgJg LKQ ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF U>MJ>U> UBPFULNAQ. K@>H, PQ*OEFY() FjIBRF 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ F_FK O>?FP V>J>KA> FjIBUB@BH jBHFIAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIBJBV; _cKHc ?BIFNIF ?FN BIBJ>K> BNFjB?FIJBH F_FK L BIBJ>KA>K bK@BHF BIBJ>KI>NgK A> EBO>MI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. !QKQK >KI>Jg; -'FK@F OgN>A>HF BIBJ>KgK EBO>MI>KJ>Og F_FK LKA>K bK@BHF --1 BIBJ>KgK EBO>MI>KJ>Og DBNBHPFeF, ?Q UcVABK AB FjIBJ >ABAFKFK -'UB ?>eIg LIAQeQAQN. PQ*OEFY() FjIBRFKFK O>?FP V>J>KA> FjIBPFIB?FIAFeF ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H P>JO>UgI>NgK H>NBIBNFKABK LIQj>K OLKOQV ?FN >N>IgH P>KgJI>U>IgJ. !bUIB ?FN >N>IgH OLKOQV LIAQeQ E>IAB ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK ABeBNIBNFKB O>?FP V>J>KA> BNFjFIB?FIFN: DMBTT ,BSF"SBMjhj \ JOU CBlUBLJ; UIJT(JOU CBlUBLJ = 0) \ UIJT.CBlUBLJ = CBlUBLJ; ^ FOVN FNQUZ = GBMTF; !QSPQFSUZ JOU GSPOU() DPOTU

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\ ^

SFUVSO PQ*OEFY(0);

WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ ++CBlUBLJ; ^ !QSPQFSUZ ,BSF"SBMjhj TBWF() DPOTU \ SFUVSO OFX ,BSF"SBMjhj(CBlUBLJ); ^ JOU PQ*OEFY(TJ[F@U TjSB/VNBSBTj) DPOTU \ /* #V JlMFW TBCJU [BNBOEB JlMFS */ JNNVUBCMF UBNTBZj%FhFSJ = CBlUBLJ + DBTU(JOU)TjSB/VNBSBTj; SFUVSO UBNTBZj%FhFSJ * UBNTBZj%FhFSJ; ^

'F_?FN BIBJ>K F_FK UBN >UNgIJ>Ageg E>IAB ?Q >N>IgegK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgK> <> FjIB@F FIB BNFjFIB?FIFN: BVUP LBSFMFS = OFX ,BSF"SBMjhj(); XSJUFMO(LBSFMFS<5>); XSJUFMO(LBSFMFS<10>); ZgHPgOg 5 RB 10 OgN> KQJ>N>Ig BIBJ>KI>Ng F_BNFN: 25 100 1gCgNgK@g BIBJ>K EBN V>J>K F_FK >N>IgegK FIH BIBJ>KgKg PBJOFI BPJBIFAFN. !QKQ ABKBJBH F_FK UFKB QPQ'SPOU/() 'ABK U>N>NI>K>?FIFNFV: LBSFMFS.QPQ'SPOU/(5); XSJUFMO(LBSFMFS<0>); N>IgegK FIH 5 BIBJ>Kg OgN>OgUI> 0, 1, 2, 3 RB 4'cK H>NBIBNF LI>K 0, 1, 4, 9 RB 16'AgN. .KI>N _gH>NPgIAgHP>K OLKN>HF FIH BIBJ>K >NPgH ?FN OLKN>HF O>UgKgK H>NBOF LI>K 25'PFN: 25 ,BSF"SBMkik BK FjIBROBI >N>IgH LI>K 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgeg F_FK AFeBN >N>IgH _BjFPIBNF LI>N>H A> HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H: CPPM TPOiLJ)BOF"ZOj@Nj(JOU TBZj) \ /* %PhSV PMBCJMNFTJ JdJO FO B[ JLJ SBLBNj CVMVONBMj */ JG (TBZj < 10) \ SFUVSO GBMTF; ^ /* 4PO JLJ IBOFTJ 11'F UBN PMBSBL CeMfONFMJ */ JNNVUBCMF TPOiLJ)BOF = TBZj % 100; SFUVSO (TPOiLJ)BOF % 11) == 0;

XSJUFMO(LBSFMFS.UBLF(50).GJMUFS!TPOiLJ)BOF"ZOj@Nj);

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ZgHPgOg, FIH 50 BIBJ>KgK OLK FHF E>KBOF >UKg LI>KI>NgKg F_BNFN: <100, 144, 400, 900, 1444, 1600>

81.8.2

(=<:B 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF
iFJAF AB DA@>F FKF@>F=>F B3.3;/-=398+6$+81/ P>KgJg cVBNFKB HQNQIQ LI>K ?FN 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF bNKBeFKB ?>H>IgJ. !Q _BjFP ?FN >N>IgH LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIJBH F_FK DBNBHBK FjIBRIBN jQKI>NAgN: x x x x x *OQVU3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF FNQUZ , GSPOU RB QPQ'SPOU() 'PSXBSE3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF TBWF #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF CBDL RB QPQ#BDL() 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF PQ*OEFY() >N>IgegK QVQKIQeQKQ ?FIAFNBK MFOHUI

!Q bNKBHPB, HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK ?cPcK >N>IgHI>NA>HF ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>Ng O>KHF PBH ?FN >N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>NgUJgj DF?F OQK>K TUE.SBOHF.DIBJO 'FK ?FN ?BKVBNFKF P>O>NI>U>IgJ. DIBJO() EBN PcN BIBJ>KI> RB C>NHIg >N>IgHI>NI> FjIBUB?FIFN. !Q bNKBeF HgO> PQP>?FIJBH F_FK ?FV U>IKgV@> JOU AFVFIBNFUIB FjIBUB@BH jBHFIAB P>KgJI>U>@>egV. [K@B >AgK> #JS"SBEB AFUB@BeFJFV ?Q PcNcK K>OgI HQII>KgI>@>egKg DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: BVUP BSBMjL = #JS"SBEB(< 1, 2, 3 >, < 101, 102, 103>); XSJUFMO(BSBMjL<4>); fHF C>NHIg AFVFUIB FIHIBKBK BSBMkL , < 1, 2, 3, 101, 102, 103 > BIBJ>KI>NgKA>K LIQj>K PBH ?FN AFVFUJFj DF?F HQII>KgI>@>H. [NKBeFK AFVFIBNFK FHFOFKAB AB 4 KQJ>N>Ig BIBJ>K ?QIQKJ>Ageg E>IAB AFVFIBN >NP >NA> AcjcKcIAcHIBNFKAB 102, 4 KQJ>N>Ig BIBJ>K LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIB@BH: 102 !cPcK >N>IgH KBOKBOF U>VAgNgIAgegKA> A> BIBJ>KI>N PBH ?FN AFVF DF?F DbNcKB@BHIBN: XSJUFMO(BSBMjL); ZgHPgOg: <1, 2, 3, 101, 102, 103> #JS"SBEB PcNcKcK ?FN U>N>Ng, ?Q FjIBJIBN DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFNHBK BIBJ>KI>NgK UBKF ?FN AFVFUB HLMU>I>KJ>U>@>H LIJ>I>NgAgN. !cPcK BIBJ>KI>N HBKAF AFVFIBNFKAB AQNJ>U> ABR>J BAB@BHIBN. !BIFNOFV O>UgA> AFIFJ FIB FIHIBKB@BH LI>K ?Q >N>IgH, />N>JBPNB 1BN?BOPIFeF ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV 47>;CD;K D3JV63 B3C3?7EC7 LI>K>egKA>K U>N>NI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ DPOTU(JOU)<><> BSBMjLMBS; UIJT(DPOTU(JOU)<><> BSBMjLMBS ...) \ UIJT.BSBMjLMBS = BSBMjLMBS.EVQ; CBlj5FNJ[MF(); TPOV5FNJ[MF();

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// ... ^ !Q U>MgKgK BIBJ>KI>NA> ABeFjFHIFH U>MJ>U>@>egKgK ?FN DbOPBNDBOF LI>N>H BIBJ>K PcNcKcK DPOTU(JOU) LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. [PB U>KA>K, FIBNIBJB H>RN>JgKg O>eI>U>?FIJBH F_FK AFIFJIBNFK HBKAFIBNF QPQ'SPOU() P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBH VLNQKA>AgN. *QNQ@Q F_FKAB _>eNgIAgegKg DbNAcecJcV CBmk5FNJ[MF() RB TPOV5FNJ[MF() FjIBRIBNF, >N>IgHI>NgK ?>jP>HF RB OLKA>HF ?Lj LI>KI>NgKg _gH>NPJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIgULNI>N. N>Ige> V>PBK ?FN H>PHgI>Ng ?QIQKJ>U>K ?Lj >N>IgHI>NgK FjIBJIBNF H>NJ>jgHI>jPgNJ>I>Ng ?bUIB@B bKIBKJFj LI>@>H: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... QSJWBUF WPJE CBlj5FNJ[MF() \ XIJMF (!BSBMjLMBS.FNQUZ && BSBMjLMBS.GSPOU.FNQUZ) \ BSBMjLMBS.QPQ'SPOU(); ^ ^ QSJWBUF WPJE TPOV5FNJ[MF() \ XIJMF (!BSBMjLMBS.FNQUZ && BSBMjLMBS.CBDL.FNQUZ) \ BSBMjLMBS.QPQ#BDL(); ^ ^

. FjIBRIBNF A>E> OLKN> QPQ'SPOU() RB QPQ#BDL() F_FKABK AB _>egN>@>egV. CBmk5FNJ[MF() RB TPOV5FNJ[MF() FjIBRIBNFKFK ?>jP> RB OLKA> ?Lj >N>IgH ?gN>HJ>U>@>HI>NgKg ?FIAFeFJFVABK, PBH ?FN >IP >N>IgegK ?FIB H>IJgj LIJ>Og ?cPcK >N>IgegK EBKcV PcHBKJBAFeF >KI>JgK> DBIFN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ CPPM FNQUZ() DPOTU \ SFUVSO BSBMjLMBS.FNQUZ; ^

fIH >IP >N>IgegK FIH BIBJ>Kg ?Q >N>IgegK A> FIH BIBJ>KgAgN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ JOU GSPOU() DPOTU \ SFUVSO BSBMjLMBS.GSPOU.GSPOU; ^

fIH >N>IgegK FIH BIBJ>KgKg _gH>NPJ>H, ?Q >N>IgegK FIH BIBJ>KgKg _gH>NPJgj LIQN. !Q FjIBJ OLKQ@QKA> FIH >N>IgH ?Lj>IJgj LI>?FIB@BeFKABK, DBNBHPFeFKAB L >N>IgegK RB LKQ FVIBUBK LI>Og ?Lj >N>IgHI>NgK A> _gH>NPgIJ>I>Ng F_FK CBmk5FNJ[MF() FjIBRFKFK _>eNgIJ>Og DBNBHFN:

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TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ BSBMjLMBS.GSPOU.QPQ'SPOU(); CBlj5FNJ[MF(); ^

N>IgegK ?BIFNIF ?FN AQNQJQKQK HLMU>Og, BIFJFVAB ?QIQK>K >IP >N>IgHI>NI> FIHIBKBK UBKF ?FN #JS"SBEB KBOKBOF AbKAcNBNBH O>eI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ #JS"SBEB TBWF() DPOTU \ SFUVSO #JS"SBEB(BSBMjLMBS.EVQ); ^

N>IgegK OLK P>N>CgKA>HF FjIBJIBN ?>j P>N>CgKA>HFIBNFK ?BKVBNIBNFAFN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ JOU CBDL() DPOTU \ SFUVSO BSBMjLMBS.CBDL.CBDL; ^ WPJE QPQ#BDL() \ BSBMjLMBS.CBDL.QPQ#BDL(); TPOV5FNJ[MF(); ^

!cPcK >N>IgegK QVQKIQeQ, >IP >N>IgHI>NgK QVQKIQHI>NgKgK PLMI>Jg LI>N>H EBO>MI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... !QSPQFSUZ TJ[F@U MFOHUI() DPOTU \ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL = 0; GPSFBDI (BSBMjL; BSBMjLMBS) \ V[VOMVL += BSBMjL.MFOHUI; ^ ^ SFUVSO V[VOMVL;

UKg FjIBJ TUE.BMHPSJUIN.SFEVDF FjIBRF FIB A>E> HgO> LI>N>H A> DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN. SFEVDF() , j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >IAgeg FjIBJF HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>IgHP>HF ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>N> QUDQI>N.

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JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; // ... !QSPQFSUZ TJ[F@U MFOHUI() DPOTU \ SFUVSO SFEVDF!((B, C) => B + C.MFOHUI)(TJ[F@U.JOJU, BSBMjLMBS); ^ i>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKABHF B jFJAFUB H>A>NHF PLMI>Jg, C AB >N>IgHP>HF EBN ?FN BIBJ>Kg PBJOFI BABN. fIH FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF PLMI>JgK FIH ABeBNFKF (?QN>A> 0), FHFK@F FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF AB EBO>?gK E>KDF >N>IgHP>HF BIBJ>KI>N> QUDQI>K>@>egKg ?BIFNIBN. %AE: 6/81=2 :7C Q3TCV>6VTV@63 FKF@>FTF@ 4RJ>7 43XE3@ :7D3B>3@?3DV J7C;@7 >C>86>5 ;D?;@67 4;C SJ767@ 67 J3C3C>3@V>34;>;C. BF SJ7@;@ 67T7C; =FCF5F ;X>7G ;Q;@67 4;C =7C7 43XE3@ :7D3B>3@34;>;C, G7 A@63@ DA@C3 :9:F;98=() G7 :9:B+-5() ;X>7G>7C; :7C Q3TCV>6V=>3CV@63 E7=7C E7=7C 3K3>EV>34;>;C. !BIFNIF ?FN OgN> KQJ>N>OgKA>HF BIBJ>KgK AbKAcNcIB?FIJBOF F_FK ?cPcK >IP >N>IgHI>N> ?>jP>K OLK> ALeNQ ?>HgIJ>Og RB OgN> KQJ>N>OgKgK E>KDF >N>IgHP>HF ?FN BIBJ>K> ABKH DBIAFeFKFK ?QIQKJ>Og DBNBHFN: TUSVDU #JS"SBEB \ // ... JOU PQ*OEFY(TJ[F@U TjSB/VNBSBTj) DPOTU \ /* )BUB NFTBKj JdJO TBLMjZPSV[ */ JNNVUBCMF CBlUBLJ4jSB/VNBSBTj = TjSB/VNBSBTj; GPSFBDI (BSBMjL; BSBMjLMBS) \ JG (BSBMjL.MFOHUI > TjSB/VNBSBTj) \ SFUVSO BSBMjL<TjSB/VNBSBTj>; ^ FMTF \ TjSB/VNBSBTj -= BSBMjL.MFOHUI; ^

UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO( GPSNBU("(FdFSTJ[ TjSB OVNBSBTj: %T (V[VOMVL: %T)", CBlUBLJ4jSB/VNBSBTj, UIJT.MFOHUI));

%AE: 9:I8./A , JF=3CV63=; FJ3CV@V@ 3=D;@7 D34;E K3?3@63 97CQ7=>7X7?7K. BF 3C3>VTV@ =34F> 76;>;C 67C75767 :VK>V ;X>7J74;>?7D; ;Q;@ +;+6N56+; SJ7D;@;@ 83K>3 FKF@ A>?3?3DV 97C7=;C. 2>KgJI>AgegJgV ?Q >N>IgH, FOPBAFeFJFV O>UgA> JOU AFVFOFUIB HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN. *BKAFOFKB RBNB@BeFJFV AFVFIBNF UBLF() RB BSSBZ() FjIBRIBNF U>NAgJgUI> ?Q ABNOPB P>KgJI>AgegJgV PcNIBNABK ?FIB BAFKB?FIFNFV: BVUP BSBMjL = #JS"SBEB('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ().UBLF(10).BSSBZ, < 777, 888 >, (OFX ,BSF"SBMjhj()).UBLF(5).BSSBZ); XSJUFMO(BSBMjL.TBWF); ZgHPgOg, c_ >N>IgegK PBH >N>IgHJgj DF?F HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKF DbOPBNFN: <0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 777, 888, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16>

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!Q >N>Igeg ?>jH> _BjFP >N>IgH HQII>K>K >IDLNFPJ>I>N> A> DbKABNB?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF DBNBHPFNBK SFUSP() 'U>: XSJUFMO(BSBMjL.TBWF.SFUSP);

<16, 9, 4, 1, 0, 888, 777, 34, 21, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0> #JS"SBEB 'Ug ?Q ABNOPB beNBKAFHIBNFJFVFK ?FN QUDQI>J>Og LI>N>H P>O>NI>AgH. /NLDN>JI>NgKgVA> A>E> H>MO>JIg LI>K TUE.SBOHF.DIBJO 'F HQII>KJ>KgVg bKBNFNFJ.

81.9

0VUQVU3BOHF , #k#$ aral#"#

iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV >N>IgHI>N EBM BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJIB FIDFIF LI>K >N>IgHI>NAgN. 0VUQVU3BOHF FOB _gHgj >N>IgegAgN. TUEPVU 'P> LIAQeQ DF?F BIBJ>KI>NgK ?BIFNIF ?FN EBABCB U>VgIAgHI>Ng >HgJI>Ng PBJOFI BABNIBN. 0VUQVU3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgKgK DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBJF UQH>NgA> HgO>@> QVU(BSBMkL, FMFNBO) LI>N>H ?BIFNPJFjPFJ. QVU() , TUE.SBOHF JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K ?FN FjIBRAFN; _gHgj >N>IgegKgK E>KDF LI>K>HI>N> O>EFM LIAQeQKQ TUBUJD JG U>NAgJgUI> ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> ?BIFNIBN RB 7>7?3@V 3C3>VT3 9R@67C;C=7@ BIBJ>K> RB >N>Ige> BK QUDQK LI>K UbKPBJF HQII>KgN. QVU() 'QK OgN>UI> ABKBAFeF AQNQJI>N RB OB_PFeF UbKPBJIBN >j>egA>HF P>?ILA>HF DF?FAFN. 2>?ILA>HF AQNQJI>N> UQH>NgA>K >j>egU> ALeNQ ?>HgIgN RB QUDQK LI>K FIH AQNQJ OB_FIFN. 2>?ILA> " , >N>IgegK PcNcKc; BSBMkL , ?FN >N>IgH KBOKBOFKF; & , BIBJ>K PcNcKc; RB F AB ?FN BIBJ>K KBOKBOFKF PBJOFI BAFULN: 0MBTk %VSVN " UfSfOfO QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL & BMBO QVU JTNJOEF CJS fZF JlMFWJ WBSTB " UfSfOfO QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL &<> BMBO QVU JTNJOEF CJS fZF JlMFWJ WBSTB " CJS *OQVU3BOHF BSBMjhjZTB WF F , BSBMkL.GSPOU 'B BUBOBCJMJZPSTB 4FeJMFO :fOUFN BSBMjL.QVU(F);

BSBMjL.QVU(< F >);

BSBMjL.GSPOU = F; BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU();

& CJS *OQVU3BOHF BSBMjhjZTB WF " BSBMjhjOB LPQZBMBOBCJMJZPSTB

GPS (; !F.FNQUZ; F.QPQ'SPOU()) QVU(BSBMjL, F.GSPOU);

" , QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL & BMBCJMJZPSTB (" eSOFhJO CJS EFMFHBUF PMBCJMJS) " , QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL &<> BMBCJMJZPSTB (" eSOFhJO CJS EFMFHBUF PMBCJMJS)

BSBMjL(F);

BSBMjL(< F >);

!BK ?Q HQII>KgJI>NA>K ?FNFK@FOFKFK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbOPBNB@BeFJ: 2>KgJI>U>@>egJgV >N>IgH PcNcKcK QVU FOJFKAB ?FN FjIBRF LI>@>H RB ?Q FjIBR _gHgj >N>IgegKgK BIBJ>K PcNcKc M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >I>@>H. 2>KgJI>U>@>egJgV _gHgj >N>Igeg, HQNQIQNHBK ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> ALOU> FOJF >IOgK. #>E> OLKN>A>K QVU() FjIBRF FIB U>VAgNgI>K BIBJ>KI>Ng EBJ ?Q ALOU>I>NgK EBMOFKB, EBJ AB TUEPVU '> U>VAgNOgK. $H LI>N>H, EBN BIBJ>KA>K OLKN> UFKB HQNQ@QOQKA> >IAgeg >UN>@g U>VAgNOgK.

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TUSVDU `PL)FEFGF:B[BO \ TUSJOH BZSBd; 'JMF<> EPTZBMBS; UIJT(TUSJOH BZSBd, TUSJOH<> EPTZBiTJNMFSJ ...) \ UIJT.BZSBd = BZSBd; /* TUEPVU IFS [BNBO EBIJM */ UIJT.EPTZBMBS _= TUEPVU; /* #FMJSUJMFO IFS EPTZB JTNJ JdJO ZFOJ CJS EPTZB GPSFBDI (EPTZBiTNJ; EPTZBiTJNMFSJ) \ UIJT.EPTZBMBS _= 'JMF(EPTZBiTNJ, "X"); ^ */

WPJE QVU(5)(5 FMFNBO) \ GPSFBDI (EPTZB; EPTZBMBS) \ EPTZB.XSJUF(FMFNBO, BZSBd); ^ ^

'BN PcNABK _gHgj >N>Igeg UBNFKB DB_B?FIJBOF F_FK QVU() FjIBRFKF AB j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>AgJ. !Q O>UBAB >j>egA> EBJ JOU EBJ AB TUSJOH >N>Igeg LI>N>H HQII>K>?FIFULNQV. /EL?LO'P> 0VUQVU3BOHF HQII>K>K ?FN >IDLNFPJ> TUE.BMHPSJUIN.DPQZ 'AFN. DPQZ() , ?FN *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKgK BIBJ>KI>NgKg ?FN 0VUQVU3BOHF >N>IgegK> HLMU>I>U>K _LH ?>OFP ?FN FjIBRAFN. JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; // ... BVUP djLjl = `PL)FEFGF:B[BO("=O", "EFOFNF@0", "EFOFNF@1"); DPQZ(< 1, 2, 3>, djLjl); DPQZ(< "LjSNj[j", "NBWJ", "ZFlJM" >, djLjl); 7QH>NgA>HF HLA, DFNFj >N>IgHI>NgKA>HF BIBJ>KI>Ng EBJ TUEPVU '>, EBJ AB "ABKBJB<0" RB "ABKBJB<1" FOFJIF ALOU>I>N> U>V>N: 1 2 3 LkSNk[k NBWJ ZFmJM

81.9.1

D7:7;:3?7< 0VUQVU3BOHF =:/?/9 9B::/<P:;/:/?P

TUE.SBOHF , AFIFJIBNF 0VUQVU3BOHF P>KgJgK> A> OLH>N. (TUE.BSSBZ FOB U>IKgV@> DFNFj >N>IgHI>Ng P>KgJgK> OLH>N). K@>H, AFIFJIBNFK 0VUQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKgK ?BHIBKJBAFH ?FN BPHFOF R>NAgN: 0VUQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K AFIFJ, EBN QVU() FjIBJFKB H>NjgIgH ?FN BIBJ>K H>U?BABN. \OPBIFH H>U?BAFIBK BIBJ>K, UBKF >P>KJgj LI>K ?>jP>HF BIBJ>KAgN. !QKQK KBABKF, QVU() cUB FjIBRIBNF ?QIQKJ>U>K AFIFJIBNFK UQH>NgA>HF P>?ILA>HF jQ UbKPBJB QUJ>I>NgAgN:

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BSBMjL.GSPOU = F; BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU(); 'BN ?FN QVU() F_FK UQH>NgA>HF HLA FjIBPFIAFeFKAB EBJ ?>jP>HF BIBJ>K> UBKF ABeBN >P>KgN, EBJ AB QPQ'SPOU() 'QK BPHFOFUIB ?>jP>HF BIBJ>K AFIFJABK _gH>NPgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN = < 1, 2, 3 >; QVU(EJMJN, 100); XSJUFMO(EJMJN); ^ !FN 0VUQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgeg E>IAB AFIFJ BIBJ>K H>U?BPJFjPFN: <2, 3> !Q UcVABK AFIFJFK HBKAFOF ABeFI, ?>jH> ?FN AFIFJ 0VUQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU<> EJMJN = < 1, 2, 3 >; JOU<> EJMJN2 = EJMJN; QVU(EJMJN2, 100); XSJUFMO(EJMJN2); XSJUFMO(EJMJN);

!Q OBCBN FHFK@F AFIFJ PcHBKAFeF E>IAB >OgI AFIFJ FOPBAFeFJFV BIBJ>KI>N> O>EFMPFN: <2, 3> <100, 2, 3>

p JTUFOFO TPOVe

!QN>A> bKBJIF ?FN KLHP>U> AFHH>P BPJBH DBNBHFN: 0VUQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K AFIFJFK QVQKIQeQ LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >NPJ>V. #FIFJAB UBPBNIF UBN LIJ>Og MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQKA>AgN: JOU<> EJMJN = < 1, 2, 3 >; JOU<> EJMJN2 = EJMJN; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 4) \ // n EJMJNEF 4 FMFNBOB ZFS ZPL QVU(EJMJN2, J * 100); ^ QPQ'SPOU() KBABKFUIB ?Lj>I>K AFIFJAB UBN H>IJ>Ageg F_FK MNLDN>J ?Lj AFIFJFK FIH BIBJ>Kg ?QIQKJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNBK ?FN E>P>UI> OLKI>KgN: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!...: "UUFNQUJOH UP GFUDI UIF GSPOU PG BO FNQUZ BSSBZ PG JOU

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TUE.BSSBZ.BQQFOEFS , AFIFJIBNF DA@F@3 7=>7@7@ 4;C ">=:>=$+81/ LI>N>H HQII>KJ>U> U>N>N. BQQFOEFS 'gK AbKAcNAcec bVBI >N>IgH KBOKBOFKFK HBKAF QVU() FjIBRF, RBNFIBK BIBJ>Kg AFIFJFK OLKQK> BHIBN: JNQPSU TUE.BSSBZ; // ... BVUP TPOVOB&LMFZFO = BQQFOEFS(< 1, 2, 3 >); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 4) \ TPOVOB&LMFZFO.QVU(J * 100); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA>HF BQQFOEFS ?FN AFVF FIB _>eNgIgULN, RB LKQK AbKAcNJcj LIAQeQ KBOKB QVU() FjIBRF _>eNgI>N>H ?FN 0VUQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgIgULN. BQQFOEFS 'gK ?FN _gHgj LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgegKA> BAFKAFeF BIBJ>KI>N> .EBUB KFPBIFeF FIB BNFjFIFN: XSJUFMO(TPOVOB&LMFZFO.EBUB); ZgHPgOg: <1, 2, 3, 0, 100, 200, 300>

81.10

A?/:P9 R/0:=<:/?P
!Q ABNOPB HBKAF U>VAgegJgV _LeQ bNKBHPB JOU >N>IgHI>Ng HQII>KAgH. .UO> >N>IgHI>NgK RB >N>IgH HQII>K>K >IDLNFPJ>I>NgK j>?ILK LI>N>H P>O>NI>KJ>I>Ng HQII>KgjIgIgHI>NgKg ?cUcH bI_cAB >NPPgNgN. TUE.SBOHF JLAcIc >N>IgHI>NI> FIDFIF LI>K _LH O>UgA> U>NAgJ@g j>?ILK A> P>KgJI>N. !QKI>NgK K>OgI HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKg ?FN OLKN>HF ABNOPB DbOPBNB@BeFJ.

81.11

IF3A
x x x x x x x x x x x x x N>IgHI>N RBNF U>MgI>NgUI> >IDLNFPJ>I>Ng ?FN?FNIBNFKABK OLUQPI>U>K RB ?FN?FNIBNFUIB QUQJIQ LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>U>K LI>K>HPgN. N>IgHI>N #'UB bVDc ?FN H>RN>JAgN RB /EL?LO'P> _LH HQII>KgIgN. /EL?LO'P>HF _LeQ >IDLNFPJ> HBKAFOF FjIBJ U>MJ>H UBNFKB bVBI ?FN >N>IgH KBOKBOF AbKAcNcN RB PBJ?BIIFHPBK U>N>NI>KgN. 3%"1 >N>IgH >IDLNFPJ>I>Ng FIB _LH QUQJIQAQN. #FVDFIBN *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> BIBJ>KI>NgK> :3C8 :3C8 BNFjFIFN. *OQVU3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBRIBN FNQUZ , GSPOU RB QPQ'SPOU() 'PQN. 'PSXBSE3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF BH FjIBR TBWF 'AFN. #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF 'FK DBNBHPFNAFeF BH FjIBRIBN CBDL RB QPQ#BDL() 'PFN. 1LKOQV 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF 'FK 'PSXBSE3BOHF 'B BH LI>N>H DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBR PQ*OEFY() 'PFN. 1LKIQ 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF 'FK #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF 'B BH LI>N>H DBNBHPFNAFeF FjIBRIBN PQ*OEFY() RB MFOHUI 'PFN. TUE.BSSBZ.BQQFOEFS AFIFJIBNFK OLKQK> BHIBUBK ?FN 0VUQVU3BOHF KBOKBOF AbKAcNcN. #FIFJIBN OLKIQ 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgAgN 1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBN >N>IgH ABeFIIBNAFN.

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82

B/R9/ A?/:P9 %:/</9:/?P

!QKA>K bK@BHF ?bIcJABHF _LeQ >N>IgH bNKBeFKAB JOU >N>IgHI>Ng HQII>KAgH. OIgKA> PLMIQIQHI>N, >IDLNFPJ>I>N, RB >N>IgHI>N, EBM j>?ILKI>N LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFNIBN. !FV AB ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPB ZB[EkS() FjIBRFKF j>?ILK LI>N>H P>KgJI>AgegJgV F_FK C>NHIg *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgUI> HQII>K>?FIJFjPFH: WPJE ZB[EjS(5)(5 BSBMjL) \ // ... ^ ZB[EkS() 'gK ?FN BHOFeF, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK ?FN *OQVU3BOHF LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeF E>IAB ?QKQ ?FN j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>Og FIB ?BIFNPJFULN LIJ>OgAgN. (i>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>NgKg UNgKPgIg i>?ILKI>N ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH.) TUE.SBOHF JLAcIc, EBJ j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>NgKA> EBJ AB TUBUJD JG ABUFJIBNFKAB U>N>NI>KgIJ>H cVBNB _LH O>UgA> U>NAgJ@g j>?ILK F_BNFN.

82.1

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!Q j>?ILKI>NgK "bUIB JFAFN" >KI>JgK> DBIBK JT FIB ?>jI>U>KI>Ng, ?BIFNIF ?FN PcNcK L >N>IgH _BjFAFKABK LIQM LIJ>AgegKg ?BIFNPFN. [NKBeFK JT*OQVU3BOHF!5 , "5 ?FN *OQVU3BOHF JFAFN" OLNQOQKQ U>KgPI>N. N>IgH _BjFAFKF OLNDQI>U>K j>?ILKI>N jQKI>NAgN: x x x x x JT*OQVU3BOHF JT'PSXBSE3BOHF JT#JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF JT3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF JT0VUQVU3BOHF

ZB[EkS() FjIBRFKFK j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>Og JT*OQVU3BOHF 'ABK U>N>NI>K>N>H jbUIB U>VgIgN: WPJE ZB[EjS(5)(5 BSBMjL) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!5) \ // ... ^ !QKI>N >N>OgKA>K JT0VUQVU3BOHF , AFeBNIBNFKABK C>NHIg LI>N>H FHF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF >IgN: !FNFK@FOF ABOPBHIBKJBOF DBNBHBK >N>IgH PcNcKc, FHFK@FOF FOB ABOPBHIBKJBOF DBNBHBK BIBJ>K PcNcKc ?BIFNIBN. [NKBeFK >N>IgegK EPVCMF PcNc FIB QUQJIQ LI>K ?FN _gHgj >N>Igeg LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeF jbUIB ?BIFNPFIFN: WPJE CJSilMFW(5)(5 BSBMjL) JG (JT0VUQVU3BOHF!(5, EPVCMF)) \ // ... ^ . HgOgPI>J>Ug & 4;C ">=:>=$+81/ ;D7 G7 .9>,6/ ESCS ;>7 =F>>3@V>34;>;JACD3 AFUB LHQU>?FIFNFV. TUBUJD JG FIB ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> ?Q j>?ILKI>N HBKAF U>VAgegJgV >N>IgHI>NgK KB ABNB@B UBPBKBHIF LI>?FIB@BHIBNFKF AB ?BIFNIBNIBN. [NKBeFK >OgI >N>IgH 'PSXBSE3BOHF LIAQeQKA> TBWF() FjIBRFKB AB O>EFM LI>@>egKA>K, HBKAF U>VAgegJgV bVBI >N>IgH PcNcKcK AB TBWF() FjIBRFKF OQKJ>OgKg L FjIBRABK U>N>NI>K>N>H O>eI>U>?FIFNFV.

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B3X=3 AC3>V= &>3@3=>3CV

!QKQ DbNJBH F_FK HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK >N>IgHP>HF ABeBNIBNFK BHOF ABeBNIFIBNFKF cNBPBK ?FN >N>Igeg bK@B ?FN *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H P>O>NI>U>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.SBOHF; TUSVDU &LTJMJ(5) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!5) \ 5 BSBMjL; UIJT (5 BSBMjL) \ UIJT.BSBMjL = BSBMjL; ^ !QSPQFSUZ CPPM FNQUZ() \ SFUVSO BSBMjL.FNQUZ; ^ !QSPQFSUZ BVUP GSPOU() \ SFUVSO -BSBMjL.GSPOU; ^ WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ BSBMjL.QPQ'SPOU(); ^

%AE: 0;98= 'F@ 6R@SX ESCS A>3C3= +>=9 J7C;@7 4;C3K 3X3TV63 9RC757T;?;K E6/7/8=&B:/!& 67 J3KV>34;>;C. UNg@>, 5 'KFK BK >VgKA>K ?FN *OQVU3BOHF LIJ>Og DBNBHPFeFKF ?FIAFNBK j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>OgKg A> U>VAgJ. !Q >N>IgegK PBH bVBIIFeF, GSPOU FjIBRFKAB >OgI >N>IgegK ?>jgKA>HF ABeBNFK BHOF ABeBNIFOFKF AbKAcNJBOFAFN. ZLeQ >N>IgH PcNcKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, HQII>KgJ HLI>UIgeg >_gOgKA>K ?FN AB U>NAgJ@g FjIBR U>V>IgJ: &LTJMJ!5 FLTJMJ(5)(5 BSBMjL) \ SFUVSO &LTJMJ!5(BSBMjL); ^ !Q >N>IgH, bNKBeFK ?FN bK@BHF ABNOPB DbNAcecJcV 'JCPOBDDJ >N>IgegUI> ?FNIFHPB HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN: XSJUFMO(FLTJMJ(UBLF('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(), 5))); ZgHPgOg, >N>IgegK FIH 5 BIBJ>KgKgK BHOF ABeBNIFIBNFKF F_BNFN: <0, -1, -1, -2, -3> #Le>I LI>N>H, &LTJMJ ?Q P>KgJgUI> U>IKgV@> ?FN *OQVU3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN RB bNKBeFK 'PSXBSE3BOHF DBNBHPFNBK DZDMF() DF?F >IDLNFPJ>I>N> DbKABNFIBJBV: BVUP FLTJMJ4POVd = FLTJMJ(UBLF('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(), 5)); XSJUFMO(UBLF(DZDMF(FLTJMJ4POVd), 10)); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

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.UO>, >OgI >N>IgH 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ DF?F ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF LIAQeQKA> &LTJMJ 'KFK AB TBWF() FjIBRFKF OQK>J>J>Og F_FK ?FN KBABK ULHPQN. !Q AQNQJ ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> TUBUJD JG FIB ABKBPIBKFN RB BH FjIBRIBN >OgI >N>IgegK UBPBKBHIBNF ALeNQIPQOQKA> P>KgJI>KgNI>N: TUSVDU &LTJMJ(5) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!5) \ // ... TUBUJD JG (JT'PSXBSE3BOHF!5) \ &LTJMJ!5 TBWF() \ SFUVSO &LTJMJ!5(BSBMjL.TBWF()); ^ ^

7QH>NgA>HF BH FjIBR O>UBOFKAB &LTJMJ!'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ AB >NPgH ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFN RB UQH>NgA>HF DZDMF() O>PgNg >NPgH ABNIBKFN: BVUP FLTJMJ4POVd = FLTJMJ(UBLF('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(), 5)); XSJUFMO(UBLF(DZDMF(FLTJMJ4POVd), 10)); // BSUjL EFSMFOJS ZgHPgOg, F;4A@355; D7C;D;@;@ ;>= 5 7>7?3@V@V@ 7=D; 67T7C>;>7C;@;@ DSC7=>; A>3C3= E7=C3C>3@?3DV@63@ A>FX3@ 3C3>VTV@ ;>= 10 7>7?3@V6VC: <0, -1, -1, -2, -3, 0, -1, -1, -2, -3> &LTJMJ >N>IgegKgK AQNQJ> DbNB #JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF RB 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LI>?FIJBOF AB >UKg UbKPBJIB O>eI>KgN: TUSVDU &LTJMJ(5) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!5) \ // ... TUBUJD JG (JT#JEJSFDUJPOBM3BOHF!5) \ !QSPQFSUZ BVUP CBDL() \ SFUVSO -BSBMjL.CBDL; ^ WPJE QPQ#BDL() \ BSBMjL.QPQ#BDL(); ^

TUBUJD JG (JT3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF!5) \ BVUP PQ*OEFY(TJ[F@U TjSB/VNBSBTj) \ SFUVSO -BSBMjL<TjSB/VNBSBTj>; ^ ^

!bUIB@B bNKBeFK AFVFIBNIB HQII>KgIAgegKA> BIBJ>KI>N> <> FjIB@F FIB BNFjFIB?FIFN: BVUP E = < 1.5, 2.75 >; BVUP F = FLTJMJ(E); XSJUFMO(F<1>);

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ZgHPgOg: -2.75

82.2

&MFNFOU5ZQF C3 &MFNFOU&ODPEJOH5ZQF
&MFNFOU5ZQF , >N>IgHP>HF BIBJ>KI>NgK PcNcKc ?FIAFNBK ?FN j>?ILKAQN. &MFNFOU5ZQF!5 , "5 >N>IgegKgK BIBJ>K PcNc" >KI>JgK> DBIFN. [NKBeFK ?BIFNIF PcNABK FHF >N>IgH >I>K, RB ?QKI>NA>K ?FNFK@FOFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc FIB QUQJIQ LI>K ?FN _gHgj >N>Igeg DBNBHPFNBK ?FN FjIBRFK j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>Og jbUIB ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: WPJE JlMF((1, (2, `)((1 HJSJl1, (2 HJSJl2, ` djLjl) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!(1 && JT'PSXBSE3BOHF!(2 && JT0VUQVU3BOHF!(`, &MFNFOU5ZQF!(1)) \ // ... ^ 7QH>NgA>HF j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>OgKg jbUIB >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: (1 ?FN *OQVU3BOHF RB (2 ?FN 'PSXBSE3BOHF LIJ>IgAgN; BH LI>N>H, a AB (1 'FK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK PcNc FIB HQII>KgI>?FIBK ?FN 0VUQVU3BOHF LIJ>IgAgN. #FVDFIBN >N>IgH LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> BIBJ>KI>NgK> E>NC E>NC BNFjFIAFeF F_FK AFVDF >N>IgHI>NgKgK BIBJ>K PcNc EBN V>J>K F_FK EDIBS 'AgN. !Q UcVABK AFVDFIBNFK 32% HLAI>J> PcNc &MFNFOU5ZQF FIB ?BIFNIBKBJBV. 32% HLAI>J> PcNcKc ?BIFNIBJBH F_FK &MFNFOU&ODPEJOH5ZQF HQII>KgIgN. [NKBeFK ?FN XDIBS AFVDFOFKFK &MFNFOU5ZQF 'g EDIBS , &MFNFOU&ODPEJOH5ZQF 'g A> XDIBS 'AgN.

82.3

B/R9/ /?/:P9 <7A3:79:3?7

TUE.SBOHF JLAcIc >N>IgHI>NI> FIDFIF ?>jH> j>?ILK LI>K>HI>Ng A> OQK>N. !QKI>N A> j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>NgKA> RB TUBUJD JG ABUFJIBNFKAB HQII>KgIgNI>N. x x x x x JT*OGJOJUF : N>IgH OLKOQVO> USVF cNBPFN. IBT-FOHUI : N>IgegK MFOHUI KFPBIFeF R>NO> USVF cNBPFN. IBT4MJDJOH : N>IgegK B<Y..Z> ?F_FJFKAB AFIFJF >IgK>?FIFULNO> USVF cNBPFN. IBT"TTJHOBCMF&MFNFOUT : N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>NgK> ABeBN >P>K>?FIFULNO> USVF cNBPFN. IBT4XBQQBCMF&MFNFOUT : N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>Ng TUE.BMHPSJUIN.TXBQ FIB ABeFj PLHQj BAFIB?FIFULNO> USVF cNBPFN. x IBT.PCJMF&MFNFOUT N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>Ng TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NPWF FIB >HP>NgI>?FIFULNO> USVF cNBPFN. !Q, >N>IgH _BjFAFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H ?>jP>HF BIBJ>Kg >HP>N>K NPWF'SPOU() 'QK, OLKA>HF BIBJ>Kg >HP>N>K NPWF#BDL() 'FK, RBU> N>OPDBIB ?FN BIBJ>Kg >HP>N>K NPWF"U() 'FK JBR@QP LIAQeQKQ ?BIFNPFN. HP>NJ> FjIBJF HLMU>I>J> FjIBJFKABK A>E> EgVIg LIAQeQ F_FK IBT.PCJMF&MFNFOUT KFPBIFeFKFK OLKQ@QK> ?>eIg LI>N>H ?>Vg FjIBJIBN NPWF() FIB A>E> EgVIg DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFNIBN. x IBT-WBMVF&MFNFOUT N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>Ng DA> 67T7C (IR>IQB) LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFULNO> USVF cNBPFN. !Q H>RN>Jg, 3C3>VTV@ 7>7?3@>3CV 97CQ7=E7 G3C A>3@ 7>7?3@>3C3 C787C3@D ;D7>7C AFUB AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. [NKBeFK IBT-WBMVF&MFNFOUT!'JCPOBDDJ 'KFK ABeBNF GBMTF 'PQN _cKHc 'JCPOBDDJ >N>IgegKgK BIBJ>KI>Ng DBN_BHPB R>N LI>K BIBJ>KI>N ABeFIIBNAFN; EBO>MI>K>N>H LIQjPQNQIQNI>N. !BKVBN jBHFIAB IBT-WBMVF&MFNFOUT!(&LTJMJ!(JOU<>)) 'FK ABeBNF AB

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GBMTF 'PQN _cKHc L >N>IgegK A> DBN_BH BIBJ>KI>Ng ULHPQN. [PB U>KA>K, IBT-WBMVF&MFNFOUT!(JOU<>) 'FK ABeBNF USVF 'AQN _cKHc AFIFJIBN DBN_BHPB R>N LI>K BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjFJ O>eI>NI>N. [NKBeFK FNQUZ , JT*OGJOJUF!5 'KFK ABeBNFKB ?>eIg LI>N>H C>NHIg ?F_FJAB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN. !bUIB@B, >OgI >N>IgH OLKOQV LIAQeQKA> &LTJMJ!5 'KFK AB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> OLKOQV LIJ>Og O>eI>KJgj LIQN: TUSVDU &LTJMJ(5) JG (JT*OQVU3BOHF!5) \ // ... TUBUJD JG (JT*OGJOJUF!5) \ // &LTJMJ!5 EF TPOTV[ PMVS TUBUJD JNNVUBCMF CPPM FNQUZ = GBMTF; ^ FMTF \ !QSPQFSUZ CPPM FNQUZ() \ SFUVSO BSBMjL.FNQUZ; ^ ^ // ... ^

82.4

H/:PR;/ F/;/<P K=9 R397::7:7N7 7K7< JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() C3 PVUQVU3BOHF0CKFDU()

N>IgHI>N, j>?ILKI>NgK DBPFNAFeF 67C>7?7 K3?3@V QA= X7=;>>;>;T;@7 O>EFMPFNIBN. !FV AB ?FN bK@BHF RB ?Q ABNOPBHF _LeQ bNKBHPB ?Q LI>K>HP>K U>N>NI>KAgH. (%AE: D7C>7?7 K3?3@V QA= X7=;>>;>;T; ;>7 Q3>VX?3 K3?3@V QA= X7=;>>;>;T;@;@ 83C=>3CV@V AJCV@EV>V W34>A@>3C 67CD;@67=; "D7C>7?7 K3?3@V QA= X7=;>>;>;T;" 43X>VTV@63 9RC?SXES=.) #BNIBJB V>J>Kg _LH jBHFIIFIFeFKFK ?FN BPHFOF, j>?ILKQK EBN C>NHIg HQII>KgJgKgK C>NHIg ?FN j>?ILK PcNc LIQjPQNJ>OgAgN. [NKBeFK UBLF() >IDLNFPJ>OgKgK AbKAcNAcec bVBI >N>IgH KBOKBOFKFK PcNc UBLF() 'B DbKABNFIBK >N>IgH PcNcKB DbNB ABeFjFN: XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(UBLF(FLTJMJ(<11, 22>), 1)).TUSJOHPG); XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(UBLF('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(), 1)).TUSJOHPG); ZgHPgOg: 5BLF!(&LTJMJ!(JOU<>)) 5BLF!('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ) !QKQK ALe>I OLKQ@Q, C>NHIg PcNIBNB O>EFM LI>K >N>IgH KBOKBIBNFKFK QUQJOQV LIAQHI>Ng F_FK ?FN?FNIBNFKB >P>K>J>J>I>NgAgN. !Q QUQJOQVIQH FHF *OQVU3BOHF KBOKBOF >N>OgKA> A>E> >_gH LI>N>H A> DbOPBNFIB?FIFN: BVUP BSBMjL = FLTJMJ(<11, 22>); // ... TPOSBLJ CJS [BNBOEB ... BSBMjL = 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(); // n EFSMFNF )"5"4* !BHIBKB@BeF DF?F, ABNIBJB E>P>Og 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ PcNcKcK &LTJMJ!(JOU<>) PcNcKB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjPcNcIBJBUB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN:

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&SSPS: DBOOPU JNQMJDJUMZ DPOWFSU FYQSFTTJPO ('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ(0,1)) PG UZQF 'JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ UP &LTJMJ!(JOU<>) !QK> N>eJBK, EBN KB H>A>N PcNIBNF QUQJOQV LIO>I>N A> >OIgKA> EBN FHFOF AB JOU >N>Igeg LI>K ?Q >N>IgH KBOKBIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKFK UBNFKB HQII>KgI>?FIJBIBNFKF ?BHIBUB?FIFNFV. ZcKHc HQII>KgJ >_gOgKA>K ?>HgIAgegKA>, ?cPcK FjIBNF JOU PcNcKABK BIBJ>KI>N> BNFjPFNJBH LIAQeQKA>K, L BIBJ>KI>NgK E>KDF AcVBKBH ULIQUI> cNBPFIAFHIBNF RBU> BNFjPFNFIAFHIBNF bKBJIF LIJ>J>IgAgN. /EL?LO, ?Q OLNQKQ JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() RB PVUQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() FjIBRIBNFUIB DFABNFN. JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() , >N>IgHI>Ng 47>;C>; ESC67@ 7>7?3@>3C3 D3:;B 47>;C>; Q7X;E 3C3>V= P>KgJgUI> HQII>KAgNJ>U> U>N>N. N>IgH KBOKBIBNFKF PcNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H, bNKBeFK 7>7?3@>3CV 38= A>3@ I8:>=$+81/ 3C3>VTV DBKBI P>KgJg FIB HQII>K>?FIFNFV. JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() ?cPcK BNFjFJ >N>IgHI>NgKg ABOPBHIBUB@BH H>A>N BOKBHPFN. !Q UcVABK KBOKBIBNFK P>KgJg BVUP FIB U>MgI>J>V; >N>IgH KBOKBOFKFK K>OgI HQII>KgI>@>egKgK >_gH_> ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHFN: // "JOU HJSJl BSBMjhj" BOMBNjOEB *OQVU3BOHF!JOU BSBMjL = JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU(FLTJMJ(<11, 22>)); // ... TPOSBLJ CJS [BNBOEB ... // #V BUBNB BSUjL EFSMFOJS BSBMjL = JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ()); JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() 'FK AbKAcNAcec KBOKBIBNFK FHFOF AB *OQVU3BOHF!JOU LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIJBHPBAFN. N>IgegK bNKBeFK 38= 7>7?3@>V 4;C F9;@+;.$+81/ LI>N>H HQII>KgI>@>eg AQNQJA> FOB >_gH_> 'PSXBSE3BOHF!JOU U>VJ>H DBNBHFN: 'PSXBSE3BOHF!JOU BSBMjL = JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU(FLTJMJ(<11, 22>)); BVUP LPQZBTj = BSBMjL.TBWF(); BSBMjL = JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU('JCPOBDDJ4FSJTJ()); XSJUFMO(UBLF(BSBMjL.TBWF(), 10)); -BOKBIBNFK 'PSXBSE3BOHF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIAFHIBNFKF DbOPBNJBH F_FK TBWF() FjIBRIBNFKF _>egN>N>H HQII>KAgJ. PVUQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() AB 0VUQVU3BOHF >N>IgHI>Ng FIB HQII>KgIgN RB LKI>Ng 47>;C>; ESC 7>7?3@>3C>3 =F>>3@V>34;>7@ ">=:>=$+81/ 3C3>VTV DBKBI P>KgJgK> QUAQNQN.

82.5

IF3A
x TUE.SBOHF JLAcIc j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>I>NgKA> U>N>NIg LI>K ?>Vg j>?ILKI>N F_BNFN x TUE.SBOHF JLAcIcKABHF j>?ILKI>N, P>KgJI>AgegJgV >N>IgHI>NgK ?>jH> >N>IgHI>NgK UBPBKBHIBNFKFK BI RBNAFeF bI_cAB UBPBKBHIF LI>?FIJBIBNFKF O>eI>NI>N x JOQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() RB PVUQVU3BOHF0CKFDU() , C>NHIg PcNABK >N>IgH KBOKBIBNFKFK 7>7?3@>3CV 47>;C>; ESC67@ A>3@ 47>;C>; Q7X;EE7@ 3C3>V= DBKBI P>KgJgK> QUJ>I>NgKg O>eI>NI>N

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

83

"=RBA OR:3;:3?
&cKcJcVABHF JFHNL FjIBJ@FIBN EBN ?FNFOF ?>egJOgV FjIBJ ?FNFJF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIBK ?FNABK C>VI> Q7=;C67=E7@ LIQjQNI>N. ZBHFNABHIBN C>NHIg MNLDN>JI>NgK C>NHIg ?bIcJIBNFKF >UKg >KA> FjIBPB?FIFNIBN. TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIc ?Q _BHFNABHIBNFK >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKF RB MNLDN>JgK ?Q O>UBAB A>E> EgVIg _>IgjJ>OgKg O>eI>U>K LI>K>HI>N F_BNFN. !Q ?bIcJAB >j>egA>HF LI>K>HI>NgK >UNgKPgI>NgKg DbNB@BeFV. !Q LI>K>HI>Ng U>IKgV@> FjIBJIBN ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>NgKA> HQII>K>?FIFNOFKFV: x x x x x QBSBMMFM : GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK FjIBJIBNFKF >UKg >KA> FjIBPFN. UBTL : !>jH> FjIBJIBNIB >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIB@BH LI>K DbNBRIBN LIQjPQNQN. BTZOD#VG : *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>Ng U>Ng EBRBOIF LI>N>H >UKg >KA> FIBNIBPFN. NBQ : fjIBRIBNF *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>N> U>Ng EBRBOIF LI>N>H >UKg >KA> QUDQI>N. BNBQ : fjIBRIBNF 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>N> P>J EBRBOIF LI>N>H >UKg >KA> QUDQI>N. x SFEVDF : 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>NgK EBO>MI>NgKg >UKg >KA> FjIBPFN. #>E> bK@B HQII>KAgegJgV ?cPcK bNKBHIBNABHF ?cPcK HLAI>NA> FjIBJIBNFK U>VgIAgHI>Ng OgN>A> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF R>NO>UAgH: ++J; ++K; 7QH>NgA>HF HLAA> bK@B J 'KFK ABeBNFKFK, LKA>K OLKN> A> K 'KFK ABeBNFKFK >NPPgNgI>@>egKg ?FIFULNQV. OIgKA> ?Q EBN V>J>K ALeNQ ABeFIAFN: #BNIBUF@FKFK HLAQK A>E> EgVIg FjIBJBOF F_FK QUDQI>Ageg BKFUFIBjPFNJBIBN OLKQ@QKA> EBN FHF ABeFjHBK AB JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK U>VJ>_I>NgKA> ABMLI>KJgj LI>?FIFNIBN. !Q U>VJ>_I>N A> ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>NgKA>K, JFHNL FjIBJ@F L FHF FjIBJF 3J@V 3@63 FjIBPB?FIFN. !Q PcN BKFUFIBjPFNJBIBN U>N>NIgAgNI>N >J> _LH >IP AcVBUABHF FjIBJIBNABK A>E> cOP AcVBU H>MO>JI>NA> QUDQI>K>J>VI>N. !FN DNQM cOP AcVBU FjIBJFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>NgK> RB ?Q UcVABK AB >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIB?FIB@BHIBNFKB _LeQ AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> MNLDN>J@g H>N>N RBNB?FIFN. j>egA>HF GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABHF BIBJ>KI>NgK ?>jgKA>K OLKQK> H>A>N RB PBHBN PBHBN FjIBPFIB@BHIBNFKF ?FIFULNQV: BVUP ehSFODJMFS = < ahSFODJ(1), ahSFODJ(2), ahSFODJ(3), ahSFODJ(4) >; GPSFBDI (ehSFODJ; ehSFODJMFS) \ ehSFODJ.V[VO#JSilMFN(); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF HLA, FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK L MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgNJ>H F_FK OB_JFj LIAQeQ PBH _BHFNABH cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIFN. GPSFBDI AbKDcOc AB beNBK@FIBNF ?>jgKA>K OLKQK> H>A>N FjIBPPFeF F_FK V[VO#JSjmMFN() beNBK@FIBNB OgN>UI> RB PBHBN PBHBN QUDQI>KgN. .UO> _LeQ AQNQJA> ?FN beNBK@FKFK FjIBPFIB?FIJBOF F_FK bK@BHF beNBK@FIBNFK FjIBJIBNFKFK P>J>JI>KJgj LIJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBV. biSFODJ FjIBJIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA> AFeBN _BHFNABHIBNABK U>N>NI>KgIJgULN LIJ>Og V>J>K H>U?gK> ULI >_>@>HPgN. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNABHF FjIBJIBNFK EFOOBAFIFN ABNB@BAB QVQK OcNBK FjIBJIBNB ?BKVBJBIBNF F_FK DPSF.UISFBE JLAcIcKABHF 5ISFBE.TMFFQ 'PBK U>N>NI>K>@>egJ. 5ISFBE.TMFFQ FjIBJIBNF ?BIFNPFIBK OcNB H>A>N AQNAQNQN. -B H>A>N ?BHIBKB@BeFKF ?FIAFNJBKFK ?FN ULIQ, "OcNB" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "AQN>PFLK"gK HgO>IPJ>Og LI>K EVS 'Q HQII>KJ>HPgN. EVS 'QK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF V>J>K ?FNFJFKF ?BIFNIBN: JFIFO>KFUB F_FK "NTFDT", O>KFUB F_FK "TFDPOET". 5ISFBE.TMFFQ FjIBJ@FUF EF_

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

JBjDQI BPJBABK V>J>K DB_FNAFeF F_FK ?QN>A>HF bNKBHIBNAB C>VI> U>M>U H>IgULN; ?QK> N>eJBK, HLjQP FjIBJIBNFK >J>_I>NgKg DbOPBNJBAB UBPBNFK@B BPHFIFAFN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ JOU OVNBSB; WPJE V[VO#JSilMFN() \ XSJUFMO(OVNBSB, " OVNBSBMj ehSFODJOJO JlMFNJ CBlMBEj"); /* (FSdFLUF ZBWBl PMEVLMBSjOj WBSTBZEjhjNj[ JlMFNMFSJO * ZBWBlMjLMBSjOB CFO[FTJO EJZF 1 TBOJZF CFLMJZPSV[ */ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.TFDPOET); ^ XSJUFMO(OVNBSB, " OVNBSBMj ehSFODJOJO JlMFNJ CJUUJ");

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP ehSFODJMFS = < ahSFODJ(1), ahSFODJ(2), ahSFODJ(3), ahSFODJ(4) >; GPSFBDI (ehSFODJ; ehSFODJMFS) \ ehSFODJ.V[VO#JSilMFN(); ^

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ> OcNBOF HLKOLI HLJQPQ UJNF FIB bI_cIB?FIFN: $ 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 UJNF ./EFOFNF OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 0N4.003T 0N0.000T 0N0.000T

JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ

CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ

SFBM VTFS TZT

p UPQMBN 4 TBOJZF

[eNBK@F FjIBJIBNF OgN>UI> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKABK RB EBN FjIBJ 1 O>KFUB PQPPQeQKA>K PLMI>J OcNB ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F U>HI>jgH LI>N>H 4 O>KFUB LIJ>HP>AgN. .UO> 4 beNBK@FKFK FjIBJIBNF bNKBeFK 4 _BHFNABeFK ?QIQKAQeQ ?FN LNP>JA> >UKg >KA> RB PBH OBCBNAB FjIBPFIB?FIOBIBN ?cPcK FjIBJ 1 O>KFUB PQP>?FIFN. !QKQK K>OgI DBN_BHIBjPFNFIAFeFKB DB_JBABK bK@B, MNLDN>JgK _>IgjPgNgIAgeg LNP>JA> H>_ _BHFNABH ?QIQKAQeQKQK TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN.UPUBM$16T 'QK ABeBNF FIB ?BIFNIBKB?FIAFeFKF DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN;

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WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFGMO("#V PSUBNEB UPQMBN %T dFLJSEFL WBS.", UPUBM$16T); ^ !Q ?bIcJc U>VAgegJ LNP>JA> jQ _gHPgUg >IgULNQJ: #V PSUBNEB UPQMBN 4 eFLJSEFL WBS.

83.1

UBTL1PPM.QBSBMMFM()
!Q FjIBR HgO>@> QBSBMMFM() AFUB AB _>eNgI>?FIFN. QBSBMMFM() , GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABHF FjIBJIBNF ?cPcK _BHFNABHIBN cVBNFKAB FjIBPJBUB U>N>N. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J> TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKc BHIBJBH RB fiSFODJMFS UBNFKB QBSBMMFM(fiSFODJMFS) U>VJ>H ?cPcK _BHFNABHIBNABK U>N>NI>KJ>H F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; // ... GPSFBDI (ehSFODJ; QBSBMMFM(ehSFODJMFS)) \ 7>Mg RB 1gKgCI>NA> GPSFBDI ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV DF?F, GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKcK H>MO>Jg KBOKBIBNFK PQ"QQMZ FjIBRIBNFKB ?FN EFMFHBUF LI>N>H DbKABNFIFN. QBSBMMFM() 'FK AbKAcNAcec DB_F@F KBOKB ?Q EFMFHBUF 'F EBN BIBJ>K F_FK C>NHIg ?FN _BHFNABH cVBNFKAB FjIBPBK ?FN >N>IgH KBOKBOFAFN. OgI PLMIQIQeQ QBSBMMFM() FjIBRFKB DbKABNBNBH HQII>KJ>H, MNLDN>JgK 4 _BHFNABH ?QIQK>K ?Q LNP>JA> 1 O>KFUBAB P>J>JI>KJ>Og F_FK UBPBNIF LIQN: $ 2 1 3 4 2 3 1 4 UJNF ./EFOFNF OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 0N1.004T 0N0.000T 0N0.000T

JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ

CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ

SFBM VTFS TZT

p mJNEJ 1 TBOJZF

%AE: 'CA9C3?V@ Q3>VX?3 DSC7D; D;K;@ ACE3?V@VK63 83C=>V A>34;>;C; =34353 "4 D3@;J7 4R>S Q7=;C67= D3JVDV" :7D34V@V@ DA@F5F =363C DSC767 E3?3?>3@353TV@V 47=>7J74;>;C;K. /NLDN>JI>NgK FjIBPFIJBIBNF OgN>OgKA> JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK HLAI>NgK cVBNFKABK ?BIFNIF DB_FjIBNFKB ;X B3CQ35VTV ABKFN. /NLDN>JI>N >UKg >KA> BPHFK LI>N>H FjIBPFIBK ?FNABK C>VI> Fj M>N_>@gegKA>K LIQjQULN LI>?FIFNIBN. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJF EBN Fj M>N_>@gegKg ?FN _BHFNABH cVBNFKAB ?>jI>PgN, FjIBPFN, RB AFeBN Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng A> FjIBPFIB?FIOFKIBN AFUB AQN>HI>PgN. 'BN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK FjIBPFIJBOF ?FN _LH HBNB ?>jI>PgIJ>Og RB AQN>HI>PgIJ>Og FIB ABR>J BABN. ,FHNL FjIBJ@FKFK ?cPcK _BHFNABHIBNF FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKABHF ?cPcK Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K M>UI>jgIgN. !Q Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK E>KDF OgN>UI> ?>jI>PgIAgHI>NgK> RB E>KDF HLjQII>NA>

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

AQN>HO>PgIAgHI>NgK> FjIBPFJ OFOPBJF H>N>N RBNFN. !Q UcVABK V[VO#JSjmMFN() F_FKAB U>VAgNAgegJgV JBO>GI>NgK OgN>I>NgKgK H>NgjgH LI>N>H _gHPgHI>NgKg DbNcULNQV. #bKDc F_FKABHF FjIBJIBN EBN beNBK@F F_FK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>Ng OcNB@B E>KDFOFKFK A>E> bK@B OLKI>KAgegKgK MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjF >_gOgKA>K ?FN bKBJF ULHPQN. QBSBMMFM() U>NAgJgUI> >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIBK FjIBJIBNFK DBN_BHPBK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>Ng MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQKA>AgN. [NKBeFK UQH>NgA>HF JBO>GI>NgK _gHgjP> ?BIFNIF ?FN OgN>A> DbNcKJBIBNF DBNBHOBUAF, ?QKQ O>eI>J>H BIFJFVAB LIJ>AgegKA>K QBSBMMFM() 'FK HQII>KgIJ>Og ?FN E>P> LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFNAF. fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>egJIg LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA> 7X K3?3@>V BCA9C3?>3?363@ U>N>NI>KgIgN. .KQ ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV. GPSFBDI P>J>JI>KAgegKA> ?cPcK FjIBJIBN AB P>J>JI>KJgjPgN. /NLDN>J FjIBUFjFKB ?cPcK beNBK@F FjIBJIBNFKFK P>J>JI>KJgj LIAQHI>Ng D>N>KPFOFUIB ABR>J BAB?FIFN.
83.1.1

OR 07?7;7 0MEM9:MNM
QBSBMMFM() 'FK FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOFKFK >KI>Jg AQNQJ> DbNB C>NHIgIgH DbOPBNFN RB ?>VBK ?cPcKcUIB DbV>NAg BAFIFN: /* ... */ = QBSBMMFM(aral*k, i+_birimi_b'"'kl'(' = 100); x 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgHI>Ng cVBNFKAB FIBNIBNHBK: fjIBJIBNFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgK> A>egPgIJ>I>NgKgK Hc_cH AB LIO> ?FN ?BABIF R>NAgN. !Q ?BABI bVBIIFHIB FjIBJIBNFK HgO> OcNAcec AQNQJI>NA> C>NHBAFIFN AcVBUAB LI>?FIFN. !QKQK bKcKB DB_JBH DBNBHBK K>AFN AQNQJI>NA> EBN Fj M>N_>@gegK> ?FNABK C>VI> BIBJ>K RBNJBH A>E> EgVIg LI>?FIFN: GPSFBDI (ehSFODJ; QBSBMMFM(ehSFODJMFS, 2)) \ 7QH>NgA>HF HLA BIBJ>KI>NgK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgK> FHFjBN FHFjBN A>egPgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>N. .PLJ>PFH LI>N>H OB_FIBK Fj ?FNFJF ?cUcHIcec _LeQ AQNQJ> QUDQKAQN RB bVBI LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHJBV. x 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LIJ>U>K >N>IgHI>N cVBNFKAB FIBNIBNHBK: QBSBMMFM() , 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LIJ>U>K >N>IgHI>N cVBNFKAB FIBNIBNHBK FIH BIBJ>KI>Ng HLjQP LI>N>H ABeFI, OgN>UI> FjIBPFN. OgI HLjQPIQH ?>jP>HF ;X 4;C;?; 4SJS=>STS >ABP BIBJ>KgK FjIBJIBNF P>J>JI>KAgHP>K OLKN> ?>jI>N. !Q UcVABK HgO> RB 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF LIJ>U>K >N>IgHI>N cVBNFKAB FIBNIBNHBK QBSBMMFM() 'FK BPHFOFV LIAQeQ DF?F U>KIgj ?FN FVIBKFJ BAFKFIB?FIFN. x BTZOD#VG() RB HLjQP NBQ() 'FK OLKQ_I>Ng cVBNFKAB FIBNIBNHBK (?Q FHF FjIBRF >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV): !Q AQNQJA> Fj ?FNFJF ?cUcHIcec ?cPcKcUIB DbV>NAg BAFIFN. QBSBMMFM() , BTZOD#VG() RBU> NBQ() 'FK OLKQ_ LI>N>H cNBPPFeF >N>IgegK F_FKABHF >N> ?BIIBeF HQII>KgN.

83.2

GL?3C AM?M 5BTL

/NLDN>JA>HF ?>jH> FjIBJIBNIB >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIB?FIBK FjIBJIBNB 9RC7G ABKFN. &bNBRIBN TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN.5BTL PcNc FIB FC>AB BAFIFNIBN. QBSBMMFM() EBN Fj M>N_>@geg F_FK GPSFBDI ?ILeQKA>HF FjIBJIBNABK LIQj>K C>NHIg ?FN 5BTL KBOKBOF HQN>N RB L DbNBRF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ?>jI>PgN. GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABK _gHJ>A>K bK@B AB ?>jI>PPgeg ?cPcK DbNBRIBNFK P>J>JI>KJ>I>NgKg ?BHIBN. "FC?3, 43X>3E?3, RB E3?3?>3@?3DV@V 47=>7?7 FjIBJIBNFKF LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H UcNcPPcec F_FK _LH U>N>NIgAgN. K@>H, QBSBMMFM() U>IKgV@> GPSFBDI AbKDcOcUIB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

UKg >KA> FjIBPFIB?FIBK FjIBJIBNFK EBNE>KDF ?FN PLMIQIQH FIB ALeNQA>K FIDFIBNF LIJ>U>K AQNQJI>NA> HQNJ>, ?>jI>PJ>, RB ?BHIBJB FjIBRIBNFKFK ?FN 5BTL KBOKBOF cVBNFKABK >_gH_> _>eNgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHFN. &bNBR KBOKBOF HQNJ>H F_FK UBTL() , DbNBRF ?>jI>PJ>H F_FK FYFDVUF*O/FX5ISFBE() , DbNBRFK P>J>JI>KJ>OgKg ?BHIBJBH F_FK AB ZJFME'PSDF() HQII>KgIgN. !Q FjIBRIBNF >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JgK >_gHI>J> O>PgNI>NgKA> >KI>PgULNQJ. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF CJSjmMFN() FHF C>NHIg Fj F_FK FHF HBNB ?>jI>PgIJ>HP>AgN. '>KDF Fj FIB FIDFIF LI>N>H FjIBAFeFKF DbNB?FIJBJFV F_FK LJNMJL 'FK ?>j E>NCFKF _gHgj> U>VAgNgULN. %AE: )E3@63CE QV=VX3 J3K6VCV>3@ 4;>9;>7C QATF 6FCF?63 QV=VXE3 :7?7@ 47>;C?7K>7C; D3EVC DA@F =3C3=E7C; 97>7@7 =363C 4;C 3C3 47>>7=E7 47=>7E;>;C>7C. @;3=/ D3EVC DA@F =3C3=E7C; J3K6VC?36VTV@63@, BCA9C3?V@ ;X>7J;X;@; ;K>7J74;>?7= ;Q;@ A 3C3 47>>7T;@ :7?7@ QV=VX3 9R@67C;>?7D;@; <=.9>=.06><2() ;>7 D3T>VJACFK. JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; TUE.BSSBZ; DPSF.UISFBE;

/* LJNMJL'JO CBl IBSGJOJ ZBSjN TBOJZFEF CJS djLjlB ZB[EjSjS */ JOU CJSilMFN(TUSJOH LJNMJL, JOU TfSF) \ XSJUFGMO("%T %T TBOJZF TfSFDFL", LJNMJL, TfSF); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. (TfSF * 2)) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(500.NTFDT); /* ZBSjN TBOJZF */ XSJUF(LJNMJL.GSPOU); TUEPVU.GMVTI(); ^ ^ SFUVSO 1;

WPJE NBJO() \ /* CJSilMFN()'J JlMFUFDFL PMBO CJS HeSFW LVSVMVZPS. * #VSBEB CFMJSUJMFO JlMFW QBSBNFUSFMFSJ HeSFW JlMFWJOF * QBSBNFUSF PMBSBL HeOEFSJMJSMFS. */ BVUP HeSFW = UBTL!CJSilMFN("HeSFW", 5); /* 'HeSFW' CBlMBUjMjZPS */ HeSFW.FYFDVUF*O/FX5ISFBE(); /* 'HeSFW' JlJOF EFWBN FEFSLFO CBlLB CJS JlMFN * CBlMBUjMjZPS */ JNNVUBCMF TPOVd = CJSilMFN("NBJO JdJOEFLJ JlMFN", 3); /* * * * #V OPLUBEB NBJO JdJOEF CBlMBUjMBO JlMFNJO UBNBNMBOEjhjOEBO FNJOJ[; dfOLf POV HeSFW PMBSBL EFhJM, IFS [BNBO ZBQUjhjNj[ HJCJ CJS JlMFW dBhSjTj PMBSBL CBlMBUUjL. */

/* aUF ZBOEBO, CV OPLUBEB 'HeSFW'JO JlJOJ UBNBNMBZjQ * UBNBNMBNBEjhjOEBO FNJO PMBNBZj[. (FSFLJZPSTB * UBNBNMBOBOB LBEBS CFLMFNFL JdJO ZJFME'PSDF()'V * dBhjSjZPSV[. ZJFME'PSDF() BODBL HeSFW UBNBNMBONjlTB * EeOFS. %eOfl EFhFSJ HeSFW JlMFWJOJO, ZBOJ * CJSilMFN()'JO EeOfl EFhFSJEJS. */ JNNVUBCMF HeSFW4POVDV = HeSFW.ZJFME'PSDF(); XSJUFMO(); XSJUFGMO(")FQTJ UBNBN; TPOVd: %T", TPOVd + HeSFW4POVDV);

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg ?BKFJ ABKBAFeFJ LNP>JA> >j>egA>HFKB ?BKVFULN. fjIBJIBNFK >UKg >KA> DBN_BHIBjPFHIBNFKF N RB H E>NCIBNFKFK H>NgjgH LI>N>H U>VAgNgIJ>I>NgKA>K >KIgULNQV:

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

NBJO JeJOEFLJ JmMFN 3 TBOJZF TgSFDFL HfSFW 5 TBOJZF TgSFDFL NHNHHNNHNHNHHHHH )FQTJ UBNBN; TPOVe: 2 7QH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJA>HF DbNBR FjIBRF UBTL 'FK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIFULN. .KQK UBNFKB UBTL 'FK FIH FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H A> ?BIFNPFIB?FIFN: WPJE JlMFN(JOU TBZj) \ /* ... */ ^ BVUP HeSFW = UBTL(&JlMFN, 42); &BNBHPFeFKAB FOFJOFV ?FN FjIBR RBU> PQ$BMM() FjIB@FKF P>KgJI>Jgj LI>K ?FN PcNcK ?FN KBOKBOF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN FOFJOFV FjIBR FIB jbUIB _>eNgI>?FIFN: BVUP HeSFW = UBTL((JOU TBZj) \ /* ... */ ^, 42);

83.2.1

AAP:/< 6/A/:/?
&bNBRIBN C>NHIg Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKA> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKABK, >PPgHI>Ng E>P>I>N LKI>Ng ?>jI>P>K Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K U>H>I>K>J>V. !Q UcVABK, >PgI>K E>P>Ug DbNBRFK HBKAFOF U>H>I>N RB ZJFME'PSDF() _>eNgI>K> H>A>N ?BHIBPFN. UKg E>P> ZJFME'PSDF() _>eNgIAgegKA> PBHN>N >PgIgN RB ?bUIB@B DbNBRF ?>jI>PJgj LI>K Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K U>H>I>K>?FIFN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE IBUB"UBOilMFN() \ XSJUFMO("IBUB"UBOilMFN() CBlMBEj"); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.TFDPOET); XSJUFMO("IBUB"UBOilMFN() IBUB BUjZPS"); UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO(""UjMBO IBUB"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP HeSFW = UBTL!IBUB"UBOilMFN(); HeSFW.FYFDVUF*O/FX5ISFBE(); XSJUFMO("NBJO EFWBN FEJZPS"); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(3.TFDPOET); XSJUFMO("NBJO, HeSFW'JO TPOVDVOV BMjZPS"); HeSFW.ZJFME'PSDF();

&bNBR OgN>OgKA> >PgI>K E>P>KgK MNLDN>Jg EBJBK OLKI>KAgNJ>AgegKg MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOgKA> DbNcULNQV:

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NBJO EFWBN FEJZPS IBUB"UBOjmMFN() CBmMBEk IBUB"UBOjmMFN() IBUB BUkZPS NBJO, HfSFW'JO TPOVDVOV BMkZPS PCKFDU.&YDFQUJPO!EFOFNF.E(10): "UkMBO IBUB

p BUkMEkik [BNBO p GBSLFEJMEJiJ [BNBO

&bNBRFK >PPgeg E>P>, FOPBKAFeFKAB ZJFME'PSDF() 'Q O>NJ>I>U>K ?FN USZ-DBUDI ?ILeQ FIB U>H>I>K>?FIFN. !QKQK >IgjgIJgjgK AgjgKA> ?FN HQII>KgJ LIAQeQK> AFHH>P BAFK: USZ-DBUDI ?ILeQ KLNJ>IAB E>P>Ug >P>K HLAQ O>NJ>I>N. &bNBRIBNAB FOB ZJFME'PSDF() 'Q O>NJ>I>N: USZ \ HeSFW.ZJFME'PSDF(); ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ XSJUFGMO("HeSFW TjSBTjOEB CJS IBUB PMNVl: '%T'", IBUB.NTH); ^ /NLDN>JgK jFJAFHF _gHPgOg: NBJO EFWBN FEJZPS IBUB"UBOjmMFN() CBmMBEk IBUB"UBOjmMFN() IBUB BUkZPS p BUkMEkik [BNBO NBJO, HfSFW'JO TPOVDVOV BMkZPS HfSFW TkSBTkOEB CJS IBUB PMNVm: '"UkMBO IBUB' p ZBLBMBOEkik [BNBO

83.2.2

5BTL 7R:3C:3?7
x EPOF : &bNBRFK P>J>JI>KgM P>J>JI>KJ>AgegKg ?FIAFNFN; DbNBR OgN>OgKA> E>P> >PgIJgjO> L E>P>Ug >P>N. JG (HeSFW.EPOF) \ XSJUFMO("5BNBNMBONjl"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("ilMFNFZF EFWBN FEJZPS"); ^ x FYFDVUF*O/FX5ISFBE() : &bNBRF UBKF ?>jI>PPgeg ?FN Fj M>N_>@gegKA> FjIBPFN. x FYFDVUF*O/FX5ISFBE(JOU fODFMJL) : &bNBRF UBKF ?>jI>PPgeg Fj M>N_>@gegKA> RB ?BIFNPFIBK bK@BIFHIB (MNFLNFPU) FjIBPFN. ([K@BIFH ABeBNF Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK FjIBJ bK@BIFHIBNFKF ?BIFNIBUBK ?FN FjIBPFJ OFOPBJF H>RN>JgAgN.) &bNBRFK P>J>JI>KJ>OgKg ?BHIBJBH F_FK c_ C>NHIg FjIBR R>NAgN: x ZJFME'PSDF() : 'BKcV ?>jI>PgIJ>JgjO> DbNBRF ?Q Fj M>N_>@gegKA> ?>jI>PgN; V>PBK P>J>JI>KJgjO> AbKcj ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN; E^I^ FjIBJBHPBUOB ?FPJBOFKF JFHNL FjIBJ@FUF JBjDQI BPJBABK ?BHIBN; E>P> >PgIJgjO> PBHN>N >P>N. x TQJO'PSDF() : ZJFME'PSDF() 'P>K C>NHg, DBNBHPFeFKAB JFHNL FjIBJ@FUF JBjDQI BABNBH ?BHIBJBOFAFN. x XPSL'PSDF() : ZJFME'PSDF() 'P>K C>NHg, ?BHIBKBK DbNBR P>J>JI>K>K>K> H>A>N UBKF ?FN DbNBRF FjIBPJBUB ?>jI>J>OgAgN. !QKI>N >N>OgKA>K _LeQ AQNQJA> BK QUDQK LI>K ZJFME'PSDF() 'PQN. TQJO'PSDF() , EBN KB H>A>N JFHNL FjIBJ@FUF JBjDQI BPOB AB DbNBRFK _LH HgO> ?FN OcNB OLKN> P>J>JI>K>@>egKgK ?FIFKAFeF

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AQNQJI>NA> U>N>NIgAgN. XPSL'PSDF() , DbNBR ?BHIBKBKB H>A>N ?>jH> ?FN DbNBRFK ?>jI>PgIJ>OgKgK FOPBKAFeF AQNQJI>N> QUDQKAQN. 5BTL 'FK AFeBN cUB FjIBRIBNF F_FK FKPBNKBP cVBNFKABHF /EL?LO ?BIDBIBNFKB ?>HgKgV.

83.3

UBTL1PPM.BTZOD#VG()
!Q FjIBR KLNJ>IAB OgN>UI> FIBNIBPFIBK *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgKgK HLjQP LI>N>H FIBNIBPFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. BTZOD#VG() HLjQP LI>N>H FIBNIBPPFeF >N>IgegK BIBJ>KI>NgKg HBKAFOFKB >FP ?FN >N> ?BIIBHPB ?BHIBPFN RB DBNBHPFH_B ?QN>A>K OQK>N. K@>H, LI>OgIgHI> ?cPcKcUIB PBJ?BI LI>K DFNFj >N>IgegKgK ?cPcKcUIB EBRBOIF E>IB DBIJBOFKF bKIBJBH F_FK BIBJ>KI>Ng A>ID>I>N E>IFKAB FIBNIBPFN. !BIFNIF O>UgA>HF BIBJ>Kg HLjQP LI>N>H E>VgNI>AgHP>K OLKN> LKI>N QPQ'SPOU() FIB >N>IgHP>K _gH>NPgI>K> H>A>N ?>jH> FjIBJ U>MJ>V. #>E> OLKN>HF BIBJ>KI>Ng EBO>MI>J>U> ?>jI>J>A>K bK@B E>VgNA>HF L BIBJ>KI>NgK P>J>JBK HQII>KgIJ>I>NgKg ?BHIBN. />N>JBPNB LI>N>H ?FN >N>IgH RB OB_FJB ?>eIg LI>N>H EBN A>ID>A> H>_ BIBJ>K FIBNIBPFIB@BeF ?FIDFOFKF >IgN. !Q ?FIDFUF 3C3 47>>7= FKF@>FTF LI>N>H >AI>KAgN>?FIFNFV: BVUP FMFNBOMBS = UBTL1PPM.BTZOD#VG(aral*k, ara_bellek_u#unlu(u); BTZOD#VG() 'gK BPHFOFKF DbNJBH F_FK EBJ FIBNIBPFIJBOF EBJ AB GPSFBDI F_FKABHF HQII>KgJg U>NgJ O>KFUB OcNBK ?FN >N>IgH LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ. !Q >N>IgH, HQNQIQNHBK ?BIFNPFIJFj LI>K OgKgN ABeBNB H>A>N BIBJ>KI>N cNBPFULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; TUSVDU #JS"SBMjL \ JOU TjOjS; JOU J; CPPM FNQUZ() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO J >= TjOjS; ^ JOU GSPOU() DPOTU !QSPQFSUZ \ SFUVSO J; ^ WPJE QPQ'SPOU() \ XSJUFGMO("%T EFhFSJOEFO TPOSBTj IFTBQMBOjZPS", J); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(500.NTFDT); ++J; ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP BSBMjL = #JS"SBMjL(10); GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; BSBMjL) \ XSJUFGMO("%T EFhFSJ LVMMBOjMjZPS", FMFNBO); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(500.NTFDT); ^

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N>IgH PBJ?BI LI>N>H HQII>KgIAgH_> BIBJ>KI>Ng PBHBN PBHBN EBO>MI>KgN RB AbKDc F_FKAB HQII>KgIgN. 'BN BIBJ>KgK EBO>MI>KJ>Og RB HQII>KgIJ>Og PLMI>J ?FN O>KFUB OcNAcec F_FK 10 BIBJ>KIg >N>IgegK FjIBJIBNF 10 O>KFUB OcNBN: $ UJNF ./EFOFNF 0 EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS 0 EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS 1 EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS 1 EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS 2 EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS ... 8 EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS 9 EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS 9 EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS SFBM VTFS TZT 0N10.007T 0N0.004T 0N0.000T p UPQMBN 10 TBOJZF

$IBJ>KI>NgK OgN>UI> EBO>MI>KAgHI>Ng RB HQII>KgIAgHI>Ng DbNcIcULN. .UO>, ?FN OLKN>HF BIBJ>KgK E>VgNI>KJ>OgK> ?>jI>J>H F_FK bKABHF BIBJ>KI>NgK FjIBJIBNFKFK OLKI>KJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBUB?FIFN. [KABHF BIBJ>KgK HQII>KgIJ>Og FIB ?FN OLKN>HF BIBJ>KgK EBO>MI>KJ>Og >UKg >KA> DBN_BHIBjB?FIOBIBN, ?cPcK OcNB H>?>@> U>NgU> FKB?FIFN. BTZOD#VG() ?QKQ O>eI>N: JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; //... GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; UBTL1PPM.BTZOD#VG(BSBMjL, 2)) \ 7QH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJA> BTZOD#VG() EBN OBCBNFKAB FHF BIBJ>Kg E>VgNA> ?BHIBPB@BHPFN. 7BKF BIBJ>KI>NgK E>VgNI>KJ>I>Ng AbKDc FjIBJIBNF FIB HLjQP LI>N>H DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN RB PLMI>J OcNB >V>IgN:

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$ 0 1 0 2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6 5 7 6 8 7 9

UJNF ./EFOFNF EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS EFiFSJOEFO TPOSBTk IFTBQMBOkZPS

8 EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS 9 EFiFSJ LVMMBOkMkZPS SFBM VTFS TZT 0N6.007T 0N0.000T 0N0.004T p mJNEJ 6 TBOJZF

'>KDF >N> ?BIIBH QVQKIQeQKQK A>E> EgVIg OLKQ_ RBNB@BeF EBN MNLDN>J> RB EBN AQNQJ> DbNB ABeFjB?FIFN. N> ?BIIBH QVQKIQeQKQK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNF 100'AcN. BTZOD#VG() GPSFBDI AbKDcIBNF AgjgKA> A> U>N>NIgAgN. ABeBNFKF ?FN *OQVU3BOHF >N>Igeg LI>N>H HQII>KgULN: j>egA>HF HLA BTZOD#VG() 'gK AbKcj

BVUP BSBMjL = #JS"SBMjL(10); BVUP LPlVU"SBMjL = UBTL1PPM.BTZOD#VG(BSBMjL, 2); XSJUFMO(LPlVU"SBMjL.GSPOU);

83.4

UBTL1PPM.NBQ()
*LjQP NBQ() 'F >KI>J>A>K bK@B TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF NBQ() 'F >KI>J>H DBNBHFN. ZLeQ CLKHOFULKBI AFIAB AB ?QIQK>K TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NBQ , ?BIFNIF ?FN FjIBRF ?BIFNIF ?FN >N>IgHP>HF ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>N> PBHBN PBHBN QUDQI>N. 1LKQ_ LI>N>H L FjIBRFK OLKQ_I>NgKA>K LIQj>K UBKF ?FN >N>IgH AbKAcNcN. fjIBUFjF PBJ?BIAFN; FjIBRF BIBJ>KI>N> >K@>H DBNBHPFH_B QUDQI>N. TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NBQ PBH _BHFNABH cVBNFKAB FjIBN. NBQ() 'FK PBJ?BI FjIBUFjF ?FN _LH MNLDN>JA> EgV >_gOgKA>K U>N>NIgAgN. K@>H, FjIBRFK K>OgI LIO> ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>N> A> QUDQI>K>@>eg RB L FjIBJIBNFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA> ?Q PBJ?BIIFH >HOFKB U>R>jIge> KBABK LI>?FIFN. TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKABHF UBTL1PPM.NBQ() RB UBTL1PPM.BNBQ() FOB ?cPcK FjIBJ@F _BHFNABHIBNFKABK U>N>NI>KgNI>N RB ?Q DF?F AQNQJI>NA> A>E> EgVIg FjIBUB?FIFNIBN. !Q c_ >IDLNFPJ>Ug UFKB biSFODJ bNKBeF cVBNFKAB H>NjgI>jPgN>IgJ. $IBJ>KI>N> QUDQI>K>@>H LI>K FjIBR bNKBeF LI>N>H biSFODJ PcNcKcK KLP LNP>I>J>Og AbKAcNBK ?FN FjIBRF LIAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ. *LjQP MNLDN>JI>J>KgK BPHFOFKF DbNB?FIJBH F_FK ?Q FjIBRF AB 5ISFBE.TMFFQ FIB U>M>U LI>N>H U>R>jI>P>IgJ.

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TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NBQ , QUDQI>K>@>H LI>K FjIBRF j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H, >N>Igeg A> FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H >IgN. fjIBRFK BIBJ>KI>N> QUDQI>KJ>OgKA>K LIQj>K OLKQ_ ABeBNIBNF ?>jH> ?FN >N>IgH LI>N>H AbKAcNcN: BVUP sonu%_aral*k = NBQ!i+le (aral*k); fjIBR NBQ() 'B bK@BHF ?bIcJIBNAB AB DbNAcecJcV DF?F AFVDF AcVBKFKAB RBNFIB?FIFN. !Q UbKPBJAB AFVDF F_FKAB DB_BK B E>NCIBNF FjIBRFK QUDQI>KJ>HP> LIAQeQ BIBJ>Kg ?BIFNIBN. NBQ() 'FK ?Q HQII>KgJgKg >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA> DbNcULNQV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ JOU OVNBSB; JOU<> OPUMBS; EPVCMF PSUBMBNB/PU() !QSPQFSUZ \ XSJUFMO(OVNBSB, " OVNBSBMj ehSFODJOJO JlMFNJ CBlMBEj"); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.TFDPOET); JNNVUBCMF PSUBMBNB = SFEVDF!((B, C) => B + C)(0.0, OPUMBS) / OPUMBS.MFOHUI; XSJUFMO(OVNBSB, " OVNBSBMj ehSFODJOJO JlMFNJ CJUUJ"); SFUVSO PSUBMBNB;

WPJE NBJO() \ ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 10) \ /* )FS ehSFODJZF 80'MJ WF 90'Mj JLJ OPU */ ehSFODJMFS _= ahSFODJ(J, <80 + J, 90 + J>); ^ BVUP TPOVdMBS = NBQ!(e => e.PSUBMBNB/PU)(ehSFODJMFS); GPSFBDI (TPOVd; TPOVdMBS) \ XSJUFMO(TPOVd); ^

-LP LNP>I>J>Og EBO>MI>KgNHBK N>IgHI>N ?bIcJcKABHF ?FN bNKBHPB DB_BK TUE.BMHPSJUIN.SFEVDF 'A>K A> U>N>NI>KgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. SFEVDF() 'QK HLjQP LI>N>H FjIBUBK H>NjgIgeg LI>K UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() 'Q A> ?FN>V >j>egA> P>KgP>@>egJ. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg NBQ() 'FK PBJ?BI LI>N>H FjIBAFeFKF DbOPBNFULN; PSUBMBNB/PU() EBN OLKQ_ F_FK GPSFBDI FIBNIBAFH_B _>eNgIgN:

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$ UJNF ./EFOFNF 0 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CBmMBEk 0 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CJUUJ 85 p GPSFBDI JMFSMFEJLeF IFTBQMBOkS 1 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CBmMBEk 1 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CJUUJ 86 ... 9 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CBmMBEk 9 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CJUUJ 94 SFBM VTFS TZT 0N10.006T 0N0.000T 0N0.004T p UPQMBN 10 TBOJZF

TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NBQ EBRBOIF ?FN >IDLNFPJ> LIO>UAg, FjIBJIBNFK ?>jI>KDg_ RB ?FPFjIBNFUIB FIDFIF JBO>GI>NgK EBMOF BK ?>jP> U>VAgNgIgNI>NAg. TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKABHF UBTL1PPM.NBQ() , PBJBIAB TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NBQ FIB >UKg ?F_FJAB FjIBN. 2BH C>NHg, FjIBRIBNF >UKg >KA> FjIBPJBOFAFN. \NBPPFeF OLKQ_I>Ng QVQKIQeQ FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOF FIB ?BIFNPFIBK ?FN >N> ?BIIBeB UBNIBjPFNFN RB ?QN>A>K OQK>N. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF HLA FjIBRIBNF EBN >AgJA> c_ BIBJ>K F_FK >UKg >KA> FjIBPFN: JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; // ... EPVCMF PSUBMBNB/PU(ahSFODJ ehSFODJ) \ SFUVSO ehSFODJ.PSUBMBNB/PU; ^ // ... BVUP TPOVdMBS = UBTL1PPM.NBQ!PSUBMBNB/PU(ehSFODJMFS, 3); %AE: .F=3CV63=; 9;=+6+7+!9=() ;X>7G; E7?D;>5;>7C;@ X34>A@>3C>3 =F>>3@V?>3CV ;>7 ;>9;>; 4;C =VDVE>3?3 @767@;J>7 97C7=?;XE;C. D3:3 =VD3 A>3@ 3X3TV63=; D3EVC, &+<5#996.7+: ';@ 4;C "DV@V8 ;Q; X34>A@" A>?3DV @767@;J>7 67C>7@7?7K: BVUP TPOVdMBS = UBTL1PPM.NBQ!(e => e.PSUBMBNB/PU)(ehSFODJMFS, 3);

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

!Q OBCBN FjIBJIBNFK c_BN c_BN >UKg >KA> >J> ?BIFNOFV OgN>A> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF DbNcULNQV:

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$ UJNF ./EFOFNF 0 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 2 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 1 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 0 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 2 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 1 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 85 86 87 5 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 3 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 4 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 5 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 4 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 3 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 88 89 90 8 OVNBSBMk 6 OVNBSBMk 7 OVNBSBMk 8 OVNBSBMk 6 OVNBSBMk 7 OVNBSBMk 91 92 93 9 OVNBSBMk 9 OVNBSBMk 94 SFBM VTFS TZT fiSFODJOJO fiSFODJOJO fiSFODJOJO fiSFODJOJO fiSFODJOJO fiSFODJOJO

JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ

CBmMBEk p BZOk BOEB CBmMBEk p BNB CFMJSTJ[ TkSBEB CBmMBEk CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ

JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ

CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ

JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ

CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ

fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CBmMBEk fiSFODJOJO JmMFNJ CJUUJ

0N4.007T 0N0.000T 0N0.004T

p UPQMBN 4 TBOJZF

fjIBRFK ?BIDBOFKAB CVG4J[F LI>N>H DB_BK FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBKFK >KI>Jg BTZOD#VG() 'gK FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOF FIB >UKg >KI>JA>AgN. !Q M>N>JBPNB, cNBPFIBK OLKQ_I>NgK ABMLI>KAgeg >N> ?BIIBeFK QVQKIQeQKQ ?BIFNPFN RB R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNF 100'AcN. \_cK@c M>N>JBPNB FOB QBSBMMFM() 'AB LIAQeQ DF?F ;X 4;C;?; 4SJS=>STS >KI>JgKA>AgN. %>NHg, R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNFKFK TJ[F@U.NBY LIJ>OgAgN: /* ... */ = UBTL1PPM.NBQ!i+le (aral*k, ara_bellek_u#unlu(u = 100, i+_birimi_b'"'kl'(' = TJ[F@U.NBY);

83.5

UBTL1PPM.BNBQ()
fHF C>NH AgjgKA> UBTL1PPM.NBQ() FIB >UKg ?F_FJAB FjIBN: x !cPcKcUIB EBRBOIF ?FN >IDLNFPJ>AgN. x 7>IKgV@> 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgHI>NgUI> FjIBN.

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

BVUP TPOVdMBS = UBTL1PPM.BNBQ!PSUBMBNB/PU(ehSFODJMFS); 'BRBOIF LIAQeQ F_FK BNBQ() 'PBK AbKcIAcecKAB ?cPcK OLKQ_I>N EBO>MI>KJgjI>NAgN: $ UJNF ./EFOFNF 0 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 2 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 1 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 3 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 0 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 4 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 1 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 5 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 3 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 6 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 2 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 7 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 4 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 8 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 5 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 9 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 6 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 7 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 9 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 8 OVNBSBMk fiSFODJOJO 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 SFBM VTFS TZT 0N3.005T 0N0.000T 0N0.004T

JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ JmMFNJ

CBmMBEk p IFQTJ FO CBmUB CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CBmMBEk CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ CJUUJ

p UPQMBN 3 TBOJZF

BNBQ() HLjQP NBQ() 'PBK A>E> EgVIg FjIBN >J> ?cPcK OLKQ_I>Ng >I>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH ?FN AFVF HQII>KJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. 'gV H>V>K@gKgK H>NjgIgeg LI>N>H A>E> C>VI> ?BIIBH HQII>KgN. BNBQ() 'FK FOPBeB ?>eIg LI>K FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOF AB QBSBMMFM() 'AB LIAQeQ DF?F ;X 4;C;?; 4SJS=>STS >KI>JgKA>AgN: BVUP TPOVdMBS = UBTL1PPM.BNBQ!PSUBMBNB/PU(ehSFODJMFS, 2); 1LKQ_I>N AbKcj ABeBNF LI>N>H BIAB BAFIJBH UBNFKB c_cK@c M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFIBK ?FN 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgegK> A> U>VgI>?FIFNIBN. . >N>IgegK QVQKIQeQ BIBJ>KI>NgK QVQKIQeQK> BjFP LIJ>IgAgN:

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EPVCMF<> TPOVdMBS; TPOVdMBS.MFOHUI = ehSFODJMFS.MFOHUI; UBTL1PPM.BNBQ!PSUBMBNB/PU(ehSFODJMFS, 2, TPOVdMBS);

83.6

UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF()
*LjQP SFEVDF() 'Q >KI>J>A>K bK@B TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF SFEVDF() 'Q >KI>J>H DBNBHFN. TUE.BMHPSJUIN.SFEVDF FjIBRFKF A>E> bK@B N>IgHI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNJcjPcH. SFEVDF() ?>jH> AFIIBNAB AB ?QIQK>K cOP AcVBU ?FN >IDLNFPJ>AgN. NBQ() 'PB LIAQeQ DF?F, j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?FN RBU> ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR >IgN. fjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF LI>N>H A> ?FN ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF RB ?FN >N>IgH >IgN. !BIFNPFIBK FjIBRIBNF L >KA>HF OLKQ@> RB EBN BIBJ>K> QUDQI>N. _gH_> ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF RBNFIJBAFeF V>J>K >N>IgegK FIH BIBJ>KgKg ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF LI>N>H HQII>KgN. ->OgI FjIBAFeF, HBKAF F_FKAB P>KgJI>Jgj LIAQeQ R>NO>UgI>K TPOVe FOFJIF ?FN ABeFjHBK cVBNFKABK >j>egA>HF DF?F FC>AB BAFIB?FIFN: 1. TPOVe 'Q ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF FIB FIHIBN. 2. 'BN ?FN BIBJ>K F_FK TPOVe = JmMFW(TPOVe, FMFNBO) FC>ABOFKF FjIBPFN. 3. TPOVe 'QK OLK ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN. [NKBeFK ?FN AFVFKFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgKgK H>NBIBNFKFK PLMI>Jg >j>egA>HF DF?F EBO>MI>K>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(SFEVDF!((B, C) => B + C * C)(0, <5, 10>)); ^ fjIBR UQH>NgA>HF DF?F AFVDF LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIAFeFKAB B ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA>HF OLKQ_ ABeBNFKF, C AB BIBJ>K ABeBNFKF PBJOFI BABN. fIH FjIBR M>N>JBPNBOF ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNFAFN (UQH>NgA>HF 0 ). /NLDN>J OLKQ_P> 5 RB 10'QK H>NBIBNF LI>K 25 RB 100'cK PLMI>JgKg U>VAgNgN: 125 2>NFCFKABK AB >KI>jgI>@>eg DF?F SFEVDF() HBKAF F_FKAB ?FN AbKDc FjIBPFN. . AbKDc PBH _BHFNABH cVBNFKAB FjIBAFeFKABK, BIBJ>KI>NgK FjIBJIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA> U>R>j H>I>?FIFN. !bUIB AQNQJI>NA> TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKABHF UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() HQII>KgI>N>H FjIBJIBNFK ?cPcK _BHFNABHIBN cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIJBIBNF O>eI>K>?FIFN. !QKQK bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK SFEVDF() 'Q UFKB U>M>U LI>N>H U>R>jI>PgIJgj LI>K ?FN FjIBRIB HQII>K>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; JOU CJS)FTBQ(JOU TPOVd, JOU FMFNBO) \ XSJUFGMO("CBlMBEj - FMFNBO: %T, TPOVd: %T", FMFNBO, TPOVd); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.TFDPOET); TPOVd += FMFNBO; XSJUFGMO("UBNBNMBOEj - FMFNBO: %T, TPOVd: %T",

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FMFNBO, TPOVd); ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("4POVd: ", SFEVDF!CJS)FTBQ(0, <1, 2, 3, 4>)); ^ SFEVDF() BIBJ>KI>Ng OgN>UI> RB PBHBN PBHBN HQII>KgN RB ?Q UcVABK MNLDN>J 4 O>KFUB OcNBN: $ UJNF ./EFOFNF CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: 4POVe: 10 SFBM VTFS TZT 0N4.003T 0N0.000T 0N0.000T

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4,

TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe:

0 1 1 3 3 6 6 10

p 4 TBOJZF

QBSBMMFM() RB NBQ() bNKBHIBNFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F, ?Q MNLDN>J> A> TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKc BHIBJBH RB SFEVDF() UBNFKB UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() 'Q _>egNJ>H ?cPcK _BHFNABHIBNABK U>N>NI>KJ>H F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; // ... XSJUFMO("4POVd: ", UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF!CJS)FTBQ(0, <1, 2, 3, 4>)); K@>H, UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() 'QK FjIBUFjFKFK bKBJIF C>NHIgIgHI>Ng R>NAgN. 7QH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV HLjQP >IDLNFPJ>I>NA> LIAQeQ DF?F UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() A> BIBJ>KI>Ng ?FNABK C>VI> DbNBRB M>UI>jPgN>N>H HLjQP LI>N>H FjIBPFN. 'BN DbNBR HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK BIBJ>KI>Ng HQII>K>N>H C>NHIg ?FN TPOVe EBO>MI>N. 7>IKgV@> PBH ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF LIAQeQKA>K, EBN DbNBRFK EBO>MI>Ageg TPOVe L ABeBNABK ?>jI>N (UQH>NgA>HF 0 ). &bNBRIBNFK EBO>MI>Ng P>J>JI>AgH_>, LKI>NgK cNBPPFHIBNF OLKQ_I>N OLK ?FN HBV >UKg TPOVe EBO>?gKA>K DB_FNFIFNIBN. !Q OLK EBO>M HLjQP LI>N>H ABeFI, PBH _BHFNABH cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIFN. . UcVABK UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() ?Q bNKBHPB LIAQeQ DF?F >V O>UgA> BIBJ>KI> HQII>KgIAgegKA> A>E> U>R>j OLKQ_ RBNB?FIFN. !QKQ >j>egA>HF _gHPgA> DbNB@BeFV. UKg ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNFKFK ?cPcK DbNBRIBN P>N>CgKA>K HQII>KgIgULN LIJ>Og UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() 'QK EBO>MI>Ageg OLKQ@QK KLNJ>I SFEVDF() 'A>K C>NHIg _gHJ>OgK> KBABK LI>?FIFN. !Q OLKQ_ >UKg KBABKABK ALI>Ug U>KIgj A> LI>?FIFN. . UcVABK ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF ?Q bNKBHPBHF PLMI>J> FjIBJFKFK ?>jI>KDg_ ABeBNF LI>K 0 DF?F BPHFOFV ?FN ABeBN LIJ>H VLNQKA>AgN. $H LI>N>H, BIBJ>KI>N> QUDQI>K>K FjIBRFK >IAgeg M>N>JBPNBIBNFK PcNc RB FjIBRFK AbKcj PcNc U> >UKg LIJ>IgAgN U> A> ?FN?FNIBNFKB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H AbKcjB?FIJBIFAFNIBN. UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() >K@>H ?Q bVBIIFHIBNF >KI>jgIJgjO> HQII>KgIJ>IgAgN.

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; // ... XSJUFMO("4POVd: ", UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF!CJS)FTBQ(0, <1, 2, 3, 4>)); ZgHPgOgKA> bK@B ?FNABK C>VI> DbNBRFK >UKg >KA>, LKI>NgK OLKQ_I>NgKgK FOB OgN>UI> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF DbNcULNQV. 1gN>UI> FjIBPFIBK FjIBJIBNF UBjFIIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: $ UJNF ./EFOFNF CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: CBmMBEk - FMFNBO: UBNBNMBOEk - FMFNBO: 4POVe: 10 SFBM VTFS TZT 0N5.006T 0N0.004T 0N0.000T

1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4,

TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe: TPOVe:

0 p fODF HfSFWMFS BZOk BOEB 0 0 0 1 0 p POMBSkO TPOVeMBSk TkSBZMB 2 3 4 1 1 3 3 6 6 10

p CV fSOFLUF LPmVU SFEVDF EBIB ZBWBm

,>PBJ>PFH O>?FPF B;'KFK (l) OBNF UbKPBJFUIB EBO>MI>KJ>Og DF?F ?>jH> EBO>MI>NA> HLjQP SFEVDF() A>E> EgVIg FjIBUB@BHPFN.

83.7

B7?23< K=9 7R:3C C3 K=9BF:B @=<BK:/?

'BJ TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF NBQ() EBJ AB TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKABHF NBQ() , BNBQ() , RB SFEVDF() ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR >I>?FIFNIBN. . AQNQJA> ?cPcK FjIBRIBNFK OLKQ_I>Ng ?FN >N>A> ZLHQVIQI>N ?bIcJcKAB DbNAcecJcV 5VQMF PcNcKAB AbKAcNcIcN. 'BN FjIBRFK OLKQ@Q, L FjIBRFK OgN>OgK> H>NjgIgH DBIBK _LHQVIQ cUBOFAFN. [NKBeFK, FIH FjIBRFK OLKQ@Q _LHQVIQKQK 0 KQJ>N>Ig cUBOFAFN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR HQII>KgJgKg TUE.BMHPSJUIN.NBQ cVBNFKAB DbOPBNFULN. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV eFZSFiJ() RB PO,BUk() FjIBRIBNFKFK AbKcj PcNIBNF C>NHIgAgN. [UIB ?FN AQNQJA> _LHQVIQ OLKQ_I>NgK cUBIBNFKFK PcNIBNF AB C>NHIg LIQN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; EPVCMF dFZSFhJ(EPVCMF EFhFS) \ SFUVSO EFhFS / 4; ^ TUSJOH PO,BUj(EPVCMF EFhFS) \

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"AXFE UX>7?>7C

SFUVSO UP!TUSJOH(EFhFS * 10);

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP TBZjMBS = <10, 42, 100>; BVUP TPOVdMBS = NBQ!(dFZSFhJ, PO,BUj)(TBZjMBS); XSJUFGMO(" `FZSFhJ 0O ,BUj");

GPSFBDI (dFZSFL4POVDV, PO,BU4POVDV; TPOVdMBS) \ XSJUFGMO("%8.2G%8T", dFZSFL4POVDV, PO,BU4POVDV); ^

ZgHPgOg: aFZSFiJ 2.50 10.50 25.00 0O ,BUk 100 420 1000

UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF() HQII>KgJgKA> OLKQ_I>NgK FIH ABeBNIBNFKFK AB _LHQVIQ LI>N>H RBNFIJBIBNF DBNBHFN: UBTL1PPM.SFEVDF!(GPP, CBS)(UVQMF(0, 1), <1, 2, 3, 4>);

83.8

5BTL1PPM
TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKcK ?cPcK HLjQP >IDLNFPJ>I>NgKgK MBNAB >NH>OgKA> U>N>NI>KAgHI>Ng DbNBRIBN ?FN 5BTL1PPM PLMIQIQeQKQK M>N_>I>NgAgN. -LNJ>IAB, ?cPcK >IDLNFPJ>I>N >UKg UBTL1PPM FOFJIF PLMIQIQeQ HQII>KgNI>N. UBTL1PPM MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>HP> LIAQeQ LNP>J> QUDQK O>UgA> DbNBRB O>EFM LIAQeQKA>K _LeQ AQNQJA> LKA>K ?>jH>@> 5BTL1PPM KBOKBOFKB DBNBH AQUQIJ>V. !QK> N>eJBK ?>VBK bVBI ?FN DbNBR PLMIQIQeQKQK >_gH_> LIQjPQNQIJ>Og RB ?>Vg HLjQP FjIBJIBN F_FK LKQK HQII>KgIJ>Og FOPBKB?FIFN. 5BTL1PPM H>_ Fj M>N_>@geg HQII>K>@>eg ?FIAFNFIBNBH HQNQIQN. fj M>N_>@geg >ABAFKFK R>NO>UgI>K ABeBNF LNP>JA>HF _BHFNABH >ABAFKFK ?FN BHOFeFAFN. !Q ?bIcJAB DbNAcecJcV ?cPcK LI>K>HI>N >_gH_> HQNQIJQj LI>K ?FN 5BTL1PPM KBOKBOF cVBNFKABK HQII>KgI>?FIFNIBN. j>egA>HF bNKBHPB QBSBMMFM() FIB K>OgI HQII>KgIAgegKg DbNcULNQV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP JldJMFS = OFX 5BTL1PPM(2); GPSFBDI (J; JldJMFS.QBSBMMFM(<1, 2, 3, 4>)) \ XSJUFGMO("%T LVMMBOjMjZPS", J); ^ ^ JldJMFS.GJOJTI();

&bNBRIBN P>J>JI>KAgegKA> 5BTL1PPM KBOKBOFKFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>I>Ng F_FK 5BTL1PPM.GJOJTI() _>eNgIgN.

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83.9

IF3A
x !FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIg FjIBJIBNFK HLjQP LI>N>H FjIBPFIJBIBNF E>P>IgAgN. x QBSBMMFM() , GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKABHF FjIBJIBNFK ?FNABK C>VI> _BHFNABHPB >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIJBIBNFKF O>eI>N. x &BNBHPFeFKAB DbNBRIBN UBTL() FIB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFNIBN, FYFDVUF*O/FX5ISFBE() FIB ?>jI>PgI>?FIFNIBN RB ZJFME'PSDF() FIB ?BHIBKB?FIFNIBN. x '>P> >PgI>N>H OLKI>KJgj LI>K DbNBRIBNABK >PgI>K E>P>I>N ZJFME'PSDF() DF?F FjIBRIBN _>eNgIAgegKA> U>H>I>K>?FIFNIBN. x BTZOD#VG() , *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>Ng U>Ng EBRBOIF LI>N>H >UKg >KA> FIBNIBPFN. x NBQ() , FjIBRIBNF *OQVU3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>N> U>Ng EBRBOIF LI>N>H >UKg >KA> QUDQI>N. x BNBQ() , FjIBRIBNF 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>N> P>J EBRBOIF LI>N>H >UKg >KA> QUDQI>N. x SFEVDF() , EBO>MI>Ng 3BOEPN"DDFTT3BOHF >N>IgegKA>HF BIBJ>KI>N F_FK >UKg >KA> FjIBPFN. x NBQ() , BNBQ() , RB SFEVDF() ?FNABK C>VI> FjIBR >I>?FIFNIBN; bUIB LIAQeQKA> OLKQ_I>N _LHQVIQ cUBIBNFAFNIBN. x fOPBKAFeFKAB UBTL1PPM 'A>K ?>jH> 5BTL1PPM KBOKBIBNF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN.

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$7D3<>3X3C3= EX /3?3@>V 'CA9C3?>3?3

84

#3@/8:/R/?/9 ER -/;/<:P &?=5?/;:/;/

$j V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNAcecJcV HLjQP FjIBJIBNB _LH ?BKVBN. fHFOF AB FjIBJIBNFK C>NHIg Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng cVBNFKAB >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIJBIBNF FIB FIDFIFAFN RB >OIgKA> HLjQP FjIBJIBN AB MBNAB >NH>OgKA> Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> FIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIFN. !Q FHF H>RN>J ?Q UcVABK _LH H>NgjPgNgIgN. *LjQP FjIBJIBNIB Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> >N>OgKA>HF C>NHI>N jQKI>NAgN: x *LjQP FjIBJIBNFK PBJBI >J>@g JFHNL FjIBJ@F _BHFNABHIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>N>H MNLDN>JgK EgVgKg >NPPgNJ>HPgN. $j V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> FOB U>IKgV@> PBH _BHFNABeF ?QIQK>K LNP>JI>NA> ?FIB DBNBHB?FIFN RB MNLDN>JgK >UKg >KA> ?FNABK C>VI> Fj UcNcPJBOFKF O>eI>N. [NKBeFK ?FN OQKQ@Q MNLDN>J EBN FOPBJ@FKFK FjFKF C>NHIg ?FN Fj M>N_>@gegKA> UcNcPB?FIFN. x *LjQP FjIBJIBN ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgVAgNI>N. '>PP>, ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIg LI>K FjIBJIBNFK HLjQP LI>N>H FjIBPFIJBIBNF E>P> LI>N>H H>?QI BAFIFN. $j V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J>A> FOB _LeQ V>J>K Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIgAgNI>N. [NKBeFK, ABR>J BAB?FIJBH F_FK ?>jH> Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK cNBPPFHIBNF RBNFIBNB DBNBH AQU>NI>N. x 'BN FHF UbKPBJ AB FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg HQII>KgNI>N. *LjQP FjIBJIBN Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg 9RC7G H>RN>JgKgK >NH>OgK> DFVIBNIBN; Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> FOB ALeNQA>K Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg HQII>KgN. x *LjQP FjIBJIBN _LH HLI>U HQII>KgIgNI>N RB DbNBRIBN ?>egJOgV LIAQHI>Ng OcNB@B MNLDN>J ALeNQIQeQ >_gOgKA>K DcRBKIFAFNIBN. $j V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> FOB >K@>H JBO>GI>jJ> UbKPBJF HQII>KgIAgegKA> DcRBKIFAFN. 4BNF M>UI>jgJgK> A>U>K>K DBIBKBHOBI Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J>A> MNLDN>JgK ALeNQ _>Igj>@>eg H>KgPI>K>J>U>?FIFN. # EBJ JBO>GI>jJ>U> A>U>K>K EBJ AB RBNF M>UI>jgJgK> A>U>K>K Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J>Ug ABOPBHIBN. 4BNF M>UI>jgJg FIB E>P>OgV MNLDN>JI>N cNBPJBH _LH VLN LIAQeQKA>K JLABNK MNLDN>J@gIgHP> JBO>GI>jJ> UbKPBJF ?BKFJOBKJFjPFN. !Q ?bIcJAB TUE.DPODVSSFODZ JLAcIcKcK O>eI>Ageg JBO>GI>jJ> LI>K>HI>NgKg, ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB FOB RBNF M>UI>jgJgK> A>U>Ig Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>NgKg DbNB@BeFV.

84.1

"/C?/;:/?
AC 3$4=$&B@B (6+4($'): fjIBPFJ OFOPBJF ?cPcK MNLDN>JI>Ng ;X B3CQ35VTV >Ag RBNFIBK FjIBJ ?FNFJIBNF FIB FjIBPFN. Z>IgjPgNgI>K EBN # MNLDN>JgKgK NBJO() FIB ?>jI>U>K FjIBJIBNF FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK L MNLDN>Jg _>IgjPgNJ>H F_FK OB_JFj LIAQeQ ?FN Fj M>N_>@geg cVBNFKAB ?>jI>PgIgN. NBJO() 'FK FjIBPPFeF ?cPcK FjIBJIBN KLNJ>IAB EBM >UKg Fj M>N_>@geg cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIFNIBN. /NLDN>J, DBNBHPFeFKAB HBKAFOF ?>jH> Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng ?>jI>P>?FIFN RB ?bUIB@B >UKg >KA> ?FNABK C>VI> Fj UcNcPB?FIFN. [NKBeFK ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJAB DbNAcecJcV EBN DbNBR, TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN 'FK LI>K>HI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K ?>jI>PgIJgj LI>K ?FN Fj M>N_>@gegKg HQII>KgN. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJF Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg bK@BABK HBOPFNFIBJBUB@BH >KI>NA> AQN>HO>PgN RB PBHN>N ?>jI>PgN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> bNKBeFK >j>egA>HF H>A>N ?>OFP FjIBJIBN ?FIB ?FN OcNB U>NgJ H>IJgj LI>?FIFNIBN: ++J; 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBJ >OIgKA> c_ >AgJA>K LIQjQN: #BeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKFK LHQKJ>Og, ABeBNFK >NPPgNgIJ>Og RB PBHN>N ABeFjHBKB >P>KJ>Og. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK ?Q Fj M>N_>@gegKg AQN>HO>PPgeg ?FN >KA> ?Q >AgJI>N OLKN>A>K ABR>J BAFIJBH cVBNB U>NgJ H>IJgj LI>?FIFNIBN. M(5$- (0(55$*(): fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK FjIBUFjIBNF OgN>OgKA> ?FN?FNIBNFKB DbKABNAFHIBNF ?FIDFIBNB JBO>G ABKFN. ,BO>G EBN PcNABK RB EBN O>UgA> ABeFjHBKABK LIQj>?FIFN.

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AC 3$4=$&B@B .,0/,@, (T,'): 'BN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK ?FN HFJIFeF R>NAgN. *FJIFH, DbKABNFIBK JBO>GgK >Ig@gOg LI>K Fj M>N_>@gegKg ?BIFNIBN. S$+,3 (291(4): fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>P>K EBN Fj M>N_>@geg, ?>jI>PgI>K Fj M>N_>@gegKgK O>EF?F LI>N>H >KgIgN. AC=, (924.(4): !>jI>PgI>K Fj M>N_>@gegK> Fj_F ABKFN.

84.2

OR >/?K/1P9:/?P<P 0/R:/A;/9
7BKF ?FN Fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>PJ>H F_FK TQBXO() HQII>KgIgN. TQBXO() M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H ?FN FjIBR >IgN RB UBKF Fj M>N_>@gegKg L FjIBRABK ?>jI>PgN. . FjIBRFK ?BIHF AB ?>jH> FjIBRIBNB AB A>II>K>N>H ABR>J BABK FjIBJIBNF >NPgH UBKF Fj M>N_>@geg cVBNFKAB FjIBPFIFNIBN. !Q KLHP>A>K OLKN> O>EFM RB Fj_F ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV FHF >IP MNLDN>J DF?F FjIBJBUB ?>jI>NI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE JldJ() \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 5) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(500.NTFDT); XSJUFMO(J, " (JldJ)"); ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&JldJ); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 5) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(300.NTFDT); XSJUFMO(J, " (NBJO)"); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("NBJO UBNBN");

fjIBJIBNFK >UKg >KA> FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF DbOPBNB?FIJBH F_FK ?QN>A>HF bNKBHIBNAB AB 5ISFBE.TMFFQ 'PBK U>N>NI>KgULNQJ. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg NBJO() 'ABK RB JmeJ() 'ABK ?>jI>Jgj LI>K FHF Fj M>N_>@gegKgK AFeBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H FjIBAFeFKF DbOPBNFULN: 0 (NBJO) 0 (JmeJ) 1 (NBJO) 2 (NBJO) 1 (JmeJ) 3 (NBJO) 2 (JmeJ) 4 (NBJO) NBJO UBNBN 3 (JmeJ) 4 (JmeJ) /NLDN>J ?cPcK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK P>J>JI>KJ>OgKg LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ?BHIBN. !QKQ UQH>NgA>HF _gHPgA> DbNcULNQV: NBJO() 'FK OLKQKA>HF "J>FK P>J>J" U>VAgNgIAgeg E>IAB JmeJ() FjIBRFKFK AB P>J>JI>KJ>Og ?BHIBKJFjPFN.

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fj M>N_>@gegKg ?>jI>P>K FjIBRFK >IAgeg M>N>JBPNBIBN TQBXO() '> FjIBR FOJFKABK OLKN> RBNFIFNIBN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF FHF Fj_F, _gHgj> AbNABN P>KB O>Ug U>VAgNgULN. '>KDF ABeBNABK ?>jI>U>@>egKg M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE JldJ(JOU CBlMBOHjd%FhFSJ) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 4) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(500.NTFDT); XSJUFMO(CBlMBOHjd%FhFSJ + J); ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ GPSFBDI (J; 1 .. 3) \ TQBXO(&JldJ, J * 10); ^ ^ fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKA>K ?FNFOFKFK U>VAgNAgHI>NgKg J>RFUIB ?BIFNPFULNQJ. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg ?>jI>PJ>OgK> RB AQN>HI>PJ>OgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H ?Q _gHPgA>HF O>PgNI>N C>NHIg OgN>A> A> LI>?FIFNIBN: 10 20 11 21 12 22 13 23

84.3

OR >/?K/1P9:/?P<P< 97;:79:3?7
,LAcIcK FOFJ >I>KgKA> P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K UIJT5JE , EBN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK HBKAF HFJIFeFAFN. fOJF, "?Q Fj M>N_>@gegKgK HFJIFeF" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "PEFO PENB>A'O FABKPFCFBN"A>K PcNBJFjPFN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE LJNMJL#JMHJTJ(TUSJOH BdjLMBNB) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T, BESFTJ: %T", BdjLMBNB, UIJT5JE, &UIJT5JE); ^ WPJE JldJ() \ LJNMJL#JMHJTJ("JldJ "); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&JldJ); LJNMJL#JMHJTJ("TBIJQ"); ^

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5JE PcNcKABHF HFJIFeFK ABeBNFKFK MNLDN>J >_gOgKA>K ?FN bKBJF LIJ>Ageg F_FK ?Q PcNcK UP4USJOH FjIBRF ?FIB P>KgJI>KJ>JgjPgN. !Q UcVABK MNLDN>JgK >j>egA>HF _gHPgOgKA> U>IKgV@> PcNcK FOJFKF DbNcULNQV. $H LI>N>H, ?Q FHF ABeBNFK >ANBOIBNF ?FIB >UKg _gH>N: TBIJQ: 5JE(TUE.DPODVSSFODZ..FTTBHF#PY), BEESFTT: 809$360 JmeJ : 5JE(TUE.DPODVSSFODZ..FTTBHF#PY), BEESFTT: 809$360 !QK> N>eJBK L FHF HFJIFH C>NHIgAgN. !QKQK KBABKF, #'AB JLAcIIBNFK BRNBKOBI >I>KI>NgKgK RBNF ALeNQIQeQKQ O>eI>J>H F_FK EBN Fj M>N_>@gegKA> C>NHIg LIJ>OgAgN. 'BN Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K >UKg >ANBOPBUJFj DF?F >IDgI>KJ>OgK> N>eJBK ?Q ABeFjHBKIBN EBN Fj M>N_>@gegKA> C>NHIgAgN. 1>EF?FK HBKAF HFJIFeFKF UBKF ?>jI>PPgeg Fj M>N_>@gegK> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNJBOF RB ?bUIB@B HBKAFOFKF P>KgPJ>Og U>UDgKAgN: JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE JldJ(5JE TBIJCJN) \ // ... ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&JldJ, UIJT5JE); ^ TQBXO() 'gK ?Q KLHP>U> H>A>N DbV>NAg BPJFj LIAQeQJ AbKcj ABeBNF AB Fj_FKFK HFJIFeFKF O>EF?B ?FIAFNFN: 5JE JldJN = TQBXO(&JldJ, UIJT5JE); 1>EFM RB Fj_F ?FN?FNIBNFKFK HFJIFHIBNFKF ?bUIB@B BIAB BPJFj LIQNI>N.

84.4

#3@/8:/R;/
,BO>G DbKABNJBH F_FK TFOE() , ?BIFNIF PcNABK JBO>G ?BHIBJBH F_FK AB SFDFJWF0OMZ() HQII>KgIgN. (ZBjFPIF PcNIBNABK JBO>G ?BHIBUBK SFDFJWF() 'F RB ?BIFNIF OcNBUB H>A>N ?BHIBUBK SFDFJWF5JNFPVU() 'Q A>E> >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ.) j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF O>EFM Fj M>N_>@geg Fj_FOFKB JOU PcNcKAB ?FN JBO>G DbKABNJBHPB RB LKA>K EPVCMF PcNcKAB ?FN JBO>G ?BHIBJBHPBAFN. !Q Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng O>EFM OgCgNA>K Hc_cH ?FN ABeBN DbKABNBKB H>A>N JBO>GI>jJ>U> ABR>J BAB@BHIBN. [K@B O>EFM Fj M>N_>@gegKg DbOPBNFULNQJ: WPJE NBJO() \ 5JE JldJ = TQBXO(&JldJilMFWJ, UIJT5JE); GPSFBDI (EFhFS; 1 .. 5) \ JldJ.TFOE(EFhFS); EPVCMF TPOVd = SFDFJWF0OMZ!EPVCMF(); XSJUFGMO("HeOEFSJMFO: %T, BMjOBO: %T", EFhFS, TPOVd); ^ /* 4POMBONBTjOj TBhMBNBL JdJO JldJZF TjGjSEBO LfdfL CJS * EFhFS HeOEFSJZPSV[ */ JldJ.TFOE(-1);

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NBJO() , TQBXO() 'gK AbKAcNAcec Fj M>N_>@gegKgK HFJIFeFKF JmeJ FOJFUIB O>HI>J>HP> RB ?Q HFJIFeF TFOE() FIB JBO>G DbKABNFNHBK HQII>KJ>HP>AgN. fj_F FOB HQII>K>@>eg JOU 'F ?FN JBO>G LI>N>H >IgULN, LKQ ?FN EBO>MP> HQII>KgULN RB cNBPPFeF EPVCMF 'g UFKB ?FN JBO>G LI>N>H O>EF?FKB DbKABNFULN: WPJE JldJilMFWJ(5JE TBIJQ) \ JOU EFhFS = 0; XIJMF (EFhFS >= 0) \ EFhFS = SFDFJWF0OMZ!JOU(); EPVCMF TPOVd = DBTU(EPVCMF)EFhFS / 5; TBIJQ.TFOE(TPOVd); ^

7QH>NgA>HF Fj M>N_>@geg JBO>GA>HF ABeBNFK ?BjPB ?FNFKF EBO>MI>N. /NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg jbUIB: HfOEFSJMFO: HfOEFSJMFO: HfOEFSJMFO: HfOEFSJMFO: 1, 2, 3, 4, BMkOBO: BMkOBO: BMkOBO: BMkOBO: 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

!FNABK C>VI> ABeBN >UKg JBO>GgK M>N_>Og LI>N>H DbKABNFIB?FIFN: TBIJQ.TFOE(UIJT5JE, 42, 1.5); UKg JBO>GgK M>N_>Og LI>N>H DbKABNFIBK ABeBNIBN >Ig@g P>N>CP> ?FN _LHQVIQKQK cUBIBNF LI>N>H ?BIFNFNIBN. SFDFJWF0OMZ() 'KFK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBIBNFKFK JBO>Gg LIQjPQN>K PcNIBNB QUJ>I>Ng j>NPPgN: /* 5JE, JOU, WF EPVCMF UfSMFSJOEFO PMVlBO CJS NFTBK * CFLMJZPSV[ */ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!(5JE, JOU, EPVCMF)(); /* .FTBK CJS dPLV[MV PMBSBL BMjOjS */ BVUP HeOEFSFO = NFTBK<0>; // 5JE UfSfOEF BVUP UBNTBZj = NFTBK<1>; // JOU UfSfOEF BVUP LFTJSMJ = NFTBK<2>; // EPVCMF UfSfOEF 2cNIBN QUJ>AgegKA> "JBO>G QUQJOQVIQeQ" >KI>JgK> DBIBK .FTTBHF.JTNBUDI E>P>Og >PgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE JldJilMFWJ(5JE TBIJQ) \ // TUSJOH HeOEFSJZPS TBIJQ.TFOE("NFSIBCB"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&JldJilMFWJ, UIJT5JE); // EPVCMF CFLMJZPS BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!EPVCMF();

ZgHPgOg:

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TUE.DPODVSSFODZ..FTTBHF.JTNBUDI!TUE/DPODVSSFODZ.E(202): 6OFYQFDUFE NFTTBHF UZQF

84.4.1

I?<39
iFJAFUB H>A>N DbNAcecJcV H>RN>JI>Ng HQII>K>K ?>OFP ?FN ?BKVBPFJ MNLDN>Jg P>O>NI>U>IgJ. !Q bNKBH FHF ?LUQPIQ AcVIBJABHF NL?LPI>NgK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV RB N>ODBIB E>NBHBPIBNFKF ?BIFNIFULN. 'BN NL?LPQ C>NHIg ?FN Fj M>N_>@geg UbKBPFULN. 'BN Fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>PgIgNHBK AbNP ?FIDF >IgULN: x x x x 1>EF?FKFK HFJIFeF: 0L?LPQK E>NBHBPFUIB FIDFIF LI>K JBO>GI>NgK >Ig@gOg 0L?LPQK KQJ>N>Og: &bKABNFIBK JBO>GgK E>KDF NL?LPI> FIDFIF LIAQeQ !>jI>KDg_ KLHP>Og: 0L?LPQK E>NBHBPFKFK ?>jI>KDg_ KLHP>Og 0L?LPQK AFKIBKJB OcNBOF: 0L?LPQK KB H>A>N V>J>KA> ?FN UBN ABeFjPFNB@BeF

7QH>NgA>HF OLK c_ ?FIDFUF ?FN >N>A> PQP>K ?FN jm U>MgOg jbUIB P>KgJI>K>?FIFN: TUSVDU il \ JOU SPCPU/VNBSBTj; :FS CBlMBOHjd; %VSBUJPO EJOMFONF4fSFTJ; ^ !Q Fj M>N_>@gegKgK U>MPgeg PBH Fj, NL?LPQK KQJ>N>OgKg RB E>NBHBPFKF ?FN OLKOQV AbKDc F_FKAB O>EF?FKB DbKABNJBH: WPJE HF[EJSJDJ(5JE TBIJQ, il Jl) \ :FS OFSFEFO = Jl.CBlMBOHjd; XIJMF (USVF) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(Jl.EJOMFONF4fSFTJ); :FS OFSFZF = SBTHFMF,PNlV(OFSFEFO); )BSFLFU IBSFLFU = )BSFLFU(OFSFEFO, OFSFZF); OFSFEFO = OFSFZF; ^ TBIJQ.TFOE()BSFLFU.FTBKj(Jl.SPCPU/VNBSBTj, IBSFLFU));

1>EFM AB OLKOQV ?FN AbKDc F_FKAB ?Q JBO>GI>Ng ?BHIFULN. IAgeg JBO>GI>NgK E>KDF NL?LPI> FIDFIF LIAQeQKQ EBN JBO>GgK M>N_>Og LI>K NL?LP KQJ>N>OgKA>K >KIgULN: XIJMF (USVF) \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!)BSFLFU.FTBKj(); XSJUFGMO("%T %T", SPCPUMBS<NFTBK.SPCPU/VNBSBTj>, NFTBK.IBSFLFU);

!Q bNKBHPBHF ?cPcK JBO>GI>N Fj_FIBNABK O>EF?B DbKABNFIFULN. #>E> H>NJ>jgH MNLDN>JI>NA> EBN FHF UbKAB RB _LH _BjFPIF PcNIBNABK JBO>GI>N A> DbKABNFIB?FIFN. /NLDN>JgK P>J>Jg jbUIB: JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUE.SBOEPN; TUE.TUSJOH; TUE.DPODVSSFODZ;

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JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; TUSVDU :FS \ JOU TBUjS; JOU TfUVO; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T,%T", TBUjS, TfUVO); ^

TUSVDU )BSFLFU \ :FS OFSFEFO; :FS OFSFZF; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO ((OFSFEFO == OFSFZF) GPSNBU("%T (EVSHVO)", OFSFEFO) : GPSNBU("%T -> %T", OFSFEFO, OFSFZF)); ^

DMBTT 3PCPU \ TUSJOH HeSfOfN; %VSBUJPO EJOMFONF4fSFTJ; UIJT(TUSJOH HeSfOfN, %VSBUJPO EJOMFONF4fSFTJ) \ UIJT.HeSfOfN = HeSfOfN; UIJT.EJOMFONF4fSFTJ = EJOMFONF4fSFTJ; ^ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T(%T)", HeSfOfN, EJOMFONF4fSFTJ); ^

/* 0,0 OPLUBTj FUSBGjOEB SBTHFMF CJS ZFS EeOEfSfS */ :FS SBTHFMF:FS() \ SFUVSO :FS(VOJGPSN!"<>"(-10, 10), VOJGPSN!"<>"(-10, 10)); ^ /* 7FSJMFO EFhFSJO FO GB[MB CJS BEjN eUFTJOEF CJS EFhFS * EeOEfSfS */ JOU SBTHFMF"EjN(JOU lJNEJLJ) \ SFUVSO lJNEJLJ + VOJGPSN!"<>"(-1, 1); ^ /* 7FSJMFO :FS'JO LPNlVTV PMBO CJS :FS EeOEfSfS; dBQSB[ * LPNlVTV PMBCJMFDFhJ HJCJ UFTBEfGFO BZOj ZFS EF PMBCJMJS. */ :FS SBTHFMF,PNlV(:FS ZFS) \ SFUVSO :FS(SBTHFMF"EjN(ZFS.TBUjS), SBTHFMF"EjN(ZFS.TfUVO)); ^ TUSVDU il \ JOU SPCPU/VNBSBTj; :FS CBlMBOHjd; %VSBUJPO EJOMFONF4fSFTJ; ^

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TUSVDU )BSFLFU.FTBKj \ JOU SPCPU/VNBSBTj; )BSFLFU IBSFLFU; ^ WPJE HF[EJSJDJ(5JE TBIJQ, il Jl) \ :FS OFSFEFO = Jl.CBlMBOHjd; XIJMF (USVF) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(Jl.EJOMFONF4fSFTJ); :FS OFSFZF = SBTHFMF,PNlV(OFSFEFO); )BSFLFU IBSFLFU = )BSFLFU(OFSFEFO, OFSFZF); OFSFEFO = OFSFZF; ^ TBIJQ.TFOE()BSFLFU.FTBKj(Jl.SPCPU/VNBSBTj, IBSFLFU));

WPJE NBJO() \ /* 'BSLMj Ij[MBSEBLJ SPCPUMBS */ 3PCPU<> SPCPUMBS = < OFX 3PCPU(""", 600.NTFDT), OFX 3PCPU("#", 2000.NTFDT), OFX 3PCPU("$", 5000.NTFDT) >; /* )FS CJSJTJ JdJO CJS Jl QBSdBDjhj CBlMBUjMjZPS */ GPSFBDI (JOU SPCPU/VNBSBTj, SPCPU; SPCPUMBS) \ TQBXO(&HF[EJSJDJ, UIJT5JE, il(SPCPU/VNBSBTj, SBTHFMF:FS(), SPCPU.EJOMFONF4fSFTJ)); ^ /* "SUjL IBSFLFU CJMHJMFSJOJ JldJMFSEFO UPQMBNBZB * CBlMBZBCJMJSJ[ */ XIJMF (USVF) \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!)BSFLFU.FTBKj(); /* #V SPCPUMB JMHJMJ ZFOJ CJMHJZJ djLjlB * ZB[EjSjZPSV[ */ XSJUFGMO("%T %T", SPCPUMBS<NFTBK.SPCPU/VNBSBTj>, NFTBK.IBSFLFU);

/NLDN>J OLKI>KAgNgI>K> H>A>N NL?LPI>NgK HLKQJI>NgKg _gHgj> U>VAgNgN: "(600 NT) "(600 NT) "(600 NT) #(2 TFDT) "(600 NT) "(600 NT) "(600 NT) #(2 TFDT) "(600 NT) "(600 NT) $(5 TFDT) "(600 NT) ... -3,3 -> -4,4 -4,4 -> -4,3 -4,3 -> -3,2 -6,9 (EVSHVO) -3,2 -> -2,2 -2,2 -> -3,1 -3,1 -> -2,0 -6,9 -> -5,9 -2,0 (EVSHVO) -2,0 -> -3,-1 -6,6 -> -6,7 -3,-1 -> -4,-1

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,BO>GI>jJ>U> A>U>K>K Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J>KgK U>N>NgKg ?Q bNKBHPB DbNB?FIFULNQV. 'BN NL?LPQK E>NBHBPF >UKg >KA> RB AFeBNIBNFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H EBO>MI>KgULN. !Q ?>OFP bNKBHPBHF O>EFM U>IKgV@> NL?LPI>NgK E>NBHBPIBNFKF _gHgj> U>VAgNgULN; ?cPcK NL?LPI>Ng FIDFIBKAFNBK ?>jH> FjIBJIBN AB QUDQI>K>?FIFN.

84.5

F/?9:P K3R7A:3?23< ;3@/8 039:3;39

SFDFJWF0OMZ() U>IKgV@> ?BIFNPFIBK PcNABK JBO>G ?BHIBUB?FIFN. SFDFJWF() FOB C>NHIg _BjFPIBNABK JBO>GI>N ?BHIBJBH F_FK HQII>KgIgN. />N>JBPNB LI>N>H ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> ?7D3<5V ;X>7G >IgN. &BIBK JBO>G ?Q JBO>G@g FjIBRIBNB OgN>UI> QUAQNQIJ>U> _>IgjgIgN RB JBO>G, JBO>GgK PcNcKcK QUAQeQ FIH FjIBRB DbKABNFIFN. [NKBeFK >j>egA>HF SFDFJWF() _>eNgOg FIHF JOU , FHFK@FOF AB TUSJOH ?BHIBUBK FHF JBO>G@g FjIBR HQII>KJ>HP>AgN: WPJE JldJilMFWJ() \ CPPM UBNBN@Nj = GBMTF; XIJMF (!UBNBN@Nj) \ WPJE JOUilMFZFO(JOU NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("JOU NFTBK: ", NFTBK); JG (NFTBK == -1) \ XSJUFMO("djLjZPSVN"); UBNBN@Nj = USVF; ^

WPJE TUSJOHilMFZFO(TUSJOH NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("TUSJOH NFTBK: ", NFTBK); ^ ^ SFDFJWF(&JOUilMFZFO, &TUSJOHilMFZFO);

&bKABNFIBK JOU JBO>GI>N JOUjmMFZFO() 'B, TUSJOH JBO>GI>N A> TUSJOHjmMFZFO() 'B QU>NI>N. . Fj M>N_>@gegKg jbUIB ?FN HLAI> ABKBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; // ... WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP JldJ = TQBXO(&JldJilMFWJ); JldJ.TFOE(10); JldJ.TFOE(42); JldJ.TFOE("NFSIBCB"); JldJ.TFOE(-1); // n JldJOJO TPOMBONBTj JdJO

,BO>GI>N >Ig@g P>N>CP>HF QUDQK JBO>G@g FjIBRIBNB DbKABNFIFNIBN:

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JOU NFTBK: 10 JOU NFTBK: 42 TUSJOH NFTBK: NFSIBCB JOU NFTBK: -1 ekLkZPSVN SFDFJWF() , UQH>NgA>HF KLNJ>I FjIBRIBN UBNFKB FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN RBU> PQ$BMM() cUB FjIBRF P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K PcNIBNFK KBOKBIBNFKF AB HQII>K>?FIFN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK MNLDN>Jg FOFJOFV FjIBRIBN HQII>K>@>H jBHFIAB ABeFjPFNBIFJ. $H LI>N>H, Fj_FKFK OLKI>KJ>OgKg A> -1 DF?F bVBI ?FN ABeBN UBNFKB FOJF >_gH_> 4POMBO LI>K bVBI ?FN PcNIB ?FIAFNBIFJ. j>egA> SFDFJWF() 'B M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H c_ FOFJOFV FjIBR DbKABNFIAFeFKB AFHH>P BAFK. !Q FjIBRIBNFK >_J> RB H>M>J> M>N>KPBVIBNFKF O>Ng FIB ?BIFNPFULNQJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; TUSVDU 4POMBO \^ WPJE JldJilMFWJ() \ CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ SFDFJWF( (JOU NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("JOU NFTBK: ", NFTBK); ^, (TUSJOH NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("TUSJOH NFTBK: ", NFTBK); ^, (4POMBO NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("djLjZPSVN"); EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF; ^);

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP JldJ = TQBXO(&JldJilMFWJ); JldJ.TFOE(10); JldJ.TFOE(42); JldJ.TFOE("NFSIBCB"); JldJ.TFOE(4POMBO());

84.5.1

B39:3<;3E3< ;3@/8 /:;/9

TUE.WBSJBOU JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K 7BSJBOU EBN PcNABK RBNFUF O>NJ>I>U>?FIBK ?FN PcNAcN. SFDFJWF() 'B RBNFIBK AFeBN JBO>G@g FjIBRIBNB QUJ>U>K JBO>GI>N 7BSJBOU PcNcKc ?BHIBUBK ?FN JBO>G@g P>N>CgKA>K U>H>I>K>?FIFNIBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE JldJilMFW() \ SFDFJWF( (JOU NFTBK) \ /* ... */ ^,

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(EPVCMF NFTBK) \ /* ... */ ^, (7BSJBOU NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("#FLMFNFEJhJN CJS NFTBK BMEjN: ", NFTBK); ^);

TUSVDU a[FM.FTBK \ /* ... */ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP JldJ = TQBXO(&JldJilMFW); JldJ.TFOE(a[FM.FTBK()); ^ ZgHPgOg: #FLMFNFEJiJN CJS NFTBK BMEkN: b[FM.FTBK() !Q ?bIcJcK HLKQOQ AgjgKA> H>IAgeg F_FK 7BSJBOU 'gK >UNgKPgI>NgK> DFNJBUB@BeFJ.

84.6

#3@/8:/?P 03:7?:7 @M?3E3 9/2/? 039:3;39

,BO>GI>NgK ?BIFNIF ?FN OcNBABK A>E> C>VI> ?BHIBKJBOF FOPBKJBUB?FIFN. &bKABNBK Fj M>N_>@geg DB_F@F LI>N>H JBjDQI LIJQj LI>?FIFN RBU> ?FN E>P> FIB OLKI>KJgj LI>?FIFN. ,BO>G ?BHIBUBK Fj M>N_>@gegKgK ?BIHF AB EF_ DBIJBUB@BH LI>K ?FN JBO>Gg OLKOQV> H>A>N ?BHIBJBOFKF bKIBJBH F_FK SFDFJWF5JNFPVU() _>eNgIgN. SFDFJWF5JNFPVU() 'QK FIH M>N>JBPNBOF JBO>GgK BK C>VI> KB H>A>N ?BHIBKB@BeFKF ?FIAFNFN. #bKcj ABeBNF AB JBO>GgK L OcNB F_FKAB DBIFM DBIJBAFeFKF ?BIFNPFN: ,BO>G >IgKAgegKA> USVF , >IgKJ>AgegKA> FOB GBMTF ABeBNFAFN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE JldJ(5JE TBIJQ) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(3.TFDPOET); TBIJQ.TFOE("NFSIBCB"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&JldJ, UIJT5JE); XSJUFMO("NFTBK CFLMJZPSVN"); CPPM BMjOEj = GBMTF; XIJMF (!BMjOEj) \ BMjOEj = SFDFJWF5JNFPVU(600.NTFDT, (TUSJOH NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO("HFMEJ: ", NFTBK); ^); JG (!BMjOEj) \ XSJUFMO("... lJNEJMJL ZPL"); ^ /* ... CVSBEB CBlLB JlMFSF EFWBN FEJMFCJMJS ... */

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7QH>NgA>HF O>EFM, DBNBHBK JBO>Gg BK C>VI> 600 JFIFO>KFUB ?BHIFULN. ,BO>G L OcNB F_FKAB DBIJBVOB ?>jH> FjIBNFKB ABR>J BAB?FIFN: NFTBK CFLMJZPSVN ... mJNEJMJL ZPL ... mJNEJMJL ZPL ... mJNEJMJL ZPL ... mJNEJMJL ZPL HFMEJ: NFSIBCB ,BO>GgK ?BIFNIF OcNBABK QVQK OcNJBOF OLKQ@QKA> _BjFPIF AQNQJI>NA> ?>jH> H>N>NI>N A> RBNFIB?FIFN. [NKBeFK, JBO>G DB_ DBIAFeFKAB >NPgH ?FN >KI>Jg ULHPQN.

84.7

ORK723 /AP:/< 6/A/:/?

'>PgNI>U>@>egKgV DF?F, TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKcK _LeQ LI>K>eg DbNBRIBN OgN>OgKA> >PgI>K E>P>I>Ng U>H>I>N RB DbNBRIB FIDFIF ?FN OLKN>HF FjIBJ OgN>OgKA> PBHN>N >PJ>H cVBNB O>HI>N. !bUIB@B bNKBeFK ?FN DbNBRFK FjIBJBOF OgN>OgKA> >PgIJgj LI>K E>P> A>E> OLKN> ZJFME'PSDF() _>eNgIAgegKA> DbNBRF ?>jI>P>K P>N>CP> U>H>I>K>?FIFN: USZ \ HeSFW.ZJFME'PSDF(); ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ XSJUFGMO("HeSFW TjSBTjOEB CJS IBUB PMNVl: '%T'", IBUB.NTH); ^ TUE.DPODVSSFODZ DBKBI E>P> PcNIBNF HLKQOQKA> HLI>UIgH O>eI>J>V. PgI>K LI>Og ?FN E>P>KgK O>EFM Fj M>N_>@gegK> FIBPFIB?FIJBOF F_FK >_gH_> U>H>I>KJ>Og RB ?FN JBO>G E>IFKAB DbKABNFIJBOF DBNBHFN. !FN HLI>UIgH LI>N>H, ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFJFV DF?F, 0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE RB -JOL5FSNJOBUFE E>P>I>Ng JBO>G LI>N>H A> >IgK>?FIFNIBN. j>egA>HF IFTBQek() FjIBRF TUSJOH PcNcKAB JBO>GI>N >IgULN; LKI>Ng EPVCMF PcNcKB _BRFNFULN, 0.5 ABeBNFKF BHIFULN RB OLKQ@Q ?FN JBO>G LI>N>H DbKABNFULN: WPJE IFTBQdj(5JE TBIJQ) \ XIJMF (USVF) \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!TUSJOH(); TBIJQ.TFOE(UP!EPVCMF(NFTBK) + 0.5); ^ ^ 7QH>NgA>HF UP!EPVCMF() , "JBNE>?>" DF?F EPVCMF '> AbKcjPcNcIBJBUBK ?FN AFVDF FIB _>eNgIAgegKA> E>P> >P>N. PgI>K L E>P> IFTBQek() 'A>K EBJBK _gHgIJ>OgK> KBABK LI>@>egKA>K >j>egA>HF c_ JBO>GA>K U>IKgV@> ?FNFK@FOFKFK U>KgPg >IgK>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... WPJE NBJO()

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5JE IFTBQdj = TQBXO(&IFTBQdj, UIJT5JE); IFTBQdj.TFOE("1.2"); IFTBQdj.TFOE("NFSIBCB"); IFTBQdj.TFOE("3.4"); // n IBUBMj WFSJ

GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!EPVCMF(); XSJUFGMO("TPOVd %T: %T", J, NFTBK); ^

!Q UcVABK, O>EFM "1.2"KFK OLKQ@QKQ 1.7 LI>N>H >IgN >J> Fj_F OLKI>KJgj LIAQeQKA>K ?FN OLKN>HF JBO>Gg >I>J>V: TPOVe 0: 1.7 p IJe HFMNFZFDFL PMBO NFTBKk CFLMFZFSFL UBLkMkS 'BO>M_g Fj M>N_>@gegKgK ?Q HLKQA> U>M>?FIB@BeF ?FN jBU, HBKAF FjIBJIBNF OgN>OgKA> >PgI>?FIB@BH LI>K E>P>Ug USZ-DBUDI FIB U>H>I>J>H RB bVBI ?FN JBO>G LI>N>H FIBPJBHPFN. /NLDN>Jg E>P>KgK KBABKFKF ?FN )FTBQ)BUBTk KBOKBOF LI>N>H DbKABNB@BH jBHFIAB >j>egA> ABeFjPFNFULNQV. $H LI>N>H, Fj M>N_>@gegKgK OLKI>KJ>Og A> bVBI 4POMBO PcNc FIB O>eI>KgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; TUSVDU )FTBQ)BUBTj \ TUSJOH OFEFO; ^ TUSVDU 4POMBO \^ WPJE IFTBQdj(5JE TBIJQ) \ CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ SFDFJWF( (TUSJOH NFTBK) \ USZ \ TBIJQ.TFOE(UP!EPVCMF(NFTBK) + 0.5); ^ DBUDI (&YDFQUJPO IBUB) \ TBIJQ.TFOE()FTBQ)BUBTj(IBUB.NTH)); ^

^,

(4POMBO NFTBK) \ EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF; ^);

WPJE NBJO() \ 5JE IFTBQdj = TQBXO(&IFTBQdj, UIJT5JE); IFTBQdj.TFOE("1.2"); IFTBQdj.TFOE("NFSIBCB"); IFTBQdj.TFOE("3.4"); IFTBQdj.TFOE(4POMBO()); // n IBUBMj WFSJ

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GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 3) \ XSJUFG("TPOVd %T: ", J); SFDFJWF( (EPVCMF NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO(NFTBK); ^, ()FTBQ)BUBTj IBUB) \ XSJUFGMO(")"5"! '%T'", IBUB.OFEFO); ^);

'>P>KgK KBABKFKFK "N>H>J ?QIQK>J>Ag" >KI>JgK> DBIBK "KL AFDFPO OBBK" LIAQeQKQ ?Q OBCBN DbNB?FIFULNQV: TPOVe 0: 1.7 TPOVe 1: )"5"! 'OP EJHJUT TFFO' TPOVe 2: 3.9 !Q HLKQA> AFeBN ?FN UbKPBJ, Fj_FKFK U>H>I>Ageg E>P>KgK LIAQeQ DF?F O>EF?B DbKABNFIJBOFAFN. UKg E>P> O>EFM P>N>CgKA>K HQII>KgI>?FIB@BeF DF?F PBHN>N >PgI>?FIFN AB: // ... JldJ UBSBGUB ... USZ \ // ... ^ DBUDI (TIBSFE(&YDFQUJPO) IBUB) \ TBIJQ.TFOE(IBUB); ^^, // ... TBIJQ UBSBGUB ... SFDFJWF( // ... (TIBSFE(&YDFQUJPO) IBUB) \ UISPX IBUB; ^); 7QH>NgA>HF TIBSFE ?BIFNPB_IBNFKB KBABK DBNBH LIAQeQKQ ?FN OLKN>HF ?bIcJAB DbNB@BeFV.

84.8

OR >/?K/1P9:/?P<P< @=<:/<2P9:/?P<P /:5P:/;/9

fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng >Ig@g P>N>CgK EBNE>KDF ?FN KBABKIB OLKI>KJgj LIAQeQKQ >IDgI>U>?FIFNIBN.

84.8.1

0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE 6/A/@P
"1>EFM OLKI>KAg" >KI>JgK> DBIBK ?Q E>P> Fj_FKFK ?Q AQNQJA>K E>?BNFKFK LIJ>OgKg O>eI>N. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF >N>@g Fj M>N_>Og FHF JBO>G DbKABNAFHPBK OLKN> OLKI>KgULN. !QKQK OLKQ@QKA> Fj_F P>N>CP> ?FN 0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE E>P>Og >PgIgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&BSBDjilMFW); ^ WPJE BSBDjilMFW() \

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BVUP JldJ = TQBXO(&JldJilMFW); JldJ.TFOE(1); JldJ.TFOE(2); // n iLJ NFTBKEBO TPOSB TPOMBOjZPS.

WPJE JldJilMFW() \ XIJMF (USVF) \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!JOU(); // n 4BIJQ TPOMBONjlTB // IBUB BUjMjS. XSJUFMO(".FTBK: ", NFTBK); ^ ^ ZgHPgOg: .FTBK: 1 .FTBK: 2 TUE.DPODVSSFODZ.0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE!TUE/DPODVSSFODZ.E(248): 0XOFS UFSNJOBUFE fOPBKAFeFKAB L E>P> Fj_F P>N>CgKA>K U>H>I>K>?FIFN RB ?bUIB@B Fj_FKFK AB E>P>OgV LI>N>H OLKI>KJ>Og O>eI>K>?FIFN: WPJE JldJilMFW() \ CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ USZ \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!JOU(); XSJUFMO(".FTBK: ", NFTBK); ^ DBUDI (0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE IBUB) \ XSJUFMO("4BIJCJN TPOMBONjl."); EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF; ^

ZgHPgOg: .FTBK: 1 .FTBK: 2 4BIJCJN TPOMBONkm. !Q E>P>KgK JBO>G LI>N>H A> >IgK>?FIB@BeFKF ?FN>V >j>egA> DbNB@BeFV.
84.8.2

-JOL5FSNJOBUFE 6/A/@P
TQBXO-JOLFE() FIB ?>jI>PgIJgj LI>K ?FN Fj M>N_>@geg OLKI>KAgegKA> O>EF?FK P>N>CgKA> -JOL5FSNJOBUFE E>P>Og >PgIgN. TQBXO-JOLFE() , TQBXO() FIB >UKg ?F_FJAB HQII>KgIgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP JldJ = TQBXO-JOLFE(&JldJilMFW, UIJT5JE); XIJMF (USVF) \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!JOU(); // n ildJ TPOMBONjlTB

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XSJUFMO(".FTBK: ", NFTBK);

//

IBUB BUjMjS.

WPJE JldJilMFW(5JE TBIJQ) \ TBIJQ.TFOE(10); TBIJQ.TFOE(20); ^ // n iLJ NFTBKEBO TPOSB TPOMBOjZPS. fj_F U>IKgV@> FHF JBO>G DbKABNAFHPBK OLKN> OLKI>KgULN. fj_FOFKF TQBXO-JOLFE() FIB ?>jI>PJgj LIAQeQ F_FK O>EFM ?Q AQNQJQ ?FN -JOL5FSNJOBUFE E>P>Og FIB beNBKFN: .FTBK: 10 .FTBK: 20 TUE.DPODVSSFODZ.-JOL5FSNJOBUFE!TUE/DPODVSSFODZ.E(263): -JOL UFSNJOBUFE 0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE E>P>OgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F ?Q E>P> A> U>H>I>K>?FIFN RB O>EFM AB ?Q AQNQJA> AcVBKIF LI>N>H OLKI>K>?FIFN: CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ USZ \ BVUP NFTBK = SFDFJWF0OMZ!JOU(); XSJUFMO(".FTBK: ", NFTBK); ^ DBUDI (-JOL5FSNJOBUFE IBUB) \ XSJUFMO("ildJ TPOMBONjl."); EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF; ^

^ ZgHPgOg:

.FTBK: 10 .FTBK: 20 jmeJ TPOMBONkm. !Q E>P> JBO>G LI>N>H A> >IgK>?FIFN.

84.8.3

/A/:/?P ;3@/8 =:/?/9 /:;/9

0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE RB -JOL5FSNJOBUFE E>P>I>Ng H>Njg P>N>CP> JBO>G LI>N>H A> >IgK>?FIFNIBN. j>egA>HF HLA ?QKQ 0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE E>P>Og cVBNFKAB DbOPBNFULN: CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ SFDFJWF( (JOU NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO(".FTBK: ", NFTBK); ^, (0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE IBUB) \ XSJUFMO("4BIJQ TPOMBONjl; djLjZPSVN."); EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF;

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);

84.9

&=@A/ 9BAB@B EL<3A7;7

fj M>N_>@gHI>NgK> DbKABNFIBK JBO>GI>N EBN Fj M>N_>@gegK> bVBI ?FN MLOP> HQPQOQKA> AQNQNI>N. /LOP> HQPQOQKA>HF JBO>GI>NgK O>UgOg >Ig@gKgK JBO>GI>Ng FjIBUFj EgVgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H V>J>KI> >NP>?FIFN RB >V>I>?FIFN. /LOP> HQPQOQKQK >jgNg ?cUcJBOF EBJ OFOPBJ ?BIIBeFKB C>VI> UcH DBPFNFN EBJ AB MNLDN>JgK P>O>NgJgKA>HF ?FN E>P>U> Fj>NBP BABN. /LOP> HQPQOQKQK OcNBHIF LI>N>H ?cUcJBOF ?>Vg JBO>GI>NgK EF_?FN V>J>K >IgK>J>U>@>HI>NgKg A> DbOPBNFULN LI>?FIFN. /LOP> HQPQOQKQK QVQKIQeQ TFU.BY.BJMCPY4J[F() FjIBRF FIB HgOgPI>KgN. !Q FjIBRFK FIH M>N>JBPNBOF E>KDF Fj M>N_>@gegK> >FP MLOP> HQPQOQKQK HgOgPI>KJ>HP> LIAQeQKQ, FHFK@F M>N>JBPNBOF MLOP> HQPQOQKQK BK C>VI> H>_ JBO>G >I>?FIB@BeFKF, c_cK@c M>N>JBPNBOF AB MLOP> HQPQOQ ALIQ LIAQeQKA> KB LI>@>egKg ?BIFNIBN. \_cK@c M>N>JBPNB F_FK AbNP OB_BKBH R>NAgN: x 0O$SPXEJOH.CMPDL : &bKABNBK P>N>C MLOP> HQPQOQKA> UBN >_gI>K> H>A>N ?BHIBN. x 0O$SPXEJOH.JHOPSF : ,BO>G DbV>NAg BAFIFN. x 0O$SPXEJOH.UISPX&YDFQUJPO : ,BO>G DbKABNFIFNHBK .BJMCPY'VMM E>P>Og >PgIgN. x CPPM GVODUJPO(5JE) PcNcKAB FjIBR DbOPBNDBOF: !BIFNPFIBK FjIBR _>eNgIgN. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK bK@B MLOP> HQPQOQKQK OcNBHIF LI>N>H ?cUcJBOFKF O>eI>U>IgJ. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF Fj_F EF_ V>J>K DB_FNJBABK >NP >NA> JBO>G DbKABNAFeF E>IAB O>EFM Fj M>N_>@geg EBN JBO>G F_FK ?FN O>KFUB V>J>K E>N@>J>HP>AgN: /* 6:"3*: #V QSPHSBN dBMjljSLFO TJTUFNJOJ[ BljSj EFSFDFEF * ZBWBlMBZBCJMJS. */ JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE JldJilMFW(5JE TBIJQ) \ XIJMF (USVF) \ TBIJQ.TFOE(42); ^ ^

// n 4fSFLMJ PMBSBL NFTBK fSFUJZPS.

WPJE NBJO() \ TQBXO(&JldJilMFW, UIJT5JE); XIJMF (USVF) \ SFDFJWF( (JOU NFTBK) \ // )FS NFTBKEB [BNBO HFdJSJZPS. 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.TFDPOET); ^); ^

,BO>GI>Ng PcHBPBK P>N>C cNBPBK P>N>CP>K U>R>j H>IAgeg F_FK UQH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK HQII>KAgeg ?BIIBH OcNBHIF LI>N>H >NP>@>HPgN. !QKQK bKcKB DB_JBH F_FK >K> Fj M>N_>@gegKgK MLOP> HQPQOQ A>E> Fj_F ?>jI>PgIJ>A>K bK@B ?BIFNIF ?FN JBO>G O>UgOg FIB HgOgPI>K>?FIFN: WPJE NBJO() \ TFU.BY.BJMCPY4J[F(UIJT5JE, 1000, 0O$SPXEJOH.CMPDL); TQBXO(&JldJilMFW, UIJT5JE);

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// ... ^ 7QH>NgA>HF TFU.BY.BJMCPY4J[F() _>eNgOg >K> Fj M>N_>@gegKgK MLOP> HQPQOQKQK QVQKIQeQKQ 1000 FIB HgOgPI>J>HP>AgN. 0O$SPXEJOH.CMPDL , DbKABNBK P>N>CgK JBO>G> UBN >_gI>K> H>A>N ?BHIBJBOFKB KBABK LIQN. 0O$SPXEJOH.UISPX&YDFQUJPO HQII>KgI>K >j>egA>HF bNKBHPB FOB JBO>Gg DbKABNBK P>N>C MLOP> HQPQOQKQK ALIQ LIAQeQKQ >PgI>K .BJMCPY'VMM E>P>OgKA>K >KI>J>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE JldJilMFW(5JE TBIJQ) \ XIJMF (USVF) \ USZ \ TBIJQ.TFOE(42); ^ DBUDI (.BJMCPY'VMM IBUB) \ /* (eOEFSFNFEJN; CJSB[ TPOSB UFLSBS EFOFSJN. */ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.NTFDT); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ TFU.BY.BJMCPY4J[F(UIJT5JE, 1000, 0O$SPXEJOH.UISPX&YDFQUJPO); TQBXO(&JldJilMFW, UIJT5JE); XIJMF (USVF) \ SFDFJWF( (JOU NFTBK) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.TFDPOET); ^); ^

84.10

I<13:79:7 ;3@/8:/?
QSJPSJUZ4FOE() FIB DbKABNFIBK JBO>GI>N bK@BIFHIFAFN. !Q JBO>GI>N MLOP> HQPQOQKA> ?BHIBJBHPB LI>K JBO>GI>NA>K A>E> bK@B >IgKgNI>N: QSJPSJUZ4FOE(TBIJQ, aOFNMJ.FTBK(100)); Ig@g P>N>CP> QSJPSJUZ4FOE() FIB DbKABNFIJFj LI>K JBO>GgK PcNcKc ?BHIBUBK JBO>G@g FjIBR ULHO> 1SJPSJUZ.FTTBHF&YDFQUJPO E>P>Og >PgIgN: TUE.DPODVSSFODZ.1SJPSJUZ.FTTBHF&YDFQUJPO!TUE/DPODVSSFODZ.E(280): 1SJPSJUZ NFTTBHF

84.11

OR >/?K/1PNP 7@7;:3?7
iFJAFUB H>A>N HQII>KAgegJgV ?>OFP bNKBHIBNAB O>EFM RB Fj_FKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKFK HFJIFHIBNFKF HLI>U@> BAFKAFHIBNFKF DbNAcH. ZLH O>UgA> Fj M>N_>@gegKgK DbNBR >IAgeg MNLDN>JI>NA> FOB Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK 5JE ABeBNIBNFKF ?FN?FNIBNFKF P>KgOgKI>N AFUB BIABK BIB DB_FNJBH H>NJ>jgH LI>?FIFN. !QKQK bKcKB DB_JBH F_FK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgK> ?cPcK MNLDN>J AcVBUFKAB FOFJIBN >P>K>?FIFN.

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j>egA>HF c_ FjIBR ?cPcK Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIB?FIBK ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ DF?F AcjcKcIB?FIFNIBN: x SFHJTUFS() : fj M>N_>@gegKg ?FN FOFJIB BjIBjPFNFN. x MPDBUF() : !BIFNPFIBK FOJB H>NjgIgH DBIBK Fj M>N_>@gegKg AbKAcNcN. . FOJB H>NjgIgH DBIBK Fj M>N_>@geg ULHO> 5JE.JOJU ABeBNFKF AbKAcNcN. x VOSFHJTUFS() : fj M>N_>@geg FIB FOJFK FIFjHFOFKF H>IAgNgN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J ?FN?FNIBNFKF FOFJIBNFUIB ?QI>K FHF Bj Fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>PgULN. !Q Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng OLKI>KJ>I>NgKg ?FIAFNBK 4POMBO JBO>GgKg >I>K> H>A>N ?FN?FNIBNFKB JBO>G DbKABNFULNI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; TUSVDU 4POMBO \^ WPJE NBJO() \ // &lJOJO JTNJ "JLJODJ" PMBO CJS Jl QBSdBDjhj BVUP CJSJODJ = TQBXO(&PZVODV, "JLJODJ"); SFHJTUFS("CJSJODJ", CJSJODJ); TDPQF(FYJU) VOSFHJTUFS("CJSJODJ"); // &lJOJO JTNJ "CJSJODJ" PMBO CJS Jl QBSdBDjhj BVUP JLJODJ = TQBXO(&PZVODV, "CJSJODJ"); SFHJTUFS("JLJODJ", JLJODJ); TDPQF(FYJU) VOSFHJTUFS("JLJODJ"); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(2.TFDPOET); QSJPSJUZ4FOE(CJSJODJ, 4POMBO()); QSJPSJUZ4FOE(JLJODJ, 4POMBO());

WPJE PZVODV(TUSJOH FliTNJ) \ 5JE Fl; XIJMF (Fl == 5JE.JOJU) \ 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(1.NTFDT); Fl = MPDBUF(FliTNJ); ^ CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; XIJMF (EFWBN@Nj) \ Fl.TFOE("NFSIBCB " _ FliTNJ); SFDFJWF( (TUSJOH NFTBK) \ XSJUFMO(".FTBK: ", NFTBK); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(500.NTFDT); ^, (4POMBO NFTBK) \ XSJUFGMO("%T, CFO djLjZPSVN.", FliTNJ); EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF; ^);

ZgHPgOg:

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.FTBK: NFSIBCB CJSJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB JLJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB CJSJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB JLJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB CJSJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB JLJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB JLJODJ .FTBK: NFSIBCB CJSJODJ CJSJODJ, CFO ekLkZPSVN. JLJODJ, CFO ekLkZPSVN.

84.12

IF3A
x fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIg LIJ>AgHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA> ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJcK HLKQOQ LI>K TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKcK OQKAQeQ =AXFE BCA9C3?>3?3JV UBeIBUFK. K@>H Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIg LIAQHI>NgKA> TUE.DPODVSSFODZ 'KFK OQKAQeQ 7X K3?3@>V BCA9C3?>3?3JV AcjcKcK. x 4BNF M>UI>jgJg _BjFPIF MNLDN>J E>P>I>NgK> >_gH LIAQeQKA>K Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> DBN_BHPBK DBNBHPFeFKAB ?Q ?bIcJcK HLKQOQ LI>K JBO>GI>jJ>Ug UBeIBUFK. TQBXO() RB TQBXO-JOLFE() Fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>PgN. UIJT5JE ?Q Fj M>N_>@gegKgK HFJIFeFAFN. TFOE() RB QSJPSJUZ4FOE() JBO>G DbKABNFN. SFDFJWF0OMZ() , SFDFJWF() RB SFDFJWF5JNFPVU() JBO>G ?BHIBN. 7BSJBOU EBN JBO>G> QU>N. TFU.BY.BJMCPY4J[F() MLOP> HQPQOQKQK ?cUcHIcecKc HgOgPI>N. SFHJTUFS() , VOSFHJTUFS() RB MPDBUF() Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg FOFJIB HQII>KJ> LI>K>eg O>eI>N. ,BO>GI>jJ> OgN>OgKA> E>P> >PgI>?FIFN: .FTTBHF.JTNBUDI , 0XOFS5FSNJOBUFE , -JOL5FSNJOBUFE , .BJMCPY'VMM RB 1SJPSJUZ.FTTBHF&YDFQUJPO . x 1>EFM, Fj_FABK >PgI>K E>P>I>Ng LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H U>H>I>U>J>V. x x x x x x x x

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85

+3?7 &/E:/R/?/9 ER -/;/<:P &?=5?/;:/;/

!FN bK@BHF ?bIcJABHF UbKPBJIBN Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK JBO>GI>j>N>H ?FIDF >Igj RBNFjFKAB ?QIQKJ>I>NgKg O>eIgULNAQ. #>E> bK@B AB ObUIBAFeFJ DF?F, MNLDN>JgK ALeNQ _>IgjJ>Og >_gOgKA> DcRBKIF LI>K UbKPBJ LAQN. #FeBN UbKPBJ, Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK >UKg RBNFIBNB ALeNQA>K BNFjJBIBNFKB A>U>KgN. fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng >UKg RBNFUF ALeNQA>K LHQU>?FIFNIBN RB ABeFjPFNB?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK O>EFM, Fj_FUF CPPM ?FN ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOF FIB ?>jI>P>?FIFN RB Fj_F AB OLKI>KgM OLKI>KJ>U>@>egKg ALeNQA>K L ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF LHQU>N>H >KI>U>?FIFN. !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, O>EFM ?FN H>_ P>KB Fj M>N_>@gegKg EBO>MI>NgKgK OLKQ_I>NgKg BHIBUB@BHIBNF ?FN ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOF FIB ?>jI>P>?FIFN RB Fj_FIBN AB L ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF ALeNQA>K >NPPgN>?FIFNIBN. 4BNF M>UI>jgJgKgK DcRBKIF LIJ>J>OgKgK ?FN KBABKF, Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK RBNFUF LHQNHBK RB ABeFjPFNFNHBK ?FN?FNIBNFKABK E>?BNOFV@B U>Ngj E>IFKAB LIJ>I>NgAgN (N>@B @LKAFPFLK). fjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg KB V>J>K AQN>HO>P>@>eg RB KB V>J>K PBHN>N ?>jI>P>@>eg HLKQOQKA> EF_?FN P>EJFKAB ?QIQKQI>J>U>@>egKA>K MNLDN>JgK A>RN>Kgjg ?Q UcVABK j>jgNPg@g ABNB@BAB H>NJ>jgH LI>?FIFN. '>PP>, RBNF M>UI>jgJgK> A>U>K>K Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>NgK ALeNQIQHI>NgKgK H>KgPI>K>J>U>@>HI>Ng H>KgPI>K>?FIFN. !Q ?>jIgH >IPgKA> HQII>K>@>egJ bNKBHIBNF C>VI>@> ?>OFP RB >KI>JOgV ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. !QK> N>eJBK, RBNF M>UI>jgJgKgK ?QN>A> DbNB@BeFJFV O>HgK@>I>Ng DBN_BH MNLDN>JI>NA> A> ?QIQKQN.

85.1

&/E:/RP; =A=;/A79 23N7:27?

ZLeQ AFIFK PBNOFKB, #'AB Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng RBNFIBNF >_gH_> M>UI>j>J>VI>N. [NKBeFK, OLKI>KJ>OgKg ?FIAFNJBH F_FK Fj_FUB CPPM PcNcKABHF ?FN ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOFKF DbKABNJBUB _>Igj>K >j>egA>HF HLA #'AB ABNIBKBJBV: JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; WPJE JldJ(CPPM * EFWBN@Nj) \ XIJMF (*EFWBN@Nj) \ // ... ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ CPPM EFWBN@Nj = USVF; TQBXO(&JldJ, &EFWBN@Nj); // ... // %BIB TPOSB JldJ'OJO TPOMBONBTjOj TBhMBNBL JdJO EFWBN@Nj = GBMTF; ^ // ...

// n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

TUE.DPODVSSFODZ JLAcIcKABHF ?FN TUBUJD BTTFSU , ?FN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK ABeFjB?FIBK (JQP>?IB) RBNFOFKB ?>jH> Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K BNFjFIJBOFKF BKDBIIBN: TSD/QIPCPT/TUE/DPODVSSFODZ.E(329): &SSPS: TUBUJD BTTFSU ""MJBTFT UP NVUBCMF UISFBE-MPDBM EBUB OPU BMMPXFE." NBJO() F_FKABHF EFWBN@Nk ABeFjB?FIBK ?FN RBNF LIAQeQKA>K LK> BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K >ANBOF EF_?FN Fj M>N_>@gegK> DB_FNFIBJBV.

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[PB U>KA>K, ABeFjJBV RBNFIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKF Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgK> DB_FNJBHPB ?FN O>HgK@> ULHPQN _cKHc L RBNFIBN EF_ ABeFjJBAFHIBNFKABK RBNFKFK ABeBNF HLKQOQKA> E>P> LI>J>V: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE JldJ(JNNVUBCMF(JOU) * WFSJ) \ XSJUFMO("WFSJ: ", *WFSJ); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF JOU CJMHJ = 42; TQBXO(&JldJ, &CJMHJ); ^ UISFBE@KPJO"MM();

// n EFSMFOJS

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J ?Q OBCBN ABNIBKFN RB ?BHIBKBK _gHPgUg cNBPFN: WFSJ: 42 CJMHJ 'KFK U>j>Jg NBJO() FIB OgKgNIg LIAQeQKA>K, LK> BNFjJBHPB LI>K Fj M>N_>@geg OLKI>KJ>A>K NBJO() 'ABK _gHgIJ>J>IgAgN. /NLDN>JgK OLKQKA> _>eNgI>K DPSF.UISFBE.UISFBE@KPJO"MM() , Fj_FIBNFK P>J>JI>KJ>I>NgKg ?BHIBN. NBJO() 'ABK _gHgIJ>Og ?bUIB@B BKDBIIBKAFeF F_FK CJMHJ ABeFjHBKF JmeJ() FjIBAFeF OcNB@B DB_BNIF H>I>@>HPgN.

85.2

+3?7 >/E:/R;/9 7K7< TIBSFE

&BNBHPFeFKAB, ABeFjB?FIBK RBNFIBN AB M>UI>jgI>?FIFNIBN. !Q AQNQJA> MNLDN>JgK A>RN>KgjgKgK ALeNQIQeQKQ O>eI>J>H MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQKA>AgN. .NP>HI>j> BNFjFIB@BH LI>K RBNFIBNFK TIBSFE ?BIFNPB@FUIB P>KgJI>KJ>I>Ng UBPBNIFAFN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng FHF ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOIBNFKF >IgULNI>N RB L ABeFjHBKIBNFK ABeBNIBNFKF ABeFj PLHQj BAFULNI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE EFhJl5PLVldV(TIBSFE(JOU) * CJSJODJ, TIBSFE(JOU) * JLJODJ) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 10@000) \ JOU HFdJDJ = *JLJODJ; *JLJODJ = *CJSJODJ; *CJSJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TIBSFE JOU J = 1; TIBSFE JOU K = 2; XSJUFGMO("eODF : %T WF %T", J, K); GPSFBDI (BEFU; 0 .. 10) \ TQBXO(&EFhJl5PLVldV, &J, &K); ^ // #fUfO JlMFNMFSJO CJUNFTJOJ CFLMJZPSV[ UISFBE@KPJO"MM();

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XSJUFGMO("TPOSB: %T WF %T", J, K);

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J >NPgH ABNIBKFN >J> U>KIgj _>IgjgN. /NLDN>JA> 10 P>KB Fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>PgIgULN. 'BMOF AB NBJO() F_FKABHF J RB K FOFJIF >UKg ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjPFHIBNFKABK C>NHgKA> LIJ>A>K ?FN?FNIBNFKFK FjIBNFKF ?LVQULNI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF PLMI>J ABeFj PLHQj >ABAF 10 _>NMg 10 ?FKAFN. !Q ABeBN ?FN _FCP O>Ug LIAQeQKA>K, J 'KFK RB K 'KFK ABeBNIBNFKFK MNLDN>J OLKQKA> UFKB ?>jI>KDg_P>HF DF?F 1 RB 2 LIJ>I>NgKg ?BHIBNFV: eODF : 1 WF 2 TPOSB: 1 WF 2

n CFLMFOFO TPOVd

/NLDN>J C>NHIg V>J>KI>NA> RB LNP>JI>NA> DBN_BHPBK AB L OLKQ@Q cNBPB?FIFN >J> >j>egA>HF U>KIgj OLKQ_I>NgK LI>OgIgeg A>E> UcHOBHPFN: fODF : 1 WF 2 TPOSB: 1 WF 1

p ZBOMkm TPOVe

fODF : 1 WF 2 TPOSB: 2 WF 2

p ZBOMkm TPOVe

!>jH> V>J>KI>NA> OLKQ_ "2 RB 1" AB _gH>?FIFN. !QKQK KBABKFKF RB ! LI>N>H FOFJIBKAFNB@BeFJFV U>IKgV@> FHF Fj M>N_>@gegKgK FjIBUFjFUIB ?FIB >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJF Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg ?BIFNOFV V>J>KI>NA> AQN>HO>PgM PBHN>N ?>jI>PPgeg F_FK ?Q FHF Fj M>N_>@geg, RBNFIBNF ?FN?FNIBNFKABK E>?BNOFV LI>N>H >j>egA>HF ?F_FJAB ABeFjPFNB?FIFNIBN. J 'KFK 1 RB K 'KFK 2 LIAQHI>Ng AQNQJ> ?>H>IgJ. UKg EFiJm5PLVmeV() FjIBRFKF FjIBPPFHIBNF E>IAB RB ! Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK UBNBI HFeJDJ ABeFjHBKIBNF C>NHIgAgN. UgNP BAB?FIJBH F_FK LKI>Ng >j>egA> DB_F@F RB DB_F@F! LI>N>H ?BIFNPFULNQJ. 'BN FHF Fj M>N_>@gegKgK FjIBPPFeg >UKg 3 O>PgNIgH HLAQK V>J>K FIBNIBAFH_B K>OgI FjIBPFIAFHIBNFKF UQH>NgA>K >j>egU> ALeNQ DbOPBNFULNQJ: 1 KQJ>N>Ig FjIBJ FIH FjIBJ, 6 KQJ>N>Ig FjIBJ AB OLK FjIBJ. 'BN FjIBJAB J RB K 'ABK E>KDFOFKFK ABeFjPFeFKF AB O>NgUI> Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: ;BNBO 1: 2: il QBSdBDjhj " JOU HFdJDJ = *JLJODJ; (HFdJDJ"==2) *JLJODJ = *CJSJODJ; (J==1, K==1) il QBSdBDjhj #

(" EVSBLTBUjMNjl WF # CBlMBUjMNjl PMTVO) 3: 4: JOU HFdJDJ = *JLJODJ; (HFdJDJ#==1) *JLJODJ = *CJSJODJ; (J==1, K==1) (# EVSBLTBUjMNjl WF " UFLSBS CBlMBUjMNjl PMTVO) 5: *CJSJODJ = HFdJDJ; (J==2, K==1)

(" EVSBLTBUjMNjl WF # UFLSBS CBlMBUjMNjl PMTVO) 6: *CJSJODJ = HFdJDJ; (J==1, K==1)

&bNcIAcec DF?F, EBJ J EBJ AB K 1 ABeBNFKF >IJgjI>NAgN. ABeBN >IJ>I>Ng JcJHcK ABeFIAFN.

NPgH MNLDN>JgK OLKQK> H>A>N ?>jH>

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7QH>NgA>HF FjIBJ OgN>I>Ng ?Q MNLDN>JA>HF E>P>Ug >_gHI>J>U> UBPBK U>IKgV@> ?FN AQNQJAQN. .KQK UBNFKB 10 Fj M>N_>@gegKgK BPHFIBjFJIBNFKABK LIQj>K _LH O>UgA> ?>jH> H>NJ>jgH AQNQJ A> AcjcKcIB?FIFN.

85.3

+3?7 9=?B;/9 7K7< TZODISPOJ[FE

7QH>NgA>HF E>P>Ig AQNQJ, >UKg RBNFKFK ?FNABK C>VI> Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K LHQKJ>Og RB U>VgIJ>Og KBABKFUIB LIQjJ>HP>AgN. !Q PcN E>P>I>Ng bKIBJBKFK ULIQ, ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> U>IKgV@> PBH Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K FjIBPFIJBOF DBNBHBK HLA ?ILeQKQ TZODISPOJ[FE LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBJBHPFN. 7>MgI>@>H PBH ABeFjFHIFH MNLDN>JgK >NPgH ALeNQ OLKQ_ cNBPJBOF F_FK UBPBNIFAFN: GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 10@000) \ TZODISPOJ[FE \ JOU HFdJDJ = *JLJODJ; *JLJODJ = *CJSJODJ; *CJSJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ ^ ZgHPgOg: fODF : 1 WF 2 TPOSB: 1 WF 2

p EPiSV TPOVe

TZODISPOJ[FE , FOFJOFV ?FN HFIFP LIQjPQNQN RB ?Q HFIFAF ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> U>IKgV@> PBH Fj M>N_>@gegK> RBNFN. 7QH>NgA>HF HLA ?ILeQ A> ?Q O>UBAB ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> PBH Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K FjIBPFIFN RB J RB K 'KFK ABeBNIBNF EBN OBCBNFKAB ALeNQ LI>N>H ABeFj PLHQj BAFIJFj LIQN. #BeFjHBKIBN MNLDN>JgK _>IgjJ>Og OgN>OgKA> U> "1 RB 2" U> A> "2 RB 1" AQNQJQKA>AgNI>N. *QII>K>@>eg HFIFP RBU> HFIFPIBN TZODISPOJ[FE '> >_gH_> A> RBNFIB?FIFN. !Q, ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> ?FNABK C>VI> ?ILHP>K U>IKgV@> ?FNFOFKFK FjIBJBOFKF O>eI>N. !QKQK ?FN bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK >j>egA>HF MNLDN>J> ?>H>IgJ. !Q MNLDN>JA> M>UI>jgI>K RBNFUF ABeFjPFNBK FHF HLA ?ILeQ ?QIQKQULN. !Q ?ILHI>Ng JOU PcNcKABHF >UKg ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOF FIB _>egN>@>egV. !FNFOF ?Q ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNFKF >NPPgN>@>H, AFeBNF FOB >V>IP>@>H: WPJE BSUUjSjDj(TIBSFE(JOU) * EFhFS) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 1000) \ ++(*EFhFS); ^ ^ WPJE B[BMUjDj(TIBSFE(JOU) * EFhFS) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 1000) \ --(*EFhFS); ^ ^ UKg RBNFUF ABeFjPFNAFHIBNF F_FK ?Q FHF ?ILeQK A> TZODISPOJ[FE LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBIBNF AcjcKcIB?FIFN, >K@>H UBPBNIF LIJ>V. !Q ?ILHI>N C>NHIg LIAQHI>NgKA>K EBN ?FNFOF C>NHIg ?FN HFIFP FIB HLNQK>@>HPgN RB ABeFjHBKFK PBH Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIJBOF UFKB O>eI>K>J>U>@>HPgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE BSUUjSjDj(TIBSFE(JOU) * EFhFS) \

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GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 1000) \ TZODISPOJ[FE \ // n CV LJMJU BlBhjEBLJOEFO GBSLMjEjS ++(*EFhFS); ^ ^

WPJE B[BMUjDj(TIBSFE(JOU) * EFhFS) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 1000) \ TZODISPOJ[FE \ // n CV LJMJU ZVLBSjEBLJOEFO GBSLMjEjS --(*EFhFS); ^ ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TIBSFE JOU PSUBL = 0; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 100) \ TQBXO(&BSUUjSjDj, &PSUBL); TQBXO(&B[BMUjDj, &PSUBL); ^ UISFBE@KPJO"MM(); XSJUFMO("TPO EFhFSJ: ", PSUBL);

$jFP O>UgA> >NPPgNg@g RB >V>IPg@g Fj M>N_>@geg ?>jI>PgIJgj LIAQeQKA>K PSUBL FOFJIF ABeFjHBKFK OLK ABeBNFKFK OgCgN LIJ>OgKg ?BHIBNFV >J> ?cUcH LI>OgIgHI> OgCgNA>K C>NHIg _gH>N: TPO EFiFSJ: -3325 p TkGkS EFiJM

%>NHIg ?ILHI>NgK >UKg HFIFAF (RBU> HFIFPIBNF) M>UI>jJ>I>Ng F_FK HFIFAFK (RBU> HFIFPIBNFK) TZODISPOJ[FE '> M>N>KPBV F_FKAB ?FIAFNFIJBOF DBNBHFN: TZODISPOJ[FE (kilit_nesnesi, ba+ka_kilit_nesnesi, ...) #'AB bVBI ?FN HFIFP KBOKBOF ULHPQN, EBNE>KDF ?FN OgKgC PcNcKcK EBNE>KDF ?FN KBOKBOF HFIFP LI>N>H HQII>KgI>?FIFN. 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK >UKg HFIFAF HQII>KJ>I>Ng F_FK NBJO() F_FKAB ?FN KBOKB LIQjPQNQI>?FIFN RB Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgK> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H L DbKABNFIB?FIFN. /NLDN>JgK ABeFjBK UBNIBNFKF Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPODVSSFODZ; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; DMBTT ,JMJU \^ WPJE BSUUjSjDj(TIBSFE(JOU) * EFhFS, TIBSFE ,JMJU LJMJU) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 1000) \ TZODISPOJ[FE (LJMJU) \ ++(*EFhFS); ^ ^ ^ WPJE B[BMUjDj(TIBSFE(JOU) * EFhFS, TIBSFE ,JMJU LJMJU) \ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 1000) \ TZODISPOJ[FE (LJMJU) \ --(*EFhFS);

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WPJE NBJO() \ TIBSFE ,JMJU LJMJU = OFX TIBSFE(,JMJU)(); TIBSFE JOU PSUBL = 0; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. 100) \ TQBXO(&BSUUjSjDj, &PSUBL, LJMJU); TQBXO(&B[BMUjDj, &PSUBL, LJMJU); ^ UISFBE@KPJO"MM(); XSJUFMO("TPO EFhFSJ: ", PSUBL);

!cPcK Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng NBJO() F_FKAB P>KgJI>KJgj LI>K >UKg HFIFAF HQII>KAgHI>NgKA>K ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> ?Q FHF TZODISPOJ[FE ?ILeQKA>K U>IKgV@> ?FN P>KBOF FjIBPFIFN RB OLKQ_ ?BHIBKAFeF DF?F OgCgN _gH>N: TPO EFiFSJ: 0 p EPiSV TPOVe

!Q ABNOF U>VAgegJ OgN>A> HQII>KAgegJ AJA 2.058, #'KFK RBNF M>UI>jgJgK> A>U>K>K Bj V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> LI>K>HI>NgKgK EBMOFKF ABOPBHIBJFULN. !Q LI>K>HI>NA>K ?>VgI>NgKg C>VI> >UNgKPgU> DFNJBABK DbOPBNB@BeFJ. 1gKgC PcNIBNF TZODISPOJ[FE LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKB?FIFNIBN. !QKQK >KI>Jg, L PcNcK ?cPcK cUB FjIBRIBNFKFK L PcNcK ?BIFNIF ?FN KBOKBOF FIB FC>AB BAFIBK >UKg HFIFAF HQII>K>@>HI>NgAgN: TZODISPOJ[FE DMBTT 4jOjG \ WPJE GPP() \ // ... ^ WPJE CBS() \ // ... ^

TZODISPOJ[FE LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKBK PcNIBNFK ?cPcK cUB FjIBRIBNF KBOKBKFK HBKAFOFKF HFIFP LI>N>H HQII>KgNI>N. 7QH>NgA>HF OgKgCgK BjABeBNF >j>egA>HF OgKgCPgN: DMBTT 4jOjG \ WPJE GPP() \ TZODISPOJ[FE (UIJT) \ // ... ^ ^ WPJE CBS() \ TZODISPOJ[FE (UIJT) \ // ... ^ ^

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!FNABK C>VI> KBOKBKFK HFIFPIBKJBOF DBNBHPFeFKAB ?cPcK KBOKBIBN >UKg TZODISPOJ[FE ABUFJFKB U>VgIJ>IgAgNI>N. HOF P>HPFNAB C>NHIg Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng C>NHIg KBOKBIBNFK HFIFPIBNFKF BIB DB_FNJFj LI>?FIB@BHIBNFKABK, OLKOQV> H>A>N ?FN?FNIBNFKF ?BHIBUBNBH P>HgIgM H>I>?FIFNIBN. !QKQK P>KgKJgj ?FN bNKBeF, ?FN ?>KH> EBO>?gKA>K AFeBNFKB M>N> >HP>N>K FjIBRAFN. !bUIB ?FN FjIBJFK E>P>OgV DBN_BHIBjJBOF F_FK EBN FHF ?>KH> EBO>?gKgK A> HFIFPIBKJBOFKFK DBNBHB@BeF >_gHPgN. !Q AQNQJA> UQH>NgA> DbNAcecJcV TZODISPOJ[FE HQII>KgJgKg >j>egA>HF DF?F QUDQI>J>H E>P>Ig LIQN: WPJE QBSB"LUBS(TIBSFE #BOLB)FTBCj LJNEFO, TIBSFE #BOLB)FTBCj LJNF) \ TZODISPOJ[FE (LJNEFO) \ // n )"5"-* TZODISPOJ[FE (LJNF) \ // ... ^ ^ ^ 7>KIgjIgegK KBABKFKF jbUIB ?>OFP ?FN AQNQJI> >_gHI>U>?FIFNFV: !FN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK EBO>?gKA>K ! EBO>?gK> M>N> >HP>NAgegKg, ?>jH> ?FN Fj M>N_>@gegKgK A> ! EBO>?gKA>K EBO>?gK> M>N> >HP>NAgegKg AcjcKBIFJ. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKFK Fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKg ?BIFNOFV V>J>KI>NA> AQN>HO>PJ>Og OLKQ@QKA>; LJNEFO LI>N>H EBO>?gKg FjIBJBHPB LI>K Fj M>N_>@geg KBOKBOFKF, LJNEFO LI>N>H ! KBOKBOFKF FjIBJBHPB LI>K Fj M>N_>@geg A> ! KBOKBOFKF HFIFPIBJFj LI>?FIFN. !Q AQNQJA> EBN FHFOF AB AFeBNFKFK BIFKAB PQPPQeQ KBOKBUF HFIFPIBJBUF ?BHIBUB@BHIBNFKABK OLKOQV> H>A>N P>HgIgM H>I>@>HI>NAgN. !Q OLNQKQK _bVcJc TZODISPOJ[FE ABUFJFKAB ?FNABK C>VI> KBOKB ?BIFNPJBHPFN: WPJE QBSB"LUBS(TIBSFE #BOLB)FTBCj LJNEFO, TIBSFE #BOLB)FTBCj LJNF) \ TZODISPOJ[FE (LJNEFO, LJNF) \ // n EPhSV // ... ^ ^ #BNIBUF@F U> KBOKBIBNFK FHFOFKFK ?FNABK HFIFPIBKB@BeFKF U> A> EF_?FNFOFKFK HFIFPIBKJBUB@BeFKF D>N>KPF BABN.

85.4

IF3A
x fj M>N_>@gHI>NgKgK ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIg LIJ>AgHI>Ng AQNQJI>NA> FHF bK@BHF ?bIcJcK HLKQOQ LI>K TUE.QBSBMMFMJTN JLAcIcKcK OQKAQeQ =AXFE BCA9C3?>3?3JV UBeIBUFK. K@>H Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eIg LIAQHI>NgKA> TUE.DPODVSSFODZ 'KFK OQKAQeQ 7X K3?3@>V BCA9C3?>3?3JV AcjcKcK. x $j V>J>KIg MNLDN>JI>J> DBN_BHPBK DBNBHPFeFKAB ?FN bK@BHF ?bIcJcK HLKQOQ LI>K JBO>GI>jJ>Ug UBeIBUFK _cKHc RBNF M>UI>jgJg _BjFPIF MNLDN>J E>P>I>NgK> >_gHPgN. x 7>IKgV@> JNNVUBCMF RB TIBSFE LI>K RBNFIBN M>UI>jgI>?FIFNIBN. x TZODISPOJ[FE ?BIFNIF ?FN HLA ?ILeQKQK ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> PBH Fj M>N_>@geg P>N>CgKA>K FjIBPFIJBOFKF O>eI>N. x !FN OgKgC PcNc TZODISPOJ[FE LI>N>H P>KgJI>KAgegKA>, ?BIFNIF ?FN KBOKBOF cVBNFKAB ?BIFNIF ?FN >KA> cUB FjIBRIBNFKABK U>IKgV@> ?FNFOF FjIBPFIFN.

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)M? $7A3:79:3?7
@@USBJUT >K>EP>N ObV@cec RB TUE.USBJUT JLAcIc, PcNIBNFK KFPBIFHIBNFKB UbKBIFH LI>K cOP AcVBU LI>K>HI>N OQK>NI>N. ZLeQKIQHI> HcPcME>KBIBN U>V>NHBK U>N>NIg LI>K ?Q LI>K>HI>N ?>jH> ABNIBJBIF AFIIBNAB U> EF_ ?QIQKJ>VI>N U> A> "++'P> LIAQeQ DF?F HQII>KgJI>Ng _LH VLNAQN. @@USBJUT 'FK OQKAQeQ ?FIDFIBN AFIFK ?>jH> LI>K>HI>Ng P>N>CgKA>K BAFKFIBJBUBK RB _LeQKIQHI> ABNIBUF@FKFK PLMI>Jgj LIAQeQ ?FIDFIBNAFN. !Q ?FIDFIBN bVBIIFHIB j>?ILK HLAI>NgKA> RB HLjQIIQ ABNIBJB OgN>OgKA> U>N>NIg LI>?FIFNIBN. [NKBeFK U>IKgV@> >NFPJBPFH PcNIBNIB FjIBUB?FIBK ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQ, ">NFPJBPFH JF" >KI>KgJ> DBIBK JT"SJUINFUJD 'F j>?ILK HgOgPI>J>OgKA> jbUIB HQII>K>?FIFN: WPJE CJSilMFW(5)() JG (@@USBJUT(JT"SJUINFUJD, 5)) \ // ... ^ !>jH> ?FN bNKBH LI>N>H, 5 DF?F ?FN j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK >NFPJBPFH ?FN PcN LIQM LIJ>J>OgK> DbNB HLA C>NHIg ?F_FJAB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIFN: TUBUJD JG (@@USBJUT(JT"SJUINFUJD, 5)) \ /* ... BSJUNFUJL CJS UfSNfl ... */ ^ FMTF \ /* ... EFhJMNJl ... */ ^

86.1

@@USBJUT
@@USBJUT , ABNIBUF@FKFK HLAA>K BAFKJFj LIAQeQ ?FIDFIBNF OLNDQI>J>U> U>N>N. 1bV AFVFJF >j>egA>HF DF?FAFN: @@USBJUT(s&#c'k, parametreler) DRK5S=, >j>egA> IFOPBIBKBK ObV@cHIBNABK ?FNFOFAFN RB @@USBJUT 'FK E>KDF >J>_I> HQII>KgIAgegKg ?BIFNIBN. B3C3?7EC7>7C FOB ?FN RBU> A>E> C>VI> O>UgA> LIJ>H cVBNB PcN FOJF RBU> FC>ABAFN. />N>JBPNBIBNFK >KI>JI>Ng HQII>KgI>K ObV@ceB ?>eIgAgN.

86.1.1

@@USBJUT @LF1M9:3?7
!Q ObV@cHIBN OLNDQI>KJ>HP> LI>K ?FIDFUF ?BIFNIBNIBN. j>egA>HF bNKBHIBNABHF PcNIBN V>PBK ?>NFV LIAQHI>NgKA>K @@USBJUT 'FK U>N>Ng ?Q ?bIcJAB P>J LI>N>H >KI>jgI>JgULN. [NKBeFK VMPOH 'QK >NFPJBPFH ?FN PcN LIQM LIJ>AgegKg @@USBJUT FIB OLNDQI>J>U> DBNBH ULHPQN. !Q ObV@cHIBN bVBIIFHIB j>?ILK HLAI>NgKA> RB _LeQKIQHI> 5 LI>N>H FOFJIBKAFNAFeFJFV PcNIBN E>HHgKA> ?FIDF BAFKJBH F_FK U>N>NIgAgNI>N. $H LI>N>H, >j>egA>HF _LeQ bNKBHPB M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H PcNIBN HQII>KAgegJ E>IAB >OIgKA> _LeQ AQNQJA> EBNE>KDF ?FN FC>AB AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN. x JT"CTUSBDU$MBTT : 1LUQP OgKgCI>N F_FK USVF , AFeBNIBNF F_FK GBMTF cNBPFN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; BCTUSBDU DMBTT #fUfOilMFWMFSJ4PZVU4jOjG \

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WPJE GPP();

DMBTT &O"[#JSilMFWJ4PZVU4jOjG \ BCTUSBDU WPJE GPP(); ^ DMBTT 4PNVU4jOjG \ WPJE GPP() \^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"CTUSBDU$MBTT, #fUfOilMFWMFSJ4PZVU4jOjG)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"CTUSBDU$MBTT, &O"[#JSilMFWJ4PZVU4jOjG)); ^ XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"CTUSBDU$MBTT, 4PNVU4jOjG));

USVF USVF GBMTF x JT"SJUINFUJD : NFPJBPFH PcNIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN.

TUSVDU ahSFODJ \^ // ... XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"SJUINFUJD, VMPOH)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"SJUINFUJD, TUSJOH)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"SJUINFUJD, ahSFODJ));

USVF GBMTF GBMTF x JT"TTPDJBUJWF"SSBZ : $jIBJB P>?ILI>Ng F_FK USVF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"TTPDJBUJWF"SSBZ, JOU<TUSJOH>)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"TTPDJBUJWF"SSBZ, JOU<42>));

USVF GBMTF x JT'JOBM$MBTT : *BKAFIBNFKABK PcNBPFIBJBUBK OgKgCI>N F_FK USVF cNBPFN. DMBTT 5fSFUJMFCJMFO4jOjG \^ GJOBM DMBTT 5fSFUJMFNFZFO4jOjG \^ // ...

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XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT'JOBM$MBTT, 5fSFUJMFCJMFO4jOjG)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT'JOBM$MBTT, 5fSFUJMFNFZFO4jOjG));

GBMTF USVF x JT'MPBUJOH : *BOFNIF O>UgI>N F_FK USVF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT'MPBUJOH, EPVCMF)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT'MPBUJOH, 7));

USVF GBMTF x JT*OUFHSBM : 2>JO>UgI>N F_FK USVF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT*OUFHSBM, EPVCMF)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT*OUFHSBM, 7));

GBMTF USVF x JT4DBMBS : !cUcHIcec LI>K PcNIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. NFPJBPFH PcNIBN LIJ>AgHI>Ng E>IAB DbOPBNDBIBNFK AB ?cUcHIcHIBNF R>NAgN: XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"SJUINFUJD, JOU*)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT4DBMBS, JOU*));

GBMTF USVF x JT4UBUJD"SSBZ : 1>?FP QVQKIQHIQ AFVFIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT4UBUJD"SSBZ, JOU<10>)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT4UBUJD"SSBZ, JOU<>));

USVF GBMTF x JT6OTJHOFE : fj>NBPOFV PcNIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT6OTJHOFE, VMPOH)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT6OTJHOFE, MPOH));

USVF GBMTF x JT7JSUVBM'VODUJPO : 1gKgC FjIBRIBNF F_FK USVF cNBPFN. TUSVDU :BQj \ WPJE GPP() \^

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^ DMBTT 4jOjG \ WPJE GPP() \^ ^ // ... XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT7JSUVBM'VODUJPO, :BQj.GPP)); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT7JSUVBM'VODUJPO, 4jOjG.GPP));

GBMTF USVF x JT"CTUSBDU'VODUJPO : BCTUSBDU FjIBRIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. DMBTT 4jOjG \ BCTUSBDU WPJE BMU4jOjGMBSEB5BOjNMBONBMjEjS(); ^ // ... XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT"CTUSBDU'VODUJPO, 4jOjG.BMU4jOjGMBSEB5BOjNMBONBMjEjS));

USVF x JT'JOBM'VODUJPO : GJOBM FjIBRIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. DMBTT 4jOjG \ GJOBM WPJE UBOjNj%FhJlUJSJMFNF[() \^ ^ // ... XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT'JOBM'VODUJPO, 4jOjG.UBOjNj%FhJlUJSJMFNF[));

USVF x JT4UBUJD'VODUJPO : TUBUJD FjIBRIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. DMBTT 4jOjG \ TUBUJD WPJE OFTOFbZFTJOF&SJlNFTJ(FSFLNFZFOilMFW() \^ ^ // ... XSJUFMO( @@USBJUT(JT4UBUJD'VODUJPO, 4jOjG.OFTOFbZFTJOF&SJlNFTJ(FSFLNFZFOilMFW));

USVF

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x JT3FG : SFG M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. WPJE CJSilMFW(SFG JOU SFG1BSBNFUSF, PVU JOU PVU1BSBNFUSF, MB[Z JOU MB[Z1BSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT3FG, SFG1BSBNFUSF)); // ... ^

USVF x JT0VU : PVU M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. WPJE CJSilMFW(SFG JOU SFG1BSBNFUSF, PVU JOU PVU1BSBNFUSF, MB[Z JOU MB[Z1BSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT0VU, PVU1BSBNFUSF)); // ... ^

USVF x JT-B[Z : MB[Z M>N>JBPNBIBN F_FK USVF cNBPFN. WPJE CJSilMFW(SFG JOU SFG1BSBNFUSF, PVU JOU PVU1BSBNFUSF, MB[Z JOU MB[Z1BSBNFUSF) \ XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT-B[Z, MB[Z1BSBNFUSF)); // ... ^

USVF x IBT.FNCFS : 2cNcK ?BIFNPFIBK cUBOF R>NO> USVF cNBPFN. TUSVDU #JS5fS \ JOU CJSbZF; WPJE CJSilMFW() \^

// ... XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(IBT.FNCFS, #JS5fS, "CJSbZF")); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(IBT.FNCFS, #JS5fS, "CJSilMFW")); XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(IBT.FNCFS, #JS5fS, "CVMVONBZBObZF"));

USVF USVF GBMTF x JEFOUJGJFS : !FN FC>ABKFK MNLDN>JA>HF FOJFKF cNBPFN.

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[NKBeFK ?FN BMJBT j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK UBNFKB HQII>KgIJgj LI>K >OgI FOFJ BIAB BAFIB?FIFN: TUSVDU #JS:BQj(BMJBT 5) \ TUBUJD TUSJOH CJMHJ = @@USBJUT(JEFOUJGJFS, 5) _ " JMF LVMMBOjMEjN"; WPJE CJMHJ7FS() \ XSJUFMO(CJMHJ); ^

// ... JOU CJS%FhJlLFO; BVUP OFTOF = #JS:BQj!CJS%FhJlLFO(); OFTOF.CJMHJ7FS();

CJS%FiJmLFO JMF LVMMBOkMEkN x HFU.FNCFS : !BIFNPFIBK cUBUB BNFjPFNFN. TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU J; ^ // ... BVUP OFTOF = :BQj(); // OFTOF.J = 42 JGBEFTJOJO FlEFhFSJ: @@USBJUT(HFU.FNCFS, OFTOF, "J") = 42; // XSJUFMO(OFTOF.J) JGBEFTJOJO FlEFhFSJ: XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(HFU.FNCFS, OFTOF, "J"));

42 x HFU0WFSMPBET : !BIFNPFIBK FjIBRFK UcHIBJBIBNFKABK LIQj>K AFVF cNBPFN. TUSVDU :BQj \ WPJE GPP() \^ EPVCMF GPP(JOU J) \ SFUVSO J; ^

// ... GPSFBDI (J, ZfLMFNF; @@USBJUT(HFU0WFSMPBET, :BQj, "GPP")) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, UZQFJE(UZQFPG(ZfLMFNF))); ^

0: WPJE() 1: EPVCMF()

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x HFU7JSUVBM'VODUJPOT : !BIFNPFIBK FjIBRFK, P>KgJI>Ng >IP OgKgCI>N P>N>CgKA>K ABeFjPFNFIB?FIBK UcHIBJBIBNFKABK LIQj>K AFVF cNBPFN. DMBTT 4jOjG \ WPJE GPP() \^ EPVCMF GPP(JOU J) \ SFUVSO J; ^

// ... GPSFBDI (J, ZfLMFNF; @@USBJUT(HFU7JSUVBM'VODUJPOT, 4jOjG, "GPP")) \ XSJUFGMO("%T: %T", J, UZQFJE(UZQFPG(ZfLMFNF))); ^

0: WPJE() 1: EPVCMF() x QBSFOU : !BIFNPFIBK FOJF F_BNBK LNP>Jg cNBPFN. WPJE GPP(BMJBT EFhJlLFO)() \ XSJUFMO(UZQFJE(UZQFPG(@@USBJUT(QBSFOU, EFhJlLFO)))); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF JdFSFO() \ JOU J; GPP!J(); ^ ^ SFUVSO 0;

JdFSFO();

GPP() 'KQK j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H HQII>KgI>K J 'UF F_BNBK LNP>JgK PcNc U>VAgNgIgN: EPVCMF() x DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F : 1gKgC KBOKBOFKFK ?cUcHIcecKc cNBPFN. DMBTT 4jOjG \ JOU<10> EJ[J; ^ // ... XSJUFMO("EFhJlLFOJO CfZfLMfhf: ", 4jOjG.TJ[FPG); XSJUFMO("OFTOFOJO CfZfLMfhf : ", @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, 4jOjG)); 1gKgC ABeFjHBKIBNF U>IKgV@> ?FN NBCBN>KO LIAQHI>NgKA>K _LeQ AQNQJA> OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKABK Hc_cHPcNIBN:

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EFiJmLFOJO CgZgLMgig: 4 OFTOFOJO CgZgLMgig : 48 x BMM.FNCFST : !cPcK cUBIBNFK FOFJIBNFKABK LIQj>K AFVF cNBPFN. DMBTT bTU4jOjG \ EPVCMF fTU4jOjGbZFTJ; WPJE fTU4jOjGilMFWJ() \^

DMBTT "MU4jOjG : bTU4jOjG \ JOU BMU4jOjGbZFTJ; WPJE BMU4jOjGilMFWJ() \^

// ... GPSFBDI (fZF; @@USBJUT(BMM.FNCFST, "MU4jOjG)) \ XSJUFMO(fZF); ^

BMU4kOkGcZFTJ BMU4kOkGjmMFWJ gTU4kOkGcZFTJ gTU4kOkGjmMFWJ UP4USJOH UP)BTI PQ$NQ PQ&RVBMT .POJUPS GBDUPSZ x EFSJWFE.FNCFST : IP OgKgC cUBIBNFKABK LIQj>K AFVF cNBPFN.

GPSFBDI (fZF; @@USBJUT(EFSJWFE.FNCFST, "MU4jOjG)) \ XSJUFMO(fZF); ^

BMU4kOkGcZFTJ BMU4kOkGjmMFWJ x JT4BNF : fHF M>N>JBPNB AB >UKg FOFJ FOBIBN USVF cNBPFN. WPJE GPP(BMJBT JTJN0, BMJBT JTJN1)() \ XSJUFMO(@@USBJUT(JT4BNF, JTJN0, JTJN1)); ^ // ... JOU J; GPP!(J, J)();

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USVF x DPNQJMFT : />N>JBPNBIBNF ABNIBKB?FIFULNO> USVF cNBPFN. TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU GPP() \ SFUVSO 0; ^ ^ DMBTT 4jOjG \ EPVCMF CBS() \ SFUVSO 1.5; ^ ^ DMBTT #BlLB4jOjG \ WPJE CBS() \^ ^ WPJE CJSilMFW(50, 51)(50 CJSJODJ, 51 JLJODJ) \ TUBUJD JG (@@USBJUT(DPNQJMFT, CJSJODJ.GPP() / JLJODJ.CBS())) \ XSJUFMO("CeMNF JlMFNJ VZHVMBOBCJMJZPS"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("CeMNF JlMFNJ VZHVMBOBNjZPS"); ^

// ... BVUP ZBQj = :BQj(); BVUP TjOjG = OFX 4jOjG(); BVUP CBlLB4jOjG = OFX #BlLB4jOjG(); CJSilMFW(ZBQj, TjOjG); CJSilMFW(ZBQj, CBlLB4jOjG); 4kOkG.CBS 'gK AbKcj PcNc EPVCMF LIAQeQ F_FK ?bIJB FjIBJF ABNIBKB?FIFN >J> #BmLB4kOkG.CBS 'gK AbKcj PcNc WPJE LIAQeQ F_FK ABNIBKBJBV: CfMNF JmMFNJ VZHVMBOBCJMJZPS CfMNF JmMFNJ VZHVMBOBNkZPS

86.1.2

$3 F/;/< 9B::/<;/:P
!Q LI>K>HI>NA>K _LeQKIQHI> j>?ILK F_BNBK HcPcME>KBIBNAB U>N>NI>KgIgN. JT"SJUINFUJD , JT*OUFHSBM , IBT.FNCFS RB DPNQJMFT DF?F ?>OFP LI>KI>NgK AgjgKA>HFIBNIB DcKIcH MNLDN>JI>J>A> C>VI> H>NjgI>jgIJ>V.

86.2

TUE.USBJUT ;=2M:M
!Q JLAcIABHF j>?ILKI>N, @@USBJUT 'FK cNBPPFeF ?FIDFIBNFK ?BKVBNIBNFKF HcPcME>KB LI>K>HI>Ng LI>N>H RB UFKB ABNIBJB V>J>KgKA> cNBPFNIBN.

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!QN>A> bNKBH LI>N>H U>IKgV@> H>N>HPBN RB AFVDF PcNIBNFUIB FIDFIF LI>KI>NgKg DbOPBNB@BeFJ. !Q JLAcIAB _LH O>UgA> ?>jH> LI>K>H A> ?QIQKQN. x JT4PNF$IBS : !FN H>N>HPBN PcNcUOB USVF cNBPFN. JNQPSU TUE.USBJUT; WPJE GPP(5)(5 QBSBNFUSF) JG (JT4PNF$IBS!5) \ // ... ^ // ... GPP('B'); GPP(42); // n EFSMFOJS // n EFSMFNF )"5"4*

x JT4PNF4USJOH : 'BNE>KDF ?FN AFVDF PcNcUOB USVF cNBPFN. TUBUJD JG (JT4PNF4USJOH!5) \ // ... CJS EJ[HJ UfSfZNfl ... ^ FMTF \ // ... EFhJMNJl ... ^ x JT/BSSPX4USJOH : DIBS RB XDIBS AFVDFIBNF F_FK USVF cNBPFN. WPJE GPP(5)(5 QBSBNFUSF) JG (JT/BSSPX4USJOH!5) \ // ... ^ TUE.USBJUT JLAcIcKcK AFeBN LI>K>HI>Ng A> ?BKVBN ?F_FJAB HQII>KgIgNI>N.

86.3

IF3A
@@USBJUT RB TUE.USBJUT PcNIBN E>HHgKA> ABNIBJB OgN>OgKA> ?FIDF BAFKJBUB U>N>NI>N. [VBIIFHIB @@USBJUT , ABNIBUF@FKFK ABNIBJB OgN>OgKA> PLMI>Jgj LIAQeQ ?FIDFIBNF BAFKJBUB U>N>U>K Dc_Ic ?FN LI>K>HPgN.

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B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

87

B3::39 ,L<3A7;7
!Q ?bIcJAB _bM PLMI>Ug@gUg P>KgP>@>egJ RB LKA>K >IgK>K ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNFKB ABeFjHBKIBNFK K>OgI UBNIBjPFNFIB?FIAFHIBNFKF DbOPBNB@BeFJ. iFJAFUB H>A>NHF MNLDN>JI>NA> EF_ ?BIIBH UbKBPFJFUIB FIDFIBKJBH VLNQKA> H>IJ>AgH. #, MNLDN>JI>NgK ?cUcH ?FN _LeQKIQeQ >_gOgKA>K ?BIIBH UbKBPFJF DBNBHPFNJBUBK ?FN AFIAFN. !QN>A> >KI>PgI>KI>N> ?cUcH LI>OgIgHI> EF_ FEPFU>_ AQUJ>U>@>HOgKgV. !QK> N>eJBK # DF?F OFOPBJ AFIIBNFKAB >IP AcVBU ?BIIBH FjIBJIBNFKF UbKBPJBH DBNBHB?FIFN. [K@BHF ?>Vg ?bIcJIBNAB LIAQeQ DF?F, >j>egA> HgO>@> U>IKgV@> 67T;X=7@ U>VAgegJ UBNIBNAB U>Mg RB OgKgC KBOKBIBNF AB A>EFI LIJ>H cVBNB EBN PcNABK ABeFjHBKF H>OPBAB@BeFJ.

87.1

B3::39
!BIIBH EBJ MNLDN>JgK HBKAFOFKF EBJ AB HQII>KAgeg RBNFIBNF ?>NgKAgNgN. !Q UcVABK AFeBN ?FIDFO>U>N H>UK>HI>NgKA>K A>E> bKBJIFAFN. !Q H>UK>H PBJBIAB FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKB >FPPFN. fjIBPFJ OFOPBJF ?BIIBeF MNLDN>JI>NgK FEPFU>_I>Ng ALeNQIPQOQKA> M>UI>jPgNgN. 'BN MNLDN>JgK HQII>KAgeg ?BIIBH, L MNLDN>JgK ?BIFNIF V>J>KI>NA>HF FEPFU>_I>Ng ALeNQIPQOQKA> >NP>?FIFN RBU> >V>I>?FIFN. !BIFNIF ?FN MNLDN>JgK HQII>KAgeg ?BIIBH, L MNLDN>J OLKI>KAgegKA> PBHN>N FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKB DB_BN. !BIIBH, ABeFjHBKIBNFK >HgIA> PQPQIJ>H F_FK HQII>KgIAgeg ?FN ABCPBN DF?F AcjcKcIB?FIFN. 'BN ABeFjHBK ?BIIBHPB ?BIFNIF ?FN UBNB U>VgIgN. 'BN ABeFjHBKFK ABeBNF DBNBHPFH_B >UKg UBNABK LHQKQN RB HQII>KgIgN. 7>j>Jg OLK> BNBK ABeFjHBKIBNFK UBNIBNF A>E> OLKN>A>K ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK HQII>KgIJ>H cVBNB DBNF >IgKgN. !BIIBHIB FIDFIF ABKBUIBN U>M>NHBK ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBO ABeBNIBNFKF RBNBK & FjIB@FKABK U>N>NI>K>?FIFNFV. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF FHF ABeFjHBKFK >ANBOIBNF & FjIB@FUIB U>VAgNgIgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU J; JOU K; XSJUFMO("J: ", &J); XSJUFMO("K: ", &K);

%AE: A6C7D>7C BCA9C3?V@ :7C Q3>VXEVCV>VXV@63 4SJS= A>3DV>V=>3 83C=>V A>353=EVC. E= A>3C3=, 36C7D 67T7C;@; 76;@?;X A>?3=, @AC?3>67 ?;=CA ;X>7?5; J3K?35V@63 J3X3J353= A>3@ 4;C 67T;X=7@;@ 4;>7 47>>7=E7 J3X3?3DV@3 @767@ A>FC. ZgHPgOg: J: 7'''2#633&28 K: 7'''2#633&2$ ANBOIBNFK OLK E>KBIBNFKB ?>H>N>H J 'KFK ?BIIBHPB K 'ABK EBJBK bK@B ?QIQKAQeQKQ DbNB?FIFULNQV: 8'B JOU 'FK ?cUcHIcec LI>K 4'c BHIBNOBH LK >IPgIg O>Ug AcVBKFKAB " BIAB BAFIFN.

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B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

87.2

HL> A=>:/EP1P
# MNLDN>JI>NgKA>HF AFK>JFH ABeFjHBKIBN _bM PLMI>Ug@gU> >FP LI>K ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNFKAB U>j>NI>N. 7>j>JI>Ng OLK> BNBK ABeFjHBKIBN _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK FjIBPPFeF ?FN >IDLNFPJ> FIB OLKI>KAgNgIgNI>N. !Q ABeFjHBKIBNFK UBNIBNF PBHN>N HQII>KgIJ>H cVBNB DBNF >IgKgN. !Q FjIBJB >j>egA> ?>VBK QRB EAB>3?3, ?>VBK AB E7?;K>;= AFUB@BeFJ. ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK FjIBPPFeF >IDLNFPJ> _LH H>?>@> jbUIB >_gHI>K>?FIFN: /NLDN>J UgegPg FIB FIDFIF LI>K ?cPcK ?bIDBIBN P>N>KgN RB L ?bIDBIBNABHF ABeFjHBKIBN >N>@gIgegUI> ALeNQA>K RBU> ALI>UIg LI>N>H BNFjFIB?FIBK ?cPcK ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNF ?BIFNIBKFN. $NFjFIB?FIBK ?bIDBIBNFK E^I^ HQII>KgJA> LIAQHI>NgK> H>N>N RBNFIFN. #FeBN ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNFKABHF ABeFjHBKIBNFK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>Ng FjIBPFIFN RB L ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNF OLKN>A>K ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK HQII>KgIJ>H cVBNB DBNF >IgKgN. 2BJFVIFH FjIBJIBNFKFK E>KDF OgN>A> FjIBPFIAFHIBNF ?BIFNOFVAFN. [NKBeFK, KBOKBIBNFK NBCBN>KO PcNcKABHF cUBIBNF HBKAFIBNFKF ?>NgKAgN>K KBOKBABK A>E> bK@B OLKI>KJgj LI>?FIFNIBN. !Q UcVABK, NBCBN>KO PcNcKABK LI>K cUBIBNFK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRIBN F_FKAB HQII>KgIJ>I>Ng E>P>IgAgN. !Q, OLKI>KJ> OgN>I>NgKgK HBOFK LI>N>H ?BIFNIF LIAQeQ "++ DF?F ?>Vg AFIIBNABK _LH C>NHIgAgN. 2BJFVIFH FjIBJIBNF, ?Lj UBNFK >V>IJ>U> ?>jI>J>Og DF?F KBABKIBNIB RB bK@BABK HBOPFNFIBJBUB@BH V>J>KI>NA> FjIBPFIB?FIFN. 2BJFVIFH FjIBJIBNF ABR>J BABNHBK UBKF UBN >UNgIJ>Og _bM PLMI>J> AcVBKBeFKAB H>NgjgHIgH U>N>P>?FIB@BeFKABK, MNLDN>J> >FP LI>K ?cPcK Fj M>N_>@gHI>Ng PBJFVIFH OgN>OgKA> HgO> OcNBIFeFKB AQNAQNQI>?FIFNIBN. !Q UcVABK MNLDN>JgK PQPQHIQH U>MPgeg EFOOBAFIB?FIFN. -LNJ>IAB MNLDN>J@gKgK _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK FjFKB H>NgjJ>Og DBNBHJBOB AB _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK PBJFVIFH FjIBJIBNFKFK EBJBK FjIBPFIJBIBNF RBU> BNPBIBKJBIBNF O>eI>K>?FIFN. ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK LI>K>HI>Ng DPSF.NFNPSZ JLAcIcKAB P>KgJI>KJgjPgN.

87.2.1

)3;7F:79 7R:3;:3?7
2BJFVIFH FjIBJIBNF MNLDN>JgK FIBNFABHF ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>KA> AQNAQNQIJ>OgK> KBABK LIJ>H UBNFKB A>E> QUDQK LIAQeQ AcjcKcIBK ?FN V>J>KA> ($.DPMMFDU() FIB ?>jI>PgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU DPSF.NFNPSZ; // ... ($.DPMMFDU(); // UFNJ[MJL CBlMBUjS

!>VBK, MNLDN>JgK FjIBUFjFKFK EgV >_gOgKA>K E>OO>O LIAQeQ KLHP>I>NA> _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK FjIBJBOF FOPBKJBUB?FIFN. ($.EJTBCMF() PBJFVIFH FjIBJIBNFKF BNPBIBN, ($.FOBCMF() A> PBHN>N BPHFKIBjPFNFN: ($.EJTBCMF(); // ... UVUVLMVL IJTTFEJMNFEFO JlMFNFTJ HFSFLFO JlMFNMFS ... ($.FOBCMF(); K@>H, PBJFVIFH FjIBJIBNFKFK HBOFKIFHIB FjIBPFIJBUB@BHIBNF D>N>KPF ABeFIAFN: ZbM PLMI>Ug@g ?BIIBeFK _LH >V>IAgegKg C>NHBPPFeF AQNQJI>NA> ?Lj UBN ?QIJ>H F_FK UFKB AB FjIBPB?FIFN. ZbM PLMI>Ug@g ?Lj H>I>K ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNFKF FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKB DBNF RBNJBV RB FIBNFAB LIQjPQNQI>@>H LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK BIFKAB PQPJ>U> ABR>J BABN. !QKQK ?FN OLNQK LIQjPQNAQeQKQK ?FIFKAFeF MNLDN>JI>NA> ?Lj ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNF ($.NJOJNJ[F() FIB FjIBPFJ OFOPBJFKB DBNF RBNFIB?FIFN:

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($.NJOJNJ[F();

87.3

D3N7R93<:3? C3 03::39 0L:53:3?7

7>j>J OcNB_IBNF >_gOgKA>K c_ _BjFP ABeFjHBK R>NAgN: x .PLJ>PFH x #FK>JFH x ,LAcIAB RBU> PcNAB PBH (OP>PFH) !Q c_ _BjFP ABeFjHBK C>NHIg ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNFKAB U>j>NI>N.

87.3.1

%A=;/A79 23N7R93<:3? 7K7< >?=5?/; EPNPAP

!>Vg ABeFjHBKIBNFK ?BIIBHPBHF UBNIBNF ABNIBUF@FKFK LIQjPQNAQeQ HLAI>N P>N>CgKA>K BCA9C3? JVTVEV@63 RB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >UNgIgN. /NLDN>J UgegPg JFHNL FjIBJ@FKFK OQKAQeQ ?FN LI>K>HPgN RB ABeFjHBKIBN F_FK UBN >UgNJ> HLKQOQKA> BK EgVIg AcVBKBHPFN. j>egA>HF IFOPBABHF ABeFjHBKIBN LPLJ>PFHPFN: x x x x OFX FIB LIQjPQNQIJ>U>K UBNBI ABeFjHBKIBN fjIBR M>N>JBPNBIBNF fjIBR AbKcj ABeBNIBNF fjIBJIBN OgN>OgKA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H LIQjPQNQI>K DB_F@F ABeFjHBKIBN .PLJ>PFH ABeFjHBKIBNFK UBNIBNF EF_?FN >K>EP>N ObV@cH RBU> FjIBR _>eNgOg DBNBHJBABK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >UNgIgN. j>egA>HF HLAA> O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIBAFeFJ ?cPcK ABeFjHBKIBN (RB FC>ABIBN) LPLJ>PFHPFN: JOU JlMFW(JOU QBSBNFUSF) \ JOU ZFSFM; :BQj OFTOF; JOU IFTBQ = CBlLBilMFW(QBSBNFUSF + ZFSFM); SFUVSO IFTBQ * 2; ^ CBmLBjmMFW 'B M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFIBK QBSBNFUSF + ZFSFM RB FjIBRFK AbKcj ABeBNF LI>K IFTBQ * 2 FC>ABIBNFKFK DB_F@F ABeBNIBNF AB LPLJ>PFH ABeFjHBKIBNIB >UKg _BjFPPBKAFN; LKI>NgK UBNIBNF AB MNLDN>J UgegPgKA>K LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H >UNgIgN. %AE: D7C>7J;5; 3D>V@63 43KV 67T;X=7@>7C ;Q;@ BCA9C3? JVTVEV@63 :;Q J7C 3JVC?3J34;>;C; A@>3CV QA= 63:3 :VK>V A>3@ ?;=CA ;X>7?5; J3K?3Q>3CV@63 97CQ7=>7XE;C74;>;C. BF@3 C3T?7@ J3X3? DSC75; 43=V?V@63@ A 67T;X=7@>7C J;@7 67 AEA?3E;=E;C>7C. x TUE.UZQFDPOT.TDPQFE FIB LIQjPQNQIJQj LI>K OgKgC KBOKBIBNF EFTUSPZ RB TDPQFE ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV TDPQFE , KLNJ>IAB OFX >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB LIQjPQNQI>K RB ?Q UcVABK AFK>JFH LI>K OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK LPLJ>PFH LIJ>I>NgKg O>eIgULNAQ: BVUP OFTOF = TDPQFE!#JS4jOjG(42); 7QH>NgA>HF OFTOF AB MNLDN>J UgegPgKA> UBN >IgN. .PLJ>PFH ABeFjHBKIBNFK ?BIIBHPB ?FN >N>A> ?QIQKAQHI>NgKg >ANBO ABeBNIBNFKFK ?FN?FNIBNFKB U>HgK LIJ>I>NgK> ?>H>N>H DbNB?FIFNFV:

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B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU :BQj \ JOU fZF; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU ZFSFM; :BQj ZBQj/FTOFTJ; XSJUFMO("ZFSFM: ", &ZFSFM); XSJUFMO("OFTOF: ", &ZBQj/FTOFTJ); XSJUFMO("fZF : ", &ZBQj/FTOFTJ.fZF);

ZgHPgOg, >ANBOIBNFK ?FN?FNIBNFKB LIAQH_> U>HgK LIAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFULN: ZFSFM: 7'''9'%6"'#8 OFTOF: 7'''9'%6"'#$ gZF : 7'''9'%6"'#$ 7>Mg KBOKBOFKFK RB PBH cUBOFKFK >UKg >ANBOPB ?QIQKAQeQKQ A> DbNcULNOQKQV. 7>Mg ABeFjHBKIBNF F_FK cUBIBNFKABK ?>jH> UBN >UNgIJ>OgK> DBNBH ULHPQN. fIH cUBOFKFK >ANBOF, EBN V>J>K F_FK KBOKBKFK AB >ANBOFAFN. . ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBO ABeBNIBNFKABK >KI>jgIAgegK> DbNB, NBJO() _>IgjJ>U> ?>jI>AgegKA> MNLDN>J UgegPg H>?>@> 7%%%9%#6 000 >ANBOF U>HgKI>NgKA>UJgj. UKg bNKBeF U>Mg UBNFKB OgKgC HQII>K>@>H ?F_FJAB ABeFjPFNBIFJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; DMBTT 4jOjG \ JOU fZF; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU ZFSFM; BVUP TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = OFX 4jOjG; XSJUFMO("ZFSFM : ", &ZFSFM); XSJUFMO("EFhJlLFO: ", &TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ); XSJUFMO("fZF : ", &TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ.fZF);

!Q OBCBN UBNBI ABeFjHBK RB OgKgC ABeFjHBKFKFK >UKg ?bIDBAB, OFX FIB LIQjPQNQI>K OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK FOB _LH C>NHIg ?FN UBNAB ?QIQKAQeQ DbNcIcULN: ZFSFM : 7'''2%7&6'&0 EFiJmLFO: 7'''2%7&6'&8 gZF : 7''2$0566'30 !Q, DV@V8 67T;X=7@; FIB DV@V8 @7D@7D; H>RN>JI>NgKgK C>NHIg LIJ>I>NgKA>KAgN. 1gKgC ABeFjHBKF UgegPP> LIAQeQ E>IAB, OFX FIB >UNgIJgj LIAQeQ F_FK KBOKB AFK>JFH ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKABAFN.

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87.3.2

D7</;79 23N7R93<:3? 7K7< 27</;79 03::39 0L:53@7

#FK>JFH ABeFjHBKIBN OFX >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB LIQjPQNQI>K ABeFjHBKIBNAFN. OFX 'cK >OIgKA> EBN PcNABK ABeFjHBK LIQjPQNQNHBK HQII>KgI>?FIAFeFKF &bOPBNDBIBN ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. OFX ; OgKgCI>NA> LIQjPQNQIJQj LI>K KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN OgKgC ABeFjHBKF, AFeBN PcNIBNAB FOB LIQjPQNQIJQj LI>K ABeFjHBKB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN DbOPBNDB AbKAcNcN: 4jOjG TjOjG%FhJlLFOJ = OFX 4jOjG; JOU * JOU(eTUFSHFTJ = OFX JOU; :BQj * OFTOF(eTUFSHFTJ = OFX :BQj; // TjOjG EFhJlLFOJ // HeTUFSHF // HeTUFSHF

#FK>JFH ABeFjHBKIBN _bM PLMI>Ug@gU> >FPPFN. .KI>NgK MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K OLKI>KAgNgIJ>I>Ng DBNBHJBV. NPgH HBKAFOFKB EF_?FN ULII> BNFjFIBJBUBK AFK>JFH ABeFjHBKIBN _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K FIBNFABHF ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>KA> OLKI>KAgNgIgNI>N. (%AE: UDE7@6;T;@67 @7D@7>7C ./<=;9B() ;>7 67 DA@>3@6VCV>34;>;C>7C. BF@F 3X3TV63 9RDE7C757T;?.) 1LKI>KAgNgIJgj LI>K AFK>JFH ABeFjHBKIBNFK UBNIBNF AB UFKB FIBNFABHF ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>KA> DBNF RBNFIFN.
87.3.3

#=2M:23 C3E/ 03:7?:7 07? AM?23 A39 =:/< 23N7R93<:3? 7K7< @A/A79 03::39 0L:53@7
,LAcIIBNFK, U>MgI>NgK RB OgKgCI>NgK ?>Vg cUBIBNFKABK U>IKgV@> ?FN P>KB ?QIQK>?FIFN: x ,LAcI AcVBUFKABHF BRNBKOBI ABeFjHBKIBN x TUBUJD LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJFj LI>K U>Mg RB OgKgC cUBIBNF !Q _BjFP ABeFjHBKIBN TUBUJD UIJT() FOFJIF HQNQ@Q FjIBRIBN F_FKAB HQNQIQNI>N. !Q HQNQ@Q FjIBRIBN JLAcIABHF AFeBN FjIBRIBN _>IgjJ>U> ?>jI>J>A>K bK@B FjIBPFIFNIBN. !Q _BjFP ABeFjHBKIBN MNLDN>J _>IgjPgeg OcNB@B DB_BNIFIFHIBNFKF HLNQNI>N RB NBJO 'ABK _gHgIAgHP>K OLKN> OLKI>KAgNgIgNI>N. $eBN P>KgJI>KJgjO>, ?Q PcN ABeFjHBKIBNFK OLKI>KAgNgIJ>I>Ng OgN>OgKA> TUBUJD _UIJT() FOFJIF OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBR FjIBPFIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU NPEfMEF5FL; TUBUJD UIJT() \ XSJUFMO("NPEfMfO TUBUJD UIJT'J JlMFUJMJZPS"); NPEfMEF5FL = 42; ^ TUBUJD _UIJT() \ XSJUFMO("NPEfMfO TUBUJD _UIJT'J JlMFUJMJZPS"); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("NBJO'F HJSJMEJ"); // ... XSJUFMO("NBJO'EFO djLjMjZPS"); ^ ZgHPgOg:

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NPEgMgO TUBUJD UIJT'J JmMFUJMJZPS NBJO'F HJSJMEJ NBJO'EFO ekLkMkZPS NPEgMgO TUBUJD _UIJT'J JmMFUJMJZPS !cPcK ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC PcNc F_FK PBH LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN AB TUBUJD ?BIFNPB@F FIB P>KgJI>KgNI>N. .KI>NgK HQNQIJ>I>Ng RB OLKI>KAgNgIJ>I>Ng A> L PcNcK TUBUJD UIJT RB TUBUJD _UIJT FjIBRIBNF FIB O>eI>KgN. !Q FjIBRIBN, L PcNABK H>_ KBOKB LIQjPQNQIAQeQKA>K ?>egJOgV LI>N>H U>IKgV@> ?FN HBNB FjIBPFIFNIBN. TUBUJD cUB bNKBHIBNFKF A>E> bK@B 7>MgI>N ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. !QN>A>HF bNKBHPB FOB ?FN OgKgC P>KgJI>U>IgJ. TUBUJD cUBIBNB EBJ ABeFjHBK FOJF FIB EFiJmLFO.gZF U>V>N>H EBJ AB PcNcK FOJF FIB 4kOkG.gZF U>V>N>H BNFjFIB?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; DMBTT 4jOjG \ TUBUJD JOU TjOjGUB5FL; TUBUJD UIJT() \ XSJUFMO("4jOjG'jO TUBUJD UIJT'J JlMFUJMJZPS"); ^ TUBUJD _UIJT() \ XSJUFMO("4jOjG'jO TUBUJD _UIJT'J JlMFUJMJZPS"); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("NBJO'F HJSJMEJ"); BVUP CJSJODJ = OFX 4jOjG; BVUP JLJODJ = OFX 4jOjG; XSJUFMO("CJSJODJ.TjOjGUB5FL: ", &CJSJODJ.TjOjGUB5FL); XSJUFMO("JLJODJ.TjOjGUB5FL : ", &JLJODJ.TjOjGUB5FL); XSJUFMO("4jOjG.TjOjGUB5FL : ", &4jOjG.TjOjGUB5FL); ^ XSJUFMO("NBJO'EFO djLjMjZPS");

ZgHPgOg: 4kOkG'kO TUBUJD UIJT'J JmMFUJMJZPS NBJO'F HJSJMEJ CJSJODJ.TkOkGUB5FL: 7'5&&%'95770 JLJODJ.TkOkGUB5FL : 7'5&&%'95770 4kOkG.TkOkGUB5FL : 7'5&&%'95770 NBJO'EFO ekLkMkZPS 4kOkG'kO TUBUJD _UIJT'J JmMFUJMJZPS /NLDN>JA> FHF KBOKB LIQjPQNQIJQj LIJ>OgK> N>eJBK EBJ LKI>NgK cUBOF LI>N>H BNFjFIBK EBJ AB OgKgCgK FOJFUIB BNFjFIBK TkOkGUB5FL cUBOFKABK U>IKgV@> ?FN P>KB ?QIQKJ>HP>AgN. !QKQ EBN c_ ULII> U>VAgNgI>K >ANBO ABeBNFKFK >UKg LIJ>OgKA>K >KI>U>?FIFULNQV.

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$H LI>N>H, TUBUJD UIJT 'FK RB TUBUJD _UIJT 'FK KBOKB >ABAFKABK ?>egJOgV LI>N>H U>IKgV@> ?FN HBNB FjIBPFIAFHIBNF DbNcIcULN. ,LAcIAB RBU> ?FN U>Mg RBU> OgKgC PcNcKAB PBH LI>K ABeFjHBKIBN OP>PFH ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKAB ?QIQKQNI>N. !QKQ UFKB >ANBO ABeBNIBNFKFK U>HgK LIJ>I>NgK> ?>H>N>H DbNJBUB _>Igj>IgJ: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOU NPEfMEF5FL; DMBTT 4jOjG \ JOU OPSNBMbZF; TUBUJD JOU TjOjGUB5FL; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU ZFSFM; BVUP OFTOF = OFX 4jOjG; XSJUFMO("ZFSFM : XSJUFMO("OFTOF.OPSNBMbZF : XSJUFMO("4jOjG.TjOjGUB5FL: XSJUFMO("NPEfMEF5FL : ", ", ", ", &ZFSFM); &OFTOF.OPSNBMbZF); &4jOjG.TjOjGUB5FL); &NPEfMEF5FL);

!Q MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg, JLAcIAB RBU> ?FN PcNAB PBH LI>K FHF ABeFjHBKFK ?BIIBHPB U>K U>K> AQNAQHI>NgKg DbOPBNFULN: ZFSFM : OFTOF.OPSNBMcZF : 4kOkG.TkOkGUB5FL: NPEgMEF5FL : 7'''$9$096%0 7'4&5&0%''30 7'4&5&1%9774 7'4&5&1%9770

p p

87.4

B3::39A3< E3? /EP?;/9

#BeFjHBKIBNFK UBNIBjPFNFIB@BHIBNF ?BIIBeF HBKAFJFV ?BIFNIBJBH FOPBUB?FIFNFV. !BIIBHPBK ?Q >J>_I> UBN >UgNJ>KgK _BjFPIF ULII>Ng R>NAgN. !BIFNIF O>UgA> ?>UPP>K LIQj>K ?FN ?BIIBH ?bIDBOF O>?FP QVQKIQHIQ ?FN AFVF LI>N>H >UNgI>?FIFN: VCZUF<100> ZFS; // 100 CBZUMjL ZFS

7QH>NgA>HF AFVF 100 ?>UPIgH ?BIIBH ?bIDBOF LI>N>H HQII>KgIJ>U> E>VgNAgN. !>VBK ?Q ?bIDBKFK VZCUF DF?F ?FN PcNIB FIDFOF LIJ>Og UBNFKB, :;Q4;C ESC67@ LIJ>Og FOPBKB?FIFN. !QKQK F_FK BIBJ>K PcNc LI>N>H WPJE OB_FIB?FIFN. WPJE PcNc EBNE>KDF ?FN ABeBN >I>J>AgegKA>K, ?bUIB AFVFIBNFK = WPJE FIB FIHIBKJBIBNF j>NPPgN. WPJE<100> ZFS = WPJE; // 100 CBZUMjL ZFS

# MNLDN>JI>Ng " HcPcME>KBIBNFKF _>egN>?FIAFHIBNFKABK "'KFK ?BIIBH >UgNJ>U> U>N>U>K TUE.D.TUEMJC.NBMMPD FjIBRFKABK AB U>N>NI>KgI>?FIFN: JNQPSU TUE.D.TUEMJC; // ... WPJE * Q = NBMMPD(100);

// 100 CBZUMjL ZFS

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'F_?FN PcNABK KBOKB FIB ?>egKPgOg LIJ>U>K ?Q >ANBOFK PcNc AB WPJE* 'AFN. WPJE* PcNcKcK :7C ESCS 9RDE7C74;>7@ 9RDE7C97 PcNc LIAQeQKQ &bOPBNDBIBN ABNOFKAB DbNJcjPcH. !bUIB ?FN >ANBO PcNcKABK K>OgI U>N>NI>KgI>?FIAFeFKF >j>egA> ($.DBMMPD() 'Q P>KgPgNHBK DbOPBNB@BeFJ. NBMMPD() 'QK AbKAcNAcec ?BIIBH ?bIDBOF OgCgNI>KJgj ABeFIAFN. TUE.D.TUEMJC.NBMMPD 'QK ?FN OLNQKQ, _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK LKQK >UgNAgeg ?BIIBHPBK E>?BNFKFK LIJ>J>OgAgN. ZbM PLMI>Ug@g LKQK >UgNJgj LIAQeQ ?bIDBKFK F_FKABHF NBCBN>KOI>N> KLNJ>IAB ?>HJ>V RB L NBCBN>KOI>NgK BNFjPFNAFHIBNF KBOKBIBNF DBNBHBKABK A>E> BNHBK OLKI>KAgN>?FIFN. ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK TUE.D.TUEMJC.NBMMPD FIB >UNgIJgj LI>K ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKABK E>?BNFKFK LIJ>Og F_FK ($.BEE3BOHF() _>eNgIgN. !BIIBH TUE.D.TUEMJC.GSFF FIB DBNF RBNFIFNHBK AB ($.SFNPWF3BOHF() 'FK _>eNgIJ>Og QKQPQIJ>J>IgAgN. 7QH>NgA>HFIBNABK A>E> DcRBKIF LI>K UbKPBJ, ?BIIBeF DPSF.NFNPSZ.($.DBMMPD FIB >UgNJ>HPgN. DBMMPD() 'QK >UgNAgeg ?BIIBH ?bIDBOF bK@BABK OgCgNI>KJgj LIAQeQKA>K DBMMPD() 'QK HQII>KgJg A>E> DcRBKIFAFN. 7FKB AB ?Q ?bIDBIBN F_FK AB ($.BEE3BOHF() RB ($.SFNPWF3BOHF() _>egNJ>H DBNBHB?FIFN. DBMMPD() ?BIIBHPBK H>_ ?>UP FOPBKAFeFKF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IgN RB >UgNAgeg ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKFK ?>jI>KDg_ >ANBOFKF AbKAcNcN: JNQPSU DPSF.NFNPSZ; // ... WPJE * ZFS = ($.DBMMPD(100);

// 100 CBZUMjL ZFS

WPJE* PcNc EBNE>KDF ?>jH> ?FN PcNcK DbOPBNDBOFKB AbKcjPcNcIB?FIFN: JOU * JOU:FSJ = DBTU(JOU*)ZFS; ZLeQKIQHI> L >N> >AgJ >PI>KgN RB DBMMPD() 'QK AbKAcNAcec >ANBO FOPBKBK PcNB ALeNQA>K AbKcjPcNcIcN: JOU * JOU:FSJ = DBTU(JOU*)($.DBMMPD(100); [UIBOFKB OB_JFj LIAQeQJ 100 DF?F E>VgN ABeBNIBN UBNFKB, PcNcK QVQKIQeQ FIB HBKAFIBNF F_FK UBN >UNgIJ>HP> LI>K KBOKBIBNFK >ABAF _>NMgIgN: // 10 JOU JdJO ZFS BZjS JOU * ZFS = DBTU(JOU*)($.DBMMPD(JOU.TJ[FPG * 10); 1gKgCI>NA> OgKgC ABeFjHBKFKFK QVQKIQeQ OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK QVQKIQeQKA>K C>NHIgAgN. .TJ[FPG OgKgC ABeFjHBKFKFK QVQKIQeQAQN; OgKgC KBOKBOFKFK QVQKIQeQ FOB 2cN -FPBIFHIBNF ABNOFKAB DbNAcecJcV DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F FIB beNBKFIFN: // 10 4jOjG OFTOFTJ JdJO ZFS BZjS 4jOjG * ZFS = DBTU(4jOjG*)($.DBMMPD( @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, 4jOjG) * 10); ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK ?BIIBH >UgN>K FHF FjIBRF A>E> R>NAgN: "'KFK NBMMPD() 'QKQK BjABeBNF LI>K ($.NBMMPD() RB ?BIIBH ?ILeQ FIB FIDFIF ?FIDF AB AbKAcNBK ($.RBMMPD() . !BK ?Q ?bIcJAB ($.DBMMPD() 'Q HQII>KJ>U> ABR>J BAB@BeFJ. fOPBKBK ?cUcHIcHPB ?BIIBH >UNgI>J>AgegKA> DPSF.FYDFQUJPO.0VU0G.FNPSZ&SSPS PcNcKAB ?FN E>P> >PgIgN: WPJE * ZFS = ($.DBMMPD(10@000@000@000);

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B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

. H>A>N ?BIIBeF ?QIQKJ>U>K ?FN OFOPBJABHF _gHPgOg: DPSF.FYDFQUJPO.0VU0G.FNPSZ&SSPS ZbM PLMI>Ug@gA>K >UNgIJgj LI>K ?BIIBH ?bIDBIBNF ($.GSFF() FIB DBNF RBNFIFN: ($.GSFF(ZFS); UNgIJgj LI>K ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKAB UBN H>IJ>U>?FIFN. !bUIB ?FN ?BIIBeFK FK3EV>?3DV JcJHcKAcN. ($.SFBMMPD() , A>E> bK@B _bM PLMI>Ug@gA>K >IgKJgj LI>K ?BIIBH DbOPBNDBOFKF RB FOPBKBK UBKF QVQKIQeQ M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IgN RB UBKF QVQKIQHP> ?FN UBN AbKAcNcN: WPJE * FTLJ:FS = ($.DBMMPD(100); // ... WPJE * ZFOJ:FS = ($.SFBMMPD(FTLJ:FS, 200); SFBMMPD() DBN_BHPBK DBNBHJBAFH_B UBKF UBN >UgNJ>V: x $OHF UBNFK EBJBK OLKN>Og UBKF QVQKIQeQ H>NjgI>U>@>H H>A>N ?LjO>, SFBMMPD() LN>Ug A> BOHF UBNB BHIBUBNBH ?FN >KI>JA> BOHF ?BIIBeF QV>PgN. x $OHF UBNFK EBJBK OLKN>Og ?Lj ABeFIOB RBU> LN>A>HF ?LjIQH UBPBNIF ABeFIOB, FOPBKBK JFHP>Ng H>NjgI>U>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH LI>K UBKF ?FN ?BIIBH ?bIDBOF >UgNgN RB BOHF ?BIIBeFK F_BNFeFKF LN>U> HLMU>I>N. x $OHF UBN LI>N>H OVMM DbKABNFIB?FIFN; L AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> UBKF ?FN UBN >UgNgN. x 7BKF QVQKIQH LI>N>H BOHF QVQKIQHP>K A>E> Hc_cH ?FN ABeBN DbKABNFIB?FIFN; L AQNQJA> U>IKgV@> ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKFK DBNF H>I>Kg _bM PLMI>Ug@gU> RBNFIJFj LIQN. x 7BKF QVQKIQH LI>N>H 0 DbKABNFIB?FIFN; L AQNQJA> ($.GSFF() _>eNgIJgj DF?F U>IKgV@> BOHF ?BIIBH DBNF RBNFIFN. SFBMMPD() FjIBRFKF HQII>K>K ?FN bNKBeF ?FN>V >j>egA> DbOPBNB@BeFJ.
87.4.1

AE?P:/< 03::3N7< A3;7F:79 7R:3;:3?7<7< 03:7?:3<;3@7

UNgI>K ?bIDBABHF ?>UP ABeBNIBNF PBO>AcCBK FIDFOFV ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKB H>NjgIgH DBIB?FIFNIBN. [UIB ?FN AQNQJA> _bM PLMI>Ug@g E^I^ HQII>KgJA> LIAQHI>NgKg O>K>@>egKA>K, >OIgKA> U>j>JI>Ng OLK> BNJFj ?FIB LIO> L ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNF OLKI>KAgNJ>V. !bUIB ?FN ?BIIBeFK DBN_BHPBK ?>jH> ABeFjHBK NBCBN>KOI>Ng P>jgJ>Ageg ?FIFKAFeFKAB L ?bIDBKFK P>N>KJ>OgKg bKIBJBH F_FK ?BIIBH >UNgIgNHBK ($.#ML"UUS./0@4$"/ ?BIFNPB@F HQII>KgIgN: JOU * JOU:FSJ = DBTU(JOU*)($.DBMMPD(100, ($.#ML"UUS./0@4$"/); 7QH>NgA>HF ?BIIBH ?bIDBOFKB UBNIBjPFNFIB@BH LI>K JOU ABeBNIBNFKFK PBO>AcCBK ?>jH> ABeFjHBKIBNFK >ANBOIBNFKB BjFP LIJ>I>Ng ?bUIB@B >NPgH OLNQK LIQjPQNJ>V. ZbM PLMI>Ug@g, HBKAFOFKABK >UNgIJgj LI>K ?BIIBHPBHF KBOKBIBNFK U>j>J OcNB_IBNFKFK >NPgH MNLDN>J@gKgK OLNQJIQIQeQK> DFNAFeFKF AcjcKcN. !Q UcVABK ?Q ?bIDBABHF KBOKBIBNFK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>NgKg KLNJ>IAB FjIBPJBV. ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>Ng UFKB AB FjIBPJBOF FOPBKAFeFKAB ($.#ML"UUS.'*/"-*;& ?BIFNPB@F HQII>KgIgN: 4jOjG * ZFS = DBTU(4jOjG*)($.DBMMPD( @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, 4jOjG) * 10, ($.#ML"UUS.'*/"-*;&);

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87.4.2

GL@A3?53E7 27:7;3 2L<MRAM?;39

#'KFK !>jH> #FVF .I>K>HI>Ng ABNOFKAB >KI>PJ>AgegJ ?FN LI>K>eg, >NP >NA> ?QIQKAQHI>NgKA>K BJFK LIQK>K BIBJ>KI>NgK ?>jI>KDg_ >ANBOFKFK ?FN # AFIFJFKB AbKcjPcNcIB?FIJBOFAFN. !bUIB ?FN DbOPBNDBABK # AFIFJF LIQjPQN>K ObV AFVFJF jQAQN: elemanlar*n_ilkini_g&steren_g&sterge<0 .. eleman_adedi>; !QK> DbNB, ($.DBMMPD() 'QK >NP >NA> ?>UPI>NA>K LIQjPQeQKQ ?FIAFeFJFV AbKcj ABeBNFKF 100 ?>UPP>K LIQj>K ?FN WPJE<> AFIFJFKB jbUIB AbKcjPcNB?FIFNFV: WPJE<> EJMJN = ($.DBMMPD(100)<0..100>; !BKVBN ?F_FJAB, 10 >ABP JOU F_FK UBN >UgN>K UQH>NgA>HF HLAA>K 10 BIBJ>KIg ?FN JOU<> AFIFJF jbUIB BIAB BAFIFN: JOU * ZFS = DBTU(JOU*)($.DBMMPD(JOU.TJ[FPG * 10); JOU<> EJMJN = ZFS<0..10>;

87.4.3

SFBMMPD() L?<3N7
SFBMMPD() 'QK HQII>KgJgKg DbOPBNJBH F_FK AFVF DF?F FjIBUBK _LH ?>OFP ?FN U>Mg P>O>NI>U>@>egJ. ZLH HgOgPIg LI>K ?Q U>MgA> U>IKgV@> BIBJ>K BHIBJB RB BIBJ>K> BNFjJB LI>K>HI>Ng ?QIQKQULN. # AFVFIBNFKAB LIAQeQ DF?F ?Q U>MgKgK A> =3B3D;E7D; R>N; BHIBKB@BH LI>K BIBJ>KI>N F_FK E>VgNA> UBN ?QIQKAQNQULN. !Q UBN PcHBKAFeFKAB FOB H>M>OFPB SFBMMPD() FIB >NPPgNgIgULN: TUSVDU %J[J(5) \ 5 * ZFS; TJ[F@U LBQBTJUF; TJ[F@U V[VOMVL;

// FMFNBOMBSjO CVMVOEVhV ZFS // UPQMBN LBd FMFNBOMjL ZFS PMEVhV // FLMFONJl PMBO FMFNBO BEFEJ

_UIJT() \ XSJUFMO("#FMMFhJ HFSJ WFSJZPSV["); ($.GSFF(ZFS); ^ /* * #FMJSUJMFO OVNBSBMj FMFNBOj EeOEfSfS */ !QSPQFSUZ 5 FMFNBO(TJ[F@U OVNBSB) \ FOGPSDF(OVNBSB < V[VOMVL, "iOEFLT IBUBTj"); ^ SFUVSO *(ZFS + OVNBSB);

/* * &MFNBOj EJ[JOJO TPOVOB FLMFS */ WPJE FLMF(5 FMFNBO) \ XSJUFGMO("%T OVNBSBMj FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS", V[VOMVL); JG ((ZFS JT OVMM) ]] (V[VOMVL == LBQBTJUF)) \ /* :FOJ FMFNBO JdJO ZFS ZPL; LBQBTJUFZJ BSUUjSNBL * HFSFLJZPS. */ TJ[F@U ZFOJ,BQBTJUF = LBQBTJUF + (LBQBTJUF / 2) + 1; LBQBTJUF"SUUjS(ZFOJ,BQBTJUF); ^ /* &MFNBOj FO TPOB ZFSMFlUJSJZPSV[ */

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*(ZFS + V[VOMVL) = FMFNBO; ++V[VOMVL;

WPJE LBQBTJUF"SUUjS(TJ[F@U ZFOJ,BQBTJUF) \ XSJUFGMO(",BQBTJUF BSUjZPS: %T -> %T", LBQBTJUF, ZFOJ,BQBTJUF); TJ[F@U CFMMFL6[VOMVhV = ZFOJ,BQBTJUF * 5.TJ[FPG; ZFS = DBTU(5*)($.SFBMMPD( ZFS, CFMMFL6[VOMVhV, ($.#ML"UUS./0@4$"/); ^ LBQBTJUF = ZFOJ,BQBTJUF;

7QH>NgA>HF HQII>KgJA> A> DbNcIAcec DF?F, SFBMMPD() 'QK A> c_cK@c M>N>JBPNBOF ($.#ML"UUS ?BIFNPB_IBNF F_FKAFN. !Q AFVFKFK H>M>OFPBOF U>HI>jgH LI>N>H %50 LN>KgKA> >NPPgNgIgULN; bNKBeFK, 100 BIBJ>KIgH UBN PcHBKAFeFKAB UBKF H>M>OFPB 151 LIQULN. 7BKF H>M>OFPB EBO>MI>KgNHBK BHIBKBK 1 ABeBNF, ?>jI>KDg_ AQNQJQKA> OgCgN LI>K H>M>OFPB F_FK bVBI ?FN FjIBJ DBNBHJBOFKF bKIBJBH F_FKAFN. [UIB LIJ>O>UAg, OgCgNgK %50 C>VI>Og A> OgCgN LI>@>egKA>K H>M>OFPB EF_ >NP>J>VAg. !Q U>MgUg EPVCMF PcNcKAB BIBJ>KI>NI> jbUIB ABKBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU DPSF.NFNPSZ; JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; // ... WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP EJ[J = %J[J!EPVCMF(); TJ[F@U BEFU = 10; GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ EPVCMF FMFNBO%FhFSJ = J * 1.1; EJ[J.FLMF(FMFNBO%FhFSJ); ^ XSJUFMO("#fUfO FMFNBOMBS:"); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. BEFU) \ XSJUF(EJ[J.FMFNBO(J), ' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

ZgHPgOg:

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0 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS ,BQBTJUF BSUkZPS: 0 -> 1 1 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS ,BQBTJUF BSUkZPS: 1 -> 2 2 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS ,BQBTJUF BSUkZPS: 2 -> 4 3 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS 4 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS ,BQBTJUF BSUkZPS: 4 -> 7 5 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS 6 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS 7 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS ,BQBTJUF BSUkZPS: 7 -> 11 8 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS 9 OVNBSBMk FMFNBO FLMFOJZPS #gUgO FMFNBOMBS: 0 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 #FMMFiJ HFSJ WFSJZPSV[

87.5

D3N7R93<:3?7 03:7?:7 07? E3?23 9B?;/9

OFX FC>ABOF FHF FjIBJ DBN_BHIBjPFNFN: 1. !BIIBHPBK KBOKBKFK Oge>@>eg H>A>N UBN >UgNgN. 2. -BOKBKFK HQNQ@Q FjIBRFKF _>egNgN. !Q FjIBJIBNABK ?FNFK@FOFKFK ($.DBMMPD() RB ?>jH> FjIBRIBNIB DBN_BHIBjPFNFIB?FIAFeFKF UQH>NgA> DbNAcH. !FN OFOPBJ AFIF LI>K #, KLNJ>IAB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIBK FHFK@F >AgJgK A> MNLDN>J@g P>N>CgKA>K ?BIFNIBKJBOFKB FVFK RBNFN. -BOKBIBNFK ?BIFNIF ?FN >ANBOPB HQNQIJ>Og F_FK "UBNIBjPFN" >KI>JgK> DBIBK TUE.DPOW.FNQMBDF() HQII>KgIgN. FNQMBDF() 'FK HQII>KgJgKg DbOPBNJBABK bK@B PcNIBNFK :;K3>3?3 4;C;?; H>RN>JgKg >KI>PJ>J DBNBHFULN.

87.5.1

)M?:3?7< .BMJHOPG <7A3:7N7

#BeFjHBKIBNFK HQNQI>?FIB@BHIBNF >ANBO ABeBNIBNF FIB FIDFIF ?FN HgOgPI>J> R>NAgN: 'BN PcN, >K@>H ?BIFNIF ?FN ABeBNB P>J LI>N>H ?bIcKB?FIBK >ANBOIBNAB ?QIQK>?FIFN. !QK> L PcNcK :;K3>3?3 4;C;?; (>IFDKJBKP) ABKFN. [NKBeFK, JOU ABeFjHBKIBN EBN V>J>K F_FK AbNAB P>J LI>N>H ?bIcKB?FIBK >ANBOIBNAB ?QIQKQNI>N: 0, 4, 8, 12, RO. 2cNIBNFK .BMJHOPG KFPBIFeF EFV>I>J> ?FNFJFKF AbKAcNcN. EFV>I>J> ?FNFJIBNFKF U>VAgNgULN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; JNQPSU TUE.UZQFUVQMF; TUSVDU #Pl:BQj \^ TUSVDU :BQj \ DIBS D; EPVCMF E; j>egA>HF MNLDN>J ?>Vg PcNIBNFK

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^ DMBTT #Pl4jOjG \^ DMBTT 4jOjG \ DIBS LBSBLUFS; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BMJBT 5ZQF5VQMF!(DIBS, TIPSU, JOU, MPOH, EPVCMF, SFBM, TUSJOH, JOU<JOU>, JOU *, #Pl:BQj, :BQj, #Pl4jOjG, 4jOjG) 5fSMFS; /* 6[VOMVhV, IJ[BMBNB CJSJNJ, WF UfSfO JTNJ */ XSJUFMO(" 6[. )J[. 5fS=O", "================="); GPSFBDI (5fS; 5fSMFS) \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5fS == DMBTT)) \ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL = @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, 5fS); ^ FMTF \ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL = 5fS.TJ[FPG; ^ XSJUFGMO("%4T%4T %T", V[VOMVL, 5fS.BMJHOPG, UP!ETUSJOH(5fS.TUSJOHPG));

!Q MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg C>NHIg LNP>JI>NA> C>NHIg LI>?FIFN: 6[. )J[. 5gS ================= 1 1 DIBS 2 2 TIPSU 4 4 JOU 8 8 MPOH 8 8 EPVCMF 16 16 SFBM 16 8 TUSJOH 8 8 "TTPDJBUJWF"SSBZ!(JOU,JOU) 8 8 JOU* 1 1 #Pm:BQk 16 8 :BQk 16 8 #Pm4kOkG 17 8 4kOkG -BOKBIBNF ?BIFNIF >ANBOIBNAB HQN>NHBK EFV>I>J> ?FNFJIBNFKB QUJ>H DBNBHFN. !QKQK bNKBeFKF DbNJBH F_FK UQH>NgA>HF 17 ?>UP QVQKIQeQKA>HF 4kOkG PcNcKcK FHF KBOKBOFKFK ?BIIBHPB J3@ J3@3 K>OgI AQN>?FIB@BHIBNFKB ?>H>IgJ. 'BN KB H>A>N U>O>I ?FN >ANBO LIJ>O> A>, bNKBeF HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK ?FNFK@F KBOKBKFK 0 >ANBOFKAB ?QIQKAQeQKQ R>NO>U>IgJ. !Q KBOKBUF LIQjPQN>K ?>UPI>N 0'A>K 16'U> H>A>N LI>K >ANBOIBNABAFN:

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0 1 16 +----+----+- ... -+----+- ... ] <- CJSJODJ OFTOF --> ] +----+----+- ... -+----+- ... !FN OLKN>HF ?Lj UBNFK >ANBOF 17 LIAQeQ E>IAB, L >ANBO ABeBNF 4kOkG 'gK EFV>I>J> ?FNFJF LI>K 8'B P>J LI>N>H ?bIcKBJBAFeF F_FK FHFK@F KBOKB LN>A> HQNQI>J>V. fHFK@F KBOKBKFK 8'B P>J LI>N>H ?bIcKB?FIBK ?FN OLKN>HF >ANBOB, U>KF 24 >ANBOFKB UBNIBjPFNFIJBOF DBNBHFN. N>A>HF HQII>KgIJ>U>K ?>UPI>N> 6A>6FC?3 (M>AAFKD) ?>UPI>Ng ABKFN: 0 1 16 17 23 24 25 30 +----+----+- ... -+----+----+- ... -+----+----+----+- ... -+----+- ... ] <- CJSJODJ OFTOF --> ] <- EPMEVSNB --> ] <-- JLJODJ OFTOF --> ] +----+----+- ... -+----+----+- ... -+----+----+----+- ... -+----+- ... !FN KBOKBKFK ?BIFNIF ?FN >ANBOPBK OLKN> U>O>I LI>N>H HQNQI>?FIB@BeF FIH >ANBOF BIAB BPJBH F_FK jQ EBO>M HQII>KgI>?FIFN: (BESFT + IJ[BMBNB@CJSJNJ - 1) / IJ[BMBNB@CJSJNJ * IJ[BMBNB@CJSJNJ 7QH>NgA>HF EBO>?gK ALeNQ LI>N>H FjIBJBOF F_FK ?bIJB FjIBJFKABK H>I>KgK DbV>NAg BAFIJBOF j>NPPgN. . UcVABK L EBO>MP> P>JO>Ug PcNIBNF HQII>KgIgN. j>egA> FNQMBDF() 'FK bNKBHIBNFKF DbOPBNFNHBK UQH>NgA>HF EBO>?g QUDQI>U>K jQ FjIBRABK U>N>NI>K>@>egJ: 5 * IJ[BMj"ESFT(5)(5 * BEBZ"ESFT) PVU (TPOVd) \ /* %eOEfSEfhfNf[ BESFTJO 5.BMJHOPG'B HFSdFLUFO EF UBN * PMBSBL CeMfOEfhfOf EFOFUMFZFMJN. */ BTTFSU((DBTU(TJ[F@U)TPOVd % 5.BMJHOPG) == 0); ^ CPEZ \ SFUVSO DBTU(5*)((DBTU(TJ[F@U)BEBZ"ESFT + 5.BMJHOPG - 1) / 5.BMJHOPG * 5.BMJHOPG); ^ 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBR KBOKBKFK PcNcKc j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOFKABK LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H _gH>NOgULN. .KQK WPJE* >ANBOIBNF FIB FjIBUBK UcHIBJBOFKF AB jbUIB U>V>?FIFNFV: WPJE * IJ[BMj"ESFT(5)(WPJE * BEBZ"ESFT) \ SFUVSO IJ[BMj"ESFT(DBTU(5*)BEBZ"ESFT); ^ !Q FjIBR, >j>egA> FNQMBDF() FIB DV@V8 KBOKBIBNF LIQjPQNQNHBK U>N>NIg LI>@>H. 1LK LI>N>H, UQH>NgA>HF FjIBRABK U>N>NI>K>K U>NAgJ@g ?FN FjIBR A>E> P>KgJI>U>IgJ. !Q FjIBR, KBOKBKFK ?LjIQHI>NI> ?FNIFHPB H>_ ?>UP UBN PQPPQeQKQ AbKAcNcN: TJ[F@U CPlMVLMV6[VOMVL(5)() \ TUBUJD JG (JT (5 == DMBTT)) \ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL = @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, 5); ^ FMTF \ TJ[F@U V[VOMVL = 5.TJ[FPG; ^

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SFUVSO DBTU(TJ[F@U)IJ[BMj"ESFT(DBTU(5*)V[VOMVL);

87.5.2

,/>P <3@<3:3?7<7 03:7?:7 07? E3?23 9B?;/9

FNQMBDF() , KBOKBKFK HQNQI>@>eg >ANBOF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IgN RB L >ANBOPB ?FN KBOKB HQN>N. $eBN R>NO>, KBOKBKFK HQNQ@Q FjIBRFKFK M>N>JBPNBIBNF ?Q >ANBOPBK OLKN> ?FIAFNFIFN: JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; // ... FNQMBDF(adres, /* ... kurucu parametreleri ... */); 7>Mg KBOKBIBNF HQN>NHBK PcNcK >UNg@> ?BIFNPFIJBOF DBNBHJBV; FNQMBDF() E>KDF PcNABK KBOKB HQN>@>egKg HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK DbOPBNDBKFK PcNcKABK >KI>N. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF FNQMBDF() _>eNgOgKA> fiSFODJ"ESFTJ 'KFK PcNc ?FN biSFODJ* LIAQeQ F_FK FNQMBDF() L >ANBOPB ?FN biSFODJ KBOKBOF HQN>N: ahSFODJ * ehSFODJ"ESFTJ = IJ[BMj"ESFT(BEBZ"ESFT); FNQMBDF(ehSFODJ"ESFTJ, JTJN, OVNBSB);

// ...

j>egA>HF MNLDN>J, ?cPcK KBOKBIBN F_FK DBNBHBK JFHP>NA> UBN >UgNgULN RB KBOKBIBNF L ?bIDB F_FKABHF EFV>Ig >ANBOIBNAB HQNQULN: JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUE.TUSJOH; DPSF.NFNPSZ; TUE.DPOW;

TUSVDU ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; JOU OVNBSB; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T(%T)", JTJN, OVNBSB); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ /* aODF CV UfSMF JMHJMJ CJMHJ ZB[EjSjZPSV[. */ XSJUFGMO("ahSFODJ.TJ[FPG: %#Y (%T CBZU)", ahSFODJ.TJ[FPG, ahSFODJ.TJ[FPG); XSJUFGMO("ahSFODJ.BMJHOPG: %#Y (%T CBZU)", ahSFODJ.BMJHOPG, ahSFODJ.BMJHOPG); TUSJOH<> JTJNMFS = < "%FOJ[", "1jOBS", "*SNBL" >; BVUP UPQMBN#BZU = CPlMVLMV6[VOMVL!ahSFODJ() * JTJNMFS.MFOHUI; /* * #fUfO ahSFODJ OFTOFMFSJOF ZFUFDFL LBEBS ZFS BZjSjZPSV[. * * 6:"3*! #V EJMJNJO FSJlUJSEJhJ OFTOFMFS IFOf[ * LVSVMNBNjlMBSEjS. */ ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS = (DBTU(ahSFODJ*)($.DBMMPD(UPQMBN#BZU)) <0 .. JTJNMFS.MFOHUI>; GPSFBDI (JOU J, JTJN; JTJNMFS) \ ahSFODJ * BEBZ"ESFT = ehSFODJMFS.QUS + J; ahSFODJ * ehSFODJ"ESFTJ = IJ[BMj"ESFT(BEBZ"ESFT);

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XSJUFGMO("BESFT %T: %T", J, ehSFODJ"ESFTJ); BVUP OVNBSB = 100 + J; FNQMBDF(ehSFODJ"ESFTJ, JTJN, OVNBSB);

/* #fUfO FMFNBOMBSj LVSVMNVl PMEVhVOEBO CJS ahSFODJ EJMJNJ * PMBSBL LVMMBONBLUB BSUjL CJS TBLjODB ZPLUVS. */ XSJUFMO(ehSFODJMFS);

7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>J biSFODJ PcNcKcK QVQKIQeQKQ, EFV>I>J> ?FNFJFKF RB EBN beNBK@FKFK HQNQIAQeQ >ANBOF AB U>VAgNgULN: biSFODJ.TJ[FPG: 0Y18 (24 CBZU) biSFODJ.BMJHOPG: 0Y8 (8 CBZU) BESFT 0: 7'$'0#0'2'00 BESFT 1: 7'$'0#0'2'18 BESFT 2: 7'$'0#0'2'30 <%FOJ[(100), 1kOBS(101), *SNBL(102)>

87.5.3

(P<P4 <3@<3:3?7<7 03:7?:7 07? E3?23 9B?;/9

1gKgC DbOPBNDBIBNFKFK KBOKBKFK P>J PcNcKABK LIJ>Og DBNBHJBV. [NKBeFK, )BZWBO DbOPBNDBIBNF ,FEJ KBOKBIBNFKB AB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>?FIFNIBN. !Q UcVABK FNQMBDF() , HQN>@>eg KBOKBKFK PcNcKc DbOPBNDBKFK PcNcKABK >KI>U>J>V. OgI PcNcK FNQMBDF() 'B j>?ILK M>N>JBPNBOF LI>N>H ?FIAFNFIJBOF DBNBHFN. $H LI>N>H, OgKgC KBOKBIBNFKFK HQNQI>@>eg UBN WPJE<> PcNcKAB ?FN AFIFJ LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIFN. !QKI>N> DbNB OgKgC KBOKBIBNF HQN>NHBK jQ ObV AFVFJF HQII>KgIgN: 5fS EFhJlLFO = FNQMBDF!T'r( oidDilimi, /* ... kurucu parametreleri ... */); FNQMBDF() , ?BIFNPFIBK UBNAB ?FN KBOKB HQN>N RB L KBOKBUB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K ?FN OgKgC 67T;X=7@; AbKAcNcN. !QKI>Ng ABKBJBH F_FK ?FN )BZWBO OgN>AcVBKFKABK U>N>NI>K>@>egJ. !Q OgN>AcVBKB >FP LI>K KBOKBIBNF ($.DBMMPD() FIB >UNgIJgj LI>K ?FN ?BIIBeB U>K U>K> UBNIBjPFNB@BeFJ. IP OgKgCI>Ng bVBIIFHIB C>NHIg QVQKIQHP> OB_FULNQJ. !bUIB@B EBN KBOKBKFK UBNFKFK ?FN bK@BHFKFK QVQKIQeQK> ?>eIg LI>N>H K>OgI EBO>MI>K>?FIB@BeFKF DbOPBNB@BeFJ. JOUFSGBDF )BZWBO \ TUSJOH lBSLj4eZMF(); ^ DMBTT ,FEJ : )BZWBO \ TUSJOH lBSLj4eZMF() \ SFUVSO "NJZBW"; ^ ^ DMBTT 1BQBhBO : )BZWBO \ TUSJOH<> Te[MFS; UIJT(TUSJOH<> Te[MFS)

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\ ^

UIJT.Te[MFS = Te[MFS;

TUSJOH lBSLj4eZMF() \ /* TUE.BMHPSJUIN.KPJOFS, CFMJSUJMFO BSBMjLUBLJ * FMFNBOMBSj CFMJSUJMFO BZSBdMB CJSMFlUJSJS. */ SFUVSO UP!TUSJOH(KPJOFS(Te[MFS, ", ")); ^

-BOKBIBNFK UBNIBjPFNFIB@BHIBNF ?bIDBUF ($.DBMMPD() FIB >UgN>@>egJ. !Q ?bIDBABHF KBOKBIBNFK OLKI>KAgNg@gI>NgKgK FjIBPFIJBIBNFKB BKDBI LIJ>J>H F_FK '*/"-*;& ?BIFNPB@FKF AB HQII>KgULNQJ: BVUP LBQBTJUF = 10@000; WPJE * CPl:FS = ($.DBMMPD(LBQBTJUF, ($.#ML"UUS.'*/"-*;&); -LNJ>IAB KBOKBIBN HQNQIAQH_> L ?bIDBKFK PcHBKJBAFeFKABK BJFK LIQKJ>Og A> DBNBHFN. [NKBeF HgO> PQPJ>H F_FK ?Q HLKQUQ DbV>NAg BAB@BeFJ; U>IKgV@> FHF KBOKB HQN>@>egJ RB ?Q FHF KBOKBKFK LN>U> Oge>@>HI>NgKg R>NO>U>@>egJ. . ?bIDBAB bK@B ?FN ,FEJ KBOKBOF OLKN> A> ?FN 1BQBiBO KBOKBOF HQN>@>egJ: ,FEJ LFEJ = FNQMBDF!,FEJ(LFEJ:FSJ); // ... 1BQBhBO QBQBhBO = FNQMBDF!1BQBhBO(QBQBhBO:FSJ, < "NFSSCB", "BMPP" >); #FHH>P BABNOBKFV 1BQBiBO 'gK HQNQ@QOQKQK DBNBHPFNAFeF M>N>JBPNBIBN KBOKBKFK UBNFKABK OLKN> ?BIFNPFIFULNI>N. FNQMBDF() _>eNgI>NgKgK AbKAcNAcHIBNF ABeFjHBKIBN ?FN )BZWBO AFVFOFKB BHIBKB@BHIBN RB A>E> OLKN> ?FN GPSFBDI AbKDcOcKAB HQII>KgI>@>HI>N: )BZWBO<> IBZWBOMBS; // ... IBZWBOMBS _= LFEJ; // ... IBZWBOMBS _= QBQBhBO; GPSFBDI (IBZWBO; IBZWBOMBS) \ XSJUFMO(IBZWBO.lBSLj4eZMF()); ^ #FeBN >_gHI>J>I>Ng MNLDN>JgK F_FKB U>VgULNQJ: JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU JNQPSU // ... WPJE NBJO() \ /* #V CJS )BZWBO EFhJlLFOJ EJ[JTJEJS; )BZWBO OFTOFTJ * EJ[JTJ EFhJMEJS. */ )BZWBO<> IBZWBOMBS; /* 0O CJO CBZUjO CV eSOFLUF ZFUFSMJ PMEVhVOV * WBSTBZjZPSVN. /PSNBMEF OFTOFMFSJO CVSBZB HFSdFLUFO * TjhBDBLMBSjOjO EFOFUMFONFTJ EF HFSFLJS. */ BVUP LBQBTJUF = 10@000; TUE.TUEJP; TUE.BMHPSJUIN; TUE.DPOW; DPSF.NFNPSZ;

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665

B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

WPJE * CPl:FS = ($.DBMMPD(LBQBTJUF, ($.#ML"UUS.'*/"-*;&); /* iML eODF CJS ,FEJ OFTOFTJ ZFSMFlUJSFDFhJ[. */ WPJE * LFEJ"EBZ"ESFTJ = CPl:FS; WPJE * LFEJ"ESFTJ = IJ[BMj"ESFT!,FEJ(LFEJ"EBZ"ESFTJ); XSJUFMO(",FEJ BESFTJ : ", LFEJ"ESFTJ); /* 4jOjGMBSEB FNQMBDF()'F WPJE<> WFSJMEJhJ JdJO BESFTUFO * EJMJN FMEF FUNFNJ[ HFSFLJZPS. */ TJ[F@U LFEJ6[VOMVhV = @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, ,FEJ); WPJE<> LFEJ:FSJ = LFEJ"ESFTJ<0..LFEJ6[VOMVhV>; /* ,FEJ'ZJ P ZFSEF LVSVZPSV[ WF EeOEfSfMFO EFhJlLFOJ * EJ[JZF FLMJZPSV[. */ ,FEJ LFEJ = FNQMBDF!,FEJ(LFEJ:FSJ); IBZWBOMBS _= LFEJ; /* 1BQBhBO'j ,FEJ OFTOFTJOEFO CJS TPOSBLJ VZHVO BESFTUF * LVSBDBhj[. */ WPJE * QBQBhBO"EBZ"ESFTJ = LFEJ"ESFTJ + LFEJ6[VOMVhV; WPJE * QBQBhBO"ESFTJ = IJ[BMj"ESFT!1BQBhBO(QBQBhBO"EBZ"ESFTJ); XSJUFMO("1BQBhBO BESFTJ: ", QBQBhBO"ESFTJ); TJ[F@U QBQBhBO6[VOMVhV = @@USBJUT(DMBTT*OTUBODF4J[F, 1BQBhBO); WPJE<> QBQBhBO:FSJ = QBQBhBO"ESFTJ<0..QBQBhBO6[VOMVhV>; 1BQBhBO QBQBhBO = FNQMBDF!1BQBhBO(QBQBhBO:FSJ, < "NFSSCB", "BMPP" >); IBZWBOMBS _= QBQBhBO; GPSFBDI (IBZWBO; IBZWBOMBS) \ XSJUFMO(IBZWBO.lBSLj4eZMF()); ^

ZgHPgOg: ,FEJ BESFTJ : 7'869469&000 1BQBiBO BESFTJ: 7'869469&018 NJZBW NFSSCB, BMPP /NLDN>JgK >AgJI>NgKg >_gH_> DbOPBNB?FIJBH F_FK ?cPcK FjIBJIBNF NBJO F_FKAB RB ?BIFNIF PcNIBNB ?>eIg LI>N>H U>VAgJ. . FjIBJIBNFK FUF U>VgIJgj ?FN MNLDN>JA> ZFOJ/FTOF(5) DF?F ?FN j>?ILK F_FKAB ?QIQK>@>HI>NgKg AcjcKB?FIFNFV.

87.6

$3@<3E7 03:7?:7 07? F/;/<2/ @=<:/<2P?;/9

OFX FjIB@FKFK PBNOF, OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFK FjIBPFIJBOF RB KBOKB F_FK >UNgIJgj LI>K ?BIIBeFK _bM PLMI>Ug@g P>N>CgKA>K DBNF >IgKJ>OgAgN. !Q FjIBJIBN ?BIFNOFV ?FN V>J>KA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H FjIBPFIFN. !>Vg AQNQJI>NA> OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFK MNLDN>J@gKgK FOPBAFeF ?FN V>J>KA> FjIBPFIJBOF DBNBHB?FIFN. [NKBeFK, >_Jgj LIAQeQ ?FN ALOU>Ug OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKAB H>M>P>K ?FN KBOKBKFK OLKI>KAgNg@gOgKgK EBJBK FjIBPFIJBOF DBNBHB?FIFN. !QN>A>HF HQII>KgJgKA> "LNP>A>K H>IAgN" >KI>JgK> DBIBK EFTUSPZ() , KBOKBKFK OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRFKFK EBJBK FjIBPFIJBOFKF O>eI>N: EFTUSPZ(OFTOF);

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

666

B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

EFTUSPZ U>IKgV@> OLKI>KAgNg@g FjIBRF FjIBPFN. !BIIBeFK DBN_BHPBK KB V>J>K DBNF RBNFIB@BeF UFKB AB _bM PLMI>Ug@gKgK H>N>NgK> H>IJgjPgN.

87.7

$3@<3E7 K/:PR;/ F/;/<P<2/ 7@;7E:3 9B?;/9

0CKFDU OgKgCgKgK GBDUPSZ() FOFJIF cUB FjIBRF PcNcK FOJFKF M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H >IgN, L PcNABK ?FN KBOKB HQN>N RB >ANBOFKF AbKAcNcN. GBDUPSZ() , PcNcK HQNQ@QOQ F_FK M>N>JBPNB >IJ>V; ?Q UcVABK PcNcK M>N>JBPNBOFV LI>N>H HQNQI>?FIJBOF j>NPPgN: NPEVMF EFOFNF; JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JOUFSGBDF )BZWBO \ TUSJOH TFT(); ^ DMBTT ,FEJ : )BZWBO \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "NJZBW"; ^ ^ DMBTT ,eQFL : )BZWBO \ TUSJOH TFT() \ SFUVSO "IBW"; ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH<> LVSVMBDBLMBS = < ",FEJ", ",eQFL", ",FEJ" >; )BZWBO<> IBZWBOMBS; GPSFBDI (UfSiTNJ; LVSVMBDBLMBS) \ IBZWBOMBS _= DBTU()BZWBO)0CKFDU.GBDUPSZ("EFOFNF." _ UfSiTNJ); ^ GPSFBDI (IBZWBO; IBZWBOMBS) \ XSJUFMO(IBZWBO.TFT()); ^

. MNLDN>JA> EF_ OFX HQII>KgIJ>Ageg E>IAB c_ >ABP )BZWBO KBOKBOF LIQjPQNQIJQj RB IBZWBOMBS AFVFOFKB BHIBKJFjPFN: NJZBW IBW NJZBW 0CKFDU.GBDUPSZ() 'UB PcNcK P>J FOJFKFK RBNFIJBOF DBNBHFN. . UcVABK UQH>NgA>HF PcN FOFJIBNF ",FEJ" RB ",eQFL" DF?F HgO> LI>N>H ABeFI, JLAcIcK FOJF FIB ?FNIFHPB "EFOFNF.,FEJ" RB "EFOFNF.,eQFL" LI>N>H ?BIFNPFIFULNI>N. GBDUPSZ 'KFK AbKcj PcNc 0CKFDU 'PFN; ?Q PcNcK UQH>NgA>HF DBTU()BZWBO) HQII>KgJgKA> LIAQeQ DF?F ALeNQ PcNB >_gH_> AbKcjPcNcIJBOF DBNBHFN.

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

667

B7>>7= .R@7E;?;

87.8

IF3A
x ZbM PLMI>Ug@g ?BIIBeF ?BIFNOFV V>J>KI>NA> P>N>N, >NPgH HQII>KgIJ>U>K KBOKBIBNF ?BIFNIBN, LKI>Ng OLKI>KAgNgN RB UBNIBNFKF DBNF >IgN. x ZbM PLMI>Ug@gKgK PBJFVIFH FjIBJIBNF ($.DPMMFDU() , ($.EJTBCMF() , ($.FOBCMF() , ($.NJOJNJ[F() , RO. FIB ?FN bI_cUB H>A>N UbKBPFIB?FIFN. x TUBUJD UIJT RB TUBUJD _UIJT JLAcIAB, U>MgA> RB OgKgCP> PBH LI>K ABeFjHBKIBNFK HQNQIJ>I>NgKg RB OLKI>KAgNgIJ>I>NgKg O>eI>N. x ZbM PLMI>Ug@gA>K UBN >UgNJ>H F_FK ($.DBMMPD() , >UNgIJgj LI>K ?BIIBeF QV>PJ>H F_FK ($.SFBMMPD() , DBNF RBNJBH F_FK AB ($.GSFF() HQII>KgIgN. x ZbM PLMI>Ug@gA>K >UNgI>K ?BIIBeFK ($.#ML"UUS./0@4$"/ , ($.#ML"UUS.'*/"-*;& , RO. LI>N>H Fj>NBPIBKJBOF DBNBHB?FIFN. x !FN DbOPBNDBKFK BNFjFJ O>eI>Ageg BIBJ>KI>N EJMJN=HfTUFSHF<0..BEFU> ObV AFVFJF FIB AFIFJB AbKcjPcNcIB?FIFNIBN. x .BMJHOPG PcNcK EFV>I>J> ?FNFJFKF RBNFN. x FNQMBDF() U>Mg KBOKBOF HQN>NHBK DbOPBNDB, OgKgC KBOKBOF HQN>NHBK WPJE<> >IgN. x 0CKFDU.GBDUPSZ() PcN FOJF FIB KBOKB HQN>N.

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

668

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

88
88.9

&?=0:3; HLFM;:3?7
AA/;/ C3 OR:3; (P?/:/?P
1. B , C , RB D 'KFK ABeBNIBNFKF EBN FjIBJ >AgJgKgK O>e P>N>CgKA> RB ABeFjBK ABeBNF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIBUBNBH DbOPBNFULNQJ: CBlMBOHjdUB D = B B = C C = D p p p p B B B B 1, 1, 2, 2, C C C C 2, 2, 2, 1, D D D D eOFNTJ[ 1 1 1

1LKQ_P> B RB C 'KFK ABeBNIBNF ABeFj PLHQj BAFIJFjIBNAFN.

88.10

#3?6/0/ DM<E/
1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("#BlLB CJS lFZ... :Q"); ^ 2. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("#JS TBUjS..."); XSJUFMO("#BlLB CJS TBUjS..."); ^ 3. !Q MNLDN>J XSJUFMO O>PgNgKgK OLKQKA> KLHP>Ig RFNDcI LIJ>Ageg F_FK ABNIBKBJBV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(".FSIBCB EfOZB!") ^

88.11

D?7A3:< C3 D?7A3
1. !FN UbKPBJ, >N>A> ?FN M>N>JBPNB A>E> HQII>KJ>HPgN: XSJUFMO(".FSIBCB EfOZB!", " ", ".FSIBCB CBMjLMBS!"); 2. XSJUF A> ?FNABK C>VI> M>N>JBPNB >I>?FIFN: XSJUF("CJS", " JLJ", " fd");

88.12

)3;3: )M?:3?
1. JOU UBNFKB ?>jH> ?FN PcN FOJF HQII>KJ>H UBPBN. fHF P>KBOF:

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669

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("5fS : XSJUFMO("#BZU PMBSBL V[VOMVhV: XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL EFhFSJ : XSJUFMO("&O CfZfL EFhFSJ : XSJUFMO(); XSJUFMO("5fS : XSJUFMO("#BZU PMBSBL V[VOMVhV: XSJUFMO("&O LfdfL EFhFSJ : XSJUFMO("&O CfZfL EFhFSJ : ", ", ", ", VMPOH.TUSJOHPG); VMPOH.TJ[FPG); VMPOH.NJO); VMPOH.NBY);

", ", ", ",

TIPSU.TUSJOHPG); TIPSU.TJ[FPG); TIPSU.NJO); TIPSU.NBY);

88.13

D3N7R93<:3?
1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF LVS = 2.11; JOU BEFU = 20; ^ XSJUFMO(LVS, " LVSVOEBO ", BEFU, " BWSP CP[EVSEVN.");

88.14

(A/<2/?A G7?7R C3 HP9PR A9P;:/?P

1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ TUEPVU.XSJUFMO(1, ",", 2); ^

88.15

G7?7RA3< B7:57 A:;/9

x TUEJO , DBIBK H>N>HPBNIBNF FOPBKBK PcNB AbKcjPcNBJBUFK@B HQII>KgI>J>V AQNQJ> DFNBN. [NKBeFK, JOU PcNcKAB ?FIDF ?BHIBKBK AQNQJA> ">?@" E>NCIBNFKFK DFNFIJBOF TUEJO 'FK HQII>KgI>J>V AQNQJ> DFNJBOFKB KBABK LIQN.

88.16

#/<AP9@/: O4/23:3?
1. #BNIBUF@F 10 < TBZk 'Ug ?FN FC>AB LI>N>H P>KgAgeg F_FK, LKA>K OLKN> ?FN RFNDcI ?BHIFULN. !cPcK FC>ABKFK BPN>CgK> M>N>KPBVIBN HLUQIAQeQKA> A> OLNQK _bVcIJcULN, _cKHc ?Q OBCBN AB 10 < TBZk FC>ABOFKABK OLKN> ?FN H>M>J> M>N>KPBVF ?BHIFULN. 2. (10 < TBZk) < 20 jBHIFKAB DNQMI>J> HQII>KgIAgegKA> ABNIBJB E>P>Og LIJ>V, _cKHc ABNIBUF@F bK@B 10 < TBZk FC>ABOFKF FjIBPFN, LKA>K OLKN> LKQK OLKQ@QKQ < 20 FIB HQII>KgN. 10 < TBZk DF?F ?FN J>KPgHO>I FC>ABKFK OLKQ@QKQK A> U> GBMTF U> A> USVF LIAQeQKQ ?FIFULNQV. GBMTF RB USVF ABeBNIBNF P>JO>Ug FjIBJIBNFKAB HQII>KgIAgHI>NgKA> LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H 0 RB 1 ABeBNIBNFKB AbKcjcNIBN. (.PLJ>PFH PcN AbKcjcJIBNFKF A>E> OLKN> DbNB@BeFV.) .

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

UcVABK AB ?cPcK FC>AB U> 0 < 20 U> A> 1 < 20 E>IFKB DBIFN RB FHFOFKFK OLKQ@Q A> EBN V>J>K F_FK USVF 'AQN. 3. " IP OgKgNA>K ?cUcHPcN RB cOP OgKgNA>K Hc_cHPcN" J>KPgHO>I FC>ABOFKF jbUIB HQN>NgV: XSJUFMO(""SBTjOEB: ", (TBZj > 10) && (TBZj < 20)); 4. "7BPBNFK@B ?FOFHIBP R>N" FC>ABOFKF LJmJ@TBZkTk <= CJTJLMFU@TBZkTk RBU> CJTJLMFU@TBZkTk >= LJmJ@TBZkTk LI>N>H U>V>?FIFNFV. !QKQK AgjgKA>HFIBN >UKBK OLNQA>HF DF?F U>VgI>?FIFNIBN: XSJUFMO("1MBKB HJEJZPSV[: ", ((NFTBGF < 10) && (CJTJLMFU@TBZjTj >= LJlJ@TBZjTj)) ]] ((LJlJ@TBZjTj <= 5) && BSBCB@WBS && FIMJZFU@WBS) ); .HQJ>Ug HLI>UI>jPgNJ>H F_FK ]] FjIB@FKFK >UNg ?FN O>PgN> U>VgIAgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. !bUIB@B OLNQA>HF FHF HLjQIQ PBJFV ?FN jBHFIAB FHF >UNg O>PgNA> DbNB?FIFULNQV.

88.17

74 "=RB:B
1. !Q MNLDN>JA> XSJUFMO("5BCBik LBMEkSkZPSVN") FC>ABOF O>KHF FMTF H>MO>JgKA>UJgj DF?F F_BNIBPFIBNBH U>VgIJgj. .UO> FMTF 'PBK OLKN> HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNF HQII>KgIJ>Ageg F_FK, HQN>II>N DBNBeF ?Q FMTF H>MO>JgKA> PBH ?FN FC>AB R>NAgN: XSJUFMO("#BLMBWB ZJZPSVN") . /NLDN>JA>HF ?LjIQHI>NgK bKBJF AB LIJ>Ageg F_FK (U>VgJ E>P>I>NgK> KBABK LIJ>AgHI>Ng OcNB@B) P>?>HIg FC>AB >OIgKA> NBJO F_FKAB OBN?BOP ?FN FC>ABAFN RB EF_?FN HLjQI> ?>eIg LIJ>A>K EBN V>J>K F_FK FjIBPFIFN. f_BNIBPFIAFeF F_FK LHQU>Kg U>KgIP>?FIFULN. $eBN P>?>HIg FC>AB AB FMTF H>MO>JgKA> LI>@>HO>, L V>J>K HcJB M>N>KPBVIBNFKF QKQPJ>J>H DBNBHFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ CPPM MJNPOBUB@WBS = USVF; JG (MJNPOBUB@WBS) \ XSJUFMO("-JNPOBUB JdJZPSVN"); XSJUFMO("#BSEBhj ZjLjZPSVN"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO("#BLMBWB ZJZPSVN"); XSJUFMO("5BCBhj LBMEjSjZPSVN"); ^

2. !Q LUQKA>HF HLjQII>Ng P>O>NI>J>H F_FK ?FNABK _LH _bVcJ AcjcKB?FIFNFV. !BK FHF P>KB DbOPBNB@BeFJ. [K@B OLNQA> RBNFIBK ?FIDFUF ?FNB ?FN QUDQI>U>N>H: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(";BS LBd HFMEJ JOU [BS; SFBEG(" %T", &[BS);

");

JG ([BS == 1) \ XSJUFMO("4J[ LB[BOEjOj[");

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671

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

^ FMTF JG ([BS == 2) \ XSJUFMO("4J[ LB[BOEjOj["); ^ FMTF JG ([BS == 3) \ XSJUFMO("4J[ LB[BOEjOj["); ^ FMTF JG ([BS == 4) \ XSJUFMO("#FO LB[BOEjN"); ^ FMTF JG ([BS == 5) \ XSJUFMO("#FO LB[BOEjN"); ^ FMTF JG ([BS == 6) \ XSJUFMO("#FO LB[BOEjN"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(")"5": (FdFSTJ[ EFhFS: ", [BS); ^

-B U>VgH HF L MNLDN>JA> _LH PBHN>N ?QIQKQULN. BAB?FIFNFV. !FN P>KBOF: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(";BS LBd HFMEJ JOU [BS; SFBEG(" %T", &[BS);

UKg OLKQ@Q ?>jH> ?F_FJAB AB BIAB

");

JG (([BS == 1) ]] ([BS == 2) ]] ([BS == 3)) \ XSJUFMO("4J[ LB[BOEjOj["); ^ FMTF JG (([BS == 4) ]] ([BS == 5) ]] ([BS == 6)) \ XSJUFMO("#FO LB[BOEjN"); ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO(")"5": (FdFSTJ[ EFhFS: ", [BS); ^

^ 3.

NPgH UQH>NgA> DbOPBNFIBK _bVcJIBNF HQII>K>J>UgV. *FJOB 1000 ABeFjFH ABeBNF bUIB >_gH_> U>VJ>V: >jgNg BJBH DBNBHPFNFN, ALeNQIQeQKA>K BJFK LIQK>J>V, LHQU>K ?FN jBU >KI>J>V, RO. . UcVABK ?QN>A> "?Q O>Ug FHF OgKgNgK >N>OgKA> Jg" H>NjgI>jPgNJ>OgKg HQII>KgNgV: JG ((TBZj >= 1) && (TBZj <= 500))

88.18

D67:3 DL<5M@M
1. TBZk 'KgK FIH ABeBNF 0 LIAQeQ F_FK XIJMF AbKDcOcKcK J>KPgHO>I FC>ABOF BK ?>jP>K GBMTF LIQULN RB AbKDcUB ?FN HBNB ?FIB DFNFIJFULN. !QKQK F_FK MNLDN>J@gIgHP> _LH HQII>KgI>K ?FN UbKPBJ, AbKDcUB DFNJBUF O>eI>U>@>H ?FN FIH ABeBN HQII>KJ>HPgN: JOU TBZj = 3; 2. !Q MNLDN>JA> >_gH_> FIH ABeBNIBN RBNFIJFULN _cKHc O>UgI>NgK 0 LI>K FIH ABeBNIBNF EBN FHF AbKDcUB AB JQPI>H> DFNFIB@BeFKF D>N>KPF BAFULNI>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \

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672

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

JOU HJ[MJ@TBZj; XIJMF ((HJ[MJ@TBZj < 1) ]] (HJ[MJ@TBZj > 10)) \ XSJUF("1-10 BSBMjhjOEBLJ HJ[MJ TBZjZj CJMEJSJO: "); SFBEG(" %T", &HJ[MJ@TBZj); ^ JOU UBINJO; XIJMF (UBINJO != HJ[MJ@TBZj) \ XSJUF("5BINJO "); SFBEG(" %T", &UBINJO); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("%PhSV!");

88.19

)/;@/EP:/? C3 A?7A;3A79 OR:3;:3?

1. / FjIB@FKF ?bIcJ F_FK, % FjIB@FKF AB H>I>K F_FK HQII>K>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CJSJODJ@TBZj; XSJUF("#JSJODJ TBZj: "); SFBEG(" %T", &CJSJODJ@TBZj); JOU JLJODJ@TBZj; XSJUF("iLJODJ TBZj : "); SFBEG(" %T", &JLJODJ@TBZj); JOU CeMfN = CJSJODJ@TBZj / JLJODJ@TBZj; JOU LBMBO = CJSJODJ@TBZj % JLJODJ@TBZj; XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ@TBZj, " = ", JLJODJ@TBZj, " * ", CeMfN, " + ", LBMBO);

2. *>I>KgK 0 LIQM LIJ>AgegKg JG HLjQIQ FIB ABKBPIBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU CJSJODJ@TBZj; XSJUF("#JSJODJ TBZj: "); SFBEG(" %T", &CJSJODJ@TBZj); JOU JLJODJ@TBZj; XSJUF("iLJODJ TBZj : "); SFBEG(" %T", &JLJODJ@TBZj); JOU CeMfN = CJSJODJ@TBZj / JLJODJ@TBZj; JOU LBMBO = CJSJODJ@TBZj % JLJODJ@TBZj; // #VSBEB BSUjL XSJUFMO LVMMBOBNBZBDBhjNj[B EJLLBU // FEJO. 4BUjSj EBIB TPOSB TPOMBOEjSNBL [PSVOEBZj[. XSJUF(CJSJODJ@TBZj, " = ", JLJODJ@TBZj, " * ", CeMfN); // #V LjTNjOj BODBL LBMBO 0 PMNBEjhj [BNBO ZB[EjSjZPSV[ JG (LBMBO != 0) \ XSJUF(" + ", LBMBO); ^ // "SUjL TBUjSj TPOMBOEjSjZPSV[

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673

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

^ 3.

XSJUFMO();

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XIJMF (USVF) \ XSJUF("0: `jL, 1: 5PQMBNB, 2: `jLBSNB, ", "3: `BSQNB, 4: #eMNF - ilMFN "); JOU JlMFN; SFBEG(" %T", &JlMFN); // aODF JlMFNJ EFOFUMFZFMJN JG ((JlMFN < 0) ]] (JlMFN > 4)) \ XSJUFMO("#V JlMFNJ EBIB ehSFONFEJN"); DPOUJOVF; ^ JG (JlMFN == 0)\ XSJUFMO("(fMF HfMF!"); CSFBL; ^ // &hFS CV OPLUBZB HFMNJlTFL, CJMEJhJNJ[ 4 JlMFNEFO // CJSJTJ JMF JMHJMFOEJhJNJ[EFO FNJOJ[. "SUjL // LVMMBOjDjEBO 2 TBZjZj JTUFZFCJMJSJ[: JOU CJSJODJ; JOU JLJODJ; XSJUF("#JSJODJ TBZj "); SFBEG(" %T", &CJSJODJ); XSJUF(" iLJODJ TBZj "); SFBEG(" %T", &JLJODJ); // ilMFNJO TPOVDVOV CV EFhJlLFOF ZFSMFlUJSFDFhJ[ JOU TPOVd; JG (JlMFN == 1) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == 2) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == 3) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; ^ FMTF JG (JlMFN == 4) \ TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; ^ FMTF \ XSJUFMO( "1SPHSBNEB CJS IBUB WBS! ", "#V OPLUBZB LFTJOMJLMF HFMNFNFMJZEJL..."); CSFBL; 4POVd: ", TPOVd);

^ ^

XSJUFMO("

^ 4.

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP;

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WPJE NBJO() \ JOU TBZj = 1; XIJMF (TBZj <= 10) \ JG (TBZj != 7) \ XSJUFMO(TBZj); ^ ^ ++TBZj;

88.20

"3@7?:7 (/EP:/?
1. [K@BHF ?bIcJABHF EBO>M J>HFKBOF MNLDN>JgKA>HF c_ O>PgNA>HF JOU 'IBNF EPVCMF U>MJ>H UBPBN: EPVCMF CJSJODJ; EPVCMF JLJODJ; // ... EPVCMF TPOVd; 2. /NL?IBJAB 5 UBNFKB A>E> C>VI> O>Ug DFNFIJBOF FOPBKOBUAF MNLDN>JgK K>OgI A>E> A> F_FKABK _gHgIJ>V ?FN E>IB DBIB@BeFKF DbNcULN JQOQKQV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF TBZj@1; EPVCMF TBZj@2; EPVCMF TBZj@3; EPVCMF TBZj@4; EPVCMF TBZj@5; XSJUF("4BZj 1: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj@1); XSJUF("4BZj 2: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj@2); XSJUF("4BZj 3: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj@3); XSJUF("4BZj 4: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj@4); XSJUF("4BZj 5: "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj@5); XSJUFMO("iLJ LBUMBSj:"); XSJUFMO(TBZj@1 * 2); XSJUFMO(TBZj@2 * 2); XSJUFMO(TBZj@3 * 2); XSJUFMO(TBZj@4 * 2); XSJUFMO(TBZj@5 * 2); XSJUFMO("#FlUF XSJUFMO(TBZj@1 XSJUFMO(TBZj@2 XSJUFMO(TBZj@3 XSJUFMO(TBZj@4 XSJUFMO(TBZj@5 CJSMFSJ:"); / 5); / 5); / 5); / 5); / 5);

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88.21

D7F7:3?
1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(",Bd TBZj WBS "); JOU BEFU; SFBEG(" %T", &BEFU); EPVCMF<> TBZjMBS; TBZjMBS.MFOHUI = BEFU; JOU TBZBd; XIJMF (TBZBd < BEFU) \ XSJUF("4BZj ", TBZBd, ": "); SFBEG(" %T", &TBZjMBS<TBZBd>); ++TBZBd; ^ XSJUFMO("4jSBMj PMBSBL:"); TBZjMBS.TPSU; TBZBd = 0; XIJMF (TBZBd < BEFU) \ XSJUF(TBZjMBS<TBZBd>, " "); ++TBZBd; ^ XSJUFMO(); XSJUFMO("5FST TjSBEB:"); TBZjMBS.SFWFSTF; TBZBd = 0; XIJMF (TBZBd < BEFU) \ XSJUF(TBZjMBS<TBZBd>, " "); ++TBZBd; ^ XSJUFMO();

^ 2.

_gHI>J>I>N HLAQK F_FKAB... JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ // ,Bd UBOF TBZj HFMFDFhJOJ CBlUBO CJMNFEJhJNJ[ JdJO // EJOBNJL EJ[JMFS LVMMBOjZPSV[ JOU<> UFLMFS; JOU<> dJGUMFS; XSJUFMO("-fUGFO UBNTBZjMBS HJSJO (TPOMBOEjSNBL JdJO -1)"); XIJMF (USVF) \ // 4BZjZj PLVZPSV[ JOU TBZj; SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); // 4BZj e[FMMJLMF -1 PMEVhVOEB EeOHfEFO djLjZPSV[ JG (TBZj == -1) \ CSFBL; ^ // 5FL WFZB dJGU PMNBTj EVSVNVOB HeSF GBSLMj EJ[JOJO // TPOVOB ZFSMFlUJSJZPSV[; JLJZF CeMfNfOEFO LBMBO 0

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// JTF dJGUUJS, EFhJMTF UFLUJS JG ((TBZj % 2) == 0) \ dJGUMFS _= TBZj; ^ FMTF \ UFLMFS _= TBZj; ^

// aODF UFLMFSJ WF dJGUMFSJ BZSj BZSj TjSBMjZPSV[ UFLMFS.TPSU; dJGUMFS.TPSU; // 0OEBO TPOSB CJSMFlUJSJZPSV[ JOU<> TPOVd; TPOVd = UFLMFS _ dJGUMFS; XSJUFMO("aODF UFLMFS, TPOSB dJGUMFS; TjSBMj PMBSBL:"); // %BIB eODF HeSEfhfNf[ HJCJ CJS EeOHf LVSBSBL EJ[JOJO // CfUfO FMFNBOMBSjOj djLjlB ZB[EjSjZPSV[ JOU J; XIJMF (J < TPOVd.MFOHUI) \ XSJUF(TPOVd<J>, " "); ++J; ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

3. !Q MNLDN>JA> c_ E>P> R>N. fHF E>P> XIJMF AbKDcIBNFUIB FIDFIF: EBN FHFOFKAB AB < FjIB@F UBNFKB <= HQII>KgIJgj. . UcVABK MNLDN>J U>O>I LIJ>U>K ?FN FKABHO HQII>K>N>H AFVFKFK AgjgK> P>jgULN. \_cK@c E>P>Ug HBKAFKFV QeN>j>N>H DFABNJBKFV bKBJIF LIAQeQ F_FK _bVcJc EBJBK RBNJBH FOPBJFULNQJ. 7QH>NgA>HF FHF E>P>Ug DFABNAFHPBK OLKN> MNLDN>Jg PBHN>N ABNIBUFK RB KBABK OLKQ@Q U>VAgNJ>AgegKg HBKAFKFV _bVJBUB _>IgjgK. $eBN HBKAFKFV ?QI>J>VO>KgV, _bVcJc DbNJBH F_FK >j>egA>HF FHF U>P>U _FVDF >N>OgKA>HF M>N>DN>Cg C>NBUIB OB_FK:

88.22

B/R9/ D7F7 %:/</9:/?P

x j>egA>HF AFIFJABHF DF?F 43XV@63@ =VD3>E3C3= ES=7E?7=, #'AB _LH U>UDgKAgN. !Q UbKPBJ, A>E> FIBNFAB DbNB@BeFJFV /EL?LO >N>IgHI>NgKgK A> PBJBIFKF LIQjPQNQN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ EPVCMF<> EJ[J = < 1, 20, 2, 30, 7, 11 >; EPVCMF<> EJMJN = EJ[J; // // // // JlJNJ[F EJ[JOJO CfUfO FMFNBOMBSjOB FSJlJN TBhMBZBO CJS EJMJNMF CBlMjZPSV[

XIJMF (EJMJN.MFOHUI) \ JG (EJMJN<0> > 10) \ EJMJN<0> /= 2; ^

// P EJMJNEF FMFNBO CVMVOEVhV // TfSFDF ... // JlMFNMFSEF ZBMOj[DB JML // FMFNBOj LVMMBOjZPSV[

EJMJN = EJMJN<1 .. $>; // EJMJNJ CBljOEBO LjTBMUjZPSV[

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^ ^ XSJUFMO(EJ[J); // BTjM EJ[J EFhJlNJl PMVZPS

88.23

D7F57:3?
1. *cPcME>KB ?>jRQNQ ?BIDBIBNFKFK >J>_I>Ng beNBPJBH ABeFIAFN. *cPcME>KB ?BIDBIBNFKF @>UAgNg@g ABNB@BAB HgO> RB >KI>jgIJ>V ?QI>?FIFNOFKFV. 1FV AB V>J>KI> >Igj>@>HOgKgV RB QVQK U>VgI>NA>K _LH bV ?BIDBIBN UBeIBUB@BHOFKFV. 2. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(""EjOj[ "); TUSJOH BE = DBQJUBMJ[F(DIPNQ(SFBEMO())); XSJUF("4PZBEjOj[ "); TUSJOH TPZBE = DBQJUBMJ[F(DIPNQ(SFBEMO())); TUSJOH BE4PZBE = BE _ " " _ TPZBE; XSJUFMO(BE4PZBE);

^ 3.

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("4BUjSj HJSJOJ[: "); TUSJOH TBUjS = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); TJ[FEJGG@U JML@B = JOEFY0G(TBUjS, 'B'); JG (JML@B == -1) \ XSJUFMO("#V TBUjSEB B IBSGJ ZPL."); ^ FMTF \ TJ[FEJGG@U TPO@B = MBTU*OEFY0G(TBUjS, 'B'); XSJUFMO(TBUjS<JML@B .. TPO@B + 1>); ^

88.24

(A/<2/?A A9P;:/?P D=@E/:/?/ B/N:/;/9

1. /NLDN>JI>NgK DFNFj RB _gHgjI>NgKgK ?FN?FNIBNFKB ?>eI>K>?FIJBIBNF bVBIIFHIB 3KFT PcNBRF FjIBPFJ OFOPBJIBNFKAB _LH HQII>KgIgN. !QK> LI>K>H RBNJBH F_FK, MNLDN>JI>NgK LI>?FIAFeFK@B OP>KA>NP DFNFj RB _gHgj >HgJI>NgUI> BPHFIBjB@BH jBHFIAB U>VgIJ>I>NgK> _>IgjgIgN. [NKBeFK FOJF EFOFNF.E LI>K ?FN ALOU>KgK E>KDF HI>ObNAB LIAQeQ GJOE RB HSFQ MNLDN>JI>Ng FIB jQ jBHFIAB ?QIQK>?FIFN: GJOE ] HSFQ EFOFNF.E GJOE , F_FKAB ?QIQKQI>K HI>ObNABK FPF?>NBK ?cPcK HI>ObNIBNFK F_FKABHF ?cPcK ALOU>I>NgK FOFJIBNFKF _gHgjgK> DbKABNFN. .KQK _gHPgOg ] FIB HSFQ 'B RBNFIFN RB L A> F_FKAB EFOFNF.E ?QIQK>K O>PgNI>Ng HBKAF _gHgjgK> U>VAgNgN.

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88.25

D=@E/:/?
x JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("-fUGFO EPTZB JTNJOJ ZB[jOj[: "); TUSJOH HJSJl%PTZBTjiTNJ = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); 'JMF HJSJl = 'JMF(HJSJl%PTZBTjiTNJ, "S"); TUSJOH djLjl%PTZBTjiTNJ = HJSJl%PTZBTjiTNJ _ ".CBL"; 'JMF djLjl = 'JMF(djLjl%PTZBTjiTNJ, "X"); XIJMF (!HJSJl.FPG()) \ TUSJOH TBUjS = DIPNQ(HJSJl.SFBEMO()); JG (TBUjS.MFOHUI != 0) \ djLjl.XSJUFMO(TBUjS); ^

^ ^

XSJUFMO(djLjl%PTZBTjiTNJ, " EPTZBTjOj PMVlUVSEVN.");

88.26

BVUP C3 UZQFPG
1. 2cNcKc ?QIJ>H FOPBAFeFJFV E>VgN ABeBNF UZQFPG '> RBNBNBH PcNcKc cNBPB?FIFNFV, RB L PcNcK .TUSJOHPG KFPBIFeF FIB AB PcNcK FOJFKF U>VAgN>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(UZQFPG(1.2).TUSJOHPG); ^ ZgHPgOg: EPVCMF

88.27

GPS DL<5M@M
1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPS (JOU TBUjS = 0; TBUjS != 9; ++TBUjS) \ GPS (JOU TfUVO = 0; TfUVO != 9; ++TfUVO) \ XSJUF(TBUjS, ',', TfUVO, ' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

^ 2. \_DBK:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPS (JOU TBUjS = 0; TBUjS != 9; ++TBUjS) \ JOU V[VOMVL = TBUjS + 1; GPS (JOU J = 0; J != V[VOMVL; ++J) \ XSJUF('*'); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

/>N>IBIHBK>N: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPS (JOU TBUjS = 0; TBUjS != 9; ++TBUjS) \ GPS (JOU J = 0; J != TBUjS; ++J) \ XSJUF(' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO("********");

!>HI>R> AFIFJF _FVAFNB?FIFN JFOFKFV? * *** ***** ******* ***** *** *

88.28

JK:M OR:3K :
1. 1LNQA> FOPBKAFeF F_FK : FjIB@FKF HQII>KgULNQV; OFV ?QN>A> JG ABUFJFKFK A>E> HQII>KgjIg LIAQeQKQ AcjcKB?FIFNOFKFV. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, ?Q _bVcJAB FHF P>KB : FjIB@F HQII>KgIJ>HP>AgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("-fUGFO OFU NJLUBSj HJSJO: "); JOU OFU; SFBEG(" %T", &OFU); XSJUFMO(OFU < 0 OFU < 0 -OFU : OFU, " MJSB ", "[BSBSEBTjOj[" : "LB[BOdMjTjOj[");

/NLDN>J OgCgN ABeBNF F_FK ?FIB "H>V>K_IgOgKgV" U>VJ>HP>AgN. /NLDN>Jg ABeFjPFNBNBH A>E> QUDQK ?FN JBO>G U>VJ>OgKg O>eI>UgK.

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88.29

/FP? D3N3?:3?
1. !QN>A>HF OLNQK, O>e P>N>CP>HF E>VgN ABeBNFK ?FN JOU 'B OgeJ>U>@>H H>A>N ?cUcH LIJ>Og RB L UcVABK AB PcNcKcK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K MPOH LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJBOFAFN. !Q UcVABK OLIA>HF JOU PcNcKABHF ABeFjHBKB QUJ>V. !QN>A> BK >V FHF _bVcJ R>NAgN. !FN _bVcJ, >_gH_> JOU U>VJ>H UBNFKB, ABeFjHBKFK PcNc F_FK BVUP HQII>KJ>H RB PcN OB_FJFKF ABNIBUF@FUB ?gN>HJ>HPgN: BVUP NJLUBS = 10@000@000@000; !bUIB@B NJLUBS ABeFjHBKFKFK ABeBNF AB MPOH LI>N>H OB_FIFN. #FeBN _bVcJ, ABeFjHBKFK PcNcKc AB >_gH_> MPOH U>VJ>HPgN: MPOH NJLUBS = 10@000@000@000; 2. !QN>A> O>PgNgK ?>jgK> DbPcNBK '=S' H>N>HPBNF HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !bUIB@B EBM >UKg O>PgNgK cOPcKB U>VgIgN. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPS (JOU TBZj = 0; ; ++TBZj) \ XSJUF("=S4BZj: ", TBZj); ^ ^ 7QH>NgA>HF MNLDN>JgK _gHPgOg EBJ C>VI> EgVIg EBJ AB TUEPVU 'QK >N> ?BIIBeFKFK ALIQM ?Lj>IJ>OgK> ?>eIg LI>N>H PQP>NOgV LI>?FIFN. j>egA>HF MNLDN>J EBN U>VJ>A>K OLKN> EBJ GMVTI() FIB _gHgj >N> ?BIIBeFKF ?Lj>IPgN, EBJ AB 10 JFIFO>KFUB ?BHIBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU DPSF.UISFBE; WPJE NBJO() \ GPS (JOU TBZj = 0; ; ++TBZj) \ XSJUF("=S4BZj: ", TBZj); TUEPVU.GMVTI(); 5ISFBE.TMFFQ(10.NTFDT); ^ ^ -LNJ>IAB _gHgj >N> ?BIIBeFKFK >_gH_> ?Lj>IPgIJ>OgK> DBNBH ULHPQN. N> ?BIIBH UBKF O>PgN> DB_JBABK bK@B RBU> DFNFjPBK ?FIDF LHQKJ>A>K bK@B AB LPLJ>PFH LI>N>H ?Lj>IPgIgN.

88.30

HP9AP DMF3<7
1. !QKQK AcVBK ?BIFNPB@FUIB K>OgI U>MgIAgegKg V>PBK DbNAcKcV. 'F_?FN EBO>M U>MJ>U> DBNBH H>IJ>A>K: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO("(1SPHSBNEBO djLNBL JdJO 0 HJSJOJ[.)");

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XIJMF (USVF) \ XSJUF("-fUGFO CJS TBZj HJSJOJ[: "); MPOH TBZj; SFBEG(" %T", &TBZj); JG (TBZj == 0) \ CSFBL; ^ ^ XSJUFGMO("%1$E <=> %1$#Y", TBZj);

2. % H>N>HPBNFKFK HBKAFOFKF U>VAgNJ>H F_FK _FCP U>VJ>H DBNBHPFeFKF E>PgNI>U>N>H: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF(":f[EF EFhFSJ "); EPVCMF Zf[EF; SFBEG(" %T", &Zf[EF); ^ XSJUFGMO("%%%.2G", Zf[EF);

88.31

G7?7R DMF3<7
1. 2>NFEFK U>VgJgKA>HF EBN ?FN P>JO>UgKgK UBNFKB %T UBNIBjPFNJBH FjFJFVB U>N>U>K AcVBK AFVDFOFKF LIQjPQNJ>U> UBPBN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ JOU ZjM; JOU BZ; JOU HfO; SFBEG("%T.%T.%T", &ZjM, &BZ, &HfO); ^ XSJUFMO(""Z: ", BZ);

88.32

EP-XIJMF DL<5M@M
1. !Q MNLDN>JgK EP-XIJMF FIB bVBIIFHIB ?FN FIDFOF ULH; >J> XIJMF UBNFKB HBOFKIFHIB EP-XIJMF FIB U>MgIJ>Og DBNBHBK ?FN bNKBH AB ?QIQK>J>V. /NLDN>J, PQPPQeQKQV O>UgUg cOPPBK RB >IPP>K HgOPgN>N>H ?QIQN. [NKBeFK FIH P>EJFKF 50 LIO>, RB OFV "_gH" AFUB U>KgP RBNOBKFV; >NPgH O>UgKgK 951,100; >N>IgegKA> LIAQeQKQ beNBKFN. .KA>K OLKN> ?Q FHF O>UgKgK P>J LNP>OgKA> ?FN ABeBN PQPO>, RB "FK" ABOBKFV; ?Q OBCBN AB bNKBeFK 951,75; >N>IgegKA> LIAQeQKQ ?FIFN. . jBHFIAB HgOPgN> HgOPgN> PBH ?FN O>Ug H>IAgegKA>, PQPPQeQKQV O>UgUg A> ?QIJQj LIQN.

88.33

FOVN
1. _gHI>J>I>N HLAQK F_BNFOFKAB:

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; FOVN ilMFN \ djLjl, UPQMBNB, djLBSNB, dBSQNB, CeMNF ^ WPJE NBJO() \ // 1SPHSBNjO EFTUFLMFEJhJ JlMFNMFSJ ZB[EjSjZPSV[ XSJUF("ilMFNMFS - "); GPS (ilMFN JlMFN; JlMFN <= ilMFN.NBY; ++JlMFN) \ XSJUFG("%E:%T ", JlMFN, JlMFN); ^ XSJUFMO(); // ,VMMBOjDj JTUFZFOF LBEBS QSPHSBNEB LBMNBL JdJO TPOTV[ // EeOHf LVMMBOjZPSV[. XIJMF (USVF) \ XSJUF("ilMFN "); // (JSJlUFO ZJOF EF FOVN'VO BTjM UfSf PMBO JOU PMBSBL // PLVNBL [PSVOEBZj[ JOU JlMFN,PEV; SFBEG(" %T", &JlMFN,PEV); /* #V OPLUBEBO TPOSB TJIJSMJ TBCJUMFS ZFSJOF FOVN EFhFSMFS LVMMBOBDBhj[. (JSJlUFO JOU PMBSBL PLVEVhVNV[ JdJO CV JOU EFhFSJO UfSfOf ilMFN'F EeOflUfSfZPSV[ (5fS EeOflfNMFSJOJ BZSjOUjMj PMBSBL EBIB TPOSBLJ CJS CeMfNEF HeSFDFhJ[.)

*/ ilMFN JlMFN = DBTU(ilMFN)JlMFN,PEV;

JG ((JlMFN < ilMFN.NJO) ]] (JlMFN > ilMFN.NBY)) \ XSJUFMO(")"5": (FdFSTJ[ JlMFN"); DPOUJOVF; ^ JG (JlMFN == ilMFN.djLjl) \ XSJUFMO("(fMF HfMF!"); CSFBL; ^ EPVCMF CJSJODJ; EPVCMF JLJODJ; EPVCMF TPOVd; XSJUF("#JSJODJ TBZj "); SFBEG(" %T", &CJSJODJ); XSJUF(" iLJODJ TBZj "); SFBEG(" %T", &JLJODJ); TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ DBTF ilMFN.UPQMBNB: TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.djLBSNB: TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.dBSQNB: TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.CeMNF:

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TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; CSFBL; EFGBVMU: UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO( ")"5": #V TBUjSB IJd HFMJONFNFMJZEJ."); ^ ^ XSJUFMO(" 4POVd: ", TPOVd);

88.34

OR:3C:3?
1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NFOfZf(eTUFS(TUSJOH<> TFdFOFLMFS, JOU JML/VNBSB) \ GPSFBDI (J, TFdFOFL; TFdFOFLMFS) \ XSJUFMO(' ', J + JML/VNBSB, ' ', TFdFOFL); ^ ^ WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH<> TFdFOFLMFS = < "4JZBI", ",jSNj[j", ":FlJM", ".BWJ", "#FZB[" >; NFOfZf(eTUFS(TFdFOFLMFS, 1); ^ 2. !FN H>_ CFHFN: { 7>P>U _FVDF _FVBK ZBUBZaJ[HJaJ[ >AgKA> ?FN FjIBR P>KgJI>UgK. { *>NB _FVBK LBSFaJ[ >AgKA> ?FN FjIBR P>KgJI>UgK. !Q FjIBR EgmFZaJ[HJaJ[ RB ZBUBZaJ[HJaJ[ FjIBRIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>?FIFN. { !LU>NHBK E>KDF H>N>HPBNF HQII>K>@>HI>NgKg _FVFJ FjIBRIBNFKB ?FN M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H RBNFK. !bUIB@B EBN jBHFI C>NHIg ?FN H>N>HPBNIB _FVFIB?FIFN: WPJE CFOFL,PZ(,BhjU LBhjU, JOU TBUjS, JOU TfUVO, EDIBS CPZB) \ LBhjU<TBUjS><TfUVO> = CPZB; ^

88.35

ER:3;3 )/0:=:/?P
1. { $jIBJB P>?ILOQKQK .LFZT KFPBIFeF, ?cPcK FKABHOIBNF F_BNBK ?FN AFVF AbKAcNcN. !Q AFVFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg ?FN GPS AbKDcOcKAB DBVBNOBH, RB EBN ?FNFOF F_FK BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK .SFNPWF KFPBIFeFKF HQII>KgNO>H ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>N BjIBJB P>?ILOQKA>K OFIFKJFj LIQNI>N RB OLKQ_P> P>?IL ?Lj>IgN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH<JOU> JTJNMF4BZjMBS = < 1 : "CJS", 10 : "PO", 100 : "Zf[", >;

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

XSJUFMO("#BlMBOHjdUBLJ UBCMP CfZfLMfhf JTJNMF4BZjMBS.MFOHUI); JOU<> JOEFLTMFS = JTJNMF4BZjMBS.LFZT;

: ",

GPS (JOU J = 0; J != JOEFLTMFS.MFOHUI; ++J) \ XSJUFMO(JOEFLTMFS<J>, " JOEFLTJOJO FMFNBOjOj TJMJZPSVN"); JTJNMF4BZjMBS.SFNPWF(JOEFLTMFS<J>); ^ XSJUFMO("4JMEJLUFO TPOSBLJ UBCMP CfZfLMfhf: ", JTJNMF4BZjMBS.MFOHUI);

. _bVcJ bVBIIFHIB ?cUcH P>?ILI>NA> U>R>j LI>@>HPgN. AB P>?ILUQ ?FN OBCBNAB ?Lj>IPgNI>N.

j>egA>HF _bVcJIBNFK FHFOF

{ !>jH> ?FN _bVcJ, BjIBJB P>?ILOQK> HBKAFOFUIB >UKg PcNABK ?Lj ?FN P>?IL >P>J>HPgN: TUSJOH<JOU> CPl5BCMP; JTJNMF4BZjMBS = CPl5BCMP; { 'BN PcNcK .JOJU KFPBIFeF, L PcNcK ;>= 67T7C; >KI>JgKA>AgN. !FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQKQK FIH ABeBNF AB ?Lj P>?IL LIAQeQ F_FK, ?FN bK@BHF _bVcJcK AB BjABeBNF LI>K jQKQ HQII>K>?FIFNFV: JTJNMF4BZjMBS = JTJNMF4BZjMBS.JOJU; 2. !QN>A> beNBK@F FOJFKB H>NjgIgH ?FNABK C>VI> KLP PQPJ>H FOPFULNQV. 7>KF ?FN 6;K; KLP... $eBN BjIBJB P>?ILJQVQ TUSJOH 'ABK JOU<> PcNcKB BjIBUB@BH jBHFIAB P>KgJI>NO>H, FOFJIB BNFjPFeFJFV BIBJ>K, ?FN JOU AFVFOF LIQN. . AFVFKFK OLKQK> KLP BHIBUBNBH AB >J>@gJgV> BNFjFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ /* * &lMFNF UBCMPTVOVO JOEFLT UfSf TUSJOH; FMFNBO UfSf JTF * JOU<>, ZBOJ CJS JOU EJ[JTJ... #FMJSHJOMFlUJSNFL JdJO * BSBMBSjOEB CPlMVLMB UBOjNMjZPSVN: */ JOU<> <TUSJOH> OPUMBS; /* * "SUjL "FNSF" JOEFLTJOF LBSljMjL HFMFO FMFNBOj CJS JOU * EJ[JTJ HJCJ LVMMBOBCJMJSJ[ */ // %J[JZF OPUMBS FLMFNFL: OPUMBS<"FNSF"> _= 90; OPUMBS<"FNSF"> _= 85; // %J[JZJ ZB[EjSNBL XSJUFMO(OPUMBS<"FNSF">);

-LPI>Ng PBHBN PBHBN BHIBJBH UBNFKB EBMOFKF ?FN AFVF LI>N>H A> >P>U>?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO()

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JOU<><TUSJOH> OPUMBS; OPUMBS<"FNSF"> = < 90, 85, 95 >;

XSJUFMO(OPUMBS<"FNSF">);

88.36

GPSFBDI DL<5M@M
1. JTJNMF P>?ILOQKQK PBNOF LI>N>H _>Igj>?FIJBOF F_FK FKABHO PcNc UBNFKB BIBJ>K PcNc, BIBJ>K PcNc UBNFKB AB FKABHO PcNc HQII>KJ>H DBNBHFN. 7>KF JOU<TUSJOH> ... OgI AFVDFKFK BIBJ>KI>NgKg GPSFBDI FIB DBVBNBH FKABHO LI>N>H BIBJ>K ABeBNFKF, BIBJ>K LI>N>H A> FKABHO ABeBNFKF HQII>KgNO>H, PBNO UbKAB _>Igj>K ?FN BjIBJB P>?ILOQ BIAB BABNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH<JOU> JTJNMF = < 1:"CJS", 7:"ZFEJ", 20:"ZJSNJ" >; JOU<TUSJOH> SBLBNMB; GPSFBDI (JOEFLT, FMFNBO; JTJNMF) \ SBLBNMB<FMFNBO> = JOEFLT; ^ ^ XSJUFMO(SBLBNMB<"ZJSNJ">);

88.37

TXJUDI C3 DBTF
1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; WPJE NBJO() \ TUSJOH JlMFN; EPVCMF CJSJODJ; EPVCMF JLJODJ; XSJUF("ilMFN "); JlMFN = DIPNQ(SFBEMO()); XSJUF("iLJ TBZjZj BSBMBSjOEB CPlMVLMB ZB[jO: "); SFBEG(" %T %T", &CJSJODJ, &JLJODJ); EPVCMF TPOVd; GJOBM TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ DBTF "UPQMB": TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "djLBSU": TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "dBSQ": TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; CSFBL;

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DBTF "CeM": TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; CSFBL; ^ ^ XSJUFMO(TPOVd);

2. DBTF ABeBNIBNFKFK RFNDcIIBNIB ?BIFNIBKB?FIJBOF LI>K>egKg HQII>K>N>H: GJOBM TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ DBTF "UPQMB", "+": TPOVd = CJSJODJ + JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "djLBSU", "-": TPOVd = CJSJODJ - JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "dBSQ", "*": TPOVd = CJSJODJ * JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF "CeM", "/": TPOVd = CJSJODJ / JLJODJ; CSFBL; ^ 3. !Q AQNQJA> EFGBVMU ?bIcJcKc BHIBJBH DBNBHB@BeF F_FK GJOBM TXJUDI HQII>K>J>UgV. /NLDN>JgK ABeFjBK UBNIBNF: // ... TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ // ... EFGBVMU: UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO("(FdFSTJ[ JlMFN"); ^ // ...

88.38

OR:3C &/?/;3A?3:3?7
1. !Q FjIBRFK M>N>JBPNBIBNF HLMU>I>K>K PcNABK LIAQHI>NgKA>K FjIBR F_FKABHF ABeFj PLHQj FjIBJF U>IKgV@> ?Q HLMU>I>Ng ABeFj PLHQj BAFULN. /NLDN>Jg AcVBIPJBH F_FK, M>N>JBPNBIBNFK NBCBN>KO LI>N>H DbKABNFIJBIBNF DBNBHFN: WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(SFG JOU CJSJODJ, SFG JOU JLJODJ) \ JNNVUBCMF JOU HFdJDJ = CJSJODJ; CJSJODJ = JLJODJ; JLJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ /NLDN>JA>HF E>P>UI> FIDFOF LIJ>O> A>, ?FN HBNB FIHIBKAFHPBK OLKN> ABeBNF ABeFjPFNFIJBUB@BeFKABK HFeJDJ AB JNNVUBCMF LI>N>H ?BIFNIBKJFjPFN. !Q ABeFjFHIFHIB NBJO F_FKABHF ABeFjHBKIBN BPHFIBKJFj LIQNI>N:

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2 1

88.39

&?=5?/;P< H3C?3@7E:3 EA97:3R7;7

1. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; JOU NBJO(TUSJOH<> QBSBNFUSFMFS) \ JG (QBSBNFUSFMFS.MFOHUI != 4) \ TUEFSS.XSJUFMO( ")"5"! %PhSV LVMMBOjN: =O ", QBSBNFUSFMFS<0>, " CJS@TBZj JlMFN CBlLB@TBZj"); SFUVSO 1; ^ JNNVUBCMF CJSJODJ = UP!EPVCMF(QBSBNFUSFMFS<1>); TUSJOH JlMFN = QBSBNFUSFMFS<2>; JNNVUBCMF JLJODJ = UP!EPVCMF(QBSBNFUSFMFS<3>); TXJUDI (JlMFN) \ DBTF "+": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ + JLJODJ); CSFBL; DBTF "-": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ - JLJODJ); CSFBL; DBTF "Y": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ * JLJODJ); CSFBL; DBTF "/": XSJUFMO(CJSJODJ / JLJODJ); CSFBL; EFGBVMU: UISPX OFX &YDFQUJPO("(FdFSTJ[ JlMFN: " _ JlMFN); ^ ^ 2. JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.QSPDFTT; WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUF("#BlMBUNBNj JTUFEJhJOJ[ QSPHSBN TBUjSjOj ZB[jO: "); TUSJOH LPNVU4BUjSj = SFBEMO(); ^ XSJUFMO("%eOfl EFhFSJ: ", TZTUFN(LPNVU4BUjSj)); SFUVSO 0;

88.40

BTTFSU O4/23@7 C3 FOGPSDF

1. !Q MNLDN>Jg 06:09 RB 1:2 RBNBNBH _>IgjPgNAgegKgVA> E>P> >PJ>AgegKg DbNB@BHOFKFV. !QK> N>eJBK, OLKQ@QK ALeNQ LIJ>AgegKg A> C>NHBAB?FIFNOFKFV:

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09:06'EB CBmMBZBO WF 1 TBBU 2 EBLJLB TgSFO JmMFN 10:08'EF TPOMBOkS. &bNcIAcec DF?F, 06:09 DFNFIAFeF E>IAB, _gHgj> 09:06 U>VAgNgIJ>HP>AgN. !Q E>P>, ?FN OLKN>HF MNL?IBJAB ?FN BTTFSU ABKBPFJF U>NAgJgUI> U>H>I>K>@>H. 2. /NLDN>J> 06:09 RB 15:2 RBNFIAFeFKAB >PgI>K E>P>, ?FVF jQ O>PgN> DbPcNcN: TUSJOH [BNBO%J[HJTJ(JO JOU TBBU, JO JOU EBLJLB) \ BTTFSU((TBBU >= 0) && (TBBU <= 23)); // ... ^ 1>>P ?FIDFOFKFK 0 FIB 23 >N>OgKA> ?FN ABeBNAB LIJ>OgKg ABKBPIBUBK ?Q BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK ?>j>NgOgV LIJ>Og, >K@>H ?Q FjIBR MNLDN>JgK ?>jH> UBNFKABK U>KIgj TBBU ABeBNFUIB _>eNgIAgegKA> JcJHcKAcN. [BNBO%J[HJTJ FjIBRFKFK _>eNgIAgeg TPOVDV:B[EkS FjIBRFKB ?>HPgegJgVA> ?FN U>KIgjIgH DbNBJFULNQV: WPJE TPOVDV:B[EjS( JO JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, JO JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JO JOU JlMFN4BBUJ, JO JOU JlMFN%BLJLBTj, JO JOU CJUJl4BBUJ, JO JOU CJUJl%BLJLBTj) \ XSJUFG("%T'%T CBlMBZBO", [BNBO%J[HJTJ(CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj), EB&LJ(CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj)); XSJUFG(" WF %T TBBU %T EBLJLB TfSFO JlMFN", JlMFN4BBUJ, JlMFN%BLJLBTj); XSJUFG(" %T'%T TPOMBOjS.", [BNBO%J[HJTJ(CJUJl4BBUJ, CJUJl%BLJLBTj), EB&LJ(CJUJl%BLJLBTj)); ^ XSJUFMO();

!Q AQNQJA> TPOVDV:B[EkS FjIBRFKF _>egN>K KLHP>I>NA>K jcMEBIBKFN RB LKQK MNLDN>JA> NBJO F_FKABK RB PBH ?FN KLHP>A>K _>eNgIAgegKg DbNcNcV: WPJE NBJO() \ // ... TPOVDV:B[EjS(CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JlMFN4BBUJ, JlMFN%BLJLBTj, CJUJl4BBUJ, CJUJl%BLJLBTj); ^ Z>egN>K KLHP>A> A> ?FN OLNQK ULH DF?F DbNcKcULN. !FN>V A>E> AFHH>P RB V>J>K E>N@>U>N>H OLKQKA> ?>jI>KDg_ V>J>KgKgK PBNO OgN>A> LHQKAQeQKQ C>NHBABNFV: [BNBO0LV("#BlMBOHjd [BNBOj", CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ); /NLDN>J@gKgK U>MPgeg L AFHH>POFVIFH KBABKFUIB 06:09 LI>N>H DFNFIBK ?FIDF >OIgKA> 09:06 LI>N>H >IDgI>KJ>HP> RB A>E> OLKN> ?QK> 15:2 OcNBOF BHIBKJBHPBAFN. [BNBO%J[HJTJ

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FjIBRFKABHF BTTFSU AB O>>P ABeBNFKF 24 LI>N>H DbNcN RB ?Q UcVABK E>P> >PgIJ>OgK> KBABK LIQN. !QN>A> _bVcJ, ?>jI>KDg_ V>J>KgKgK LHQKAQeQ KLHP>A> M>N>JBPNBIBNF ALeNQ OgN>A> U>VJ>HPgN: [BNBO0LV("#BlMBOHjd [BNBOj", CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj); ZgHPgOg: #BmMBOHke [BNBOk (44:%%) 06:09 jmMFN TgSFTJ (44:%%) 15:2 06:09'EB CBmMBZBO WF 15 TBBU 2 EBLJLB TgSFO JmMFN 21:11'EF TPOMBOkS. 3. !Q OBCBNHF E>P>, EB&LJ FjIBRFKABHF BTTFSU FIB FIDFIF: BTTFSU(FL.MFOHUI != 0); . ABKBPFJFK E>P>Ig _gHJ>Og, 63 BHFKFK QVQKIQeQKQK 0 LIAQeQKQ, U>KF BHFK ?Lj LIAQeQKQ DbOPBNFULN. #FHH>P BABNOBKFV, 06:09 RB 1:1 V>J>KI>NgKg PLMI>UgK@> OLKQ_ 07:10 LIQN. 7>KF ?Q OLKQ@QK A>HFH> ABeBNFKFK OLK E>KBOF 0'AgN. EB&LJ FjIBRFKB AFHH>P BABNOBKFV, 0'gK E>KDF BHF >I>@>eg ?FIAFNFIJBJFjPFN. ZbVcJ, 0'gK DBTF ?ILeQKQ A> TXJUDI FC>ABOFKB BHIBJBHPFN: DBTF 6, 9, 0: FL = "EB"; CSFBL; !Q E>P>Ug A> ?FN BTTFSU O>UBOFKAB U>H>I>Jgj RB DFABNJFj LIAQH: #BmMBOHke [BNBOk (44:%%) 06:09 jmMFN TgSFTJ (44:%%) 1:1 06:09'EB CBmMBZBO WF 1 TBBU 1 EBLJLB TgSFO JmMFN 07:10'EB TPOMBOkS. 4. #>E> bK@B AB H>NjgI>jPgegJgV BTTFSU UFKB ALeNQ _gHJgULN: BTTFSU((TBBU >= 0) && (TBBU <= 23)); !QKQK KBABKF, [BNBO&LMF FjIBRFKFK O>>P ABeBNFKF 23'PBK ?cUcH U>M>?FIJBOFAFN. !Q FjIBRFK OLKQK>, O>>P ABeBNFKFK EBN V>J>K F_FK 0 RB 23 >N>IgegKA> LIJ>OgKg O>eI>U>K ?FN =3>3@ FjIBJF BHIBUB?FIFNFV: WPJE [BNBO&LMF( JO JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, JO JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL4BBU, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB, PVU JOU TPOVd4BBUJ, PVU JOU TPOVd%BLJLBTj) \ TPOVd4BBUJ = CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ + FLMFOFDFL4BBU; TPOVd%BLJLBTj = CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj + FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB; JG (TPOVd%BLJLBTj > 59) \ ++TPOVd4BBUJ; ^

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TPOVd4BBUJ %= 24;

7QH>NgA>HF FjIBRABHF AFeBN E>P>Ug A> DbNcULN JQOQKQV? TPOVe%BLJLBTk 59'A>K ?cUcH ?FN ABeBN LIAQeQKA> TPOVe4BBUJ ?FN >NPPgNgIgULN, >J> TPOVe%BLJLBTk 'KgK ABeBNF 59'A>K ?cUcH LI>N>H H>IgULN. !BIHF AB jQ A>E> ALeNQ ?FN FjIBR LIQN: WPJE [BNBO&LMF( JO JOU CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ, JO JOU CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL4BBU, JO JOU FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB, PVU JOU TPOVd4BBUJ, PVU JOU TPOVd%BLJLBTj) \ TPOVd4BBUJ = CBlMBOHjd4BBUJ + FLMFOFDFL4BBU; TPOVd%BLJLBTj = CBlMBOHjd%BLJLBTj + FLMFOFDFL%BLJLB; TPOVd4BBUJ += TPOVd%BLJLBTj / 60; TPOVd4BBUJ %= 24; BTTFSU((TPOVd4BBUJ >= 0) && (TPOVd4BBUJ <= 23)); BTTFSU((TPOVd%BLJLBTj >= 0) && (TPOVd%BLJLBTj <= 59));

OIgKA> TPOVe%BLJLBTk E^I^ E>P>IgAgN _cKHc LK> A> 60'P>K H>I>Kg >P>J>H DBNBHFN. J> jFJAF FjFK DcVBI P>N>Cg, >NPgH ?Q FjIBRFK E>P>Ig O>>P RB A>HFH> ABeBNIBNF cNBPJBOF BTTFSU ABKBPFJIBNF KBABKFUIB LI>K>HOgVAgN. 7QH>NgA>HF FjIBRF bNKBeFK 06:09 RB 1:55 ABeBNIBNFUIB _>egNgNO>KgV, TPOVe%BLJLBTk 'Kg ABKBPIBUBK BTTFSU ABKBPFJFKFK E>P> RBNB@BeFKF DbNB@BHOFKFV. 5. !QN>A> OLNQK, OLK E>KBKFK 0 LIJ>OgKA>K H>UK>HI>KgULN. 1LK E>KB OgCgN LIQK@> LKI>N E>KBOFKF AB H>P>N>H "LK", "HgNH", "BIIF", RO. AFUB LHQUQK@> 0'> RBNFIJFj LI>K "A>" BHF EBN AQNQJA> ALeNQ _>IgjJgULN. !Q MNL?IBJFK _bVcJcKc OFVB ?gN>HgULNQJ.

88.41

B7?7; )3@A:3?7
x /NLDN>Jg bK@B ?Q E>IFUIB ?>jI>PgULN RB E>P> >PgIAgegKA>K BJFK LIQULNQV: $ ENE EFOFNF.E -PGEFOFNF -X -VOJUUFTU $ ./EFOFNF DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF(11): VOJUUFTU GBJMVSF !bUIB@B PBOPIBNFK _>IgjPgegKA>K BJFKFV; ?FVF FIBNFAB U>MgI>?FIB@BH E>P>I>N> H>Njg HLNQU>@>HI>N. !Q AQNQJA>HF E>P> JBO>GgKA>HF O>PgN KQJ>N>OgK> (11) ?>H>N>H, ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKABK FIHFKFK ?>j>NgOgV LIAQeQKQ DbNcULNQV. iFJAF, DbOPBNJBH >J>@gUI> ?FIBNBH E>P>Ig ?FN DBN_BHIBjPFNJBOFKF ABKBUBIFJ. !Q DBN_BHIBjPFNJB, bVBI E>NCB EF_ AFHH>P BPJBV RB DFNFIBK AFVFKFK >UKgOgKg AbKAcNcN: ETUSJOH IBSG#BlB(ETUSJOH EJ[HJ, JO EDIBS IBSG) \ ETUSJOH TPOVd; GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; EJ[HJ) \ TPOVd _= FMFNBO; ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

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VOJUUFTU \ JNNVUBCMF EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB"E; BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'N') == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'F') == "FNSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'B') == "BBNFSIC");

WPJE NBJO() \^ !Q OBCBN ?FNFK@F BTTFSU ABKBPFJF E7D36S87@ ?>j>NgIg LIQN, >J> FHFK@FOF E>P> >P>N: $ ./EFOFNF DPSF.FYDFQUJPO."TTFSU&SSPS!EFOFNF(17): VOJUUFTU GBJMVSF 2BO>AcCcK KBABKF, L E>P>Ig DBN_BHIBjPFNJBAB "JBNE>?>" DFNFIAFeF V>J>K UFKB "JBNE>?>" AbKAcNcIJBOF RB ?FNFJ PBOPFKFK ?BHIBKPFOFKB QUJ>OgAgN. 2BHN>N ABKBUBIFJ: ETUSJOH IBSG#BlB(ETUSJOH EJ[HJ, JO EDIBS IBSG) \ ETUSJOH CBl5BSBG; ETUSJOH TPO5BSBG; GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; EJ[HJ) \ JG (FMFNBO == IBSG) \ CBl5BSBG _= FMFNBO; ^ FMTF \ TPO5BSBG _= FMFNBO; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO CBl5BSBG _ TPO5BSBG;

VOJUUFTU \ JNNVUBCMF EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB"E; BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'N') == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'F') == "FNSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'B') == "BBNFSIC");

WPJE NBJO() \^ iFJAF PBOPIBNFK PcJc DB_BN: $ ./EFOFNF $ NPgH ?Q KLHP>A>K OLKN> DcRBKABUFV; FjIBRF, PBOPIBNFKB DcRBKBNBH FOPBAFeFJFV DF?F ABeFjPFNB?FIFNFV. j>egA> FHF C>NHIg DBN_BHIBjPFNJBOFKF A>E> DbNcULNOQKQV. !QKI>NgK FHFOF AB >UKg PBOPIBNABK DB_BNIBN. { TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF QBSUJUJPO FjIBRFKF HQII>K>K ?FN DBN_BHIBjPFNJB: JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; ETUSJOH IBSG#BlB(ETUSJOH EJ[HJ, JO EDIBS IBSG)

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EDIBS<> TPOVd = EJ[HJ.EVQ; QBSUJUJPO!(F => F == IBSG, 4XBQ4USBUFHZ.TUBCMF)(TPOVd); SFUVSO TPOVd.JEVQ;

VOJUUFTU \ JNNVUBCMF EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB"E; BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'N') == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'F') == "FNSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'B') == "BBNFSIC");

WPJE NBJO() \^ %AE: .F=3CV63=; BCA9C3?63 =F>>3@V>3@ G7 ;D;?D;K ;X>7G A>FXEFC?3J3 J3C3J3@ => DRK 6;K;?;@; 63:3 DA@C3=; 4R>S?>7C67 9RC757T;K. { [K@B bVBI E>NCPBK H>_ P>KB ?QIQKAQeQKQ O>U>K ?FN DBN_BHIBjPFNJB... !Q, OLKQ@QK ?>j P>N>CgKg A>E> OLKN> UFLSBSMk%J[J FOFJIF ?>jH> ?FN FjIBRB U>MPgNgULN. 1>eI>J MNLDN>J@gIgH DBNBeF, L FjIBRFK AB HBKAF ?FNFJ PBOPIBNF U>VgIJgj: ETUSJOH UFLSBSMj%J[J(JOU BEFU, EDIBS IBSG) \ ETUSJOH EJ[J; GPSFBDI (J; 0..BEFU) \ EJ[J _= IBSG; ^ ^ SFUVSO EJ[J;

VOJUUFTU \ BTTFSU(UFLSBSMj%J[J(3, '[') == "[[["); BTTFSU(UFLSBSMj%J[J(10, 'h') == "hhhhhhhhhh"); ^ ETUSJOH IBSG#BlB(ETUSJOH EJ[HJ, JO EDIBS IBSG) \ JOU e[FM)BSG"EFEJ; ETUSJOH TPO5BSBG; GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; EJ[HJ) \ JG (FMFNBO == IBSG) \ ++e[FM)BSG"EFEJ; ^ FMTF \ TPO5BSBG _= FMFNBO; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO UFLSBSMj%J[J(e[FM)BSG"EFEJ, IBSG) _ TPO5BSBG;

VOJUUFTU \ JNNVUBCMF EJ[HJ = "NFSIBCB"E; BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'N') == "NFSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'F') == "FNSIBCB"); BTTFSU(IBSG#BlB(EJ[HJ, 'B') == "BBNFSIC");

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WPJE NBJO() \^

88.42

(LF:3R;3:7 &?=5?/;:/;/
x !FNFJ PBOPIBNFKFK U>VgJgK> NBJO 'ABHF HLAI>N HLMU>I>K>N>H ?>jI>K>?FIFN. MNLDN>J> U>IKgV@> FHFK@F P>HgJgK H>V>KAgeg AQNQJQK PBOPF BHIBKJFj: JOU QVBO&LMF(JO JOU HPMMFS1, JO JOU HPMMFS2, SFG JOU QVBO1, SFG JOU QVBO2) JO \ BTTFSU(HPMMFS1 >= 0); BTTFSU(HPMMFS2 >= 0); BTTFSU(QVBO1 >= 0); BTTFSU(QVBO2 >= 0); ^ PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU((TPOVd >= 0) && (TPOVd <= 2)); ^ CPEZ \ JOU LB[BOBO; JG (HPMMFS1 > HPMMFS2) \ QVBO1 += 3; LB[BOBO = 1; ^ FMTF JG (HPMMFS1 < HPMMFS2) \ QVBO2 += 3; LB[BOBO = 2; ^ FMTF \ ++QVBO1; ++QVBO2; LB[BOBO = 0; ^ ^ SFUVSO LB[BOBO; j>egA>HF

VOJUUFTU \ JOU CJSJODJOJO1VBOj = 10; JOU JLJODJOJO1VBOj = 7; JOU LB[BOBO5BSBG; // #JSJODJ UBLjN LB[BOjS LB[BOBO5BSBG = QVBO&LMF(3, 1, CJSJODJOJO1VBOj, JLJODJOJO1VBOj); BTTFSU(CJSJODJOJO1VBOj == 13); BTTFSU(JLJODJOJO1VBOj == 7); BTTFSU(LB[BOBO5BSBG == 1); // #FSBCFSF LB[BOBO5BSBG = QVBO&LMF(2, 2, CJSJODJOJO1VBOj, JLJODJOJO1VBOj); BTTFSU(CJSJODJOJO1VBOj == 14); BTTFSU(JLJODJOJO1VBOj == 8); BTTFSU(LB[BOBO5BSBG == 0); // iLJODJ UBLjN LB[BOjS LB[BOBO5BSBG = QVBO&LMF(0, 1, CJSJODJOJO1VBOj, JLJODJOJO1VBOj);

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BTTFSU(CJSJODJOJO1VBOj == 14); BTTFSU(JLJODJOJO1VBOj == 11); BTTFSU(LB[BOBO5BSBG == 2);

WPJE NBJO() \ // ... ^

88.43

,/>P:/?
1. HOFKB ?FN KBABK LIJ>Ageg F_FK, BK ?>OFP LI>N>H FHF P>KB H>N>HPBN FIB: TUSVDU 0ZVO,BhjEj \ EDIBS SFOL; EDIBS EFhFS; ^ 2. 7FKB _LH ?>OFP LI>N>H, U>Mg KBOKBOFKFK cUBIBNFKF U>K U>K> _gHgj> DbKABNJBH UBPBNIF LIQN: WPJE PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(JO 0ZVO,BhjEj LBhjU) \ XSJUF(LBhjU.SFOL, LBhjU.EFhFS); ^ 3. $eBN ZFOJ4FSJ FOJFKAB ?>jH> ?FN FjIBRFK U>VgIJgj LIAQeQKQ H>?QI BABNOBH, ZFOJ%FTUF FjIBRFKF AB LKQ EBN NBKH F_FK AbNP HBNB _>egN>N>H HLI>U@> U>V>?FIFNFV: 0ZVO,BhjEj<> ZFOJ%FTUF() PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.MFOHUI == 52); ^ CPEZ \ 0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF; EFTUF EFTUF EFTUF EFTUF ^ _= _= _= _= ZFOJ4FSJ('z'); ZFOJ4FSJ('{'); ZFOJ4FSJ('|'); ZFOJ4FSJ('}');

SFUVSO EFTUF;

fjFK AFeBN ?bIcJc U>N>NI>KAgegJgV ZFOJ4FSJ P>N>CgKA>K E>IIBAFIFN. !Q FjIBR RBNFIBK NBKH ?FIDFOFKF ?FN AFVDFKFK ?cPcK BIBJ>KI>NgUI> OgN>UI> ?FNIBjPFNBNBH ?FN OBNF LIQjPQNQULN: 0ZVO,BhjEj<> ZFOJ4FSJ(JO EDIBS SFOL) JO \ BTTFSU((SFOL == 'z') ]] (SFOL == '{') ]] (SFOL == '|') ]] (SFOL == '}')); ^ PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.MFOHUI == 13); ^ CPEZ

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

0ZVO,BhjEj<> TFSJ; GPSFBDI (EFhFS; "234567890+2,"") \ TFSJ _= 0ZVO,BhjEj(SFOL, EFhFS); ^

SFUVSO TFSJ;

/NLDN>J E>P>I>NgKg bKIBJBH F_FK FjIBRIBNFK DFNFj RB _gHgj HLjQII>NgKg A> U>VAgegJ> AFHH>P BAFK. 4. 0>ODBIB OB_FIBK FHF BIBJ>Kg ABeFj PLHQj BPJBH, OLKQ_P> ABOPBKFK H>NgjJ>OgKg A> O>eI>N. 0>OPDBIB OB_FJ OgN>OgKA>, Hc_cH AB LIO> >UKg BIBJ>Kg OB_JB LI>OgIgeg A> R>NAgN. J> ?Q bKBJIF ?FN OLNQK LIQjPQNJ>V, _cKHc BIBJ>Kg HBKAFOFUIB ABeFjPFNJBKFK BPHFOF ULHPQN. WPJE LBSjlUjS(0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF, JO JOU EFhJl5PLVl"EFEJ) \ /* /PU: %BIB FULJO CJS ZeOUFN, EFTUFZJ CBljOEBO TPOVOB * LBEBS JMFSMFNFL WF IFS FMFNBOj EFTUFOJO TPOVOB * EPhSV SBTHFMF CJS FMFNBOMB EFhJlUJSNFLUJS. * * &O EPhSVTV JTF [BUFO BZOj BMHPSJUNBZj VZHVMBZBO * TUE.BMHPSJUIN.SBOEPN4IVGGMF JlMFWJOJ dBhjSNBLUjS. #V * LBSjlUjS() JlMFWJOJ CfUfOfZMF LBMEjSjQ NBJO() JdJOEF * BdjLMBOEjhj HJCJ SBOEPN4IVGGMF()'j dBhjSNBL EBIB EPhSV * PMVS. */ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. EFhJl5PLVl"EFEJ) \ // 3BTHFMF JLJ UBOFTJOJ TFd JNNVUBCMF CJSJODJ = VOJGPSN(0, EFTUF.MFOHUI); JNNVUBCMF JLJODJ = VOJGPSN(0, EFTUF.MFOHUI); // %FhJl UPLVl FU TXBQ(EFTUF<CJSJODJ>, EFTUF<JLJODJ>);

. FjIBRAB TUE.BMHPSJUIN JLAcIcKABHF TXBQ FjIBRFKABK U>N>NI>KAgJ. TXBQ , HBKAFOFKB RBNFIBK FHF ABeBNF ABeFj PLHQj BABN. 2BJBIAB jQ FjIBR DF?F _>IgjgN: WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(SFG 0ZVO,BhjEj TPMEBLJ, SFG 0ZVO,BhjEj TBhEBLJ) \ JNNVUBCMF HFdJDJ = TPMEBLJ; TPMEBLJ = TBhEBLJ; TBhEBLJ = HFdJDJ; ^ /NLDN>JgK P>J>Jg jbUIB: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.SBOEPN; JNQPSU TUE.BMHPSJUIN; TUSVDU 0ZVO,BhjEj \ EDIBS SFOL; EDIBS EFhFS; ^ WPJE PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(JO 0ZVO,BhjEj LBhjU)

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

\ ^

XSJUF(LBhjU.SFOL, LBhjU.EFhFS);

0ZVO,BhjEj<> ZFOJ4FSJ(JO EDIBS SFOL) JO \ BTTFSU((SFOL == 'z') ]] (SFOL == '{') ]] (SFOL == '|') ]] (SFOL == '}')); ^ PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.MFOHUI == 13); ^ CPEZ \ 0ZVO,BhjEj<> TFSJ; GPSFBDI (EFhFS; "234567890+2,"") \ TFSJ _= 0ZVO,BhjEj(SFOL, EFhFS); ^ ^ SFUVSO TFSJ;

0ZVO,BhjEj<> ZFOJ%FTUF() PVU (TPOVd) \ BTTFSU(TPOVd.MFOHUI == 52); ^ CPEZ \ 0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF; EFTUF EFTUF EFTUF EFTUF ^ _= _= _= _= ZFOJ4FSJ('z'); ZFOJ4FSJ('{'); ZFOJ4FSJ('|'); ZFOJ4FSJ('}');

SFUVSO EFTUF;

WPJE LBSjlUjS(0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF, JO JOU EFhJl5PLVl"EFEJ) \ /* /PU: %BIB FULJO CJS ZeOUFN, EFTUFZJ CBljOEBO TPOVOB * LBEBS JMFSMFNFL WF IFS FMFNBOj EFTUFOJO TPOVOB * EPhSV SBTHFMF CJS FMFNBOMB EFhJlUJSNFLUJS. * * &O EPhSVTV JTF [BUFO BZOj BMHPSJUNBZj VZHVMBZBO * TUE.BMHPSJUIN.SBOEPN4IVGGMF JlMFWJOJ dBhjSNBLUjS. #V * LBSjlUjS() JlMFWJOJ CfUfOfZMF LBMEjSjQ NBJO() JdJOEF * BdjLMBOEjhj HJCJ SBOEPN4IVGGMF()'j dBhjSNBL EBIB EPhSV * PMVS. */ GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. EFhJl5PLVl"EFEJ) \ // 3BTHFMF JLJ UBOFTJOJ TFd JNNVUBCMF CJSJODJ = VOJGPSN(0, EFTUF.MFOHUI); JNNVUBCMF JLJODJ = VOJGPSN(0, EFTUF.MFOHUI); // %FhJl UPLVl FU TXBQ(EFTUF<CJSJODJ>, EFTUF<JLJODJ>);

WPJE NBJO() \ 0ZVO,BhjEj<> EFTUF = ZFOJ%FTUF();

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LBSjlUjS(EFTUF, 100); /* /PU: :VLBSjEBLJ LBSjlUjS() dBhSjTj ZFSJOF BlBhjEBLJ * SBOEPN4IVGGMF() EBIB EPhSV PMVS: * * SBOEPN4IVGGMF(EFTUF); */ GPSFBDI (LBhjU; EFTUF) \ PZVO,BhjEj:B[EjS(LBhjU); XSJUF(' '); ^ ^ XSJUFMO();

88.44

&/?/;3A?3 (3?03@A:7N7
x IFTBQMB FjIBRFKFK ?BIFNOFV O>UgA> )FTBQ KBOKBOF >I>?FIJBOF F_FK M>N>JBPNB IFOPBOFKFK ?FN )FTBQ AFIFJFKF RB ... H>N>HPBNIBNFKF F_BNJBOF DBNBHFN: EPVCMF<> IFTBQMB(JO )FTBQ<> IFTBQMBS ...) \ EPVCMF<> TPOVdMBS; GPSFBDI (IFTBQ; IFTBQMBS) \ GJOBM TXJUDI (IFTBQ.JlMFN) \ DBTF ilMFN.UPQMBNB: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ + IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.djLBSNB: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ - IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.dBSQNB: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ * IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.CeMNF: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ / IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVdMBS;

fjIBRB DbKABNFIBK ?cPcK M>N>JBPNB ABeBNIBNF IFTBQMBS AFVFOFKAB ?QIQKQN. !cPcK EBO>M KBOKBIBNFKF ?FN AbKDcAB PBHBN PBHBN HQII>K>N>H OLKQ_I>Ng A> ?FN EPVCMF AFVFOFKB UBNIBjPFNFULNQV RB FjIBRFK OLKQ@Q LI>N>H AbKAcNcULNQV. !cPcK MNLDN>J: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; FOVN ilMFN \ UPQMBNB, djLBSNB, dBSQNB, CeMNF ^ TUSVDU )FTBQ \ ilMFN JlMFN; EPVCMF CJSJODJ; EPVCMF JLJODJ; ^

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EPVCMF<> IFTBQMB()FTBQ<> IFTBQMBS ...) \ EPVCMF<> TPOVdMBS; GPSFBDI (IFTBQ; IFTBQMBS) \ GJOBM TXJUDI (IFTBQ.JlMFN) \ DBTF ilMFN.UPQMBNB: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ + IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.djLBSNB: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ - IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.dBSQNB: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ * IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; DBTF ilMFN.CeMNF: TPOVdMBS _= IFTBQ.CJSJODJ / IFTBQ.JLJODJ; CSFBL; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVdMBS;

WPJE NBJO() \ XSJUFMO(IFTBQMB()FTBQ(ilMFN.UPQMBNB, 1.1, 2.2), )FTBQ(ilMFN.djLBSNB, 3.3, 4.4), )FTBQ(ilMFN.dBSQNB, 5.5, 6.6), )FTBQ(ilMFN.CeMNF, 7.7, 8.8))); ^ ZgHPgOg: <3.3, -1.1, 36.3, 0.875>

88.45

OR:3C ,M9:3;3
1. #>E> bK@B U>VgI>K CJMHJ7FS FjIBRIBNFKABK U>N>NI>K>K FHF UcHIBJBOF jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFN: WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO :FNFL ZFNFL) \ CJMHJ7FS(ZFNFL.[BNBO); XSJUF('-'); CJMHJ7FS([BNBO&LMF(ZFNFL.[BNBO, (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 30))); ^ XSJUF(" :FNFL, :FS: ", ZFNFL.BESFT);

WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO (fOMfL1MBO QMBO) \ CJMHJ7FS(QMBO.TBCBI5PQMBOUjTj); XSJUFMO(); CJMHJ7FS(QMBO.ehMF:FNFhJ); XSJUFMO(); CJMHJ7FS(QMBO.BLlBN5PQMBOUjTj); ^ !cPcK ?Q PcNIBNF HQII>K>K MNLDN>JgK P>J>Jg:

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO) \ XSJUFG("%02T:%02T", [BNBO.TBBU, [BNBO.EBLJLB); ^ (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO&LMF(JO (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd, JO (fOfO4BBUJ FLMFOFDFL) \ (fOfO4BBUJ TPOVd; TPOVd.EBLJLB = CBlMBOHjd.EBLJLB + FLMFOFDFL.EBLJLB; TPOVd.TBBU = CBlMBOHjd.TBBU + FLMFOFDFL.TBBU; TPOVd.TBBU += TPOVd.EBLJLB / 60; TPOVd.EBLJLB %= 60; TPOVd.TBBU %= 24; ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

TUSVDU 5PQMBOUj \ TUSJOH LPOV; JOU LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj; (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd; (fOfO4BBUJ CJUJl; ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO 5PQMBOUj UPQMBOUj) \ CJMHJ7FS(UPQMBOUj.CBlMBOHjd); XSJUF('-'); CJMHJ7FS(UPQMBOUj.CJUJl); XSJUFG(" ="%T=" UPQMBOUjTj (%T LBUjMjNDj)", UPQMBOUj.LPOV, UPQMBOUj.LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj);

TUSVDU :FNFL \ (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO; TUSJOH BESFT; ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO :FNFL ZFNFL) \ CJMHJ7FS(ZFNFL.[BNBO); XSJUF('-'); CJMHJ7FS([BNBO&LMF(ZFNFL.[BNBO, (fOfO4BBUJ(1, 30))); ^ XSJUF(" :FNFL, :FS: ", ZFNFL.BESFT);

TUSVDU (fOMfL1MBO \ 5PQMBOUj TBCBI5PQMBOUjTj; :FNFL ehMF:FNFhJ; 5PQMBOUj BLlBN5PQMBOUjTj; ^ WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO (fOMfL1MBO QMBO) \

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

CJMHJ7FS(QMBO.TBCBI5PQMBOUjTj); XSJUFMO(); CJMHJ7FS(QMBO.ehMF:FNFhJ); XSJUFMO(); CJMHJ7FS(QMBO.BLlBN5PQMBOUjTj);

WPJE NBJO() \ JNNVUBCMF HF[J5PQMBOUjTj = 5PQMBOUj("#JTJLMFU HF[JTJ", 4, (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(11, 45)); JNNVUBCMF ehMF:FNFhJ = :FNFL((fOfO4BBUJ(12, 30), "5BLTJN"); JNNVUBCMF CfUdF5PQMBOUjTj = 5PQMBOUj("#fUdF", 8, (fOfO4BBUJ(15, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(17, 30)); JNNVUBCMF CVHfOfO1MBOj = (fOMfL1MBO(HF[J5PQMBOUjTj, ehMF:FNFhJ, CfUdF5PQMBOUjTj); CJMHJ7FS(CVHfOfO1MBOj); XSJUFMO();

7QH>NgA>HF NBJO , KBOKBIBN P>KgJI>J>H UBNFKB U>IKgV@> U>Mg E>VgN ABeBNIBNF FIB jbUIB AB U>VgI>?FIFN: WPJE NBJO() \ CJMHJ7FS((fOMfL1MBO(5PQMBOUj("#JTJLMFU HF[JTJ", 4, (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(11, 45)), :FNFL((fOfO4BBUJ(12, 30), "5BLTJN"), 5PQMBOUj("#fUdF", 8, (fOfO4BBUJ(15, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(17, 30))));

XSJUFMO();

88.46

JE3 OR:3C:3?
1. V>IP>K FjIBR, BHOF ABeBNIBN KBABKFUIB A>E> H>NJ>jgH LIQULN: TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ // ... WPJE B[BMU(JO 4fSF TfSF) \ JOU B[BMBO%BLJLB = TfSF.EBLJLB % 60; JOU B[BMBO4BBU = TfSF.EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB -= B[BMBO%BLJLB; JG (EBLJLB < 0) \ EBLJLB += 60; ++B[BMBO4BBU; ^ TBBU -= B[BMBO4BBU;

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701

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

^ ^

JG (TBBU < 0) \ TBBU = 24 - (-TBBU % 24); ^

// ...

2. UP4USJOH 'FK MNLDN>Jg _LH A>E> HgO> RB HQII>KgjIg E>IB DBPFNAFeFKF DbNB@BHOFKFV. *>NjgI>jPgNJ> >J>@gUI>, MNLDN>JgK bK@BHF E>IFKAB 5PQMBOUk KBOKBOFKF U>VAgN>K FjIBRF PBHN>N DbOPBNJBH FOPFULNQJ: WPJE CJMHJ7FS(JO 5PQMBOUj UPQMBOUj) \ CJMHJ7FS(UPQMBOUj.CBlMBOHjd); XSJUF('-'); CJMHJ7FS(UPQMBOUj.CJUJl); XSJUFG(" ="%T=" UPQMBOUjTj (%T LBUjMjNDj)", UPQMBOUj.LPOV, UPQMBOUj.LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj);

j>egA>HF MNLDN>JA>HF 5PQMBOUk.UP4USJOH FOB HgO>@> jbUIB U>VgI>?FIFULN: TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T-%T ="%T=" UPQMBOUjTj (%T LBUjMjNDj)", CBlMBOHjd, CJUJl, LPOV, LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj); ^ /NLDN>JgK P>J>Jg: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; TUSVDU 4fSF \ JOU EBLJLB; ^ TUSVDU (fOfO4BBUJ \ JOU TBBU; JOU EBLJLB; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%02T:%02T", TBBU, EBLJLB); ^ WPJE FLMF(JO 4fSF TfSF) \ EBLJLB += TfSF.EBLJLB; TBBU += EBLJLB / 60; EBLJLB %= 60; TBBU %= 24;

TUSVDU 5PQMBOUj \ TUSJOH LPOV; JOU LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj; (fOfO4BBUJ CBlMBOHjd;

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702

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

(fOfO4BBUJ CJUJl; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T-%T ="%T=" UPQMBOUjTj (%T LBUjMjNDj)", CBlMBOHjd, CJUJl, LPOV, LBUjMjNDj4BZjTj); ^

TUSVDU :FNFL \ (fOfO4BBUJ [BNBO; TUSJOH BESFT; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ (fOfO4BBUJ CJUJl = [BNBO; CJUJl.FLMF(4fSF(90)); SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T-%T :FNFL, :FS: %T", [BNBO, CJUJl, BESFT);

TUSVDU (fOMfL1MBO \ 5PQMBOUj TBCBI5PQMBOUjTj; :FNFL ehMF:FNFhJ; 5PQMBOUj BLlBN5PQMBOUjTj; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T=O%T=O%T", TBCBI5PQMBOUjTj, ehMF:FNFhJ, BLlBN5PQMBOUjTj); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP HF[J5PQMBOUjTj = 5PQMBOUj("#JTJLMFU HF[JTJ", 4, (fOfO4BBUJ(10, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(11, 45)); BVUP ehMF:FNFhJ = :FNFL((fOfO4BBUJ(12, 30), "5BLTJN"); BVUP CfUdF5PQMBOUjTj = 5PQMBOUj("#fUdF", 8, (fOfO4BBUJ(15, 30), (fOfO4BBUJ(17, 30)); BVUP CVHfOfO1MBOj = (fOMfL1MBO(HF[J5PQMBOUjTj, ehMF:FNFhJ, CfUdF5PQMBOUjTj); XSJUFMO(CVHfOfO1MBOj); XSJUFMO();

/NLDN>JgK _gHPgOg A> BOHF E>IFKFK >UKgOg: 10:30-11:45 "#JTJLMFU HF[JTJ" UPQMBOUkTk (4 LBUkMkNDk) 12:30-14:00 :FNFL, :FS: 5BLTJN 15:30-17:30 "#gUeF" UPQMBOUkTk (8 LBUkMkNDk)

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

88.47

OR:3K ,M9:3;3
x j>egA>HF DBN_BHIBjPFNJB ?cPcK ?FNFJ PBOPIBNFKABK DB_FULN. 2>O>NgJ H>N>NI>NgKg HLA >_gHI>J>I>Ng F_FKB U>VAgJ. !Q U>MgKgK ?>Vg FjIB_IBNF A>E> BPHFK LI>N>H P>O>NI>K>?FIFNAF. $H LI>N>H, M>Ug RB M>UA>Ug O>ABIBjPFNJBH AB DBNBHFN. />U RB M>UA> ABeBNIBNF bNKBeFK 20 RB 60 LI>N>H H>IJ>H UBNFKB BK ?cUcH LNP>H ?bIBKIBNFKB ?bIcKAcHPBK OLKN> 1 RB 3 LI>N>H O>HI>KJ>IgAgN. 7LHO>, _LeQ FjIBJ M>UgK RB M>UA>KgK DFPPFH_B ?cUcJBIBNFKB KBABK LIJ>HP>. JNQPSU TUE.FYDFQUJPO; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; TUSVDU ,FTJS \ MPOH QBZ; MPOH QBZEB; /* ,VSVDV JlMFW LPMBZMjL PMTVO EJZF QBZEBOjO * CFMJSUJMNFTJOJ HFSFLUJSNJZPS WF 1 WBSTBZjZPS. */ UIJT(MPOH QBZ, MPOH QBZEB = 1) \ FOGPSDF(QBZEB != 0, "1BZEB TjGjS PMBNB["); UIJT.QBZ = QBZ; UIJT.QBZEB = QBZEB; /* 1BZEBOjO FLTJ EFhFS BMNBTjOj CBljOEBO eOMFNFL EBIB * TPOSBLJ JlMFNMFSJ CBTJUMFlUJSFDFL. */ JG (UIJT.QBZEB < 0) \ UIJT.QBZ = -UIJT.QBZ; UIJT.QBZEB = -UIJT.QBZEB; ^

/* 5FLMJ - JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJO FLTJ EFhFSMJ PMBOjOj * EeOEfSfS. */ ,FTJS PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "-") \ /* iTJNTJ[ CJS OFTOF fSFUJZPS WF EeOEfSfZPS. */ SFUVSO ,FTJS(-QBZ, QBZEB); ^ /* ++ JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJO EFhFSJOJ CJS BSUUjSjS. */ SFG ,FTJS PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG (JlMFd == "++") \ /* #VSBEB 'UIJT += ,FTJS(1)' EF LVMMBOjMBCJMJSEJ. */ QBZ += QBZEB; SFUVSO UIJT; ^ /* -- JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJO EFhFSJOJ CJS B[BMUjS. */ SFG ,FTJS PQ6OBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)() JG (JlMFd == "--") \ /* #VSBEB 'UIJT -= ,FTJS(1)' EF LVMMBOjMBCJMJSEJ. */ QBZ -= QBZEB; SFUVSO UIJT; ^ /* += JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJO EFhFSJOJ BSUUjSjS. */ SFG ,FTJS PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) JG (JlMFd == "+") \ /* 5PQMBNB GPSNfMf: BC + DE = (B*E + D*C)(C*E) */ QBZ = (QBZ * TBhEBLJ.QBZEB) + (TBhEBLJ.QBZ * QBZEB); QBZEB *= TBhEBLJ.QBZEB;

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704

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

SFUVSO UIJT;

/* -= JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJO EFhFSJOJ B[BMUjS. */ SFG ,FTJS PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) JG (JlMFd == "-") \ /* #VSBEB [BUFO UBOjNMBONjl PMBO += WF UFLMJ * JlMFdMFSJOEFO ZBSBSMBOjMjZPS. #VOVO ZFSJOF CV JlMFd * EF += JlMFDJOF CFO[FS CJdJNEF WF djLBSNB GPSNfMf * BdjLdB HFSdFLMFlUJSJMFSFL UBOjNMBOBCJMJSEJ: * * `jLBSNB GPSNfMf: BC - DE = (B*E - D*C)(C*E) */ UIJT += -TBhEBLJ; SFUVSO UIJT; ^ /* *= JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJ TBhEBLJ JMF dBSQBS. */ SFG ,FTJS PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) JG (JlMFd == "*") \ /* `BSQNB GPSNfMf: BC * DE = (B*D)(C*E) */ QBZ *= TBhEBLJ.QBZ; QBZEB *= TBhEBLJ.QBZEB; SFUVSO UIJT; ^ /* /= JlMFDJ: ,FTJSJ TBhEBLJOF CeMFS. */ SFG ,FTJS PQ0Q"TTJHO(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) JG (JlMFd == "/") \ FOGPSDF(TBhEBLJ.QBZ != 0, "4jGjSMB CeMNF IBUBTj"); /* #eMNF GPSNfMf: (BC) / (DE) = (B*E)(C*D) */ QBZ *= TBhEBLJ.QBZEB; QBZEB *= TBhEBLJ.QBZ; SFUVSO UIJT;

/* + JlMFDJ: #V LFTJSMF TBhEBLJOJO UPQMBNjOj fSFUJS. */ ,FTJS PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "+") \ /* aODF CV OFTOFOJO CJS LPQZBTj BMjOjZPS WF [BUFO * UBOjNMBONjl PMBO += JlMFDJ P LPQZBZB * VZHVMBOjZPS. */ ,FTJS TPOVd = UIJT; TPOVd += TBhEBLJ; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ /* - JlMFDJ: #V LFTJSMF TBhEBLJOJO GBSLjOj fSFUJS. */ ,FTJS PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "-") \ /* ;BUFO UBOjNMBONjl PMBO -= JlMFDJ LVMMBOjMjZPS. */ ,FTJS TPOVd = UIJT; TPOVd -= TBhEBLJ; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ /* * JlMFDJ: #V LFTJSMF TBhEBLJOJO dBSQjNjOj fSFUJS. */ ,FTJS PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "*") \ /* ;BUFO UBOjNMBONjl PMBO *= JlMFDJ LVMMBOjMjZPS. */ ,FTJS TPOVd = UIJT; TPOVd *= TBhEBLJ; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

/* / JlMFDJ: #V LFTJSJO TBhEBLJOF CeMfNfOf fSFUJS. */ ,FTJS PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU JG (JlMFd == "/") \ /* ;BUFO UBOjNMBONjl PMBO /= JlMFDJ LVMMBOjMjZPS. */ ,FTJS TPOVd = UIJT; TPOVd /= TBhEBLJ; SFUVSO TPOVd; ^ /* EPVCMF UfSfOEF FlEFhFS fSFUNF JlMFDJ. */ EPVCMF PQ$BTU(5 : EPVCMF)() DPOTU \ /* #BTJU CJS CeMNF JlMFNJ. "ODBL, MPOH UfSfOEF CeMNF * JlMFNJ WJSHfMEFO TPOSBTjOj LjSQBDBhjOEBO CVSBEB * QBZ/QBZEB ZB[jMBNB[Ej. */ SFUVSO UP!EPVCMF(QBZ) / QBZEB; ^ /* 4jSB LBSljMBlUjSNBTj: #V LFTJS eODF JTF FLTJ, TPOSB JTF * BSUj, JLJTJ EF FlJU JTFMFS TjGjS fSFUJS. */ JOU PQ$NQ(DPOTU SFG ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ JNNVUBCMF TPOVd = UIJT - TBhEBLJ; /* MPOH UfSfOEFLJ QBZ EeOfl UfSf PMBO JOU'F PUPNBUJL * PMBSBL EeOflUfSfMFNFZFDFhJOEFO 'UP' JMF BdjLdB UfS * EeOflfNf HFSFLJS. */ SFUVSO UP!JOU(TPOVd.QBZ); ^ /* &lJUMJL LBSljMBlUjSNBTj: &lJU JTFMFS USVF fSFUJS. * * &lJUMJL LBSljMBlUjSNBTj JlMFDJOJO CV UfS JdJO e[FM * PMBSBL UBOjNMBONBTj HFSFLNFLUFEJS dfOLf EFSMFZJDJOJO * PUPNBUJL PMBSBL JlMFUUJhJ WF fZFMFSJO UFLFS UFLFS * LBSljMBlUjSjMNBMBSjOEBO PMVlBO PQ&RVBMT ,FTJS UfSf JdJO * ZFUFSMJ EFhJMEJS. * * aSOFhJO, EFSMFZJDJOJO PQ&RVBMT'j IFS JLJTJOJO EFhFSJ EF * 0.5 PMBO ,FTJS(1,2) WF ,FTJS(2,4)'fO FlJU PMNBEjLMBSjOB * LBSBS WFSJSEJ. */ CPPM PQ&RVBMT(DPOTU SFG ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU \ /* PQ$NQ'jO EFhFSJOJO 0 PMVQ PMNBEjhjOB CBLNBL * ZFUFSMJEJS. */ SFUVSO PQ$NQ(TBhEBLJ) == 0; ^

VOJUUFTU \ /* 1BZEB 0 PMEVhVOEB IBUB BUjMNBMj. */ BTTFSU5ISPXO(,FTJS(42, 0)); /* 13 EFhFSJZMF CBlMBZBDBhj[. */ BVUP B = ,FTJS(1, 3); /* -13 */ BTTFSU(-B == ,FTJS(-1, 3)); /* 13 + 1 == 43 */ ++B; BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(4, 3)); /* 43 - 1 == 13 */ --B; BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(1, 3)); /* 13 + 23 == 33 */

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'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

B += ,FTJS(2, 3); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(1)); /* 33 - 23 == 13 */ B -= ,FTJS(2, 3); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(1, 3)); /* 13 * 8 == 83 */ B *= ,FTJS(8); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(8, 3)); /* 83 / 169 == 32 */ B /= ,FTJS(16, 9); BTTFSU(B == ,FTJS(3, 2)); /* EPVCMF UfSfOEF CJS EFhFSF EeOflUfSfMFCJMNFMJ. * * )BUjSMBSTBOj[, EPVCMF UfSf IFS EFhFSJ UBN PMBSBL JGBEF * FEFNF[. 1.5 EFhFSJ UBN PMBSBL JGBEF FEJMFCJMEJhJ JdJO * CV UFTUJ CV OPLUBEB VZHVMBEjN. */ BTTFSU(UP!EPVCMF(B) == 1.5); /* 1.5 + 2.5 == 4 */ BTTFSU(B + ,FTJS(5, 2) == ,FTJS(4, 1)); /* 1.5 - 0.75 == 0.75 */ BTTFSU(B - ,FTJS(3, 4) == ,FTJS(3, 4)); /* 1.5 * 10 == 15 */ BTTFSU(B * ,FTJS(10) == ,FTJS(15, 1)); /* 1.5 / 4 == 38 */ BTTFSU(B / ,FTJS(4) == ,FTJS(3, 8)); /* 4jGjSMB CeMNFL IBUB BUNBMj. */ BTTFSU5ISPXO(,FTJS(42, 1) / ,FTJS(0)); /* 1BZj B[ PMBO eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 5) < ,FTJS(4, 5)); /* 1BZEBTj CfZfL PMBO eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 9) < ,FTJS(3, 8)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 1@000) > ,FTJS(1, 10@000)); /* %FhFSJ LfdfL PMBO eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(10, 100) < ,FTJS(1, 2)); /* &LTJ EFhFS eODFEJS. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(-1, 2) < ,FTJS(0)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, -2) < ,FTJS(0)); /* "ZOj EFhFSMFS IFN <= IFN EF >= PMNBMj. BTTFSU(,FTJS(-1, -2) <= ,FTJS(1, 2)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 2) <= ,FTJS(-1, -2)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 7) <= ,FTJS(9, 21)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(3, 7) >= ,FTJS(9, 21)); /* %FhFSMFSJ BZOj PMBOMBS FlJU PMNBMj. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 3) == ,FTJS(20, 60)); /* ,BSjljL JlBSFUMFS BZOj TPOVDV fSFUNFMJ. */ BTTFSU(,FTJS(-1, 2) == ,FTJS(1, -2)); BTTFSU(,FTJS(1, 2) == ,FTJS(-1, -2)); */

WPJE NBJO() \^

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

707

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

!bIcJAB AB HgO>@> ABeFKFIAFeF DF?F, NJYJO LI>K>eg ?>Vg FjIB_IBNFK P>KgJI>NgKg ?FNIBjPFNJBH F_FK HQII>KgI>?FIFN. [NKBeFK, >j>egA>HF P>KgJ AbNP >NFPJBPFH FjIB@FK EBMOFKF ?FNABK P>KgJI>N: /* iLJMJ BSJUNFUJL JlMFdMFSJ. */ ,FTJS PQ#JOBSZ(TUSJOH JlMFd)(JO ,FTJS TBhEBLJ) DPOTU JG ((JlMFd == "+") ]] (JlMFd == "-") ]] (JlMFd == "*") ]] (JlMFd == "/")) \ /* aODF CV OFTOFOJO CJS LPQZBTj BMjOjZPS WF [BUFO * UBOjNMBONjl PMBO BUBNBMj JlMFd P LPQZBZB * VZHVMBOjZPS. */ ,FTJS TPOVd = UIJT; NJYJO ("TPOVd " _ JlMFd _ "= TBhEBLJ;"); SFUVSO TPOVd; ^

88.48

)M?3;3
1. \OP OgKgCgK BCTUSBDU LI>N>H ?BIFNPPFeF TFTakLBSU FjIBRF >IP OgKgCI>N P>N>CgKA>K PWFSSJEF >K>EP>N ObV@cec FIB P>KgJI>KgN. !Q MNL?IBJAB 5SFO OgKgCgKg DbV>NAg BABNOBH U>IKgV@> 7BHPO.TFTakLBSU RB -PLPNPUJG.TFTakLBSU FjIBRIBNF UBPBNIFAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; DMBTT %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ WPJE JMFSMF(JO TJ[F@U LJMPNFUSF) \ XSJUFGMO(""SBd %T LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS:", LJMPNFUSF); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. LJMPNFUSF / 100) \ XSJUFGMO(" %T", TFT`jLBSU()); ^

^ ^

BCTUSBDU TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU();

DMBTT 7BHPO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU() DPOTU \ SFUVSO "UBLjUBL UVLVUBL"; ^ ^ // ...

DMBTT :PMDV7BHPOV : 7BHPO \ // ... ^ DMBTT :fL7BHPOV : 7BHPO \ // ... ^ DMBTT -PLPNPUJG : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU() \ SFUVSO "dVG dVG"; ^

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708

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP WBHPO1 = OFX :PMDV7BHPOV; WBHPO1.JMFSMF(100); BVUP WBHPO2 = OFX :fL7BHPOV; WBHPO2.JMFSMF(200); BVUP MPLPNPUJG = OFX -PLPNPUJG; MPLPNPUJG.JMFSMF(300);

^ 2.

j>egA>HF MNLDN>J 5SFO 'FK OBOFKF LKQ LIQjPQN>K M>N_>I>NgK ?FN ?FNIBjFJF LI>N>H cNBPJBHPBAFN: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; DMBTT %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ WPJE JMFSMF(JO TJ[F@U LJMPNFUSF) \ XSJUFGMO(""SBd %T LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS:", LJMPNFUSF); GPSFBDI (J; 0 .. LJMPNFUSF / 100) \ XSJUFGMO(" %T", TFT`jLBSU()); ^

^ ^

BCTUSBDU TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU();

DMBTT 7BHPO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU() DPOTU \ SFUVSO "UBLjUBL UVLVUBL"; ^ BCTUSBDU WPJE CJOEJS(); BCTUSBDU WPJE JOEJS();

DMBTT :PMDV7BHPOV : 7BHPO \ PWFSSJEF WPJE CJOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(":PMDVMBS CJOJZPS"); ^ PWFSSJEF WPJE JOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(":PMDVMBS JOJZPS"); ^

DMBTT :fL7BHPOV : 7BHPO \ PWFSSJEF WPJE CJOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(".BM ZfLMFOJZPS"); ^ PWFSSJEF WPJE JOEJS() \ XSJUFMO(".BM CPlBMjZPS"); ^

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709

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

DMBTT -PLPNPUJG : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU() \ SFUVSO "dVG dVG"; ^ ^ DMBTT 5SFO : %FNJS:PMV"SBDj \ -PLPNPUJG MPLPNPUJG; 7BHPO<> WBHPOMBS; UIJT(-PLPNPUJG MPLPNPUJG) \ UIJT.MPLPNPUJG = MPLPNPUJG; ^ WPJE WBHPO&LMF(7BHPO<> WBHPOMBS...) \ UIJT.WBHPOMBS _= WBHPOMBS; ^ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH TFT`jLBSU() \ TUSJOH TPOVd = MPLPNPUJG.TFT`jLBSU(); GPSFBDI (WBHPO; WBHPOMBS) \ TPOVd _= ", " _ WBHPO.TFT`jLBSU(); ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

WPJE JTUBTZPOEBO"ZSjM(TUSJOH JTUBTZPO) \ GPSFBDI (WBHPO; WBHPOMBS) \ WBHPO.CJOEJS(); ^ ^ XSJUFGMO("%T HBSjOEBO BZSjMjZPSV[", JTUBTZPO);

WPJE JTUBTZPOB(FM(TUSJOH JTUBTZPO) \ XSJUFGMO("%T HBSjOB HFMEJL", JTUBTZPO); GPSFBDI (WBHPO; WBHPOMBS) \ WBHPO.JOEJS(); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP MPLPNPUJG = OFX -PLPNPUJG; BVUP USFO = OFX 5SFO(MPLPNPUJG); USFO.WBHPO&LMF(OFX :PMDV7BHPOV, OFX :fL7BHPOV); USFO.JTUBTZPOEBO"ZSjM(""OLBSB"); USFO.JMFSMF(500); USFO.JTUBTZPOB(FM(")BZEBSQBlB");

ZgHPgOg:

CABJC;9:E L 2009-2012, :EEB://66;>;.AC9

710

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

:PMDVMBS CJOJZPS .BM ZgLMFOJZPS "OLBSB HBSkOEBO BZSkMkZPSV[ "SBe 500 LJMPNFUSF JMFSMJZPS: eVG eVG, UBLkUBL UVLVUBL, UBLkUBL eVG eVG, UBLkUBL UVLVUBL, UBLkUBL eVG eVG, UBLkUBL UVLVUBL, UBLkUBL eVG eVG, UBLkUBL UVLVUBL, UBLkUBL eVG eVG, UBLkUBL UVLVUBL, UBLkUBL )BZEBSQBmB HBSkOB HFMEJL :PMDVMBS JOJZPS .BM CPmBMkZPS

UVLVUBL UVLVUBL UVLVUBL UVLVUBL UVLVUBL

p 5SFO.TFTakLBSU'kO TPOVDV

88.49

0CKFDU
1. $jFPIFH H>NjgI>jPgNJ>OgKA> bK@BIFHIB TBiEBLJ 'KFK OVMM LIJ>AgegK> RB U>IKgV@> Y RB Z cUBIBNFKB ?>HJ>H UBPBNIF LIQN: FOVN 3FOL \ NBWJ, ZFlJM, LjSNj[j ^ DMBTT /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; 3FOL SFOL; // ... PWFSSJEF CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU /PLUB)P; SFUVSO (TBhEBLJ && (Y == TBhEBLJ.Y) && (Z == TBhEBLJ.Z));

2. 1>eA>HF KBOKBKFK PcNc AB /PLUB LIAQeQKA> bK@B Y 'B OLKN> Z 'UB DbNB H>NjgI>jPgNgIgULN: DMBTT /PLUB \ JOU Y; JOU Z; 3FOL SFOL; // ... PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU /PLUB)P; FOGPSDF(TBhEBLJ); SFUVSO (Y != TBhEBLJ.Y Y - TBhEBLJ.Y : Z - TBhEBLJ.Z);

^ 3.

j>egA>HF PQ$NQ F_FKAB PcN AbKcjPcNcNHBK DPOTU ceHFO#fMHF U>VgI>J>AgegK> AFHH>P BAFK. !QKQK KBABKF, TBiEBLJ 'KFK PcNc DPOTU ceHFO#fMHF LIAQeQKA> LKQK cUBOF LI>K

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711

'CA4>7? MRKS?>7C;

TBiEBLJ.OPLUBMBS 'gK A> DPOTU LI>@>eg RB DPOTU ABeFjHBKFK OPLUB.PQ$NQ '> M>N>JBPNB LI>N>H DbKABNFIBJBUB@BeFAFN. (PQ$NQ 'gK M>N>JBPNBOFKFK DPOTU 0CKFDU ABeFI, 0CKFDU LIAQeQKQ E>PgNI>UgK.) DMBTT bdHFO#eMHF \ /PLUB<3> OPLUBMBS; UIJT(/PLUB CJS, /PLUB JLJ, /PLUB fd) \ OPLUBMBS = < CJS, JLJ, fd >; ^ PWFSSJEF CPPM PQ&RVBMT(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ DPOTU TBhEBLJ = DBTU(DPOTU bdHFO#eMHF)P; SFUVSO TBhEBLJ && (OPLUBMBS == TBhEBLJ.OPLUBMBS); ^ PWFSSJEF JOU PQ$NQ(0CKFDU P) DPOTU \ BVUP TBhEBLJ = DBTU(bdHFO#eMHF)P; FOGPSDF(TBhEBLJ); GPSFBDI (J, OPLUB; OPLUBMBS) \ JNNVUBCMF LBSljMBlUjSNB = OPLUB.PQ$NQ(TBhEBLJ.OPLUBMBS<J>); JG (LBSljMBlUjSNB != 0) \ /* 4jSBMBNBMBSj CV OPLUBEB CFMMJ PMEV. */ SFUVSO LBSljMBlUjSNB; ^

/* #VSBZB LBEBS HFMJONJlTF FlJUMFS EFNFLUJS. */ SFUVSO 0;

PWFSSJEF TJ[F@U UP)BTI() DPOTU \ /* 'OPLUBMBS' fZFTJOJ CJS EJ[J PMBSBL UBOjNMBEjhjNj[ * JdJO EJ[JMFSJO UP)BTI BMHPSJUNBTjOEBO * ZBSBSMBOBCJMJSJ[. */ SFUVSO UZQFJE(OPLUBMBS).HFU)BTI(&OPLUBMBS); ^

88.50

GL@A3?53:3?
1. />N>JBPNB PcNIBNF U>IKgV@> JOU LIAQeQKA> FjIBRB NBJO() F_FKABHF ABeFjHBKIBNFK HLMU>I>NgKgK DbKABNFIAFHIBNFKF ?FIFULNOQKQV. NBJO() F_FKABHF ABeFjHBKIBNFK NBCBN>KOI>NgKg BAFKJBKFK ?FN ULIQ, M>N>JBPNBIBNF SFG JOU LI>N>H P>KgJI>J>HPgN. #FeBN ?FN ULI, L ABeFjHBKIBNB BNFjFJ O>eI>U>K DbOPBNDBIBN DbKABNJBHPFN. /NLDN>JgK ABeFjBK UBNIBNFKF O>Ng FIB Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: WPJE EFhJl5PLVl(JOU * CJSJODJ, JOU * JLJODJ) \ JOU HFdJDJ = *CJSJODJ; *CJSJODJ = *JLJODJ; *JLJODJ = HFdJDJ; ^ WPJE NBJO() \ JOU J = 1; JOU K = 2;

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EFhJl5PLVl(&J, &K); BTTFSU(J == 2); BTTFSU(K == 1);

2. 'BJ %gigN EBJ AB -JTUF JOU PcNcKB ?>eIg LI>N>H U>VgIJgjI>NAg. !Q FHF U>MgUg j>?ILK> AbKcjPcNJBKFK ULIQ, P>KgJI>KgNHBK FOFJIBNFKABK OLKN> (5) BHIBJBH RB P>KgJI>NgKA>HF JOU 'IBNF 5 FIB ABeFjPFNJBHPFN. #BeFjBK UBNIBNFKF O>NgUI> Fj>NBPIFULNQJ: TUSVDU %fhfN(5) \ 5 FMFNBO; %fhfN * TPOSBLJ; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ TUSJOH TPOVd = UP!TUSJOH(FMFNBO); JG (TPOSBLJ) \ TPOVd _= " -> " _ UP!TUSJOH(*TPOSBLJ); ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

TUSVDU -JTUF(5) \ %fhfN!5 * CBl; WPJE CBljOB&LMF(5 FMFNBO) \ CBl = OFX %fhfN!5(FMFNBO, CBl); ^ TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T)", CBl ^

UP!TUSJOH(*CBl) : "");

-JTUF 'UF >NPgH JOU 'PBK ?>jH> PcNIBNIB AB ABKBUB?FIFNFV: JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.DPOW; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; // ... TUSVDU /PLUB \ EPVCMF Y; EPVCMF Z; TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T,%T)", Y, Z); ^

WPJE NBJO() \ -JTUF!/PLUB OPLUBMBS; OPLUBMBS.CBljOB&LMF(/PLUB(1.1, 2.2)); OPLUBMBS.CBljOB&LMF(/PLUB(3.3, 4.4));

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OPLUBMBS.CBljOB&LMF(/PLUB(5.5, 6.6)); ^ XSJUFMO(OPLUBMBS);

ZgHPgOg: ((5.5,6.6) -> (3.3,4.4) -> (1.1,2.2)) 3. !Q AQNQJA> OLKA>HF AcecJc DbOPBNBK ?FN cUBUB A>E> FEPFU>@gJgV LI>@>H. MNLDN>JgK F_FKB UBNIBjPFNAFJ: TUSVDU -JTUF(5) \ %fhfN!5 * CBl; %fhfN!5 * TPO; WPJE TPOVOB&LMF(5 FMFNBO) \ /* 4POB FLMFOFO FMFNBOEBO TPOSB EfhfN CVMVONBEjhjOEBO * 'TPOSBLJ' EfhfN PMBSBL 'OVMM' HeOEFSJZPSV[. */ BVUP ZFOJ%fhfN = OFX %fhfN!5(FMFNBO, OVMM); JG (!CBl) \ /* -JTUF CPlNVl. kJNEJ 'CBl' CV EfhfNEfS. */ CBl = ZFOJ%fhfN; ^ JG (TPO) \ /* kV BOEBLJ 'TPO'EBO TPOSBZB CV EfhfNf * ZFSMFlUJSJZPSV[. */ TPO.TPOSBLJ = ZFOJ%fhfN; ^ /* #V EfhfN ZFOJ 'TPO' PMVZPS. */ TPO = ZFOJ%fhfN; _gHI>J>I>Ng

WPJE CBljOB&LMF(5 FMFNBO) \ BVUP ZFOJ%fhfN = OFX %fhfN!5(FMFNBO, CBl); /* #V EfhfN ZFOJ 'CBl' PMVZPS. */ CBl = ZFOJ%fhfN; JG (!TPO) \ /* -JTUF CPlNVl. kJNEJ 'TPO' CV EfhfNEfS. */ TPO = ZFOJ%fhfN; ^

TUSJOH UP4USJOH() DPOTU \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("(%T)", CBl ^

UP!TUSJOH(*CBl) : "");

CBmkOB&LMF() FjIBRF >OIgKA> A>E> HgO> LI>N>H A> U>VgI>?FIFN: WPJE CBljOB&LMF(5 FMFNBO) \ CBl = OFX %fhfN!5(FMFNBO, CBl); JG (!TPO) \ TPO = CBl; ^

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7QH>NgA>HF /PLUB KBOKBIBNFKFK PBH ABeBNIF LI>KI>NgKg ?>j>, _FCP ABeBNIF LI>KI>NgKg OLK> BHIBUBK ?FN ABKBJB: WPJE NBJO() \ -JTUF!/PLUB OPLUBMBS; GPSFBDI (J; 1 .. 7) \ JG (J % 2) \ OPLUBMBS.CBljOB&LMF(/PLUB(J, J)); ^ FMTF \ OPLUBMBS.TPOVOB&LMF(/PLUB(J, J)); ^

^ ^

XSJUFMO(OPLUBMBS);

ZgHPgOg: ((5,5) -> (3,3) -> (1,1) -> (2,2) -> (4,4) -> (6,6))

88.51

B7A OR:3;:3?7
1. (/R4 >ANBOIBNFKFK EBN V>J>K 4 M>N_>A>K LIQjPQeQ ?FIFKAFeFKABK ?Q H>A>N HgO> ?FN FjIBRAB OFEFNIF O>?FPIBN HQII>KgI>?FIFN. !QKQK KBABKF, >HOF P>HPFNAB >N>I>N> KLHP> H>N>HPBNIBNFKFK UBNIBjPFNFIJBOFKFK BH ?FN H>NJ>jgHIgH DBPFNB@BeFAFN. TUSJOH OPLUBMj0MBSBL(VJOU JQ"ESFTJ) \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T.%T.%T.%T", (JQ"ESFTJ >> 24) & (JQ"ESFTJ >> 16) & (JQ"ESFTJ >> 8) & (JQ"ESFTJ >> 0) & ^

0YGG, 0YGG, 0YGG, 0YGG);

*QII>KgI>K PcN Fj>NBPOFV ?FN PcN LIAQeQ F_FK OLIA>K EBN V>J>K F_FK 0 ABeBNIF ?FPIBN DBIB@BeFKF E>PgNI>NO>H, 24 ?FP H>UAgNgIAgegKA> >UNg@> J>OHBIBJBUB DBNBH ULHPQN. $H LI>N>H, OgCgN HBNB H>UAgNJ>KgK A> EF_?FN BPHFOF LIJ>AgegKA>K L FjIBRF ?FN>V A>E> HgO> LI>N>H U>V>?FIFNFV: TUSJOH OPLUBMj0MBSBL(VJOU JQ"ESFTJ) \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T.%T.%T.%T", JQ"ESFTJ >> 24, (JQ"ESFTJ >> 16) & 0YGG, (JQ"ESFTJ >> 8) & 0YGG, JQ"ESFTJ & 0YGG); ^ !QK> N>eJBK A>E> LHQK>HIg LIAQeQ F_FK ?FNFK@F FjIBR UBeIBKB?FIFN _cKHc BPHFOFV LI>K FjIBJIBN ?>Vg AQNQJI>NA> V>PBK ABNIBUF@F P>N>CgKA>K BIBKB?FIFN. 2. 'BN ?>UP (/R4 >ANBOFKAB ?QIQKAQeQ UBNB H>UAgNgI>?FIFN RB ?Q ABeBNIBN " G7J3"I>K>?FIFN: VJOU JQ"ESFTJ(VCZUF VCZUF VCZUF VCZUF \ CBZU3, CBZU2, CBZU1, CBZU0) // FO ZfLTFL EFhFSMJ CBZU // FO EflfL EFhFSMJ CBZU

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^ 3.

SFUVSO (CBZU3 (CBZU2 (CBZU1 (CBZU0

<< 24) ] << 16) ] << 8) ] << 0);

j>egA>HF UbKPBJ ?cPcK ?FPIBNFK 1 LIAQeQ ABeBNIB ?>jIgULN. [K@B ?FPIBNF O>e> H>UAgN>N>H cOP ?FPIBNFK 0 LIJ>I>NgKg, A>E> OLKN> A> OLI> H>UAgN>N>H >IP ?FPIBNFK 0 LIJ>I>NgKg O>eIgULN: VJOU NBTLF:BQ(JOU EflfL#JU, JOU V[VOMVL) \ VJOU NBTLF = VJOU.NBY; NBTLF >>= (VJOU.TJ[FPG * 8) - V[VOMVL; NBTLF <<= EflfL#JU; SFUVSO NBTLF; ^ VJOU.NBY , ?cPcK ?FPIBNFK 1 LIAQeQ ABeBNAFN. .KQK UBNFKB 0 ABeBNFKFK PcJIBUBKF AB HQII>KgI>?FIFN: VJOU NBTLF = _0; // ...

88.52

,/>P C3 (P<P4:/?2/ GPSFBDI

1. N>IgegK ?>jg RB OLKQK> BH LI>N>H >AgJ JFHP>NgKgK A> O>HI>KJ>Og DBNBHFN. PQ"QQMZ F_FKABHF AbKDcABHF ABeBN ?Q AQNQJA> BEkN H>A>N >NPPgNgIgN: TUSVDU "SBMjL \ JOU CBl; JOU TPO; JOU BEjN; JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG JOU) JlMFNMFS) DPOTU \ JOU TPOVd; GPS (JOU TBZj = CBl; TBZj != TPO; TBZj += BEjN) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(TBZj); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^ ^ ^ SFUVSO TPOVd;

JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; WPJE NBJO() \ GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; "SBMjL(0, 10, 2)) \ XSJUF(FMFNBO, ' '); ^ ^ 2. XSJUFMO();

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JNQPSU TUE.TUEJP; JNQPSU TUE.TUSJOH; DMBTT ahSFODJ \ TUSJOH JTJN; JOU OVNBSB; UIJT(TUSJOH JTJN, JOU OVNBSB) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN; UIJT.OVNBSB = OVNBSB; ^ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T(%T)", JTJN, OVNBSB); ^

DMBTT ahSFUNFO \ TUSJOH JTJN; TUSJOH EFST; UIJT(TUSJOH JTJN, TUSJOH EFST) \ UIJT.JTJN = JTJN; UIJT.EFST = EFST; ^ PWFSSJEF TUSJOH UP4USJOH() \ SFUVSO GPSNBU("%T EFSTJOF %T ahSFUNFO", EFST, JTJN); ^

DMBTT 0LVM \ QSJWBUF: ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS; ahSFUNFO<> ehSFUNFOMFS; QVCMJD: UIJT(DPOTU ahSFODJ<> ehSFODJMFS, DPOTU ahSFUNFO<> ehSFUNFOMFS) \ UIJT.ehSFODJMFS = ehSFODJMFS.EVQ; UIJT.ehSFUNFOMFS = ehSFUNFOMFS.EVQ; ^ /* * 1BSBNFUSFTJ ahSFODJ PMEVhV JdJO, CV 'EFMFHBUF'J * LVMMBOBO PQ"QQMZ GPSFBDI EeOHf EFhJlLFOJOJO ahSFODJ * PMEVhV EVSVNEB dBhSjMjS. */ JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG ahSFODJ) JlMFNMFS) \ JOU TPOVd; GPSFBDI (ehSFODJ; ehSFODJMFS) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(ehSFODJ); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^

SFUVSO TPOVd;

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^ /* * #FO[FS lFLJMEF, CV PQ"QQMZ EB GPSFBDI EeOHf EFhJlLFOJ * ahSFUNFO PMEVhVOEB dBhSjMjS. */ JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG ahSFUNFO) JlMFNMFS) \ JOU TPOVd; GPSFBDI (ehSFUNFO; ehSFUNFOMFS) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(ehSFUNFO); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVd;

WPJE HJSJOUJMJ:B[EjS(5)(5 OFTOF) \ XSJUFMO(" ", OFTOF); ^ WPJE NBJO() \ BVUP PLVM < OFX OFX OFX OFX

= OFX 0LVM( ahSFODJ("$BO", 1), ahSFODJ("$BOBO", 10), ahSFODJ("$FN", 42), ahSFODJ("$FNJMF", 100) >,

< OFX ahSFUNFO("/B[NJZF", ".BUFNBUJL"), OFX ahSFUNFO(".BLCVMF", "5fSLdF") >); XSJUFMO("ahSFODJ EeOHfTf"); GPSFBDI (ahSFODJ ehSFODJ; PLVM) \ HJSJOUJMJ:B[EjS(ehSFODJ); ^ XSJUFMO("ahSFUNFO EeOHfTf"); GPSFBDI (ahSFUNFO ehSFUNFO; PLVM) \ HJSJOUJMJ:B[EjS(ehSFUNFO); ^

ZgHPgOg: biSFODJ EfOHgTg $BO(1) $BOBO(10) $FN(42) $FNJMF(100) biSFUNFO EfOHgTg .BUFNBUJL EFSTJOF /B[NJZF biSFUNFO 5gSLeF EFSTJOF .BLCVMF biSFUNFO fHF FjIBRFK AFVF PcNIBNF AgjgKA> >UKg LIAQHI>NgKg DbNcULNQV. !QN>A>HF LNP>H FjIBJIBNF AFVFKFK PcNcKB DbNB ABeFjBK ?FN FjIBR j>?ILKQ LI>N>H U>V>?FIFN RB FHF PQ"QQMZ 'A>K ?Q LNP>H FjIBRF _>egN>?FIFNFV:

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DMBTT 0LVM \ // ... JOU PQ"QQMZ0SUBL(5)(5<> EJ[J, JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG 5) JlMFNMFS) \ JOU TPOVd; GPSFBDI (FMFNBO; EJ[J) \ TPOVd = JlMFNMFS(FMFNBO); JG (TPOVd) \ CSFBL; ^

^ ^

SFUVSO TPOVd;

JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG ahSFODJ) JlMFNMFS) \ SFUVSO PQ"QQMZ0SUBL(ehSFODJMFS, JlMFNMFS); ^ JOU PQ"QQMZ(JOU EFMFHBUF(SFG ahSFUNFO) JlMFNMFS) \ SFUVSO PQ"QQMZ0SUBL(ehSFUNFOMFS, JlMFNMFS); ^

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89

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