Phn mm Land Desktop - Civil Design

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Giao thng vn ti lun l lnh vc c u tin pht trin hng u trong chin lc pht trin c a !"i #u$c gia %i t! #uan tr&ng c a n'( )*+ ,ng v hon thi-n h- th$ng giao thng l nhu cu c.p thit v/i %.t 01 #u$c gia no2 v3 v+2 #u tr3nh 4*+ ,ng cc con 5ng lun 6i h7i 8 nghin c9u c:n thn v 8*u 8;c trn !&i 0h<a c=nh ! %o 8 t$i u cho !"i con 5ng2 ph>c v> t$t nga+ 0hi c a vo 8? ,>ng( @ =t c cc +u cu '2 A c' nhiBu cng tr3nh 0hoa h&c2 nhiBu lun thu+t c ra 5i t=o nBn tng cC %n cho nghin c9u 4*+ ,ng cng tr3nh giao thng n'i chung cDng nh 5ng t n'i ring( @Eng th5i v/i 8 pht trin vB lF thu+t l 8 pht trin vt %c vB cng ngh- thit 02 thi cng 5ng( Gng ngh- cC 0h<2 vt li-u2 c ng ngh- thng tin pht trin !=nh !H A :+ ngnh 4*+ ,ng cng tr3nh c' nhIng %/c tin to l/n( Ju+ nhin2 hng lo=t cc cng ngh- !/i 4u.t hi-n c a vo 8? ,>ng A phn no 0h' 0hKn trong p ,>ng thc t2 nhiBu 0hi 0hng =t c hi-u #u nh !ong !u$n v3 ng5i 8? ,>ng cha thc 8 l! ch cng ngh- ( Lh v+ v.n B Mt ra l l! th no cc cng ngh- !/i c p ,>ng ,N ,ng v tip cn nhanh ch'ng v/i thc t 8n 4u.t( Jrong lnh vc thit 0 5ng t2 A c' nhIng tha+ Oi l/n trong cch l! vi-c ,o 8 p ,>ng cng ngh- GPQ vo cng tc thit 0( R/i vi-c p ,>ng !+ t<nh2 ng5i 0S 8 ,N ,ng th hi-n F tng thit 0 nhanh ch'ng thng #ua 8 tr giTp c a cc phn !B!( Gc %/c thit 0 tu+n2 4u.t %n vH tr;c ,&c2 tr;c ngang2 t<nh ton 0h$i lng Bu c nghin c9u t Ung h'a v 0t #u =t c l r.t nhiBu phn !B! tr giTp thit 0 ra 5i giTp cho cng tc thit 0 nhanh ch'ng v thun ti-n( Lhng n;! vIng v 9ng ,>ng thnh th=o cc phn !B! n+ l=i 0hng phi l v.n B Cn gin ,o nhiBu ngu+n nh*n2 nhng ngu+n nh*n ch +u l ,o thiu cc ti li-u h/ng ,Vn 8? ,>ng chi tit v ,N hiu2 ,N tip cn( Gc phn !B! n/c ngoi c 4*+ ,ng thWo #u+ chu:n c a n/c ngoi nn 0t #u 4u.t ra c'

nhiBu i! 0hng phX hp v/i iBu 0i-n l! vi-c Ri-t La!( Gc phn !B! trong n/c l=i 0hng th$ng nh.t vB ! h3nh v c6n nhiBu h=n ch2 ,o v+ cha c' t<nh phO cp cao ,Vn n 0h' 0hKn trong cng tc trao Oi ,I li-u cc , n v #un lF ( Gii php cho v.n B n+ l 8? ,>ng cc phn !B! !=nh v cho phYp ng5i 8? ,>ng ,N ,ng tX+ %in thWo +u cu2 !Ut trong 8$ cc phn !B! ' l Zan, QW80top [ Givil QW8ign c a hAng Puto,W80 ( J\ v.n B '2 %o co n+ i vo nghin c9u 9ng ,>ng !+ t<nh trong cng tc thit 0 5ng t2 ! c> th l cch 8? ,>ng phn !B! Zan, QW80top [ Givil QW8ign2 Eng th5i 8o 8nh i! !=nh v cc 0hu+t i! c6n tEn t=i c a n' v/i cc phn !B! 0hc hi-n na+ c 8? ,>ng nhiBu Ri-t La!( Ch#$ng % ]C lc vB !Ut 8$ phn !B! thit 0 5ng hi-n c' Ri-t La! ^(^ JOng #uan _i-n na+ Ri-t La! 4u.t hi-n 0h nhiBu cc phn !B! tr giTp thit 0 5ng t( G' th ph*n chTng ra l! hai lo=i ch<nh ` [ Zo=i ^ ` @*+ l cc phn !B! c 4*+ ,ng ch=+ Uc lp2 0hng ph> thuUc vo %.t c9 !Ut phn !B! no 0hc ngoi h- iBu hnh !+( Gc phn !B! n+ ch +u c 4*+ ,ng %i cc c nh*n l cc 0S 8 Ri-t La!( L'i chung i! !=nh c a cc phn !B! n+ l nh7 g&n2 ,N 8? ,>ng v ch=+ c trn nhiBu lo=i !+ 0hc nhau2 Eng th5i 0hng ph> thuUc vo cc phn !B! 0hc2 a 8$ !iNn ph<2 gi thnh ra( Lhc i! c a cc phn !B! n+ l c6n +u2 0h nKng p ,>ng hbp2 nhiBu v.n B cha c 4? lF tri-t v c6n nhiBu l"i pht 8inh trong 0hi ho=t Ung2 ,o v+ t<nh 9ng ,>ng c a cc phn !B! n+ 0hng cao( @a 8$ cc phn !B! n+ ,Xng cho !>c <ch nghin c9u( [ Zo=i c `

@i! chung c a cc phn !B! n+ l chTng Bu l.+ PutoGa,2 chCng tr3nh vH 0S thut phO %in hi-n na+ c a PutoQW80 l! !i tr5ng E h&a th hi-n cc %n vH( G' !Ut 8$ chCng tr3nh c 4*+ ,ng 0h Uc lp2 PutoGa, c p ,>ng trong #u tr3nh 4u.t ra %n vH cu$i cXng( MUt 8$ chCng tr3nh 0hc th3 c vit trn nBn PutoGa, v lin 0t trc tip v/i PutoGa,( G' th th.+ i! !=nh chung c a cc phn !B! n+ l %n vH cu$i cXng bp ,o tn ,>ng c u th vB E h&a c a PutoGa,( Ju+ nhin ,o ph> thuUc vo PutoGa, nn ,Vn n tr5ng hp ng5i 8? ,>ng !u$n ,Xng phn !B! th3 phi c' PutoGa,2 ,o ' chi ph< 8? ,>ng tKng cao2 Eng th5i %d l- thuUc vo 8n ph:! c a !Ut hAng n/c ngoi( Gc phn !B! phO %in lo=i n+ hi-n na+ c' th 0 n l ` Lova JQL [ _i _6a vi-t h'ae Jf@ [ gU !n J@_JfG@ [ @_ GJRJe ngoi ra c6n c' !Ut 8$ phn !B! c a cc hAng n/c ngoi nh ]oht,W80 [ PutoQW80e iaglW8 [ iaglWjoint8e M) koa, l gWntlW+e Lovae kQ] v((v L'i chung th3 cc phn !B! c a Ri-t La! gn gDi v ,N tip cn v/i cc 0S 8 Ri-t La! hCn ,o ng5i vit chCng tr3nh A cKn c9 vo cc tiu chu:n Ri-t La! vit( Ju+ nhin cc phn !B! n/c ngoi l=i nhiBu ch9c nKng2 ch=+ On dnh2 n'i chung l !=nh hCn cc phn !B! c a Ri-t La! vB 0h nKng tX+ %in v c' th p ,>ng cho cc , n l/n( Gc phn !B! n/c ngoi c' ! h3nh ho=t Ung c thit 0 r.t 0hoa h&c2 v3 v+ chCng tr3nh ho=t Ung hi-u #u2 =t U ch<nh 4c cao2 Eng th5i cc phn !B! n/c ngoi Bu t=o c !$i lin h- nhiBu chiBu v 0hYp 0<n giIa cc $i tng` g3nh E mmmm Jr;c ,&c mnnn Jr;c ngang R3 v+ t=o t<nh th$ng nh.t trong #un lF ,I li-u( JhWo nh cc tc gi c a %o co c %it th3 hi-n na+ Ri-t La! Lova JQL c a _i _6a c 8? ,>ng 0h phO %in trong cng tc thit 0 5ng giao thng cc cng t+( Ju+ nhin v/i cc , n l/n c' v$n u t n/c ngoi th3 nhiBu , n l=i 8? ,>ng ]oht,W80( JfQ ch +u c 8? ,>ng trong !>c <ch h&c tp v nghin c9u( Lgoi ra c6n c' !Ut 8$ lng l/n cc chCng tr3nh 0hc ,o cc cC #uan t pht trin v c 9ng ,>ng nUi %U( J.t c cc phn !B! trn Bu ang tr ong #u tr3nh hon thi-n v lin t>c c cp nht nho! c' th p 9ng c cc +u cu c a ng5i 8? ,>ng ( ^(c gU phn !B! Lova l JQL c a _i _6a

Lova JQL l %U phn !B! thit 0 5ng c 8? ,>ng 0h phO %in Ri-t La! hi-n a+( GhCng tr3nh c cng t+ _i _6a Ri-t h'a trn nBn tng c a %U chCng tr3nh thit 0 cng tr3nh c a hAng Lova Ga,( Qo chp c Ri-t h'a !Ut phn2 v3 v+ Lova JQL 0hng giI c ton %U cc Mc t<nh c a chCng tr3nh g$c( QI li-u c a chCng tr3nh %d tch ring2 cc ,I li-u vB tu+n2 vB %3nh E2 tr;c ,&c tr;c ngang 0hng c' 8 lin 0t2 tCng tc lVn nhau2 v3 v+ 0h' cho cc 0S 8 trong cng tc #un lF ,I li-u2 chpnh 8?a v tOng hp , n( Ju+ nhin chCng tr3nh c' !Ut 8$ i! !=nh v uth ring ` [ c 4*+ ,ng thWo tiu chu:n Ri-t La!2 v3 v+ gn gDi v/i cc 0S 8 v ,N l! vi-c2 Eng th5i giao ,i-n ch +u l ting Ri-t2 ,N hiu v ,N h&c( Ji li-u h/ng ,Vn c> th2 rq rng( [ Qo cng t+ Ri-t La! nn lin h- %o hnh thun ti-n2 gi thnh ra hCn 8o v/i cc chCng tr3nh thit 0 c a n/c ngoi( [ gn vH 4u.t tu*n th cc +u cu thWo tiu chu:n nn c ch.p nhn rUng rAi( [ fhi nhp 8$ li-u c' 4Yt n iBu 0i-n thc t Ri-t La! nn chCng tr3nh cho phYp nhp thWo cc phCng php phO thng tr/c *+ nh nhp r ,*+ v((v [ J<nh ton 0h$i lng thWo cng th9c ,o ng5i 8? ,>ng t dnh ngha2 ,o v+ 0h nKng tX+ %in cao2 c' th t<nh c !Ut 8$ tr5ng hp Mc %i-t GhCng tr3nh vVn c6n !Ut 8$ nhc i! nh` [ fh nKng 0t 4u.t v #un lF ,I li-u 0Y! [ fh' 0hKn trong vi-c thit 0 !Mt c;t n gang cho tu+n 5ng2 trong tr5ng hp cc 5ng cao c.p c' nhiBu ln 4W v cc cng tr3nh ph> tr Mc %i-t th3 chCng tr3nh 0hng h" tr thit 02 ,o v+ chCng tr3nh 0hng p ,>ng c v/i cc 5ng thnh ph$ ha+ 5ng c.p cao( [ Jrong #u tr3nh thit 02 vi-c chpnh 8?a cc $i tng %n vH phi l! th5ng 4u+n2 0hng c' 8 th$ng nh.t vB cc thuUc t<nh %n vH t\ u n cu$i , n(

[ GhCng tr3nh chp Cn thun thit 0 5ng2 c' th! !Ut vi ch9c nKng nh7 c a 0ho 8t tr;c da2 ,o v+ r.t 0h' 0hKn 0hi lin 0 t cc nguEn ,I li-u 0ho 8t thit 0 0hc vo , n nh cc ,I li-u da ch.t th + vKn v((v [ GhCng tr3nh 'ng hon ton v ng5i 8? ,>ng 0h' 0hKn trong 0h nKng tX+ %in chCng tr3nh thWo +u cu 8? ,>ng ( Gc la ch&n 4u.t nhp hilW c6n 8C 8i v +u( ^(r GhCng tr3nh JfQ l @_GJRJ gU chCng tr3nh JfQ c 4*+ ,ng v pht trin 0hi u %i th+ gioZ su1nh Mai2 8au ' tip t>c c tp th tO !n J@_ Jhit 0 Gu @5ng l Jr5ng =i h&c Giao thng hon thi-n( JfQ l %U chCng tr3nh g&n nhb2 p 9ng c a phn cc tc v> phO thng trong thit 0 5ng t nh t=o cc %n vH c.u t=o c a tr;c ,&c2 tr;c ngang2 thit lp %ng 0h$i lng v/i cc +u cu %'c tch ring( tu i! nOi trUi c a chCng tr3nh l t<nh ,N ,Xng v gi thnh ra( Qo v+ chCng tr3nh c phO %in 0h rUng rAi trong gi/i 8inh vin Giao thng v trong !Ut 8$ trung t*!2 cng t+ tv.n thit 0( GhCng tr3nh c 4*+ ,ng %! 8t v/i #u+ tr3nh Ri-t La!2 cc thao tc nhp ,I li-u Cn gin2 gn gDi v th*n thi-n v/i ng5i 8? ,>ng ( G' th cho phYp ng5i 8? ,>ng lin 0t ,I li-u v/i cc chCng tr3nh phO thng nh PutoGa, v i4cWl( Gng vi-c thit 0 c tin hnh trc #uan2 cc thao tc v/i %n vH Cn gin v ,N hiu v/i cc 0S 8 A th=o 8? ,>ng PutoGa, Ju+ nhin chCng tr3nh vVn ang trong giai o=n hon thi-n nn c6n nhiBu nhc i!( GhCng tr3nh cha cho phYp ng5i 8? ,>ng t=o lp tu+n v thao tc v/i tu+n trc tip trn %3nh E( fh nKng l! vi-c v/i %3nh E c6n + u 8o v/i cc chCng tr3nh 0hc2 #un lF i! c6n th cng v cha nh.t #un( ^(u gU phn !B! thit 0 ]oht,W80 ]oht,W80 l %U chCng tr3nh n/c ngoi c 8? ,>ng 0h phO %in n/c ta hi-n na+(

GhCng tr3nh c pht trin trn nBn c a %U phn !B! PutoQW80 Zan, QWvWlop!Wnt( GhCng tr3nh cchia thnh nhiBu !o,ul trong ' !"i !o,ul l=i c' cc ch9c nKng chu+n %i-t ring ( Gc !o,ul ch<nh c a chCng tr3nh l` [ ]oht,W80 Gogo ` Mo,ul chu+n vB #un lF ,I li-u i! [ QW8ign ` QXng cho thit 0 chung [ P,vancW, QW8ign ` Jhit 0 n*ng cao [ QJM v Qigital JWrrain Mo,Wling w ` QXng t=o 8$ h'a ! h3nh %B !Mt [ iarthxor08 ` Jhit 0 8an l.p !Mt %ong v cng tc .t [ _+,rolog+ ` QXng t<nh ton th + vKn cng tr3nh [ Zan,8capW ` Jhit 0 cnh #uan 5ng t [ ]urvW+ ` )? lF 8$ li-u 0ho 8t ]oht,W80 c' r.t nhiBu u i!2 ,o l chCng tr3 nh c 4*+ ,ng %i PutoQW802 hAng !b c a PutoGa, nn ]oht,W80 tn ,>ng c tr&n vbn 0h nKng c a PutoGa,( GhCng tr3nh c thit 0 0hoa h&c2 tO ch9c t$t( Ju+ nhin ,o l chCng tr3nh c a n/c ngoi nn c6n nhiBu i! cha phX hp v/i cc tiu chu:n thit 0 c a Ri-t La!( Lhng chCng tr3nh cDng cho phYp ng5i 8? ,>ng tX+ ch&n cc thit lp 4u.t nhp v cc thit lp 0hc nn t=o 0h nKng tX+ %in 0h cao phX hp v/i cc tiu chu:n 0hc nhau( Lho! hon thi-n chCng tr3nh2 8au phin %n ]oht,W80 y2 Puto,W80 A pht trin %U phn !B! Zan, QW80top l! nBn tng2 8au ' 4*+ ,ng cc %U chCng tr3nh chu+n %i-t ph>c v> 4*+ ,ng ,*n ,>ng trn nBn Zan, QW80top trong ' c' Givil QW8ign c coi l %/c pht trin 0 tip c a ]oht,W80 v/i cch 8? ,>ng v cch l! vi-c vB cKn %n c giI ngu+n( Givil QW8ign c' gn nh + cc ch9c nKng c a %U ]oht,W802 tu+ nhin phn 0ho 8t tr;c da th3 c tch thnh !Ut !o,ul ring v c %n ring l Puto,W80 ]urvW+(

Qo l 8 pht trin 0 tip c a ]oht,W80 y nn G ivil QW8ign A th\a 0 c + cc Mc t<nh t$t c a ]oht,W802 Eng th5i %O 8ung v 8?a chIa cc 0hu+t i! v$n c' ng+ cng hon thi-n hCn( ]? ,>ng Givil QW8ign2 cc 0S 8 c' th thc hi-n c gn nh !&i +u cu 0hi thit 0 cC 8 h= tng ( ]oht,W80 y A c p ,>ng 0h phO %in n/c ta hi-n na+2 v3 v+ t3! hiu cc ch9c nKng v nghin c9u 8? ,>ng c + 0h nKng phn !B! th h- 0 tip c a n' l cn thit( @' cDng l !Ut trong nhIng !>c <ch nghin c9u c a B ti n+( ^(z ]C lc vB cc Mc i! c a Zan, QW80top [ Givil,W8ign PutoQW80 Zan, QW80top c pht trin ,a trn nBn tng c a PutoGa, v PutoGa, Map2 l %U phn !B! !=nh c thit 0 nho! !>c <ch h" tr cho cc , n 4*+ ,ng cC 8 h= tng( Jri #ua nhiBu ln n*ng c.p2 hi -n na+ phin %n !/i nh.t l Zan, QW80top c{{z( L'i chung v/i cc phin %n 0hc nhau 0hng c' 8 tha+ Oi nhiBu vB h- th$ng !Wnu l-nh2 ng5i 8? ,>ng A ,Xng cc phin %n cD c' th ,N ,ng chu+n ln ,Xng phin %n !/i( Jrong ph=! vi %o co n+ 8H i 8*u vo phin %n c{{u( R/i Zan, QW80top2 cc 0S 8 c' th ,N ,ng t=o2 chpnh 8?a2 4u.t v ph*n t<ch cc ,I li-u c a cc , n pht trin cC 8 h= tng n'i chung v thit 0 5ng t n'i ring( Jhc ch.t Zan, QW80top l cC 8 cho cc cng c> v gii php thit 0 cC 8 h= tng c a PutoQW80( Jrong Zan, QW80top2 cc 0S 8 c l! vi-c trc tip v/i cc i! ,I li-u trong !i tr5ng rQ 2 trong !i tr5ng '2 cc 0S 8 c' th t<nh ton ,I li-u 0ho 8t2 t<nh ton th t<ch2 ! h3nh h'a da h3nh v t=o cc thit 0 Cn gin 8C %U %an u nh !Ut 0hu vc nh7 ha+ !Ut tu+n 5ng v((v ( Givil QW8ign v ]urvW+ l cc phn ! rUng c a Zan, QW80top nho! ph>c v> cc ch9c nKng n*ng cao cho cng tc 0ho 8t v thit 0 cng tr3nh ( Qo t! %ao #ut rUng v nho! ph>c v> cho n hiBu lnh vc 0hc nhau nn n;! vIng c Zan, QW80top 6i h7i 8 u t th5i gian v cng 89c c a ng5i 8? ,>ng( Zan, QW80top 0hng Cn gin chp l cng c> thit 0 ! c6n l nguEn cC 8 ,I li-u l/n %i n' c 4*+ ,ng trn nBn tng !Ut cng c> G|] !=nh l PutoGa, Map( Jon %U chCng tr3nh c 4*+ ,ng v tO ch9c r.t 0hoa h&c2 tn ,>ng tri-t !&i ch9c nKng c a PutoGa,2 v3 v+ ! %o cho chCng tr3nh c' t<nh 0h chu+n cao( Lg5i 8? ,>ng ,N ,ng tX+ %in v vit th! cc 9ng ,>ng ph> tr trn nBn t ng c a chCng tr3nh 8}n c' p 9ng cc +u cu c nh*n( @*+ ch<nh l u i! vt t rUi c a %U phn !B! Zan, QW80top 8o v/i cc %U phn !B! 0hc(

Gc Mc i! v cch l! vi-c v/i Zan, QW80top 8H c tr3nh %+ 0S chCng 8au( GhCng c _on thi-n !Ut , n %ong phn !B! Givil QW8ign c(^ Gc 0hi ni-! ! u @ c' th l! vi-c thun ti-n v/i Zan, QW80top vZQw ng5i 8? ,>ng cn n;! vIng !Ut 8$ 0hi ni-! cC 8 v c.u trTc c a %U phn !B!2 v3 v+ phn n+ 8H cung c.p tOng #uan vB cc thnh phn t=o nn ZQ v F ngha c a cc thnh phn '( ^ ( jro~Wct8 jro~Wct l 0hi ni-! cC %n nh.t 0hi l! vi-c v/i ZQ2 jro~Wct l !Ut h- th$ng cc th !>c c' c.u trTc ch9a ton %U ,I li-u c a !Ut , n( J.t cc cc th !>c n+ no! trong th !>c ch c' tn c a , n( QI li-u , n %ao gE! t.t c cc ,I li-u vB i!2 cc %B !Mt2 cc %n vH v t.t c cc ,I li-u 0hc c t=o v tha! 0ho ha+ lin 0t n trong #u tr3nh l! vi-c( gn vH [ Qraxing8 chp l h3nh nh th hi-n c a cc ,I li-u2 c' th th hi-n !Ut phn ha+ ton %U ,I li-u chung c a !Ut , n( @ l! vi-c v/i ZQ2 chCng tr3nh lun +u cu ng5i 8? ,>ng 4c dnh , n l! vi-c v cc Mc t<nh c a n'( Lu , n cha tEn t=i th3 8H phi 0hi t=o( M&i %n vH phi c 4c nhn l thuUc , n no2 %n vH 8H c lin 0t trong tOng th ,I li-u c a , n '( c( jrotot+pW8 jrotot+pW8 c' th c hiu l ngu+n !Vu chung cho cc tX+ ch&n c a !Ut , n( jrotot+pW8 t=o cho ng5i ,Xng 8 thun ti-n trong cng tc thit lp2 lu trI v chpnh 8?a cc Mc t<nh v cc tX+ ch&n c a , n ( Gc tX+ ch&n v cc Mc t<nh *+ th hi-n cch ta c.u h3nh cc tha! 8$ c a ZQ chCng

tr3nh l! vi-c(R< ,> nh cc tX+ ch&n vB 4u.t nhp ,I li-u2 vB h- t&a U2 vB 0iu thit lp tu+n ha+ %B !Mt v((v( Gc tX+ ch&n n+ c' th c ghi l=i v 8? ,>ng trong cc , n 0 tip( r( JW!platW8 fhi t=o !Ut %n vH v/i PutoGa,2 ng5i 8? ,>ng lun phi #uan t*! n cc +u t$ nh t l-2 l/p2 0iu chI2 0iu 5ng2 0iu 0<ch th/c v cc tX+ ch&n th hi-n 0hc( J.t c cc gi trd tX+ ch&n vB th hi-n %n vH ' c' th c lu v t=o thnh 0hun !Vu p ,>ng v/i nhiBu %n vH v c g&i l cc JW!platW8( Lgoi ra JW!platW8 c6n c' th l cc %loc02 0hung tn hoMc cc $i tng2 cc h3nh nh Mc trng v c 8? ,>ng chung %i nhiBu %n vH ( Lh v+ c' 8 0hc %i-t giIa hai 0hi ni-! jrotot+pW8 v JW!platW8( Gc thit lp trong jrotot+pW8 c' nh hng t/i ton %U !Ut , n thit 0 c6n JW!platW8 chp l cc !Vu thit lp p ,>ng vo %n vH %.t 01( Jrong ZQ [Givil QW8ign2 c' nhiBu $i tng u#c lu ,/i ,=ng JW!platW8 nh cc %U phn c a tr;c ngang thit 0( G' th t=o !Ut JW!platW %ong cc l-nh c a PutoGa, 8au ' dnh ngha JW!platW '( c(c Gc %/c thit 0 5ng %ong phn !B! ZQ l Givil QW8ign Jrong phn n+ 8H gi/i thi-u t\ng %/c thit 0 5ng %ong phn !B! Givil QW8ign( L'i chung thit 0 !Ut con 5ng Bu tri #ua cc %/c nh ! h3nh 8au `((( Lh v+ thit 0 c !Ut tu+n 5ng2 +u cu u tin l phi c' c %n E2 %3nh E 0hu vc tu+n 5ng( @ ln c %3nh E ha+ %n E 0hu vc tu+n 5ng c' th thWo hai jhCng php` [ jhCng php ^ ` @o =c 8$ li-u t\ th c da2 8au ' tin hnh cc cng tc nUi nghi-p vH %3nh E [ jhCng php c ` ]$ h'a %3nh E hoMc %n E c' 8}n %ong cc chCng tr3nh 8$ h'a nh Ga, vWrla+ [ Puto,W80 v((v( ]au 0hi A c' %3nh E th3 c' th tin hnh v=ch tu+n trc tip trn %3nh E2 8au ' tin hnh cc cng tc thit 0 0hc(

Gc %/c thc hi-n thit 0 5ng %ong Givil QW8ign c' th n'i l 0h gi$ng v/i ]oht,W80 v gn nh c6n giI + cc dnh ngha c a ]oht,W80 vB cc +u t$ thit 0 v cc tha! 8$ thit 02 ,o v+ v/i cc 0S 8 A #uWn 8? ,>ng ]oht,W80 th3 vi-c chu+n ln ,Xng Givil QW8ign 8H 0hng gMp 0h' 0hKn l/n( Ju+ nhin vB cch #un lF v l! vi-c v/i cC 8 ,I li-u trong Givil QW8ign c' 0hc 8o v/i ]oht,W802 Eng th5i trong Givil QW8ign cDng cung c.p cho cc 0S 8 nhiBu cng c> thit 0 !/i2 trc #uan v ch<nh 4c hCn( Gc %/c thc hi-n v cc Mc i! !/i c a Givil QW8ign nh 8au ` c(r fhi t=o v thit Mt cc 8Wtting cho !Ut E n( Jr/c 0hi l! vi-c v/i phn !B! n+ ta phi 0hi t=o v thit Mt cc 8Wtting cho , n( Lg5i ,Xng hA+ lu F rong phn !B! chp ho=t Ung !Ut 0hi , n c 0hi t=o( jhn chp ,Vn 8au 8H h/ng ,Vn cch 0hi t=o !Ut E n` [Jr/c tin %=n hA+ 0hi Ung phn !B! %ong %iu tng trn !n h3nh( [ Ro ilWmmmm LWx trong !Wnu O(

g=n hA+ Mt tn %n vH vo Qraxing na!W 8au ' %=n hA+ nh.p chuUt vo nTt GrWatW jro~Wct

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ %=n hA+ ch&n !WtWr8 trong hUp protot+pW thit lp Cn vd thWo h- !Yt( Jrong phn pro~Wct inhor!ation nhp tn , n vo hUp na!W ! t vo hUp QW8cription t\ 0ho vo hUp fW+xor,8 , n 8H no! trong th !>c ci Mt Zan, ,WvWlop!Wnt ,W80top c a %=nv chT F rong th !>c n+ !Mc dnh no! trn !Mt a c9ngw2 cu$i cXng nh.p nTt o0( Lh v+2 , n A c 0hi t=o( ]au 0hi %=n nh.p f chCng tr3nh 8H h7i %=n`

g=n hA+ nhp tu1 ch&n c a !3nh vo hUp tho=i trn v ch&n f( M+ tip t>c h7i %=n vB cc thit Mt cho %n vH`

g=n ch&n Cn vd !Ytv!Wtricw rEi 0<ch LW4t( M+ tip t>c hi-n ra hUp tho=i 8au v trong hUp tho=i n+ %=n l! cc cng vi-c 8au(

g=n ch&n Cn vd !Yt MWtWr82 Cn vd g'c l U QWgrWW82 g'c th hi-n l g'c %ong %Waring8 ln lt trong cc nhAn ZinWar unit8 PnglW unit8 PnglW ,i8pla+ 8t+lW( Gh&n U ch<nh 4c 8au ,.u ph:+ trong nhAn Qi8pla+ prici8ion hA+ thit lp cc 8Wtting tu1 ch&n n+ cho , n2 o=n thng ZinWar2 cao UvilWvationw2 to= U Goor,inatW2 g'c Pngular rEi clic0 LW4t( M+ 8H tip t>c h7i %=n`

_Up tho=i n+ cho %=n ch& tp l- thWo chiBu ngang _oriiontal2 9ng RWrtical2 v 0hO gi.+ ]hWWt 8iW( g=n hA+ thit lp cc tu1 ch&n n+ cho , n2 rEi Glic0 LW4t v %7 #ua !Ut +u cu c a c hUp tho=i v Glic0 LW4t cho t/i 0hi 4u.t hi-n hUp tho=i 8au`

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ %=n ch&n c chI2 0iu chI cho , n trong nhAn ]t+lW ]Wt La!W v ]WlWct GurrWnt ]t+lW( Glic0 LW4t( ]au ' Mt tn hilW thit Mt trong nhAn prohilW na!W rEi ch&n ini8h( ]au n+ 0hi l! vi-c v/i cc , n 0hc %=n vVn 8? ,>ng c hilW thit Mt n+( _3nh 8au !inh ho= %/c trn(

c(u Jhit 0 %3nh E ^( Jhit 0 %3nh E t\ ,I li-u i!( @ thit 0 %3nh E thWo phCng php n+ ta phi 4? lF 8$ li-u thWo dnh ,=ng c a chCng tr3nh( jhai 8$ li-u n+ 6i h7i phi c' 8$ th9 t i!2 to= U cc i!2 cao U v ! t2 chTng c' th c ngKn cch nhau %ong ,.u ph:+ hoMc %ong 0hong tr$ng tu1 ng5i 4? lF 8$ li-u( MVu ,/i *+ ! t !Ut phai 8$ li-u tCng th<ch v/i chCng tr3nh( ]JJ ) ilWvation8(

^ c r u z y

^cr(cr ^c{{ y ^uz {{ z{{{ cz{{ r^c{ c^z ^{{{ r^cu ^z{ r{{{ c{{{ c^zu

uzr z{ zc { z { z y{

L'i chung hi-n na+ c' cc hilW ,I li-u n+ th5ng 8? ,>ng !+ ton =c i-n t? o =c 0hu vc tu+n 5ng i #ua( @i! 0h' 0hKn 0hi chu+n ,I li-u t\ !+ ton =c i-n t? vo Givil QW8ign l c' nhiBu lo=i !+ ton =c i-n t? 0hc nhau ,o nhiBu hAng 8n 4u.t2 v 8$ li-u 4u.t ra c a cc lo=i !+ n+ cDng c' nhIng dnh ,=ng 0hc %i-t v/i c.u trTc ring2 ,o v+ cn c' cc chCng tr3nh ph> tr c' 0h nKng &c cc hilW ,I li-u c a cc lo=i !+ ton =c chu+n thnh ,=ng nh trn( Jrong ph=! vi B ti2 cc tc gi A 4*+ ,ng !Ut chCng tr3nh nh7 nho! !>c <ch ' ` GhCng tr3nh Qatapro cho phYp ng5i 8? ,>ng nhp2 #un lF v 4u.t ,I li-u c a cc !+ ton =c ZWica 8ang cc ,=ng nhQ)2 v ,=ng tW4t v/i cc tr5ng nh trn2 giao ,i-n chCng tr3nh ,N ,Xng2 thun ti-n cho ng5i 8? ,>ng2 Eng th5i chCng tr3nh cung c.p !Ut 8$ cc ch9c nKng ph> tr trong #u tr3nh #un lF v tru+ 4u.t ,I li-u(

]au 0hi A c' phai ,I li-u i! ta 0hi t=o %3nh E nh 8au` Ro !o,ulW ]urvW+( jointjoint 8Wtting2 hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n`

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ ng5i ,Xng phi thit Mt to= U2 dnh ,=ng i! trn !n h3nh2 cao chI c a i!2 0ho ! t ln lt trong cc nhAn Goor,82 QW8cription82 Ma0Wr2 JW4t( ]au 0hi thit Mt i! 4ong vo joint8|!porti4port point8|!port point hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n`

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ ch&n ,dnh ,=ng phai ,I li-u trong or!at2 phai nguEn trong ]ourcW ilW rEi ch&n f v tu*n thWo chp ,Vn trn !n h3nh nhp ,I li-u( fhi ,I li-u A c nhp ta phai thit lp !Mt %ong trn cc i! '( Ro JWrrainJWrrain Mo,Wl i4plorWl hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n`

Glic0 chuUt phi vo JWrrain trong hUp tho=i v ch&n GrWatW ]urhacW nh h3nh !inh ho=( Jrong !Mt %ong !/i t=o ch&n joint hilW v nh.p chuUt phi ch&n P,, joint8 hro! PutoGPQ %~Wctjoint8 nh h3nh vH 8au(

J=i ,6ng nh;c` [ ]WlWct o%~Wct %+ intit+ or Za+Wr` Gh&n intit+v gq imw rEi ch&n ton %U i! c' trong %n vH( G?a ]O 8au 4u.t hi-n`

Jrong c?a 8O n+ ch&n guil, %ong cch nh.p chuUt phi vo tn !Mt %ong( Ja ch&n f cho c a 8O tip thWo( Lh v+ %B !Mt A c 4*+ ,ng( Ja c' th t=o cc 5ng Eng !9c trn %B !Mt n+( Ro JWrrainGrWatW Gontour8 8H 4u.t hi-n %ng 8au`

Jrong %ng n+ thit Mt %/c 5ng Eng !9c ph>2 Eng !9c ch<nh ln lt Minor |ntWrval v Ma~or |ntWrval Eng th5i cc tn Za+Wr ch9a chTng2 rEi ch&n f( Lg5i 8? ,>ng c' th Mt nhAn cho cc 5ng Eng !9c trong JWrrainGontour Za%Wl( R/i !o,ulW n+ ta c6n t=o c 5ng n/c

ch+ trn %3nh E v 4W! c h3nh ,=ng !Mt c;t ng ang c a %3nh E t=i %.t 01 vd tr< no %ong cch vo ln lt cc !>ch 8au JWrrain ntilitiW8atWr Qrop v ]WctionGrWatW ]Wction RiWx( c( Jhit 0 %3nh E t\ hilW nh( *+ B cp t/i v.n B ta chp c' %3nh E trn gi.+2 trong %3nh E ' c' cc 5ng Eng !9c v cc i! 0h$ng ch(Lh v+ tr/c tin ta phi #uYt %3nh E ' thnh phai nh2 8au ' 8? ,>ng chCng tr3nh chu+n phai nh thnh phai c a GPQ( Lg5i ,Xng c' th ,Xng GPQ RikZP i cXng v/i phn !B! n+( Lh v+ ng5i 8? ,>ng phi % it !Ut vi cc cng c> h" tr 0hc ! iBu ' 0hng c tr3nh %+ trong %o co n+ hon thnh vi-c chu+n Oi( ]au 0hi A chu+n Oi 8ang $i tng c a GPQ ta 8H 4*+ ,ng !Mt %ong t\ cc 5ng Eng !9c nh 8au` [ Ro JWrrainJWrrain Mo,Wl i4plorWl hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n`

Glic0 chuUt phi vo JWrrain trong hUp tho=i v ch&n GrWatW ]urhacW nh h3nh !inh ho=( Jrong !Mt %ong !/i t=o ch&n Gontour v nh.p chuUt phi ch&n P,, Gontour8 Qata nh h3nh vH 8au(

]au ' !Ut hUp tho=i 0hc 4u.t hi-n2 hA+ ch&n f trong hUp tho=i n+2 t=i ,6ng nh;c ` [ ]WlWct o%~Wct %+ intit+ or Za+Wr ` Gh&n intit+v gq imw rEi ch&n ton %U 5ng Eng !9c c' trong %n vH( G?a 8O 8au 4u.t hi-n`

Jrong c?a 8O n+ ch&n guil, %ong cch nh.p chuUt phi vo tn !Mt %ong( Ja ch&n f cho c a 8O tip thWo( r( )*+ ,ng ! h3nh 0hng gian c a da h3nh( fhi A t=o c %B !Mt ta c' th ln rQ cho %B !Mt v\a c 0hi t=o( J=o l/i 0hng gian cho %B !Mt %ong l-nh JWrrain]urhacW Qi8pla+rQ !W8h (

]au 0hi l/i c t=o ta ,Xng kWn,Wr c a Ga, th hi-n ! h3nh tht c a da h3nh( c(z Jhit 0 tr;c ,&c c(z(^ Jhit 0 5ng Wn Jr3nh t thit 0 5ng Wn( [ fhi t=o %3nh E tu+n [ Jin hnh v=ch tu+n trn %3nh E A 0hi t=o [ J=o cc 5ng cong %ong trn tu+n A v=ch [ @dnh ngha tu+n cXng 5ng cong %ong v\a 0hi t=o [ fhi t=o cc lF tr3nh cho tu+n v iBn tn cc lF tr3nh cho tu+n [ RH 5ng Wn cho tu+n v\a 0hi t=o Gch th9c tin hnh thit 0 tr;c ,&c trn Zan, ,WvWlop( c(z(^ fhi t=o %3nh E tu+n` Ja c' th 0hi t=o %3nh E tu+n t\ ,I li-u i! o c trc tiBp t\ hi-n tr5ng hoMc t\ %3nh E c' 8}n cc 5ng Eng !9c( G hai cch n+ A c tr3nh %+ c> th phn trn( ^( R=ch tu+n( GhT F rong2 tr/c 0hi v=ch tu+n th3 ta phi t=o !Ut Za+Wr c a tu+n c' tn tu1 F v cho Za+Wr n+ l hi-n hnh( @ v=ch tu+n vo` [ ZinWGurvW8 trong !Wnu n+ c' nhiBu phCng php vH 5ng thng2 thng th5ng ta ch&n phCng th9c ZinW vH 5ng thng( Gc 5ng thng n+ ch<nh l cc cnh tu+n c a tu+n 5ng( c( J=o cc u5ng cong %ong c a tu+n( [ ]au 0hi A c' tu+n ta i %$ tr< 5ng cong %ong`

ZinWGurvW8mmmm GurvW8 gWtxWWn Jxo ZinW8v@5ng cong tr6nw2 cDng gi$ng nh trn2 chCng tr3nh cung c.p cho ng5i 8? ,>ng r.t nhiBu cch t=o ra 5ng cong tr6n( Jhng th5ng ta ch&n cch th9c nh trn 8au ' ta ch&n cnh tu+n th9 nh.t ]WlWct JhW ir8t JangWnt2 8au 0hi ch&n cnh tu+n th9 nh.t t=i ,6ng nh;c co!!an, 4u.t hi-n c*u h7i th9 hai ]Wcon, tangWnt ch&n cnh tu+n th9 hai( ZTc n+ t=i ,6ng nh;c 4u.t hi-n !Ut lo=t cc phCng th9c cho phYp ta vH 5ng tr6n2 cch ch&n %n 0<nh ka,iu8 l thng ,>ng hCn c %ong cch gq kmmmm v t=i ,6ng nh;c tip thWo %=n hA+ nhp gi trd %n 0<nh 5ng cong tr6n( Z! tCng t $i v/i cc 5ng cong tr6n 0hc( @ %$ tr< 5ng cong chu+n tip ta vo` ZinWGurvW8mmmm GrWatW ]piral8 J+pW hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n(

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ ch&n 0iu 5ng cong chu+n tip l Glothoi, v nh.p f Zan, ,WvWlop!Wnt ,W80top cung c.p cho ng5i ,Xng r.t nhiBu cc ,=ng 5ng cong chu+n tip2 thng th5ng ta ch&n ,=ng cong chu+n tip l cong tr6n l cong chu+n tip( @ ch&n c ,=ng n+ ch&n it JangWnt[ JangWnt

Gh&n ]piral[GurvW[]piralvGhu+n tip[cong tr6n[chu+n tipw rEi nh.p f( ]au ' ta ch&n hai cnh tu+n nh phn trn nhp gi trd k cho %n 0<nh 5ng cong tr6n2 gi trd P cho chiBu ,i o=n chu+n tip t=i ,6ng nh;c l-nh( Ju+ nhin2 *+ chp l thao tc thit 0 cc 5ng cong no!2 0hi thit 0 ta phi ,a vo cc tiu chu:n thit 0 4c dnh ch<nh 4c %n 0<nh c a 5ng cong %ong( jhn !B! n+ !Mc dnh l thit 0 thWo tiu chu:n P]]_J( Zan, QWvWlo!Wnt QW80top cho phYp ta t=o ra cc tiu chu:n thit 0 thWo cc tiu chu:n Ri-t La!( @ thit 0 5ng cong thWo tiu chu:n ta l! nh 8au( [ Ro ZinWGurvW8m]pWW, Ja%lW( _Up tho=i 8H hi-n ra nh h3nh %n ,/i( Jrong hUp tho=i n+ nh.p chuUt vo nTt ]WlWct !Ut hUp tho=i nh7 8H 4u.t hi-n2 trong hUp tho=i n+ ng5i ,Xng ch&n cc tiu chu:n thit 0( Jrong nhAn QW8ign 8pWW, cho phYp ng5i ,Xng ch&n vn t$c thit 0(

Lg5i ,Xng c' th t=o ra cc 5ng cong !/i %ong cch nh.p chuUt vo nTt i,it hUp tho=i 8au 8H hi-n ra`

Jrong hUp tho=i trn nhp gi trd cho !Ut trong hai QWgrWW oh GurvW8 v ka,iu82 nhp U ,$c 8iu cao trong nhAn ]upWrWlWvation katW chiBu ,i 5ng cong chu+n tip tu1 thuUc vo 5ng u ln h a+ c ln ! ta nhp vo c ZanW ]piral ZWngth hoMc u ZanW ]piral ZWngth 8au ' ch&n f( @ t=o c 5ng cong n+ trn tu+n vo` [ZinWGurvW8m]pWW, Ja%lWmGrWatW GurvW8( J=i ,6ng nh;c l-nh` ]WlWct linW or point` Gh&n cnh tu+n th9 nh.t ]WlWct linW or point` Gh&n cnh tu+n th9 hai ]au 0hi ch&n cnh tu+n th9 hai th3 hUp tho=i 8au 4u.t hi-n`

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ ch&n 5ng cong v\a c t=o ra !>c trn rEi nh.p f2 trn !n h3nh tip t>c 4u.t hi-n !Ut hUp tho=i nh7`

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ ch&n 8$ ln l hai hoMc u l tu1 thuUc vo ng5i 8? ,>ng( Ja c' th hon ton t=o ra cc thng 8$ thWo tiu chu:n R|iJ LPM %ong cch 8o=n !Ut chCng tr3nh thWo !Vu trong LJijPQ rEi lu ,/i ,=ng (]j( @o=n chCng tr3nh !Vu c vit nh 8au` ]upWrWlWvation ratW ta%lW ]piral ,WhinW, %+ ZWngth vZw or P hactor vPw ]piral Z

 R|iJ LPM MWtric 8pWW, ta%lW ||| [ W!a4 {({u QW8ign ]pWW, c{ c[lanW u[lanW QWg Grv ka,iu8 ]upWr katW 8plnlgt 8plnlgt na ^z {({{ ^{{ ^{{ QW8ign ]pWW, u{ c[lanW u[lanW QWg Grv ka,iu8 ]upWr katW 8plnlgt 8plnlgt na ^z {({{ ^{{ ^{{ QW8ign ]pWW, { c[lanW u[lanW

 QWg Grv ka,iu8 ]upWr katW 8plnlgt 8plnlgt na c{ {({{ ^z{ ^z{ QW8ign ]pWW, y{ c[lanW u[lanW QWg Grv ka,iu8 ]upWr katW 8plnlgt 8plnlgt na r{ {({{ c{{ c{{ ]au 0hi t=o cc 5ng cong %ong cho tu+n ta c' th t=o cc 5ng %in c tu+n hoMc 0hng l tu1 thuUc vo ng5i 8? ,>ng( @ t=o cc 5ng %in c a tu+n vo` Plign!WntGrWatW ohh8Wt 8H 4u.t hi-n %ng 8au`

Lg5i 8? ,>ng phi thit Mt gi trd cho cc !>c trong %ng n+2 gE! c' tn cc Za+Wr c a cc 5ng %in2 U rUng c a cc 5ng %in t<nh t\ ti! tu+n nh h3nh trn( Gc gi trd thit Mt tu1 thuUc vo ng5i 8? ,>ng( Gc 5ng %in n+ c' th hiu nh l !Ut 5ng ti! tu+n %3nh th5ng nu nh ta dnh ngha chTng( @' ch<nh l !Ut u i! vt trUi c a chCng tr3nh n+( Lu ng5i 8? ,>ng 0hng !u$n t=o cc 5ng %in n+ th3 %7 #ua %/c n+( @n *+ ta loa, !o,ul Givil QW8ign2 gq l-nh Mj t=i ,6ng nh;c !n h3nh 8H 4u.t hi-n hUp tho=i 8au`

Ja ch&n Givil QW8ign ci rEi ch&n loa,(

jhn trn ta !/i chp vH tu+n ' chp l cc o=n thng o=n cong %3nh th5ng2 cha c' cao U2 !u$n c' tu+n thc 8 ta phi dnh ngha tu+n nh 8au( [ Ro Plig!Wnt QWhinW ro! %~Wct8 ( J=i ,6ng l-nh ]WlWct intit+ ch&n i! %;t u c a tu+n( [ ]au 0hi ch&n i! %;t u t=i ,6ng l-nh` ]WlWct %~Wct ch&n $i tng2 *+ ta ch&n ton %U tu+n( ]au 0hi ch&n o=n tu+n 4ong ta gq mmmm hai ln hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n`

@Mt tn tu+n trong hUp Plign!Wnt La!W2 ! t trong QW8cription rEi ch&n f( ]au 0hi A c' tu+n ta i ri c&c cho tu+n v\a 0hi t=o` Ro Plign!Wnt ]tation Za%lW 8Wtting hUp tho=i 8au 4u.t hi-n(

_Up tho=i n+ th hi-n cc thit Mt vB nhAn Za%lW v tn cc la+Wr ch9a nhAn2 0hong cch giIa cc c&c ]tation Jic0 |ncrW!Wnt 2 0hong cch giIa cc nhAn ]tation Za%lW |ncrW!Wnt 2 0hong cch giIa c&c v nhAn ]tation Za%lW ohh8Wt 2 Mt nhAn vung g'c v/i tu+n2 ch&n jWrpWn,icular Za%lW2 cu$i cXng ch&n f 'ng ton %U hUp tho=i( ]au 0hi A thit Mt cc nhAn cho tu+n ta phi ,i c&c trn tu+n( Ro Plign!WntGrWatW ]tation Za%lW rEi gq mmmm t/i 0hi cc nhAn c t=o ra trn tu+n( Ju+ nhin2 0hi ta thc hi-n ch9c nKng n+ chCng tr3nh chp t=o cho ta cc c&c cch Bu nhau c6n t=i cc vd tr< Mc %i-t hoMc cc vd tr< ! ta !u$n chn c&c !/i vo th3 ta phi l! l=i %/c trn2 ngha l phi thit Mt l=i 0hong cch giIa cc c&c v 8au ' phi t=o l=i chTng( c(z(c RH tr;c ,&c Ro jrohilW8 i4i8ting Groun,]a!plW hro! 8urhacW hUp tho=i 8au 4u.t hi-n( Jrong hUp tho=i ' ch&n !Mt %ong ! A c thit lp trn rEi ch&n f

]au ' hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n`

jhn !Bn n+ c' 0h nKng vH cXng !Ut lTc r tr;c ,&c trn cXng !Ut %n vH cho ng5i ,Xng ch&n la c tu+n th<ch hp nh.t2 !u$n v+ ta ch&n hUp ]a!plW lWhtright v ch&n ra %n tri hoMc %n phi !"i %n ra %ao nhiu !Yt ln tr;c ,&cw hA+ nhp gi trd vo cc ]a!plW lWht ohh8Wt an, ]a!plW kight ohh8Wt rEi ch&n f( J=i ,6ng nh;c ` [ gWginning 8tation {({{ m [ in,ing 8tation c{{{m @ t=o lF tr3nh 0hi vH tr;c ,&c vo prohilW8prohilW8 8WttingvaluW v thit ,Mt gi trd cho %ng 8au`

Jrong %ng n+ Mt gi trd cho cc !>c( Jrong ]tationing incrW!Wnt8 thit lp cc gi trd cho cc nhAn JangWnt la%Wl v0hong cch cc nhAn trn 5ng thngw2 RWrtical gri, linW8 v0hong cch l/iw2 thit Mt cc 0hong cch n+ l r*t #uan tr&ng v3 chCng tr3nh 8H vH v iBn cao U trn tr;c ,&c thWo gi trd thit Mt n+2 thc hi-n !Ut cch tCng t cho RWrtical curvW la%Wl8( Jrong nhAn f valuWv gi trd th hi-n U lEi hoMc lq! c a 5ng cong 9ngw2 ng5i ,Xng phi t t<nh v nhp vo( Jrong nhAn ]ight Qi8tancW RaluW8v Gi trd cch 0hong cch t! nh3nw cDng l! tCng t( Jrong nhAn Za%Wl jrWci8ion RaluW8 thit lp U ch<nh 4c cao U c a 5ng Wn v 5ng 7 trong !>ch i4i8ting v ini8h( Ja tip t>c vo jrohilW8GrWatW jrohilW8GrWatW hull jrohilW8 hUp tho=i 8au 4u.t hi-n(

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ ta hA+ thit lp cc tu1 ch&n` MMt 8o 8nh Qatu!2 tp l- 9ng RWrtical 8calW v tp l- 9ng n+ 8o v/i tp l- ngang trong phn ]Wtup Qraxing8 A tr3nh %+ trnw2 chiBu vH tr;c ,&c t\ tri #ua phi ha+ t\ phi #ua tri ZWht to kight or kight to lWht ( Lu !u$n vH c r tr;c ,&c trn cXng !Ut %n vH nh ,.u vo |!port lWhtkight jrohilW( Lu !u$n th hi-n l/i trn %n vH tr;c ,&c ta nh ,.u vo |!port Gri, rEi ch&n f( J=i ,6ng nh;c` [ ]WlWct 8tarting point` Gh&n i! chn vH tr;c ,&c m

[ ira8W ol, jrohilW8LoW8`v G' 4o tr;c ,&c cD ha+ 0hngw @*+ l tu1 ch&n c a ng5i ,Xng c' th 4o hoMc 0hng( gng tr;c ,&c c a chCng tr3nh 0hng thWo tiu chu:n c a Ri-t La! ,o v+ t=o thWo Tng %ng tr;c ,&c c a tiu chu:n Ri-t La! th3 cch Cn gin nh.t l ng5i ,Xng vH th! vo %ong Putocar, hoMc l.+ t\ chCng tr3nh LRP %ong cch thit 0 c tu+n gi$ng nhau trn hai chCng tr3nh rEi ta cop+ %ng tr;c ,&c t\ LRP 8ang( c(z(r Jr3nh t thit 0 5ng 7( [ R=ch 5ng 7 trn 5ng Wn A thit 0 [ Za ch&n v thit 0 5ng cong 9ng cho 5ng 7 [ @dnh ngha 5ng 7 v\a thit 0( ^( R=ch 5ng 7( Jr/c 0hi thit 5ng 7 ta phi t=o !Ut la+Wr !Mc dnh c a chCng tr3nh %ong cch` [ Ro jrohilW8G GWntWrlinW JangWnt]Wt GurrWnt la+Wr @ vH 5ng 7 vo` jrohilW8QJ JangWntGrWatW JangWnt( J=i ,6ng nh;c l-nh` [ ]WlWct prohilW ZWhtGWntWrkight` GWntWr m [ ]WlWct point or 8tation` Gh&n i! %;t u vH 5ng 7 trn tr;c ,&c( ]au 0hi ch&n i! gq mmmm 8au ' t=i ,6ng nh;c` [ ilWvation`r` Gao U i! ang ch&n l r nu %=n !u$n cao U %;t u 5ng 7 l z th3 %=n hA+ gq vo ,6ng l-nh n+( ]au ' ch&n cc i! ! 5ng 7 i #ua( c( Jhit 0 u5ng cong 9ng( [ Ro jrohilWQt RWrtical GurvW8 hUp tho=i 8au 8H 4u.t hi-n(

Jrong hUp tho=i n+ c' r.t nhiBu lo=i 5ng cong 9ng ng5i ,Xng c' th tu1 ch&n cc lo=i 5ng cong n+( ]au 0hi A ch&n lo=i 5ng cong 9ng nh.p f( J=i ,6ng nh;c l-nh` [ ]WlWct ingoing tangWnt [ ]WlWct out going tangWnt Gh&n hai cnh cn thit 0 5ng cong %ong v tu1 thWo lo=i 5ng cong 9ng ! t=i ,6ng nh;c c' nhIng +u cu 0hc nhau v ng5i 8? ,>ng phi tu*n th cc +u cu c a ,6ng l-nhw( r( @dnh ngha 5ng 7( Ro jrohilWQJ RWrtical Plign!WntQWhinW G GWntWrlinW J=i ,6ng nh;c` [ ]WlWct 8tarting point ` Gh&n i! %;t u 5ng 7( [ ]WlWct o%~Wct` Gh&n ton %U 5ng 7( u( _in thd cc thng 8$ c a 5ng 7( Ro jrohilWQJ RWrtical Plign!Wnt|!port ( J=i ,6ng nh;c` [ Za%lW tangWnt an, vWrtical curvW8W8Lo` W8 m GhCng tr3nh h7i tip !Ut ,6ng l-nh nIa ' l ,6ng l-nh tu1 ch&n cho ng5i 8? ,>ng( GhCng tr3nh 8H t Ung iBn t.t c cc thng 8$ thit 0 vo %n vHvgE! c' cc cao U 5ng 7 v cc thng 8$ vB 5ng cong 9ng2 thng 8$ vB cc o=n thng nh chiBu ,i2 U ,$cw( ]au 0hi thit 0 tr;c ,&c 4ong ta c' th iBn cao U 5ng 7 v 5ng Wn thWo ,&c tu+n %ong cch l! nh 8au` Ro jrohilW8 G vWrtical Plig!Wnt8GrWatW Gogo joint 8H 4u.t hi-n %ng 8au`

@ iBn cao U 5ng 7 th3 trong !>ch ]urhacW ch&n ini8hW,2 nu !u$n iBn cao U 5ng Wn th3 tr ong !>ch ]urhacW ch&n i4i8ting v trong phn GWntWrlinW incrW!Wnt nhp 0hong cch giIa cc lF tr3nh rEi thWo 8 chp ,Vn c a ,6ng l-nh trn !n h3nh( c(z(u MUt 8$ h/ng ,Vn vB hi-u chpnh 8au 0hi A thit 0 tr;c ,&c( jhn trn tr3nh %+ ton %U cc %/c cC %n thit 0 tr;c ,&c c a tu+n 5ng( Ju+ nhin 8au 0hi A thit 0 tr;c ,&c chCng tr3nh cho phYp ta tha+ Oi cc thng 8$ lin #uan t/i tu+n v 0hi ' chCng tr3nh 8H t Ung cp nht cc thng 8$ ' vo %n vH nh` _i-u chpnh tW4t2 tha+ Oi U ,$c thit 02 tha+ Oi cc thng 8$ vB 5ng cong 9ng2 5ng cong %ong2 hi-u chpnh cao U c a cc i! trong %3nh E2 cao U t=i cc lF tr3nh(( GhCng tr3nh c6n cho ta !Ut th vi-n vB cc gloc0 vB h3nh nh cDng nh cc 0F hi-u 8? ,>ng trong thit 0 nh ` Lg5i2 c*+2 h/ng %;c2 !Di tn (Qo th5i gian c' h=n nn trong %o co n+ 0hng tr3nh %+ ht c cc phn A n'i trn ng5i 8? ,>ng c' th tha! 0ho phn _Wlp c a chCng tr3nh hiu c v.n B c> th hCn( c(z(z Jhit 0 tr;c ,&c c a tu+n %ong cch 8o=n thnh phai 8$ li-u ( Jrong phn n+ B cp t/i 8o=n !Vu 8$ li-u tr;c ,&c thWo dnh ,=ng c a chCng tr3nh( @ l! c iBu n+ tr/c ht ta cDng cn phi dnh ngha !Ut tu+n 5ng %.t 01 nh h/ng ,Vn c> th trn2 8au ' vo jrohilW8i4i8ting groun,]a!plW prohilW8 8au ' ch&n phai tr;c ,&c A 8o=n tho( Gc %/c 8au l! tCng t nh phn thit 0 tr;c ,&c trn %3nh E( Q/i *+ l !Ut !Vu 8$ li-u c 8o=n cho tr;c ,&cv 8o=n trong LJijPQ lu ,/i ,=ng (tW4tw ]tation8 ilWvation8 { ^{ ^{ ^ c{ ru r{ cr

rz ru z ^c c{ y{ r{ ^{{ c{ ^c{ ^r ^r{ rc ^rz r{ ^z{ rc ^{ r^ ^{ ru ^y{ u{ MVu thit tr;c ngang cDng c 8o=n !Ut cch tCng t 8H c tr3nh %+ trong phn thit 0 tr;c ngang ,/i *+( c( Jhit 0 tr;c ngang ^( fhi t=o %an u @ c' th %;t u vo cng tc thit 0 tr;c ngang2 +u cu %an u l %=n A phi 0hi t=o !Ut , n( Gc %/c 0hi t=o !Ut , n c vit rq trong phn 0hi t=o , n v thit 0 %3nh E( @ thc hi-n cc cng tc thit 0 tr;c ngang2 !Wnu ch<nh %=n 8H 8? ,>ng l !Wnu Gro88 ]Wction8 trong h- th$ng !Wnu Givil ,W8ign

Gc !Wnu ch<nh trong Gro88 ]Wction8 %ao gE! `

]? ,>ng cc l-nh trong !Wnu n+ %=n c' th thc hi-n cc cng tc 8au ` [ J=o !Mt c;t ngang t nhin c a tu+n [ J=o !Vu 0hun tr;c ngang thit 0 c a 5ng [ Jhit lp cc tha! 8$ cho thit 0 rAnh ,&c2 8iu cao v o=n chu+n tip [ Jch2 4W!2 chpnh 8?a v in tr;c ngang [ J<nh th t<ch %ong phCng php ,i-n t<ch trung %3nh [ Jhit lp ,I li-u %B !Mt2 l.+ ,I li-u i! c a %B !Mt thit 0 [ Jhit lp l/i rQ c a tu+n 5ng c( QI li-u tr;c ngang Gc ,I li-u vB tu+n c lu giI trong cC 8 ,I li-u ring vB tu+n v c' th 4W! l=i ,N ,ng( QI li-u tr;c ,&c v tr;c ngang c lu trong th !>c ch9a ton %U , n( r( Jhit lp tr;c ngang t nhin g/c u tin 0hi l! vi-c v/i cc tr;c ngang l ta pht thit lp c tr;c ngang t nhin( G' th thit lp tr;c ngang t nhin t\ r nguEn ,I li-u` [ QI li-u t\ !Ut ha+ nhiBu %B !Mt [ QI li-u t\ cc hilW tW4t [ Ro ,I li-u th cng %ong %U 8o=n tho !Mt c;t ngang t nhin r(^ Gh&n %B !Mt l! vi-c

@ l! vi-c v/i cc tr;c ngang2 %=n 8H phi la ch&n %B !Mt da h3nh ch9a cc tr;c ngang '( @ 4c dnh2 ch&n Gro88 ]Wction ]uhhacW ]Wt GurrWnt ]urhacW ZTc ' 8H 4u.t hi-n hor! 8au `

g=n 8H la ch&n %B !Mt ang l! vi-c( R< ,> nh trn l %B !Mt )uan ginh` Gh&n l! vi-c v/i cc ,I li-u vB da h3nh Lhn th.+ trong hor! trn2 phn ,/i c' phn th$ng 0 chung vB cc Mc i! c a %B !Mt ang l! vi-c nh cao U l/n nh.t2 nh7 nh.t2 8$ i! ,I li-u2 ng5i lp %B !Mt v((v Gh&n %B !Mt cn l! vi-c( Lh.n f r(c @dnh tu+n 8H vH cc tr;c ngang jhn dnh tu+n A c n'i 0S trong phn g3nh E [ Jhit 0 tu+n *+ coi nh %=n A c' ^ tu+n trn %3nh E g=n Mt thit lp cho tu+n ' l tu+n hi-n hnh Gh&n Plign!Wnta ]Wt currWnt align!Wnt r(r RH tr;c ngang t nhin @ c' tr;c ngang t nhin Gh&n Gro88 ]Wction8 i4i8ting Groun, ]a!plW hor 8urhacW _Up tho=i la ch&n 8H 4u.t hi-n nhp cc gi trd nho! th hi-n tr;c ngang t nhin

 hai nhp ,I li-u trn cXng l %B rUng c a tr;c ngang 8ang hai %n t<nh t\ ti! 5ng( Gc chWc0 %o4 ,/i cho phYp ng5i 8? ,>ng c la ch&n cc i! Mc %i-t trn tu+n c' cc tr;c ngang t=i cc i! '( Gc i! c' th ch&n l i! u tu+n2 cu$i tu+n2 i! u o=n cong2 cu$i o=n cong v((v Lgoi ra c6n c' th ch&n ! rUng cc tr;c ngang t=i cc i! Mc %i-t ' ]au ' %=n nh.n f th3 ,I li-u vB tr;c ngang t nhin 8H c thit lp @ 4W! c cc tr;c ngang v\a v H2 ch&n Gro88 ]Wction8 RiWx i,it ]Wction8 ZTc ' trong tW4t%o4 c a Ga, 8H cho ta cc ch&n la

Pctual QW8ign i,it |, LW4t jrWviou8 W)it ]ta RiWx oo! ` @ ch&n cc ch&n la2 ta 8H nh chI ci c vit hoa ` [ Gh&n P [ Pctual ` )W! %ng Pctual Gontrol jara!WtWr8 @*+ l %ng gi trd cc tha! 8$ iBu 0hin thc t2 ta chp c' th 4W! ch9 0hng chpnh 8?a c(

Jrong tr5ng hp ta cha thit 0 tr;c ngang th3 %ng n+ cha cho ta c thng tin g3 nhiBu( [ Gh&n Q [ QW8ign ` )W! %ng QW8ign Gontrol jara!WtWr8

gng n+ 8H hin thd cc tha! 8$ iBu 0hin thit 0

Qo ta cha i vo thit 0 nn trn %ng n+ cDng cha hi-n thng tin g3 Givil ,W8ign cho ta 4W! cc tr;c ngang t nhin t\ng tr;c ngang !Ut2 4W! tr;c ngang tip thWo ta nh.n L [ LW4t Jrong tr5ng hp A ch&n 8}n2 ta chp cn nh.n intWr

Lu !u$n 4W! tr;c ngang !Ut lF t r3nh c> th2 ta ch&n ] [ ]tation ]au ' nh vo lF tr3nh c a tr;c ngang cn 4W!( [ Lu !u$n 4W! 0S hCn vB cc tr;c ngang v cc i! chi tit trn '2 ta c' th 8? ,>ng %U 8o=n tho tr;c ngang t nhin( Gh&n Gro88 8Wction8 i4i8ting Groun, i,i t ]Wction8 ZTc ' 8H hin thd hor! ch9a cc ,I li-u vB cc i! chi tit trn tr;c ngang tu+n( Jrn hor! n+ cDng cho ta cc tX+ ch&n vB chpnh 8?a tr;c ngang Ja c' th 4W! tr;c ngang thWo lF tr3nh Ghn cc i! chi tit )'a cc i! chi tit )'a tr;c ngang )W! tr/c tr;c ngang v((v

Lgoi ra ta c6n c' th 8? ,>ng cc nTt ch9c nKng nUi 8u+ r.t !=nh c a chCng tr3nh fhi nh.n vo ]Wction RiWx2 ta c' th 4W! dnh ,=ng c a tr;c ngang hi-n t=i

Jrn h3nh l ,=ng c a tr;c ngang !Ut lF tr3nh c ta ch&n la u( Jhit 0 tr;c ngang Givil ,W8ign cho phYp ta thc hi-n cc cng tc 8au` [ J=o 0hun 5ng cho tr;c ngang thit 0 [ p 0hun thit 0 ln tr;c ngang t nhin [ ]?a chIa trc tip v ring rH cc tr;c ngang hoMc !Ut ,A+ tr;c ngang [ @iBu 0hin 0hun !Vu thit 0 thWo +u t$ trn %3nh E v tr;c ,&c [ J<nh ton 4u.t %ng 0h$i lng o ;p [ J=o ra + tr;c ngang thit 0 [ J=o l/i r chiBu t\ tr;c ngang th hi-n !Mt %ong trong 0hng gian [ Gp nht thng tin cho %3nh E v tr;c ,&c u(^ Gc %/c cC %n thit 0 tr;c ngang [ g/c ^` J=o tr;c ngang t nhin v i4i8ting groun, 8Wction w Lh A tr3nh %+ phn trn [ g/c c` J=o l/p ,/i %B !Mt v]u%8urhacWw Lu ta 0hng c' +u cu thit 0 tr;c ngang v/i nhiBu l/p da ch.t 0hc nhau th3 c' th %7 #ua %/c n+( G' hai phCng php c' th 8? ,>ng t=o l/p ,/i %B !Mt(

^( Ja c' th t=o n' Eng th5i v/i !Mt trn %ong cch l.+ !Vu t\ nhiBu %B !Mt QJM hoMc t\ hilW vKn %n c' nhiBu hCn !Ut %B !Mt( c( Lu chp c' !Ut %B !Mt l.+ !Vu th3 phi 4c dnh l/p ,/i %B !Mt t\ l" 0hoan da ch.t %ong iBu 0hin nUi 8u+ v|ntWrpolation Gontrolw trong %U 8o=n tho 8$ li-u tr;c ngang t nhin( [ g/c r` RH v 4c dnh 0hun !Vu` fhun !Vu c ,Xng th hi-n tr;c ngang thit 0 nh` cc l/p 0t c.u !Mt 5ng2 gia c$ lB ((( v c' th %ao gE! %U phn l;p rp tr/c th hi-n %' v3a hoMc vai 5ng( [ g/c u` Ghpnh 8?a 0hun !Vu vi,it JW!platW8w Ghpnh 8?a v th! cc thng tin cho 0hun !Vu nh !Mt c n*ng 8iu cao2 ! rUng v !A i!( [ g/c z` gng talu+ Lu !u$n talu+ tha+ Oi thWo chiBu 8*u2 o %c hoMc talu+ tX+ thWo l/p da ch.t th3 ta phi iBn thng tin phX hp vo %ng talu+ v]lopW ta%lWw( [ g/c ` @iBu 0hin thit 0 vQW8ign Gontrolw QXng l-nh iBu 0hin thit 0 p cao U thit 02 0hun !Vu2 rAnh2 talu+ vo tr;c ngang t nhin2 ta cDng c' th g;n tu+n ! rUng t\ %3nh E hoMc tr;c ,&c t=i %/c n+ nu nh A 4c dnh tu+n trn %3nh E v tr;c ,&c phX hp( [ g/c ` L*ng 8iu cao` ]au 0hi A p 0hun !Vu cho tr;c ngang t nhin2 ta c' th 4c dnh cc tha! 8$ vB 8iu cao( [ g/c y` )W! v 8?a tr;c ngang v RiWx i,it ]Wction8w` QXng ch9c nKng n+ 4W! v 8?a tr;c ngang ring rH( u(c RH v 4c dnh 0hun !Vu tr;c ngang vJW!platW8w ^( @ vH 0hun !Vu ta ch&n `

Gro88 ]Wction8 Qrax JW!platW Zn lt ch&n ch9c nKng vH c' trong l-nh n+ vH thWo !ong !u$n( Jrong l-nh n+ Givil QW8ign cung c.p cch vH !Ut o=n #ua hai i! 0hi cho %it ` [ J&a U hoMc %.! ch&n trn !n h3nh [ GhiBu ,i v U ,$c [ GhiBu ,i v gi trd talu+ c( @ vH v dnh ngha cc %U phn c a tr;c ngang2 ta 8? ,>ng cc l-nh trong !Wnu ` Gro88 ]Wction8 JW!platW8

[ RH phn .t v lB gia c$ [ @dnh ngha cc %U phn n+ thnh cc %U phn l;p rp %ong cch ch&n ` Gro88 ]Wction8 JW!platW8 QWhinW ]u%a88W!%l+( ZTc n+ chCng tr3nh +u cu ta 4c dnh i! n$i vo [ GonnWction point in 2 i! n$i ra [ GonnWction point out 2 v 5ng o ;p( [ RH cc l/p 0t c.u !Mt 5ng )c dnh 0hun !Vu @dnh ngha cc l/p 0t c.u !Mt 5ng thnh 0hun !Vu %ong cch ch&n ` Gro88 ]Wction8 JW!platW8 QWhinW JW!platW Givil QW8ign 8H +u cu 8$ li-u vd tr< i! tha! chiu cao U thit 0 v ini8h groun, rWhWrWncW point w v t<nh ch.t $i 49ng c a 0hun !Vu v !Mc dnh l $i 49ng w( Gh&n ton %U cc l/p 0t c.u2 v Givil QW8ign 8H pht hi-n t\ng l/p 0t c.u !Ut v +u cu ta ch&n 0iu %B !Mt v ]urhacW t+pW w( G' hai 0iu %B !Mt l lo=i th5ng v Lor!al w v lo=i 8an nBn v8u%gra,W w(

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