BI N $&i WAVELET V )NG D,NG TRONG CC THI T Bi GHI SNG TIM CNG NGH/ M0i (X l tn hi#u trong 'o

l!(ng) Tm t2t: Bi vi t ny gi$i thi'u php bi n )*i Wavelet v -ng d/ng c1a n trong cc thi t b3 y t hi'n )5i, nh. my )o nh3p tim, )i'n tim thng minh, my theo di lo5n nh3p v my )7t nh3p c th9 c:y ghp. Ch:t l.;ng c1a chng ph/ thu<c chnh vo h' phn tch. H' ny ch3u =nh h.>ng r:t nhi?u vo )< chnh xc v )< tin cAy c1a php tch ph-c h;p QRS, sng P v T. Bi n )*i Wavelet c th9 m t= )7c tr.ng c/c b< c1a tn hi'u. Tnh ch:t )a thang c1a bi n )*i Wavelet c th9 nhAn bi t ).;c ph-c h;p QRS tB cc sng P, T c bin )< cao, tB cc hi'n t.;ng gi=, tri ).Dng )Eng tr3 v nhiFu. Do hi'u qu= c1a kH thuAt ny trong php xK l cc tn hi'u khng dBng v do )7c tnh b?n vLng v$i nhiFu, php bi n )*i Wavelet ) n*i ln nh. l m<t cng c/ r:t m5nh trong kH thuAt phn tch tn hi'u )i'n tim. I. $5T V6N $7 : Mi'n tim (Electrocardiograph - ECG) l m<t thi t b3 )o thu<c nhm thi t b3 ghi. V vAy, cNng nh. cc thi t b3 )o l.Dng khc, h' xK l tn hi'u l cOt li v quy t )3nh )< tin cAy, )< chnh xc c1a thi t b3. V$i sP ra )Di cc lo5i vi m5ch cQ l$n (LSI) v cPc l$n (VLSI) nh. m P, DSP hay vi m5ch h' nhLng Neural..., cng cng ngh' phRn m?m c gi=i b.$c )i nh=y vSt, chng ta ) c kh= nTng ).;c nhi?u bi ton m tr.$c )y m$i chV l nhLng t.>ng. > cc thi t b3 ghi sng tim cng ngh' m$i, v:n )? c% b=n l tch chnh xc cc )i9m )7c tr.ng nh. ph-c h;p QRS, sng P v T. M<t )7c th c1a tn hi'u y sinh l chng th.Dng chm trong mi tr.Dng nhiFu v cc hi'n t.;ng gi= (artifact). Thng th.Dng cc b< tch ph-c h;p QRS ).;c thi t k > mi tr.Dng nhiFu vBa ph=i v n ph=i ch-a t nh:t m<t b< lSc thng d=i )9 lo5i bX cc sng P, T v nhiFu. Sau ) tn hi'u ).;c )Yy qua php bi n )*i khng tuy n tnh nh. )5o hm, bnh ph.%ng... CuOi cng )9 lm r ph-c h;p QRS ng.Di ta ph=i dng luAt quy t )3nh )9 xem ph-c h;p ny c trong tn hi'u hay khng. KH thuAt ny bZt g7p m<t sO tr> ng5i: - D=i thng tn hi'u c1a ph-c h;p QRS l khc nhau )Oi v$i cc )Oi t.;ng khc nhau, thAm ch )Oi v$i cc nh3p khc nhau c1a cng m<t )Oi t.;ng. - D=i thng c1a ph-c h;p QRS v nhiFu ph1 ) ln nhau. - Hi'n t.;ng gi= v tri ).Dng )Eng tr3 l th.Dng trPc v )i khi kh trRm trSng trong cc tn hi'u )i'n tim. NhD tnh )a thang (multiscale) c1a php bi n )*i Wavelet m ta c th9 khZc ph/c ).;c nhLng tr> ng5i trn. Do hi'u qu= c1a kH thuAt ny )Oi v$i php xK l tn hi'u khng dBng v do tnh b?n vLng v$i nhiFu m php bi n )*i Wavelet )ang n*i ln nh. l nhLng cng c/ r:t m5nh trong kH thuAt xK l tn hi'u v gi=i cc bi ton ton tK vi phn khng gian. Khng chV > cc n.$c pht tri9n m > m<t sO n.$c )ang pht tri9n gRn chng ta nh. Trung QuOc, Thi Lan, :n M< ... php bi n )*i Wavelet )ang ).;c nghin c-u r:t nghim tc. Trong khun kh* bi vi t ny, chng ti xin php ).;c gi$i thi'u nhLng v:n )? c% b=n c1a php bi n )*i Wavelet v -ng d/ng )i9n hnh trong kH thuAt tch cc )i9m )7c tr.ng c1a sng )i'n tim.

II. Php bi n 9&i wavelet : Nh. ta ) bi t, ph* nTng l.;ng l m<t )7c tr.ng cho tn hi'u trong mi?n tRn sO. MuOn )o hay tnh ton n ta th.Dng dng: - Php bi n )*i Fourier - Qua hm t.%ng quan - v cc b< lSc M[i ph.%ng php )?u c .u nh.;c )i9m ring. M9 c h' thOng v dF dng ti p cAn php bi n )*i Wavelet, chng ta hy )i tB php bi n )*i Fourier 2.1. Php bi n 9&i FOURIER : Php bin )*i Fourier (Fourier Transform - FT) ).;c th9 hi'n b>i:

X (f) =

-2p jft

.dt ( 1 )

M3nh ngh\a ny bao trm ton mi?n khng gian. TRn sO f > )y mang tnh ngh\a ton c/c c1a tn hi'u, v vAy n ).;c gSi l tRn sO ton c/c (global frequency). B:t k^ m<t )<t bi n no trong mi?n thDi gian c1a tn hi'u x(t) ).;c ko theo v lan ra ton tr/c tRn sO. TB php bi n )*i Fourier c1a hm x(t), chng ta ph=i )nh gi cc )<t bi n. Nh.ng nhLng thng tin ny l5i khng ).;c sZp x p )9 )3nh v3 trong tr.Dng khng gian, v vAy chng ta g7p kh khTn trong vi'c tm v3 tr c1a chng. M9 gi=i quy t v:n )? ny, ng.Di ta ).a khi ni'm tRn cO c/c b< (Local Frequency) v d_n ) n php bi n )*i Fourier thDi gian ngZn (Short Time Fourier Transform - STFT). 2.2. Php bi n 9&i Fourier th:i gian ng2n : 2.2.1. +-nh ngh/a: M9 v_n dng ).;c php bi n )*i Fourier cho vi'c )3nh v3 thng tin, tc gi= GABOR xy dPng m<t ph.%ng php m$i. ng dng hm cKa s* khng gian g(t) trong tch phn Fourier. Hm cKa s* ny ).;c truy?n t3nh ti n dSc theo tr/c khng gian nh`m ph1 ton b< tn hi'u. > v3 tr t v tRn sO f, php bi n )*i Fourier cKa s* (hay cn g i l php bi#n '(i Fourier th*i gian ng-n) ).;c xc )3nh nh. sau:

STFT (t ,f) =

. G(t-t ). e

-2p jft

.dt (2)

Trong ) x(t) l tn hi'u ).;c quan st qua cKa s* g(t). STFT ) ).a tn hi'u x(t) vo hm 2 chi?u trong m7t phEng thDi gian v tRn sO (t, f). Nh. vAy, tRn sO > )y l tRn sO c/c b<. 2.2.2. Phn tch t2n s4 v7i Q thay '9i

Php phn tch dng STFT ph/ thu<c tr.$c h t vo vi'c chSn cKa s* g(t). D5ng t*ng qut c1a n th.Dng l hm chan, thPc. N c th9 ).;c coi nh. l )p -ng xung c1a b< lSc thng th:p, v )9 chuYn ho, nTng l.;ng c1a g(t) ).;c coi l b`ng 1 .

|| g || =

| g(t) | . dt = 1 (3)

Ph* nTng l.;ng c1a FT g(t) tAp trung > tRn sO th:p (xem hnh 1). M.Dng cong (a), (b) v (c) c cc tRn sO khc nhau trong kho=ng thDi gian ring. M.Dng cong (a'), (b') v (c') c )< r<ng d=i giOng nhau, nh.ng khc nhau v? v3 tr trn tr/c tRn sO v vAy ph.%ng php ny mang tn "phn tch t0n s2 v3i Q thay '(i ". Nh. vAy )9 lm r bi n thDi gian c1a tRn sO, ng.Di ta ) ).a ra khi ni'm cKa s*. M/c )ch )Ru tin c1a cKa s* l gi$i h5n sP lan truy?n c1a tn hi'u cRn kh=o st sao cho cc )7c tnh ph* l dBng trong ton vng cKa s*. M< r<ng d=i D f lc ) sb l:

| G(f) | .df

| G(f) | .df

M_u sO c1a bi9u th-c chnh l nTng l.;ng c1a g(t). V? m7t tRn sO, ta chV phn bi't ).;c hai tn hi'u khi chng cch xa nhau m<t l.;ng

Hnh 1 : Phn tch tRn sO b`ng STFT (a): Hm cKa s* g(t) (b):Mc th3 g(t).cos (w ot) (c): Mc th3 g(t).cos (2w ot) (a), (b), (c) bi n )*i Fourier c1a (a), (b), (c) D f. VAy )< phn gi=i tRn sO c1a STFT ).;c )7c tr.ng b`ng ngay D f.

(K^ sau )Tng ti p) T.%ng tP ta cNng c chi?u r<ng thDi gian D t :

.| g(t) | .dt

| g(t) | .dt

V ta cNng chV phn bi't ).;c 2 xung trong mi?n thDi gian khi chng cch nhau m<t kho=ng l$n h%n D t. Nh. vAy )< phAn gi=i thDi gian v )< phn gi=i tRn sO khng th9 nhX ty . Theo hai tc gi= O. Rionl v M. Vetterli th:

D t. D f ?

p (6)

Ngh\a l ta c th9 hy sinh )< phn gi=i thDi gian v )< phn gi=i tRn sO ho7c ng.;c l5i, ch- khng th9 c ).;c sP hon h=o cho c= hai. My l m<t nh.;c )i9m c% b=n c1a STFT. M9 khZc ph/c nh.;c )i9m ny, tc gi= Mallat ) ).a ra ph.%ng php phn tch trn c% s> php gin (dilation) v ).a ) n m<t php bi n )*i m$i ) l WAVELET TRANSFORM (WT). Php bi n )*i ny sb sK d/ng Q khng )*i, hay )< r<ng d=i t.%ng )Oi khng )*i. 2.3. Bi n 9&i WAVELET (WAVELET TRANSFORM) : 2.3.1. +-nh ngh/a : Mallat thPc hi'n WT b`ng php khai tri9n tn hi'u thnh cc hm hS, chng l cc hm t3nh ti n v gin c1a hm )%n tr3 y (t). WT c1a hm x(t) > v3 tr t v thang s ).;c xc )3nh b`ng cng th-c sau:

Wx(s, t ) = x(t) * y s(t) = [* l k hi'u c1a tch chAp]

.Y s(t-t ) .dt (7)

Trong ) y s(t) l php gin c1a y (t) v$i h' sO s v ).;c tnh:

y s(t) =

y(

) (8)

Khi tn hi'u ch-a cc c:u trc quan trSng, cc c:u trc ny thu<c v? cc thang khc nhau, th thng tin tn hi'u ph=i ).;c t* ch-c l5i thnh cc tAp thnh phRn chi ti t c1a kch cQ thay )*i. B`ng cc php gin (dilations) v co (contractions) ta c th9 nhAn ).;c nhLng thnh phRn ny tB hm m_u y (t). Hm y (t) c th9 ).;c coi nh. b< lSc thng d=i (band pass filter - BDF) v ti p theo l )7c tnh Q khng )*i c1a cc b< BPF khc. B>i lb, trong WT, khi ni'm thang ).;c ).a vo nh. l php lun phin tRn sO d_n ) n vi'c bi9u diFn thang thDi gian. Mi?u ny c ngh\a l tn hi'u ) ).;c bi9u diFn trong m7t phEng thDi gian - thang (t - s). 2.3.2. Phn tch t2n s4 v7i Q khng '9i

Tri ng.;c v$i STFT c )< phn gi=i cO )3nh trong mi?n tRn sO v khng gian, cn )< phn gi=i c1a WT l5i thay )*i theo thng sO thang s. WT tch tn hi'u thnh tAp d=i tRn c kch th.$c khng )*i trn thang logarith (xem hnh 2). Cc ).Dng cong a, b, c c )< r<ng d=i giOng nhau trn thang logarith. Hnh 2 : Phn tch tRn sO b`ng WT

Mi9m ng.;c nhau th- 2 l STFT sK d/ng cKa s* phn tch )%n, cn WT sK d/ng cc cKa s* b<i theo nhLng m/c )ch thch h;p: dng cKa s* hdp > tRn sO cao, cKa s* r<ng > tRn sO th:p, nh`m )=m b=o l Q khng )*i, hay )< r<ng t.%ng )Oi c1a bTng khng )*i. M9 )=m b=o ).;c )i?u ki'n ny, )< phn gi=i D f v D t (cng th5c 4 v 5) ph=i thay )*i trong m7t phEng tRn sO - thDi gian )9 nhAn ).;c php phn tch )a phn gi=i (Multiresolution). M< phn gi=i thDi gian tr> nn ty > tRn sO cao trong khi ) )< phn gi=i tRn sO cNng ty > tRn th:p. Hay ni cch khc D f te l' v$i f :

= C = constant (h7ng s2) 8i9u ny r:t c ngh ;a, b>i v trong th@c t# ph0n l3n tn hiAu l t(ng hBp cCa cc thnh ph0n t0n cao trong khoEng th*i gian ng-n v cc thnh ph0n t0n th:p trong khoEng th*i gian di. Sng 'iAn tim l th dF 'iGn hnh v9 ngh ;a ny. III. WT v k; thu=t tch '>nh sng 'i#n tim : 3.1. C) s? c@a k; thu=t tch 'iBm 'Cc tr!ng : Sng 'iAn tim bao gHm tIp hBp cc 'Jnh 'Lc tr6ng, ' l : P, Q, R, S, T. ViAc xc 'Mnh vM tr cCa cc 'Jnh ny l v cng quan tr ng. WT '6Bc 'nh gi l kO thuIt thch hBp nh:t, l t6>ng nh:t trong viAc phn tch cc 'iGm 'Lc tr6ng cCa sng ECG. Gi trM c@c 'Qi modul cFc bR cCa WT cung c:p thng tin 'G phn tch cc 'Lc tr6ng quan tr ng cCa tn hiAu ECG. TS ' ta c thG phn biAt '6Bc cc sng ECG chm trong nhiTu, tn hiAu giE v tri '6*ng 'Vng trM. Hnh 2 : Phn tch t0n s2 b7ng WT

(a): 8H thM wavelet y (t) (b): 8H thM cCa y s1(t) v3i s1>1 (c): 8H thM cCa y s2(t) v3i s2>1 (a), (b), (c) bi#n '(i Fourier cCa (a), (b), (c) Tn hiAu ECG tr63c h#t '6Bc lm tr+n > cc thang khc nhau, sau ' cc 'iGm 'Rt bi#n '6Bc tch ra tS '6*ng 'Qo hm bIc 1 cCa chng. GiE sW ta c q (x) l hm lm tr+n. Hm ny phEi c tch phn b7ng 1 v hRi tF tQi O > v cng.

Ta k hiAu y

(a) (x)

v y

(b) (x)

l 'Qo hm bIc 1 v bIc 2 cCa hm q (x) :

(a) (x)

(9)

v y

(a) (x)

=
(a)

(10)
(x)

Theo 'Mnh ngh;a, y

v y

(b) (x)

c thG '6Bc coi nh6 l Wavelet v tch phn cCa chng b7ng O.

(a) (x)

. dx = 0 (11)

(b) (x)

. dx = 0 (12)

Php gin hm y (x) sX l :

y s (x) =

y(

) (13)

WT '6Bc tnh b>i php nhn chIp giYa tn hiAu v Wavelet ' '6Bc lm gin. WT cCa f(x) > (a) (b) thang s v vM tr x '6Bc tnh v3i quan hA Wavelet y (x) v y (x) '6Bc xc 'Mnh b>i : Ws . f(x) = f(x) * y s v Ws . f(x) = f(x) * y s
b (b) (x) a (a) (x)

(14)

(15)

Hai hm trn chnh l 'Qo hm bIc 1 v bIc 2 cCa tn hiAu ' '6Bc lm tr+n > thang s.

VM tr c@c trM cCa Ws . f(x) t6+ng 5ng v3i cc 'iGm c-t O cCa hm y s .f(x) v cc 'iGm u2n cCa f*q s(x), ngh ;a l chng t6+ng 5ng v3i cc 'iGm 'Rt bi#n cCa sng 'iAn tim (xem hnh 3).

(b)

Hnh 3 : Quan hA giYa cc bi#n thin tn hiAu v WT cCa n

8iGm u2n cCa f * q (x) c thG l gi trM l3n nh:t hoLc nhZ nh:t cCa gi trM tuyAt '2i 'Qo hm bIc 1. Gi trM c@c 'Qi l cc 'iGm 'Rt bi#n cCa f * q (x), cn gi trM c@c tiGu t6+ng 5ng v3i nhYng bi#n '(i chIm. V3i ton tW 'Qo hm bIc 2 sX kh phn biAt '6Bc hai loQi c-t O ny. C0n ni thm r7ng, cc 'iGm c-t O cho chng ta v9 thng tin vM tr, nh6ng khng phn biAt '6Bc cc dao 'Rng bin 'R nhZ tS cc 'iGm gin 'oQn quan tr ng.

Khi tch gi trM c@c 'Qi cFc bR, cc gi trM cCa | Ws f(x) | '6Bc ghi > cc vM tr l3n nh:t, chng thG hiAn 'Qo hm > cc 'iGm u2n. Cc gi trM ny r:t c0n thi#t cho cc luIt ra quy#t 'Mnh cc thng s2 quan tr ng cCa sng 'iAn tim.

3.2. Pht triBn thu=t ton :

3.2.1. WT c@a tn hi#u 'i#n tim :

Hm Gaussian '6Bc ch n lm hm lm tr+n q (x). 8Qo hm bIc 1 cCa n chnh l Wavelet. WT j '6Bc tnh v3i thang s = 2 , j[ z, z l tIp nguyn. V vIy WT ny c tn l WT nhM nguyn v '6Bc 'Mnh ngh;a b7ng tch chIp sau :

W 2 f(x) = f(x) * Y 2 (x) (16)

Trong ' : Y 2 =

y(

Bi#n '(i Fourier cCa Wf (2 , x) theo bi#n x sX l :

f(2 , w ) =

(2 ,w ) *

(w ) (17)

(2 ,w ) = 1 (18)

/font> l k hiAu cCa php bi#n '(i Fourier r*i rQc. Ton bR trFc t0n s2 '6Bc phC b>i php dn hm Y (w ) v3i hA s2 thang 2 , j [ z. Trong th@c t# chng ta khng thG tnh WT cho ton thang 2 khi j bi#n thin tS - \ '#n + \ , m j phEi gi3i hQn j hYu hQn v c 'R mMn l3n h+n 0. 8G chu]n ho ta ch n thang mMn b7ng 1 v 2 l thang l3n nh:t. VIy hm f (x) sX '6Bc xc 'Mnh b>i :
j j

(w ) =

(2 ,w ) (19)

TS (18) ta c :

(w ) = 1 -

(2 ,w )

(20)

(w ) = 1 (21)

B>i lX n^ng l6Bng cCa bi#n '(i Fourer cCa

j

(w ) tIp trung > t0n s2 th:p v ' l hm tr+n.

Ton tW lm tr+n S2 '6Bc 'Mnh ngh;a b7ng cng th5c sau: S2 f(x) = f(x) * F 2 (x) (22)
j j

Trong ': F 2 (x) =

. F 2 (x/2 )
j j

Bi#n '(i Fourier cCa S1 f(x), S2 f(x) v W s f(x) sX l:

1 f(w

)=

(w ) .

(w ) (23)

j 2 f(w

)=

(2 ) .

jw

(w ) (24)

j 2 f(w

)=

(2 w ) .

(w ) (25)

5ng dFng 'Mnh l Parseval ta c:

(26)

1 f(x)

W2 f(x) + S2 f(x)

Ph6+ng trnh ny ch5ng tZ r7ng cc thnh ph0n t0n cao cCa S1f(x) ' bM m:t trong S2 f(x) c thG j thu lQi tS WT nhM nguyn giYa s = 1 v s = 2 .

Trong th@c t#, tn hiAu c0n xW l th6*ng ' '6Bc r*i rQc ho. B:t k` tn hiAu r*i rQc c n^ng l6Bng hYu hQn no '9u c thG biGu diTn b7ng php l:y mau '+n trM cCa cng mRt hm ' '6Bc lm tr+n v3i thang s = 1.

GiE sW D = dn , n[ z l tn hiAu r*i rQc c n^ng l6Bng hYu hQn :

dn < +

(27)

(Ch : 8y chnh l 'i9u kiAn tHn tQi php bi#n '(i Fourier cCa tn hiAu r*i rQc. C thG tham khEo thm > 3 tIp (1), (2), (3).

Lc ny tHn tQi mRt hm f(x) v3i b:t k` n l nguyn 'G :

S1f(n) = dn

V tn hiAu r*i rQc D cCa dn sX l :

D = (S1f(n) v3i n [ z (28)

TS (26) ta c thuIt ton sau :

j 2 f(n)

hk

j-1 2 .

f(n-2 k) (29)

j-1

W2 f(n) =

gk

j-1 2 .

f(n-2 k) (30) Trong ':

j-1

j 2

l ton tW '+n

j 1 f(n) j

= dn l tn hiAu c0n xW l. > 'y l tn hiAu tim

W2 f(x) l bi#n '(i Walelet cCa f(x) hk v3i k [ z l cc hA s2 cCa bR l c thng th:p H(w ) gk v3i k [ z l cc hA s2 cCa bR l c thng cao G(w ) Ngh ;a l:

H(w ) =

hk e

-ikw

(31)

G(w ) =

gk e

-ikw

(32)

Khi Wavelet l dQng l6bi ton ph6+ng c trF b9n v5ng v 1 mmen t-t, th bi#n '(i Fourier r*i rQc cCa Y (x):

(w ) = iw ( v

) (33)

H(w ) = e

iw /2

(cos

) (34)

G(w ) = 4 e

i iw /2

(sin

) (35)

Ta hy khEo st kO h+n bR l c t6+ng '6+ng ny

3.2.2.BE lFc t!)ng '!)ng c@a Wavelet

Bi#n '(i Fourier r*i rQc cCa WT '6Bc tnh nh6 sau:

j 2 f(w

)=

(w ) .

(2 w ) =

G(w ) .

(w ).

(w ) j = 1

G2w ) . H(w ) .

(w ) .

(w ) j = 2 G(2

j-1w

). H(2

j-2w

)...H(w ).

(w ).

(w ) j >2 (36)

Trong ': F l hm tr+n

(w ) .

(w ) l bi#n '(i Fourier r*i rQc cCa tn hiAu 'iAn tim dn v3i n [ z
j

TS (36) ta nhIn th:y r7ng WT cCa f(n) > thang 2 t6+ng '6+ng v3i tn hiAu dn ' '6Bc l c. Tn j hiAu ny ' d6Bc ']y qua bR l c s2 thng dEi (hoLc bR l c thng cao cho thang 2 ). Ta k hiAu j Q (w ) l hm bi#n '(i cCa bR l c t6+ng '6+ng th:

G(w ) v3i j = 1 Q (w ) = G(2w ) . H(w ) j = 2 (37)

j

G(2

j-1w

). H(2

j-1w

)...H(w ) j >2

BZ qua cc b63c tnh ton ta c k#t quE tS (34), (35) v (37):

Q (w ) =

qk e

j ikw

(38)

q 1-2

j-1 +k

= - q 2 +2

j j

j-1 -2 - k

Q0

k [ [ 1- 2 , 2 + 2 - 2 ]

j-1

j-1

Ta dT dng nhIn th:y Q (w ) chnh l bR l c s2 khng 'A qui (hay 'p 5ng xung hYu hQn FIR = Finite Impulse Response), c pha tuy#n tnh t(ng qut. N ccng l bR l c phEn '2i x5ng v c 'R trT th*i gian tS 'iGm trung tm (trT '6Bc xt b7ng 2 -1 'iGm trong thuIt ton).
j-1

Hnh 4 : Quan hA giYa cc 'iGm 'Lc tr6ng cCa cc sng m phZng v WT cCa chng > cc thang khc nhau.

Hnh 4 cho chng ta th:y r7ng : tu` theo dQng l6bi ton ph6+ng cCa Wavelet, cc sng '+n pha j nh6 (a) hoLc (b) t6+ng '6+ng v3i cLp c@c 'Qi d6+ng - c@c tiGu m cCa W 2 f(n) > cc thang khc nhau. S6*n ln cCa sng t6+ng 5ng v3i c@c tiGu m, v s6*n xu2ng t6+ng 5ng v3i c@c 'Qi d6+ng. Cc mo'un cCa cc c@c 'Qi, c@c tiGu '6Bc g i l '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un.

N#u sng '+n pha '2i x5ng qua 'Jnh cCa n (Hnh 1(a)), th 'Jnh cCa n t6+ng 5ng v3i 'iGm c-t j-1 O cCa cLp 'Qi d6+ng- tiGu m v3i 'R trT chnh xc l 2 'iGm. N#u l phEn '2i x5ng (hnh 1b) th j-1 'Jnh cCa n t6+ng 5ng v3i 'iGm c-t O cCa cLp 'Qi d6+ng - tiGu m v3i 'R trT khoEng 2 - 1 j-1 'iGm. Thang cng l3n th sai s2 giYa trT v 2 - 1 ccng cng l3n.

D@a vo cc c+ s> nu trn, ta c 'p 5ng bin t0n cCa cc bR l c t6+ng '6+ng Q (w ) v3i j = 1,2.; 5, theo t2c 'R l:y mau 250/s nh6 hnh 5.

Hnh 5 : 8p 5ng bin t0n cCa bR l c t6+ng '6+ng Q (w ) > cc thang khc nhau.

8#n 'y, ta ' c 'C nhYng c+ s> 'G xy d@ng ph6+ng php tch 'iGm 'Lc tr6ng cho sng 'iAn tim.

3.2.3. Ph!)ng php tch 'iBm 'Cc tr!ng c@a ECG :

a) Tch '>nh R :

8G tch 'Jnh R, WT '6Bc tnh v3i cc thang 'Lc tr6ng. Sau ' khW cc '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un d6 v c lIp. Xc 'Mnh ng6bng 'G tch 'Jnh R. Ng6bng ny gip ta khW '6Bc cc '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un t6+ng 5ng v3i sng P, T. 8G cEi thiAn ch:t l6Bng php tch 'Jnh, chng ta phEi sW dFng thm mRt s2 kO thuIt khc nYa. Trnh t@ tch sng R nh6 sau

*. Ch n thang 'Lc tr6ng

Chng ta phn tch kO h+n k#t quE > hnh 5 . W2 f(n) > thang nhZ phEn nh cc thnh ph0n t0n cao cCa tn hiAu. Ng6Bc lQi, > thang l3n n phEn Enh cc t0n th:p. V tS ph( n^ng l6Bng cCa tn 3 4 hiAu ECG ta th:y ph0n l3n n^ng l6Bng cCa ph5c hBp QRS tHn tQi > thang 2 v 2 . N^ng l6Bng > 3 3 2 l l3n nh:t. TS 2 n#u giEm hoLc t^ng thang sX dan '#n n^ng l6Bng cCa ph5c hBp QRS giEm d0n. Qua nhi9u th nghiAm, Ti#n s ; Cuiwei Li v cc cRng s@ ('9u l ng6*i Trung Qu2c) rt ra 4 nhIn xt r7ng: 82i v3i ph5c hBp QRS ch5a nhi9u thnh ph0n t0n cao th n^ng l6Bng > s =2 l3n 3 4 3 h+n 2 . Ng6Bc lQi QRS ch5a nhi9u thnh ph0n t0n th:p th n^ng l6Bng > s = 2 l3n h+n > 2 . V3i j cc thang s = s , j ? 5 th n^ng l6Bng cCa QRS giEm 'i kh nhi9u v > ' n^ng l6Bng cCa nhiTu sX t^ng. Ngoi ra n#u ch n qu nhi9u thang th kh2i l6Bng tnh ton lQi cng nhiTu. V vIy cc 1 4 nh khoa h c Trung Qu2c '9 xu:t thang 'Lc tr6ng cCa ECG l 2 '#n 2 . 89 xu:t ny '6Bc cc nh khoa h c 'ang nghin c5u v9 Wavelet trong y sinh nhanh chng ti#p nhIn.

*. KhW '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un c lIp

Nh6 trn chng ta ' bi#t, 'Jnh R t6+ng 5ng v3i cLp 'Qi d6+ng - tiGu m cCa WT > cc thang khc nhau. Trong khi ' hiAn t6Bng giE chJ c s6*n ln hoLc xu2ng trong mRt th*i gian nh:t 'Mnh, v t6+ng 5ng v3i mRt c@c 'Qi m'un cCa WT. Ta g i '6*ng ny l '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un c lIp.

DEi t0n cCa hiAn t6Bng giE th6*ng phC l:p cE ph5c hBp QRS. Cc bR l c thng dEi th6*ng qui khng thG loQi bZ '6Bc n. V3i WT chng ta c thG khW '6Bc '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un c lIp v nh6 vIy cc hiAn t6Bng giE ccng '6Bc loQi trS.

*. KhW '6*ng c@c 'ai m'un d6

Ph0n trn ' cho chng ta bi#t: n^ng l6Bng chnh cCa ph5c hBp QRS tHn tQi > thang s = 2 , v c@c tiGu m xu:t hiAn tr63c c@c 'Qi d6+ng. Khi c th5 t@ ng6Bc lQi, ngh;a l c@c 'Qi d6+ng xu:t hiAn tr63c cFc tiGu m th ' tHn tQi '6*ng c@c 'Qi m'un d6. Ta phEi loQi bZ n.

*. 8Mnh vM 'Jnh R

TS WT cCa cc tn hiAu khc nhau, ta dT dng nhIn ra r7ng bin 'R cCa WT phF thuRc vo 'R d2c cCa cc thnh ph0n tn hiAu '0u vo. Ph5c hBp QRS g0n nh6 '2i x5ng, do ' bin 'R cCa c@c tiGu m v c@c 'Qi d6+ng l g0n nh6 nhau. Ng6Bc lQi nhiTu ch5a cc thnh ph0n phi '2i x5ng.

Trong h0u h#t cc tr6*ng hBp, thuIt ton '9u tch chnh xc 'Jnh R. Tuy nhin ta c thG nng cao ch:t l6Bng tch b7ng 2 ph6+ng php sau:

- Kho tr+: Sau khi ph5c hBp QRS xu:t hiAn th c 1 ch k` tr+ sinh l ko di khoEng 200ms tr63c khi chu k` khc ti#p diTn. V vIy ta phEi kho 'G bZ qua cc s@ kiAn ti#p ngay sau php tch QRS trong chu k` 200ms.

- Tm ki#m ng6Bc: Cc s@ kiAn cc '6Bc loQi trS > chu k` tr63c '6Bc g i lQi 'G 'nh gi khi mRt khoEng th*i gian 'ng kG ' qua m khng tm '6Bc mRt ph5c hBp QRS no.

b. Tch 'iBm '2u v cu4i QRS

8iGm '0u cCa QRS '6Bc 'Mnh ngh;a l 'iGm b-t '0u cCa sng Q (hoLc R khi Q v-ng), 'iGm cu2i '6Bc 'Mnh ngh;a b7ng 'iGm k#t thc cCa sng S (hoLc R. khi S v-ng) . Sng Q v S l cc sng t0n cao, bin 'R th:p. N^ng l6Bng cCa chng phn b2 tIp trung > cc 1 thang th:p. V vIy 'iGm '0u v cu2i cCa QRS '6Bc tch > thang s =2 . 8iGm '0u QRS t6+ng 5ng v3i kh>i 'iGm cCa c@c 'Qi m'un th5 nh:t tr63c khi sng R tQo ra cLp c@c 'Qi m'un. 8iGm cu2i QRS t6+ng 5ng v3i 'iGm k#t thc cCa c@c 'Qi m'un th5 nh:t sau khi sng R tQo ra cLp c@c 'Qi m'un. CLp c@c 'Qi m'un ny '6Bc tnh trong cng mRt cWa s( th*i gian.

c. Tch sng T v P

N^ng l6Bng sng T v P tHn tQi ph0n l3n > thang s = 2 v 2 . Nh6ng thng th6*ng tri '6*ng 5 4 'Vng trM lQi r:t tr0m tr ng > s = 2 . Do vIy, thang s = 2 '6Bc ch n 'G tch sng T v P. Php tch ny ccng '6Bc th@c hiAn trong cng mRt cWa s( th*i gian.

III. KGT LU=N :

Php bi#n '(i Wavelet ' v 'ang l cng cF r:t mQnh trong kO thuIt xW l tn hiAu y sinh. Nh* kO thuIt ny m 'R chnh xc, 'R tin cIy cCa cc hA ch]n 'on 5ng dFng tr tuA nhn tQo 'ang '6Bc nng cao .

Sau mRt th*i gian nghin c5u WT, chng ti 'ang chu]n bM c+ s> kO thuIt 'G ti#n hnh cc th@c nghiAm tQi BR mn kO thuIt 'o v tin h c cng nghiAp - Tr6*ng 8Qi h c Bch khoa H NRi. Hy v ng r7ng trong mRt th*i gian g0n 'y chng ti sX c '6Bc nhYng k#t quE nghin c5u. Chng ti ccng tin t6>ng r7ng kO thuIt ny sX gip chng ti c c+ s> 'G nghin c5u cc ph6+ng php thW nghiAm ch:t l6Bng 'iAn tim th# hA m3i, ' l mRt trong nhYng nhu c0u c:p thi#t trong l;nh v@c quEn l ch:t l6Bng thi#t bM y t#.

WT l mRt l;nh v@c kh m3i m[ > ViAt Nam, v vIy bi vi#t khng trnh khZi cc sai st. Chng ti r:t mong '6Bc s@ gp v thng cEm cCa cc bQn 'Hng nghiAp. Chng ti xin chn thnh cEm +n PGS.TS. PhQm Th6Bng Hn - ChC nhiAm BR mn kO thuIt 'o v tin h c cng nghiAp - 8Qi h c Bch khoa H NRi, PGS.TS. PhQm Th6Bng Ct, Phn viAn tr6>ng Phn viAn T@ 'Rng ho - ViAn Cng nghA thng tin - Trung tm Khoa h c t@ nhin v cng nghA Qu2c gia, ' cung c:p nhi9u ti liAu qu gi v 'ng gp nhi9u ki#n b( ch trong qu trnh nghin c5u v bin soQn ti liAu ny.

TI LIAU THAM KHEO

1 PhQm Th6*ng Hn: XW l s2 tn hiAu - H NRi 1993 . 2. NguyTn Qu2c Trung: XW l tn hiAu v l c s2 - H NRi 1998. 3. Quch Tu:n Ng c: XW l tn hiAu s2 - H NRi 1996. 4. John J. Benedetto - Mi chan W. Frazier - Wavelets: Mathematics and Applications - CRC pres 1994. 5. Cuiw Li, Changfeng Tai: Detection of ECG using Wavelet Transforms. JEEE Trans. Boimedical Eng. Vol. 42. No. 1 . 1995 .

6. S. Mallat: Zero - Crossing of a Wavelet Transform. IEEE Trans . Infoml. Theory Vol. 37 . 1991 . 7. O.Rionland M. Vetterli: Wavelet Processing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazin Oct. 1995. 8. Kalyans S. K, R. B. Deshmukh: ECG Analysis using Wavelet Trallsforms. JETE. Journal of Research. Vol. 43. Dec. 1997.

Bin t=p: KS. PhHm +Ic HiJn

sumary

A Wavelet Transform and its Application in Modern Clinical Cardio-recorder Instruments

Abstract: This paper represents a Wavelet Transform and its application in many modern clinical instruments such as cardiotachometers, intelligent ECG-s, arrhythmia monitors and implantable pacemakers. Their performance depends heavily upon the analyzing system which is under the great influence on the accurate and reliable detection of the QRS complex, P and T waves. Wavelet Transform can characterize the local regularity of signals. Multiscale feature of the Wavelet Transform can distinguish the QRS complex from high P, T waves, artifacts, baseline drifts and noise.

Thanks to their efficiency for processing nonstationary signals and robustness to noise, Wavelet Transforms have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing ECG signals.