CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC

Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 1

CHUYN 2
PHNG PHP TAM GIC BNG NHAU
A. L THUYT
1. Hai tam gic bng nhau
Hai tam gic bng nhau l hai tam gic c cc cnh tng ng bng nhau, cc gc
tng ng bng nhau.
AABC = AABC

AB A' B' ; AC = A'C' ; BC = B'C'
A A' ; B B' ; C C'
=

= = =

2. Cc trng hp bng nhau ca tam gic

a) Trng hp1 : cnh cnh cnh
Nu ba cnh ca tam gic ny bng ba cnh ca tam gic kia th hai tam gic bng
nhau.
b) Trng hp2 : cnh gc cnh
Nu hai cnh v gc xen gia ca tam gic ny bng hai cnh v gc xen gia ca tam
gic kia th hai tam gic bng nhau.
c) Trng hp3 : gc cnh gc
Nu mt cnh v hai gc k ca tam gic ny bng mt cnh v hai gc k ca tam
gic kia th hai tam gic bng nhau.
3. Cc trng hp bng nhau ca tam gic vung
a) Trng hp1 : hai cnh gc vung(cnh gc - cnh)
Nu hai cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung ny bng hai cnh gc vung ca tam gic
vung kia th hai tam gic vung bng nhau.
b) Trng hp2 : cnh huyn gc nhn(gc cnh gc)
Nu cnh huyn v mt gc nhn ca tam gic vung ny bng cnh huyn v mt gc
nhn ca tam gic vung kia th hai tam gic vung bng nhau.
c) Trng hp3 : cnh huyn cnh gc vung(cnh cnh cnh)
Nu cnh huyn v mt cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung ny bng cnh huyn v
mt cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung kia th hai tam gic vung bng nhau.
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 2
4. ng dng
Chng ta thng vn dng cc trng hp bng nhau ca tam gic :
- Chng minh : hai tam gic bng nhau, hai on thng bng nhau, hai gc bng
nhau; hai ng thng vung gc ; hai ng thng song song; ba im thng hng ;
- Tnh : cc di on thng ; tnh s o gc ; tnh chu vi ; din tch ;
- So snh : cc di on thng ; so snh cc gc ;
B. CC V D
V d 1. Cho tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng :
a) Nu AB = AC th

B C = ;
b) Nu

B C = th AB = AC.
Gii :
a) (Hnh 1)
Cch 1. Gi M l trung im ca BC.
Xt AAMB v AAMC c :
AB = AC (gt) ; BM= CM(cch dng) ; AM chung
Do : AAMB = AAMC (c c c).
Suy ra :

B C = .
Cch 2. Xt AABC v AACB c :
AB = AC (gt) ; BC chung ; AC = AB (gt)
Do : AABC = AACB (c c c)

B C = .
b) (Hnh 2). K AH BC (H e BC). Tam gic AHB v AHC
cng vung ti H nn :


0
1
0
2
A B 90
A C 90

+ =

+ =

, m

B C = (gt) nn suy ra :

1 2 A A = .
Xt AAHB v AAHC c :

0
AHB AHC 90 = = ; AH chung ;

1 2 A A = (chng minh trn)
Do : AAHB = AAHC (g c - g) AB = AC (pcm).
V d 2. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = AC. Gi M l mt im nm trong tam gic sao
cho MB = MC ; N l trung im ca BC. Chng minh rng :
a) AM l tia phn gic ca gc BAC ;
b) Ba im A, M, N thng hng ;
c) MN l ng trung trc ca on thng BC.
C
B
A
M
Hnh 1
C
B
A
H
Hnh 2
1 2
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 3
Gii : (Hnh 3)
a) Xt AAMB v AAMC c :
AB = AC (gt) ; AM chung ; MB = MC (gt)
Do : AAMB = AAMC (c c c)

BAM CAM = .
Vy AM l phn gic ca gc BAC (pcm).
b) Xt AANB v AANC c :
AB = AC (gt) ; AN chung ; NB = NC (gt)
Do : AANB = AANC (c c c)

BAN CAN = .
Hay AN l phn gic ca gc BAC (pcm).
V AM, AN u l phn gic ca gc BAC nn hai tia AM v
AN trng nhau.
Vy ba im A, M, N thng hng.
c) Theo cu b) th AANB = AANC (c c c)

ANB ANC = .
M

0
ANB ANC BNC 180 + = =

0
ANB ANC 90 = = AN BC hay MN BC.
Mt khc NB = NC (gt) nn MN l ng trung trc ca BC.
V d 3. Cho tam gic ABC. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AC, AB. Trn tia i
ca tia MB v MC ly tng ng hai im D v E sao cho MB = MD v NC = NE. Chng
minh rng :
a) AD = AE ;
b) Ba im A, E, D thng hng.
Gii : (hnh 4)
a) Xt AMAD v AMCB c :
MB = MD (gt)

AMD CMB = (hai gc i nh)
MA = MC (gt)
Do AMAD = AMCB (c g c), suy ra AD = BC (1)
Chng minh tng t ta cng c AE = BC (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra AD = AE.
b) V AMAD = AMCB (chng minh trn) nn

MAD MCB = .
Hai gc ny v tr so le trong nn AD // BC.
Chng minh tng t ta cng c AE // BC.
Qua im A c hai ng thng AD v AE cng song song vi BC. Theo tin clit
th hai ng thng ny trng nhau. Hay ba im A, E, D thng hng.
V d 4. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti B v AC = 2AB. K phn gic AE (E e BC).
a) Chng minh EA= EC ;
b) Tnh cc gc A v C ca tam gic ABC.
C B
A
N
Hnh 3
M
C B
A E D
N
M
Hnh 4
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 4
Gii : (hnh 5)
a) Gi D l trung im ca AC. Ni ED.
V AC = 2AB (gt) v AC = 2AD (v D l trung im ca AC) nn AB = AD = CD.
AABC vung ti B nn

0
B 90 . =
Xt AAEB v AAED c :
AE chung

1 2 A A = (v AE l phn gic ca gc BAC)
AB = AD (chng minh trn)
Do : AAEB = AAED (c g c)

0
ADE B 90 = =
V

ADE v

CDE l hai gc k b nn

0
ADE CDE 90 = = .
Xt AEDA v AEDC c :
DE chung

ADE CDE = (chng minh trn)
AD = DC (v D l trung im ca AC)
Do : AEDA = AEDC (c g c) EA = EC.
b) V AEDA = AEDC (chng minh trn) nn

2 A C = . Suy ra

BAC 2C =
AABC c :

0
B BAC C 180 + + = hay :

0 0
90 2C C 180 + + =

0
C 30 = ;

0
BAC 2C 60 = =
Vy

0 0
A 60 ; C 30 = =
V d 5. Cho tam gic ABC c

0
A 90 < v AB = 2AC. K BD v CE tng ng vung
gc vi AC v AB (D e AC, E e AB). Gi O l giao im ca BD v CE. Chng minh rng:
a) BD = CE ;
b) OE = OD v OB = OC ;
c) AO l tia phn gic ca gc BAC.
Gii :
a) Xt AADB v AAEC c :
AB = AC (gt) ;

A chung ;

0
E D 90 = =
Do : AADB = AAEC (cnh huyn gc nhn)
Suy ra : BD = CE.
b) V AADB = AAEC (cmt) nn AD = AE.
Xt AADO v AAEO c :
AD = AE (gt) ; AO chung ;

0
E D 90 = = .
Do : AADB = AAEC (cnh huyn cnh gc vung).
Suy ra : OD = OE v

OAD OAE = .
C B
A
E
D
Hnh 5
1 2
C
B
A
E
D
O
Hnh 6
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 5
Li c : BD = CE hay OB + OD = OC + OE OB = OC (v OD = OE).
Vy OD = OE v OB = OC.
c) Theo cu b),

OAD OAE = AO l tia phn gic ca gc BAC.
BI TP
Trng hp cnh cnh- cnh
1. Cho AABC = AABC. Gi M v M tng ng l trung im ca BC v BC. Bt
AM = AM. Chng minh rng :
a) AAMB = AAMB ; b)

AMC A' M' C'. =
2. Cho AABC. V cung trn tm C bn knh bng AB, cung trn tm B bn knh bng
AC. Hai cung trn trn ct nhau ti D (A v D thuc hai na mt phng i nhau b
BC). Chng minh CD // AB v BD // AC.
3. Cho gc nhn xOy. Trn tia Ox, Oy ly tng ng hai im A v B sao cho OA = OB.
V ng trn tm A v tm B c cng bn knh sao cho chng ct nhau ti hai im
M, N nm trong gc xOy. Chng minh rng :
a) AOMA = AOMB v AONA = AONB ; b) Ba im O, M, N thng hng ;
c) AAMN = ABMN ; d) MN l tia phn gic ca gc AMB.
4. Cho AABC c AB = AC. Gi H l trung im ca cnh BC.
a) Chng minh AH vung gc vi BC v l tia phn gic ca gc BAC ;
b) Trn tia i ca HA ly im K sao cho HK = HA. Chng minh rng CK // AB.
5. Cho AABC c AB = AC. Gi D v E l hai im trn BC sao cho BD = DE = EC.
a) Chng minh

EAB DAC = ;
b) Gi M l trung im ca BC. Chng minh AM l tia phn gic ca gc DAE ;
c) Gi s

0
DAE 60 . = C nhn xt g v cc gc ca AAED.
6. Cho AABC. V on AD vung gc vi AB (C v D nm hai na mt phng i
nhau b AC), AE = AC. Bit rng DE = BC. Tnh

BAC.
7. Cho on thng AB. Hai im C v D nm khc pha i vi AB sao cho C v D cng
cch u hai im A v B.
a) Chng minh rng CD l tia phn gic ca gc ACB ;
b) Kt qu ca cu a c ng khng nu C v D nm cng pha i vi AB ?
Trng hp cnh gc - cnh
8. Cho gc xOy nhn v tia Oz l tia phn gic ca gc . Trn tia Ox ly im A, trn
tia Oy ly im B sao cho OA= OB. Gi C l mt im trn tia Oz. Chng minh rng :
a) AC = BC v

xAC yBC = ; b) AB vung gc vi Oz.
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 6
9. Cho AABC vung ti A. Gi M l trung im ca cnh AC. Trn tia i ca tia MB ly
im N sao cho MB = MN. Chng minh rng :
a) CN AC v CN = AB ; b) AN = BC v AN // BC.
10. Cho AABC vung ti A v AB < AC. Trn cnh AC ly im D sao cho AD = AB.
Trn tia i ca tia AB ly im E sao cho AE = AC.
a) Chng minh DE = BC; b) Chng minh DE BC;
c) Bit

4B 5C = . Tnh

AED.
11. Cho on thng AB v trung im O ca on thng . Trn na mt phng i nhau
b AB, k hai tia Ax, By sao cho

BAx ABy; = ri ly trn tia Ax hai im C v E
(E nm gia A v C), trn By ly hai im D v F (F nm gia B v D) sao cho
AC = BD, AE = BF. Chng minh rng :
a) OC = OD, OE = OF ; b) Ba im C, O, D thng hng; c) ED = CF.
12. Cho on thng AB v im C nm gia hai im A v B nhng khng trng vi trung
im ca on thng AB. Trn hai na mt phng i nhau b AB k hai tia Ax, By
cng vung gc vi AB. Trn tia Ax ly hai im M, M, trn tia By ly hai im N, N
sao cho AM = BN = BC, BN = AM = AC. Chng minh rng :
a) MC = NC, AN = BM, AN = BM ; b) AN // BM v AN // BM ;
b) MN v MN ct nhau ti trung im ca on thng AB.
13. Cho AABC c gc A nhn. Trn na mt phng b AB khng cha im C, v tia Ax
v trn tia ly im D sao cho AD = AB. Trn na mt phng b AC khng cha
im B, v tia Ay v trn ly im E sao cho AE = AC.
a) Chng minh BE = CD v BE CD ;
b) Cc ng thng AC v ED c th vung gc vi nhau c khng ?
c) Cc kt qu trn c ng khng nu gc A t ?
14. Cho AABC c M l trung im ca BC. K AH BC (H e BC). Bit rng AH, AM
chia gc nh A thnh ba gc bng nhau. Tnh cc gc ca AABC.
15. Cho AABC vung ti A. Tia phn gic ca gc B ct cnh AC ti im D. Trn cnh
BC ly im H sao cho BH = BA.
a) Chng minh DH BC ; b) Bit

0
ADH 110 , = tnh

ADH.
16. Cho AABC, D l trung im ca AC, E l trung im ca AB. Trn tia i ca tia DB
ly im N sao cho DN = DB. Trn tia i ca tia EC ly im M sao cho EM = EC.
Chng minh rng A l trung im ca on thng MN.
17. Cho im A nm trong gc nhn xOy. V tia AH vung gc vi Ox ri ly im B trn
tia i ca tia HA sao cho HB = HA. V AK vung gc vi Oy ri ly im C trn tia
i ca tia KA sao cho KC = KA. Chng minh rng :
a) OB = OC ; b) Bit

xOy , =o tnh gc BOC.
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 7
18. Cho AABC c AC > AB, tia phn gic gc A ct BC ti D. Trn AC ly im E sao cho
AE = AB. Chng minh AD BE.
19. Cho d l ng trung trc ca on thng AB, C l mt im thuc d. Gi Cx l tia i
ca tia CA, Cy l tia phn gic ca gc BCx. Chng minh rng Cy d
20. Cho hai on thng AB v CD ct nhau to trung im O ca mi on thng. Ly cc
im E, F theo th t trn AD v BC sao cho AE = BF. Chng minh rng ba im E,
O, F thng hng.
21. Cho AABC. K BD vung gc vi AC ; k CE vung gc vi AB. Trn tia i ca tia
BD ly im H sao cho BH = AC ; trn tia i ca tia CE ly im K sao cho CK =
AB. Chng minh rng AH = AK.
22. Cho AABC, M l trung im ca BC. Trn na mt phng b BC khng cha im C,
v tia Ax vung gc vi AB ri ly im D trn tia sao cho AD = AB. Trn na mt
phng b AC khng cha im B, v tia Ay vung gc vi AC ri ly im E trn tia
sao cho AE = AC. Chng minh rng :
a)
DE
AM
2
= ; b) AM DE.
Trng hp gc cnh- gc
23. Cho AABC c

B C = . Gi I l trung im ca BC. Trn cnh AB ly im D, trn tia
DI ly im E sao cho I l trung im ca DE. Chng minh rng :
a) BD = CE ; b) CB l tia phn gic ca gc ACE.
24. Cho AABC vung ti A c AB = AC. Qua A k ng thng xy (B, C nm cng pha
i vi xy). K BD v CE cng vung gc vi xy (D, E e xy).
a) Chng minh rng DE = BD + CE ;
b) Kt qu cu a) thay i th no nu B, C nm khc pha i vi xy ?
25. Cho AABC vung ti A c AB = AC. Trn cc cnh AB, AC ly tng ng hai im D
v E sao cho AD = AE. T A v D k cc ng vung gc vi BE ct BC theo th t
ti M v N. Tia ND ct tia CA I. Chng minh rng :
a) A l trung im ca CI ; b) CM = MN.
26. Cho AABC vung ti A. Gi M l trung im ca cnh BC. Trn tia AM ly im N
sao cho M l trung im ca AN. Chng minh rng :
a) CN = AB v CN // AB ; b) BC = 2AM.
27. Cho AABC. Trn na mt phng b AB khng cha im C v AF AB v AF = AB;
trn na mt phng b AC khng cha im B v AH AC v AH = AC. Gi D l
trung im ca cnh BC, I l mt im trn tia i ca tia DA sao cho DI = DA.
Chng minh rng :
a) AI = FH ; b) DA FH.
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 8
28. Cho AABC, D l trung im ca cnh AB, E l trung im cnh AC. V im F sao
cho E l trung im ca DF. Chng minh rng :
a) BD = CF ; b) DE // BC v DE =
1
BC.
2
29. Cho AABC. Gi M l trung im ca BC , I l trung im ca AM. Tia CI ct cnh AB
D. Chng minh rng :
a) BD = 2AD ; b) CD = 4ID.
30. Cho AABC c AB = AC. Gi M l trung im ca AB. Trn tia i ca tia BA ly
im D sao cho BA= BD. Chng minh rng CD = 2CM.
31. Cho AABC. K BD v CE tng ng vung gc vi AC v AB (D e AC, E e AB).
Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca BC, DE. Chng minh rng MN DE.
32. Cho AABC c gc A nhn. Trn na mt phng b AB c cha im C v AD AB v
AD = AB ; trn na mt phng b AC c cha im B v AE AC v AE = AC. K
AH ED (H e ED). Chng minh rng ng thng AH i qua trung im M ca cnh
BC.
33. Cho AABC c

0
A 60 = . Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC D, tia phn gic ca gc C
ct AB E. Cc tia phn gic ct nhau I. Chng minh rng BE + CD = BC.
34. Cho AABC c

0
A 60 = . Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC D, tia phn gic ca gc C
ct AB E. Cc tia phn gic ct nhau I. Chng minh rng ID = IE.
35. Cho on thng AB, O l trung im ca AB. Trn cng mt na mt phng b AB v
cc tia Ax v By cng vung gc vi AB. Gi C l mt im thuc tia Ax. ng
vung gc vi OC ti O ct tia By D. Chng minh rng CD = AC + BD.
36. Trn cnh BC ca AABC ly cc im E v F sao cho BE = CF. Qua E v F, v cc
ng thng song song vi BA, chng ct cnh AC theo th t G v H. Chng minh
rng AB = EG + FH.
37. Cho AABC vung ti A, AB = AC. Qua A v ng thng d sao cho B v C nm cng
pha i vi i vi ng thng d. K BH v CK vung gc vi d. Chng minh rng :
a) AH = CK ; b) HK = BH + CK.
38. Cho AABC. V on thng AD bng v vung gc vi AB (D v C nm kahsc phi i
vi AB). V on thng AE bng v vung gc vi BC. ng thng HA ct DE K.
Chng minh rng DK = KE.
Cc trng hp bng nhau ca tam gic vung
39. Cho AABC cn ti A. Trn tia i ca tia BC ly im D, trn tia i ca tia CB ly
im E sao cho BD = CE. K Bh AD (H eAD), k CK AE (K e AE). CMR :
a) BH = CK ; b) AAHB = AAKC ; c) BC // HK.
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 9
40. Cho AABC cn ti A, gc A nhn. K BD AC (D e AC), k CE AB (E e AB).
Gi I l giao im ca BD v CE. Chng minh rng :
a) AD = CE ; b) AI l phn gic ca gc BAC.
41. Cho AABC vung ti A. T A k AH BC. Trn cnh BC ly im E sao cho
BE = BA. K EK AC (K eAC). Chng minh rng AK = AH.
42. Cho AABC vung cn A, M l trung im ca BC, im E nm gia M v C. K BH,
CK vung gc vi AE (H v K thuc ng thng AE). Chng minh rng :
a) BH = AK ; b) AMBH = AMAK ; c) AMHK vung cn.
43. Cho AABC vung ti A (AB > AC). Tia phn gic ca gc B ct AC D. K DH
BC. Trn tia AC ly im E sao cho AE = AB. ng thng vung gc vi AE ct tia
DH K. Chng minh rng :
a) BA = BH ; b)

0
DBK 45 = .
44. Cho AABC vun cn ti A. Mt ng thng d bt k lun i qua A. K BH v CK
cng vung gc vi d. Chng minh rng tng BH
2
+ CK
2
c gi tr khng i.
BI TP TNG HP
45. Cho AABC cn ti A. Trn tia i ca cc tia BC v CB ly th t hai im D v E sao
cho BD = CE. Gi M l trung im ca BC. Chng minh rng :
a) AADE cn ; b) AM l tia phn gic ca gc DAE ;
c) BH = CK, vi H v K theo th t l chn ng vung gc k t B, C n AD
v AE.
d) Ba ng thng AM, BH v CK gp nhau ti mt im.
46. Cho on thng AB v im C nm gia A v B. Trn cng mt na mt phng b AB
v hai tam gic u ACD v BEC. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AE v BD.
Chng minh rng :
a) AE = BD ; b) AMCN l tam gic u.
47. Cho AABC cn ti A, phn gic CD. Qua D k tia DF vung gc vi DC v tia DE
song song vi BC (F e BC, E e AC). Gi M l giao im ca DE vi tia phn gic
gc BAC. Chng minh rng :
a) CF = 2BD ; b) CF = 4DM.
48. Cho AABC cn ti A. Trn cnh BC ly im D, trn tia i ca tia CB ly im E sao
cho BD = CE. Cc ng thng vung gc vi BC k t D v E ct AB v AC ln lt
M v N. Chng minh rng :
a) DM= EN ;
b) ng thng BC ct MN ti trung im I ca MN ;
c) ng thng vung gc vi MN ti I lun i qua mt im c nh khi D thay i
trn cnh BC.
CC CHUYN BI DNG HSG MN TON 7 PHN HNH HC
Trn Ngc i, THCS Thy Thanh 10
49. Cho AABC nhn. V pha ngoi ca tam gic v cc tam gic ABD v ACE u vung
cn ti A. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca BD v CE, P l trung im ca BC.
Chng minh rng APMN vung cn.
50. AABC cn ti B, c

0
B 80 . = I l mt im nm trong tam gic sao cho

0
IAC 10 = v

0
ICA 30 . = Tnh

AIB.
51. Cho AABC cn ti A c

0
A 20 . = T B v C k cc ng thng ct cc cnh i din
D v E. Bit

0 0
CBD 60 , BCE 50 . = = Tnh

BDE.
52. Cho AABC c

0
A 120 , = phn gic AD. K DE v DF tng ng vung gc vi AB v
AC. Trn cc on thng BE v FC t EK = FI.
a) Chng minh ADEF u ;
b) Chng minh ADIK cn ;
c) T C k ng thng song song vi AD, ct BA M. Chng minh AAMC u ;
d) Tnh di AD bit CM= m v CF = n.
53. Cho gc vung xOy. V cung trn tm O, bn knh tu ct Ox A, ct Oy B. T
mt im C tu trn cung AB (C khc A v B) k ng thng song song vi Ox A
v ct Oy B. Chng minh rng tng CA
2
+ CB
2
khng ph thuc vo v tr ca
im C trn cung AB.