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DTEd1 Tamil
Kjyh ML
ts
(Ma f gla g)
j ehL
ghl fHf
gF - m
1. j bkhw tsj
mKf
bkhghl xU wghl; ghlbghU ghlkW. tuyhW, a,
ma Kja ghlf ghlbghU ghlfsh. m ghlfY gl tiuj,
nrhjidf brj nghw wf UD ghlbghUns mtW Kjl
bgWwJ. Mdh, bkhghl ghlbghUisl bkhwfns wl
bgWwd. nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj, Ritz w Ma wfis
tsf ghlbghU njit. m ghlbghUis mogilahf bfhnl bkh
wf tsf bgWwd.
wfis khztl tsf ciueil, br, yfz Ma
ghlf ghl lbgWwd. mghlf_y bkhwfis
khztl tsf, Ma wj bkhw bgwtuhjntL. br,
ciueil ghlfis ff Ma vtif wfis bgUf ntL
vgjid, mtf yfz m bgW iH vGJtJl gilghw
w bgUfntL vgjid FJ a mJ bfhnth.
goiyf
1. br
brhfis j
mUbrhbghU mj
ciueilgL TWj
ul fUJ TWj
2. ciueil
jbjw U..f.
brh brt uh.. nrJ is
3. yfz
dbtGJf
bgabrh
bjh bga
bga gf
MFbga
mbkhbjhif
ntWik cU bghUS
cU kaf
uils, mLFbjhl
tGtik
tbyGJ FlfS fhlfS
4. gilghw
ciuahliy brahFj
fLiuia ciuahlyhFj
fLiu vGJj
5. bjhFiu
1
1. br
brhbr bghUbr XirbahGF mika aWtJ brshF.
ctik, cUtf, iw eafS, vGJ, brh, bghU, ah, m Ma
yfzfS, vJif, nkhid, ia, Ku Kja bjhileafS mika
bjhLgJ br fHfhF.
brhfis j: br ghF Vg f mika brhfis nrJ
ghLt. m brhfis J TW wid Ma bgUjntL.
m) jh WtJ cyw fL - vD Fwso jh+WtJ vD U
brhf nrJsd. jh - iybkh, WtJ - tUbkh. iybkh W
vD bkbaGJ csJ. tUbkh Kj vD cbuGJ csJ.
uL nrJ vD cbkbaGjhW. jid,
clnk ctJ xWtJ ang ( e. 204)
vW e} gh TW.
M) zjJ vg + mjJ vD U brhf nrJsd.
-iybkh, mjJ- tUbkh.
iybkh W vgJ j FbwGij mLJ vd csJ.
tUbkh Kj m vD cbuGJ csJ.uL nrUbghGJ vD
brhYs bkbaGjhd uo vd wJ. tUbkh cbuGJ
m, iybkh bkbaGJ cl nrJ zjJ vd MW.
jid,
jF KxW ct uL - (e.205)
vW e} gh TW.
1. f + v = fbz,
2. v + c = vD,
3. k + m = kz
ct cFw bk nlhL
at ah KWkW xnuht - ( e. 164)
<) eaj, aizj, gilbaLj vD brhf e mj,
mizj, gil vLj vd uouL brhf nrJsd. iybkhf
W , <, I vD cbuGJf
csd. ( + ) ( + < ) ( + I) tUbkh
Kj m, m, v vd cbuGJf csd.
fwjh, glhil, mHJ
thW iybkh W , <, I vD
Ma brhfis iybkh
cbuGJf tJ, tUbkh Kj
tUbkhbad J
cbuGJf tUkh cU cU
TWf.
nrtjF clgLJ bkahf tU.
tUbkh Kj cs cnuhL nrU.
eaj,maHF,
jid clgLJ bkbag.
gidnahiy, tndat
thW iybkh W , <, I
Ma brhfis tUbkh
myhj w cf tUkh, clgLJ
iybkhbad
J
bkahf tU.
il , vG fhLf.
gy + m (gy + + m) = gyt
kh + iy (kh + + iy) = khiy
vd tU. Vfhu cK ctu il afuK tfuK njhW.
nr + mo (nr + + mo) = nrto
(nr + + mo) = nrao
nj + Mu = njthu
vd tU. jid,
< It a Vid
ct t VK Uik
ct clgLbk bawhF - ( e. 162) vd e} gh TW.
c) g bgaf bgUghY ik F bgW tU. ik F bgW tU
gntW g bgafis tUbkhfis mJbfhlh mbrhfis vjhf
fyh.
1. btik + ky = btky vd, brik + bgh = brbgh vd <W bflJ.
2. bgUik + m = bga vd, Wik + iy = iy vd <WbfL,
ilcfu fukhW.
3. gRik + iy = ghiy (<WbfL, ML, cFw , clnk ctJ
xaJ) vd zjJ.
4. gRik + jh = igjh vd, gRik + j = igj vd <W il
bfL, Kj w mfu Ifhukh, tUbkhF dkhd xW FjJ.
5. Wik + C = vd <WbfL ilw cfuK bfL, bk uoaJ.
br gF zJtJs
brhfis jf.
z fis ma e}iy
gagLJf.
mUbrh bghUsa mfuhia
gagLJf.
thW br bghUsJ
ciueilgL TWtjF Ma
bkhw bgwtuhjntL.
esbtgh
th iw kltdnk vj
M tjjh ahah - fhil
njntj bfiyik brWiu vWiujh
ghntj ghit gijJ.
1. th, fh, gh - brhf bghUis vGJf.
2. ghlyofis ciueilgL vGJf.
3. thiw, fhil, vWiujh - brhfis J yfz gh TWf.
kWky ghlf
vF ghulh kfis
ghulh cdJ khl guig!
ghulh cDl wj glhs
vFy vWid jl xoa
kf bgUfl ghJ kbfh!
mit br; mfl khF!
rhy ghitah GF kfis
mizJ bfh! cid rfk MF!
khl rKu ehbdW T!
iy vF ngj iy
- ghujhr
joj mofis ciueilgL TWf.
Na tUtJ ahuhny?
ru tJ vtuhny?
fhU th ngh
f gLtd mit vd?
ngo d vjdhny?
bgUkiH bgtJ vtuhny?
Mj bfyh mfh
mijeh vl ntlhnkh!
- ehkf fP bt. uhkf is
1. fhU, ngo, Mjbfyh - vD bjhifiy bjhlfis J
bghU T jjfhd yfz gh TWf.
2. ciueil
ghlf VHh tFtiu cs ciueil ghlf Ma FGth
vGj bgWgit. vlh tFKj gulh tFtiu cs ciueil
ghlf wj ciueil Mafsh vGjbgwit. it Ma FGduh
bjhFf bgwit. ghlfis fF khzt Ma gaik,g
ika fUJ, ifahsgL brhfsa w Matiw vLJTW w
bgwtuhj ntL.
Ugjh who ciueil fLiuf vG w bgwt gy.
mtfS Utiu vLJfhlhf njbjLJ mtfisg mtf
ciueil w g mJbfhtJ vLJ ciugJ khzt MaUF
bgUga eFtnjhL ciueil vGJ wid tsJbfhs cj.
6
1. jbjw U..f.
fahzRjudh fhu khtlJ Js vD 1883 M
ML (26.8.1883) wjh. t jijah Uth%iu rhjt. mt bga
Ujhry. jdh t U..f. vd miHf bgwh.
t mua, bjhyhs aff, rka iyaf, ya fHff,
isP Kndw mikf, Uj Jiwf, tfhUa rff Kja
gytY bjhlbfhL theh KGtJ bjhlhdh. vfl g
brJ lgnj vgJ t th FnfhshW. va th thj
fahzRjudh 1953 M ML (17.9.1953) aifbadh.
kfSF jHhtij CLtjfhf ciueil f gytiw vGdh.
tuJ ciueil aJ; Mw iwjJ; cz thjJ; WW bjhlfshf
mikJ gof gof g gagJ. J U..f. eil vW kf nghWksF
jjik thjJ. Ugjh who ciueil jij vd, j
bjw U..f. vd tiu kf ghuhLt.
t Uj myJ sik UJ, fl fh jhkhdhU,
ah Ljiy, fhaofS kj thif, bg bgUik,
KUf myJ mHF, cbsh, kakiy ahdK, irtw Kjyhd gy
fis vGsh.
jbjw tuJ jiyik brhbghf bjhF. jnrhiy
tuJ fLiuf bjhF. KUf mUntl, J mUntl,
Ukh mUntl, Jikntl vgd U..f. aa br fsh.
U..f. ciueil fUJ y gFf:
gF-1
mahj mHF vgij g KUf myJ mHF vD ,
ifidawh XuHnf mah mHbfdgL. ifidaW mHF
mjikaJ. ifidawh fbgW td vwh eudhU.ifah
bragLtJ braif. ifah bra glhjJ aif. kiy MW fhL flY
vt ifah Mfgld? mit vfUfsh bragld? PhW fS
fS vtuh bragld? dYF jik <jt vt? beUF
btikodt aht? aghf mUa t mHnf ifid awh
fbgW tdghF. kiwaJ ngh
1. g ika fUJ mah mHF vgjhF.
2. mHF, f, td - xU bghU Fj gy brhf gagLjgLsd.
3. PhW, f, d, jik - vd mUbrhf gagLjgLsd.
4. dh thaf lbgWsd.
5. ifidawh fbgW td vD mHa bjhl csJ.
gF - 2
aif fh tUzidnghJ:
thiaj fhLfS jeho mikUwd. kiyfnshL ilJ
jna wJ br fhLf, bt jifJ mF fhU HY, tL
Jitg nj fh tdfW fkG eWehwK, thguj bgh f
iu, fhguj Wf <lK, bfhGbfhof dY csij
Fgd tynth?
3. yfz
khzt Ma jh ffUF tFfSfhd yfz gFf g
bjthd m bgUj aikahjJ. ghlfis fFbghGJ yfz
mit ca Kiw gagLJ w bgWjntL.
dbtGJf
vGJf wFl, xF Ka, xF fhy ms, tot
MatW xW kbwhiw VnjD xUtifah xUF. thW tU
vGJf dbtGJf vd bgW.
c vGJfS F vGJfSF beo vGJf dkhf mik.mM; -<; c-C; v-V; x-X; it ju, I vGJF -, xs vGJF c-
dkhF. bkbaGJfS, td vGJfSF bkd vGJf dkh.(; -; -; -; -; - ) bkd bkfis mLJ mt td
vGJf mik. jf, gF vd, kr, vd, gl, to vd,
jj, gJ vd, fg, j vd, kw, e vd bkd vGJfis
mLJ mtF dkhd td vGJf tJsik fhf.
bgabrh
bghUf bgafis FFbrh bgabrh vdgL. bgabrh
MW tifgL. mit: bghUbga, lbga, fhybga, idbga,
Fzbga, bjhbga vgdth.
bgabrh
bghUbga
bghUbga
lbga
fhybga
idbga
Fzbga
bjhbga
lbga
fhybga
idbga
Fzbga
bjhbga
10
bjhbga
-
ghLj
X momojh
nfL
=
=
=
Fbgw bjhbga
Kjiy bjhbga
Kjiy j bjhbga
bga gf
MFbga
btis ril mjh.
oF btis mojd.
Kj bjhlYs btis vD brh wij Fj g
bgauhF.mLj bjhlYs btis vD brh, btis w mikj
Rzh iu FwJ.
thW bjhWbjhL xF tHtj LFbga mjid
czjhk mjndhL bjhlila ntbwhU bghUSF MtUkh, mJ
MFbga vdgL.
MFbga tif
m. bghUshF bga
r rhgh Ritahf UjJ. r vD brh nt, bfho, iy, ,
R, fh MatWl mikj r broaha KG bghUis FgjhF.
Mdh, bjhl rhgh Ritahf UjJ vD Fgh r vDbrh
KG bghUis FfhJ. mj X cWgha rfhia czJwJ.
thW xU KG bghU bga, mjid RlhJ, mj cWF M
tUtJ bghUshF bga vdgL. jid KjyhF bga vd TWt.
M. lthF bga
Mdh,
fhu vd iy? fhu vgJ lbgauhF.
bjhlYs F brhfsh, fhu vD lbga, mj lij
Ffhk ml bebjLfgL glhilia FwJ. thW X
l bga mj lnjhL bjhlila ntW bghUSF MtUtJ lthF
bga vdgL.
. fhythF bga
nfhil ewhf isJsJ. nfhil vgJ fhy bgauhF. Mdh,
bjhlYs isJsJ vD Fgh, nfhilfhy is
beiy (nfhil be) FwJ.
thW fhybga mfhynjhL bjhlila ntbwhU bghUSfh
tUtJ fhythF bga vdgL.
<. idahF bga
jiyF xU gH bfhL.
jiy vgJ kj X cWghF. Mdh, bjhl jiy vgij
mLJs F brhfsh xU kjid FwJ. thW xU id
(cW) bga mij bgWs Kj bghUis FgJ idahF bga
vdgL.
id bga KjbghUSF MtUtJ idahF bga. Kj bghU
bga mj idF (cWF) M tUtJ bghUshF bga vD ntWghil mf.
12
c. gghF bga
brtiyia to L. brtiy vgJ t wij FF g
bgauhF. to L vD F brhfsh, brtiy vgJ wij
Ffhk, mw mikj vUid FwJ.
thW xU g bga, mgig bfhl bghUSF MtUtJ,
gghF bga vdgL.
C. bjhyhF bga
bgha Ritahf UjJ. bgha vgJ bjhiy Fgjh
bjhbgauhF. Mdh, bjhl Ritahf UjJ vD Fgh
bghbjLF brayh clhd cz bghUis FwJ.
thW xU bjh bga mbjhyh bgwgL bghUSF M tUtJ
bjhyhF bga vdgL.
mbkh bjhif
ntWikbjhif, idbjhif, gbjhif, ctikbjhif,
cikbjhif Ma IJ bjhifiy bjhlfSF w mtF cad
myhj w bkhfsha cUf bjhF tUgit mbkhbjhif vdgL.
(v-L) bghbwho tjh. (bghdh Ma bjhoia cila bg) - J
_wh ntWikbjhifwJ wj mbkhbjhif.
vbjhif wnj mbkhbjhif wwnjh mij KL
mbjhifwJ wj mbkhbjhif vdgL.
Ibjhif bkhnk wbjhf mbkh - (e.369)
jhkiu Kf, fh mWjh, bghfYlh, btiy elh,
C ulJ, btisaojh - brhfis MFbgafshf
tifgLJf.
ntWik cU bghUS
KUf tjh - KUf vD bgabrh vGthahf csJ.
KUfid ghnj. KUf vD bgabrh < I vD cUl
nrJ bragLbghUsh ntWgLsJ.
thW bgabrh bghU ntWghL njhw brtJ ntWik
vdgL. bgabrh bghUis ntWgLj Jiz brtd ntWik
cUf MF.
ntWikf vL MF. Kj ntWikF vlh ntWikF cU
iy. ulh ntWikKj VHh ntWiktiu cUf cL.
Kj ntWik
nty gojh. nty vD bga vGthah gojh vD
idKiwbfhL KojJ. vGthna Kj ntWikahF. J vGth
ntWik vd TwgL. j cU yhj bganuahF.
13
- fU
- fUjh
jhbahL kf tjh.
ManuhL khzhf tjh.-clf
M, M vD cUfSF <lhf bfhL vD brhYU, xL, XL vD
cUfSF <lhf, cl vD brhYU gagLjYL.
(v-L) thbfhL mWjh. jhl kf tjh.
ehfh ntWik
j cU F vgJ. U bfhil, gif, e, jF, mJthj,
bghUL, Kiw vD bghUf tU.
14
ViHF bfhLjh
ghF gif k
uhkDF eg Ff
uDF caJ th
eifF jf bfhL
TF ntiy brjh.
jUkDF j k
bfhil
gif
ne (e)
jF
mJthj
bghUL
Kiw
f
x
viy
VJ
tW mJ, MJ
mJ
MJ
m
-
-
g jHik
cW jHik
xw Tl jHik
gyTl jHik
Mf jHik
FkudJ Mil
fjdJ L
tStuJ eh
bghU Hik
l Hik
fhy Hik
bghU
l
fhy
id
g
bjh
bghU
l
fhy
id
g
bjh
Hik
idf cs
fgwF gUJ
gff kyU jhkiu
iff cs tisa
sikf brt
Mlf ghoa ghL
vlh ntWik
jF jU iy. bga agh wY, bga <W jY, <W
FWjY, <W FjY, <wa jY j cUghF. j bghU
bghU. ntWik ntWik vd bga bgW.
jij - jjh!
eg - eg!
fz - fznd!
j - j!
kf - kfh!
njh - njh!
KUf - KUf!
jiyt - jiytnd!
KUf - KUf!
yt - y!
<W j
<W Fw
<W Fj
aghj
<wa j
cU kaf
xU ntWik cU fntoa l bjhU ntWik cU W
mnj ntWik bghUis jUtJ cU kafkhF. thW ntWik cU
ka tjh ntWik bghUSnfg m ntWik cUig J bfhs
ntL.
16
mr
ctif
mty
17
uils
1. uil brhyhf tU
2. idfis mLJ mtF
milbkhahf tU.
3. jjna jh bghU
juhJ.
4. uLFnk mLfhJ.
mLFbjhl
xUbrh uL, _WKiw mL tU.
idfis wJ tuhk iu,
mr Kja gy bghUfis czjtU.
jjna jh bghUjU brhyhf
mik.
bghUiy _WKiw tiu
iriw ehFKiw mL tU.
tGtik
xwbfhW bghUjyhj khWgl brhfis bfhL Koj
brhfS VnjD xU fhuzjh rhnwhfsh VWbfhsgoUFkh,
mJ tGtikah (tGthD mikilaJ.).
1. iz tGtik
18
5. ku tGtik
khL ah thaJ - vd TWtJ ku tGtikah. khL thfgl
bghU. thfgLtJjh kho iy, thFtJ kjDila bjh. khL
vdh thfglJ vd TWtJ tHhiy. khL ah thaJ vd TWj
tGthD rhnwhuh tHfgL tUjyh tGtikahW. (J bragL
bghUis brjJ nghy brhtJ.)
tbyGJ FlfS fhlfS
xU iybkhnahL tUbkh f, r, j, g tUf vGJf bjhlF
brhyhf mikbghGJ mtbyhW ylf FJ ylf
fhkY tU. tiwaJ gagLjhikia riH bad TWt.
y ntisf iHah bghU ntWghL VgL. J khkh jj
bghik vDbghGJ bgabur fhkY, J jjjh Md bghik vd
TWbghGJ jj bghikbad _wh ntWik cU gaD clbjhf
bjhif FJ mik. jdh bghU ntWgLwjnwh?
j rhnwh, vbfF td F, vbfF fhbjd mJ
Tsd. mtiwaJ bfhnth.
KJFkh kUJfilF brwh. t ehFoia ghjh. mjF
buho Jil bfhLjh. mJ kahf wJ. d filia
neh brwh. filfhul kUJf iynflh.
jl
Uj gznfg njitahd kUJbghUis thdh. oF
U t j egid flh.
- g tbyhW Flf, fhlfis mJ ga
gLJf.
tbyGJ Flf
1. m, , c vD RblGJf D v vD dhbtG D F.
miga, vWt?
2. mj, j, vj vD RL, dh f F.
mj iga, vj Fiu?
3. mgo, go, vgo vD brhf F.
go brhdh.
4. mF, F, vF vD brhf F.
vF brwid?
5. , j vD brhf F.
brayh. j fll.
ntWik z
6. ulh ntWik F.
il fnl, ehil fhghW.
19
7. ehfh ntWik F.
filF nghdh, mtDF bfhLjh.
8. Mwh ntWikbjhif m~iz bgaf F.
jiy. ehFo.
9. VHh ntWik bjhif F.
kid wjh, brid gfiyfHf.
mt z
10. <Wbfl vkiw bgabur F.
XlhFiu, ghlh ghL,
11. gbjhif F.
gl, tlgyif,
12. UbgabuhL gbjhif F.
Mt f, rhiugh.
13. miu, gh, vL, gJ vD vQ bgabrhf F.
miu gF, vLbjhif, gJghL,
14. ctikbjhif F.
kyif,
15. M, ngh vD idbar brhf F.
ngh fnl. ewh brhdh.
16. fu, mfu <W idbarf F.
njo ghnj. njl nghnd.
tbyGJ fh lf
1. mJ, J vD RL brhf mt, ntWik vD uolfY
fhJ.
mJ bgJ. J bfhLjh.
2. mts, ts, vts vD brhf fhJ.
ts bfhL. vts bjhif.
3. mjid, jid, vjid vD brhf fhJ.
vjid Wt? jid fhisfsh!
4. go vD ilbrh idbrhYl nrJ tUif fhJ.
nghFgo brhdh. tUJgo ngdh.
5. y, gy vD brhf mt, ntWik Ma UtfY fhJ.
y fwh, gy bghU.
6. Vfhu njnwfhu ilbrhyh tjh, mj tU tbyGJ fhJ.
mtnd brhdh. ahnd ft.
ntWik z
7. ulh ntWikbjhif fhJ.
8. _wh ntWik cUfsha xL, XL Mat fhJ.
fjndhL nghdh.
9. Mwh ntWik cUf fhJ.
fjdJ jf.
20
mt z
10.. <Wbfl vkiw bgabur ju kbwyh bgaburf fhJ.
Xod Fiu. Xlhj Fiu
11. vGthbjhl, bjhl, idbjhif,
cikbjhifMatfhJ.
eho JoFJ, fjh! ngh, RLnrhW, HF.
4. gilghw
kf cs vj x Mtkhf MHkhf <LgLwnjh mj
xid gilJ ghf U. rhwhf brhbghid nfFbghGJ,
ngrhsuhf ntL vD vzK wj fLiufis fijfis
goFbghGJ vGjhsuhf ntL vD vzK, wj fijfis goJ
RitFbghGJ fPuhf ntL vD vzK vG. V? ey cz tif
fis cL kGbghGJ, mijnghW rikJ ghfntL vD vzK
vGtJ aifjhnd! tiwna gilf vd Fg csayhs.
aghd jifa czfis o Jyf brtJ bkh fF
Maf flikahF. mjifa l KaF Jiz br tif,
j ghl cs br, ciueil gFf mikfbgWsd.
bkhghl fF khzhf ngRj w bgW ngrhs Mf UtJ
vGJj wbgW vGjhsuhf UtJ bkhia fWbfhtj
nehffS xwhfnt mik.
khztfF vGJj w g mfUF khzt Ma jhK
mw tytuhf sFj aikahjJ. mtf Gs _W wf
tyik bgWj F FfgLwJ.
1. ciuahliy brahFj
2. fLiuia ciuahlyhFj
3. fLiu vGJj
1. ciuahliy brahFj
xU bghUisg xWF nkgnlh To fyJ ciuahLtJ
ciuahl vdgL. ciuahl bkheil vikahdjhf aghdjhf
UF. ciuahl fyJbfhnthU xUt kwt fUij MjJ
nknfh T tWJtJ cL. myJ kwt fUJF khWgl fUij
T j fUij tWJtJ cL. jkhd ciuahl ngrgL
fUij nfL mjid kwtUF brahf TWtJ xU j wdhF.
ciuahliy brahFtjfhd tKiwf:
1. ciuahl ika fUij J bfhsntL.
2. fUijbaho ciuahl gbfLngh TW brfis uo bfhs
ntL.
3. ciuahl neTwhf mikUFkhifah, mtiw maTwhf kh
brfis TwntL.
4. ciuahl fUJ Lnghfhk bria KGikahf TwntL.
5. ciuahl fyJbfhnth TW nknfhf, gHbkhf, kubjhlf
Matiw lhJ braikj ntL.
21
ftahik
neh tUtiu cleyijg ahU ftiygLtiy. cl
ey k bjtiy. eykhd cljh eykhd kd UF vgJ cik.
Koiu
cleyK gK xnwhblhW bjhlilait. cl eykhf
Ujh gkhf thHyh. rJs a cz, a fhW, a Matiw
ga gLdh, vk e vnu tu mRth. ghu ghoaJngh,
fhyh! v fhyUnf thlh - cid
rnw nw
vd ijakhf Twyh. twh, nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt vgij mayh.
fLiuFa ciuahl
(kUJtU nehah)
nehah
kUJt
: u vd cz rhOf?
nehah
kUJt
nehah
: cz kL nghJkh?
kUJt
nehah
kUJt
nehah
kUJt
nehah
3. fLiu vGJj
xUt, j cs njhW fUJfis btl thfshf miktd,
mtj ngR vGJ MF. tW, vGJj vgJ xU jw. vyh
uhY v iftu bgwhj w. MD, khzhf bgW wf ntoa w.
Mj, vGJj wid tsF fLiu g vgJ bkhghl X
aikahj lij bgWwJ. fLiu vgj bghU sf, fLiu vGJ
nth nkbfhs ntoa Kiwf, fLiu tifghL Mait g,
ciuahliy fLiuahFj; Fl jiy fLiu vGJj Mad
g F fhngh.
fLiu vgj bghU sf
xU bghUisg yfzKiw fLiugJ fLiu, fLiuahtJ
tifgL Tw, cs njhWtij fLiugJ fLiu, mHF ua
jikia flHF vd brhYtJnghy, mikgHF ua ciuia fLiu
vnwh.
thW mP gy, fLiu vgij sFwd. RUf T,
Fl xU bghUg, xU fLnfhl fngh ahtiu ftUKiw
mikfgLtij fLiu vdyh.
fLiuahdJ RUf brhy, sfitj, ebkh zj Kjyhd
mHFfis bgUfntL. TaJ Tw, khWbfhs Tw, kbwhW
j Kjyhd Fwf yhk vGjglntL. nkY, gilghs
mthwiy btgLJtnjhL gogtf jidia Ltjhf
fLiu mikjntL.
fLiu mik
vj bghUisg fLiu vGdhY mJ KDiu, bghUSiu,
Koiu MatiwbfhL sfntL. KDiu Koiu xbthU
gF mikantL. KDiu vgJ vGjF fUij tFJ fhL
tjhf Koiu vgJ brhybgw fUJfis bjhFJ TWtjhf
mikantL. KDiu, Koiufis bfhnl fLiu KGikia
brid fngh czUtz mtiw mikjntL.
bghUSiuahdJ, vLJbfhl fUij gy tf s TW
gFahF. Mj, mjid gy gfshf J vGJjntL. vLJ
bfhS bghUSF Vg, cjiyf gytiw bfhljhf UgJ
wgh.
fLiu vGJnth nkbfhsntoa bghJ f
fLiu vGJnth, 1. brfis uLj, 2. KiwgLJj, 3. jiy
bfhLJ gaikj, 4. nknfhfis gHbkhfis uLj, 5. tha
khwf, 6. eilaHF, 7. vLjhS w, 8. Wj Ffis Lj, 9.
ghitLj, 10. ifbaGJ Ma nkfhQ Kiwfis g
fLiu vGdh, fLiu vGJw brikW.
25
fLiu tifghL
jbkh rhnwh fhQ Kiw fLiuia tifgL TWt.
1. rKjhaa fLiu, 2. fa fLiu, 3. tuyhW fLiu, 4. fij a
fLiu, 5. tUzid fLiu, 6. jiy sf fLiu, 7. jUf fLiu, 8.
Muh fLiu, 9. j tuyhW fLiu, 10. gaz fLiu, 11. eLiy
fLiu, 12. fJ TW fLiu, 13. fgid fLiu, 14. gif fLiu.
ghFghL Koj KogW. nehFnthUila nehfnfg it
Tlnth Fiwanth brayh.
brGj brk t.c.., U Fku, jij bgah, ff wj
fhkuhr Kjnah thif tuyhW fLiuf; f w, eyth
f, bjh f Kja fa fLiuf; Wnr mj gafS,
lhik bah Kja rKjhaa fLiuf Kjyhdtiw khzhffSF
tH, mitg Ma thbkh fLiu g mJ d
khzhfiuna vG tUkhW brayh. vLJfhlhf, xU fLiuia
fhngh.
Wnr mj gafS
KDiu
bghUyhF yf iy vgJ UtSt mKjbkh. kf
thifF bghU vJiz aikahjJ vgij j_y bjJ
bfhsyh. mjifa bghUis neikahd Kiw, e ciH_y
<Ljny f wjJ. mJnt g jU. mthW <oa bghUis bry brJ
lh fhy thF vd brtJ? theh KGtJ xUt rghJ
bfhnl Uf aYkh? ayhJ. vdnt, njoa bghUis fdkhf bry
brJ, xU gFia nrJ itF gHf UfntL. nr
aikahik g gafis g fLiu fhngh.
bghU w
gz gJ br; <o vod kL gh; gz ghjhs tiu gh;
gz vwh zK thia wF vgd gz njitia czJ
gHbkhf. bghU yhjtiu kid Ug khlh; bgbwLj jh
Ug khlh vgJ xsit fUJ. bghU cstiuna cyf nghW;
ca br. Jiz wila bghUis nrJ wghf thj e
flikanwh?
bry fdK
e bryit _W tifgLjyh. mit mwhl bryf, vghuh
bryf, vfhy bryf. cz, cil, bjh KjatWfhf
ehnjhW eh brtd mwhl bryf. neh, gJ Kjatwh VgL
bry v ghuhj brythF. KJikfhy mikahd thfhf nrj
vfhy brythF.
26
5.bjhFiu
a, br cs brhfis J TW Kiw, mbrhf
nrjikfhd f, ciueilgLJ Kiw Mad sfgLsd;
ciueil gF ika fUJ TWj, mUbrhfis vLJ TWj
TwgLsd; Fl yfz gFfis fF Kiw mjfhd
gfS bfhLfgLsd;
gilghw ciuahliy brahFj,
fLiuia ciueilahFj, fLiu vGJj Mad sfgLsd.
27
gF - M
1. bkh a fjY
mKf
bkh fj vd brhYbghGJ bkhwfis tsj vnw eh
bghU bfhnwh. bkhwfis tsjiy bghUjtiu bkhaha
_W brfis kd bfhsntL. xW, fw bkh jikf.
uL, mj bkhia vthW fgJ? _W, bkh ff tU khztF
mbkh Vbfdnt cs wf MadthF. bkh jikf
vDbghGJ, bkh yfzij mJ itUgJ kL nghjhJ.
bkh mik, ya, r_f jhf, ggho btghL, csa,
fiy cza TWf midij v ghjntL. vdnt bkh
xf, vGJf, bjhluikf vgd bghJthditahD, bkh
af gyjuglit vgjid eh mj ntL. m bkh tHF
ntWghLf csdth? m ntWghLf vt mogil mikjd?
Ma, ff ntoa tHF myJ tHFf vit vgdtiw
mUfntL. vthW ffntL vg bkhghlij w
ghlbghU ghlfUJ vthW ntWgL ffntL vD w
bgUfntL. tiw a mJbfhnth.
goiyf
1. bkh af
ngRbkh vGJbkh
ku rhjJ
f bjhF
bkh, ya, mHFz
2. bkh rKjhaK
bkhga kdghik Cf bgWjY
bkh milahsK
bkh mfhuK (myJ) brthF
bkh ghntWghL
bkh gghL
bkh fjt bghWs FokfdhFj
3. bkhghl xU wghl
bkh fjY bkht fjY
bkh gHFjY bkh fwY
jhbkh-Kjbkh
gFtU khzt jbkh w
4. j uil tHFbkh
ngR jUJ vGJ j
28
1. bkh af
ngRbkh vGJbkh
bkhbagJ mogil ngRbkhna.
WTl vGJ tot
bgwhk ngR tH kLnk cs bkhf vzwit. kj ngr
bjhl btFfhy flj jh, vGJ tot jugL vGJbkh
cUthdJ. ngRbkhia vGJbkhl xLnghJ ntfkhf kh
bfhoUjjh, vGJbkhUJ ngRbkh tjJngh njhW. jid
gonj, bfhLnj vgd ngR tH gonr, FLnj vd mikjyh
czuyh. jdhjh ngRbkhF vGJbkhF ilna bjthd
ntWghL fhzgLwJ.
ku rhjJ
Kndh vbrhiy vbghU vgo gagLdhfnsh mgona
ehK gagLJtJ ku MF. vLJfhlhf eh, Fiu Kjyhdt
sik bgafshf ehFo, FiuFo vgd tU. Mdh gR, kh
Kjyhdt sikbga fW vgjhF. (gR fW, kh fW). e
Kndh mthWjh gagLdhf. brhf gagho kLkyhk,
bkh vyh TWfY kung gwgLwJ. vdnt, bkh ku rhjbjd
mjntL. bkh y neuf ku wgLtJ cL. ya
gilf, tHFf, eifRitfhf Fl y Niyf ku
wgLtJ VW bfhsgL.
nkrUJ LF tj gRit, v mik tjh vd m Fah
m~izia caizah TWtJ iz tGth. J ku ajhD,
mjid rhnwh VW tGtikbad bfht. MD, bghJiy kuig
WtJ iHahf fUjgLtJl, fUJ gkhw fiy VgLJ.
f bjhF
j brh Kj vGjhf j bkbaGJ tuhJ vgJ xU . J
nghw gy f bjhFng bkh.
jdh, bkhia fWbfhtJ
vjhwJ. xU bgabrh bjjh, mjndhL f F nrJ gikah
lyh. xbthU brhiy vgo gikahfntLbkd bjJbfhs
ntoa iy. Mdh, ku Fl gH Kja brhf tUbghGJ ntbwhU
ia gagLjntL. vgJ fF Kdh, mj d vGjhd
Mf khW vgJ m. vdnt kuf, Flf, gHf vd khW. y neuf
fSF XU yFf UF. mG, cG, bjhG nghw G Ko
brhfSF wjfhy iliyahf UF. Mdh, vG - vGnj vd
nrJ tU. Jnghw yFfis kughf bfhsntL.
bkh
fis bghUjtiu kuig nf nff KoahJ. ylf xGfW
UD, fhyfhykhf gagLjgL tUtjh, mthnw bjhlJ
gagLJtnj aghdJ.
29
2. bkh rKjhaK
fUJ gkhw fHiyba rKjha vD mikng iyJ f
KoahJ. vdnt, bkhia rKjhaij f KoahJ. bkh, rKjha
cwfis gygLbfhs, xUtiu Fl rKjha cWduhf
milahsgLj cjwJ. nkY, wF FHijF bkh fFw
aghf UD, mj FHij Fl xU bkhia rKjhaUnj
bgWbfhwJ. jdhjh vij, ahl vnghJ brhyntL vd J
bragl KowJ.
rKjha yhk bkhiy. vdnt, xU bkh tsuntLkhdh, m
bkh ngR rKjha tsuntL. vdntjh, mPf bkhfSF ca
jh fgiy. bkh, mjds vj msF tsuToa jikia
bfhoUwJ. Mdh, mbkh ngR rKjha vJiw vyh KndW
wnjh mJiwfbyyh mbkh tsU; yhlh tsuhJ.
rKjha vgo kh tUwnjh mJnghnw bkh kh tUwJ. xnu
bkhF UF ntWghLfS mbkh ngR rKjha UF ntWghL
fis bghUnj mik. jdogilnyna bkh taJ, gh, r_f ,
brbjh Kjatiwbaho tHF ntWghLf njhWwd.
rKjha ntWghLf hw tUnghJ ngR tHFfY khw tU.
30
bkh ghntWghL
bkh ghntWghL btgLwJ. y bkhf, Mf ga
gLJ y brhfis bgf gagLJtiy. nkY, bgf ng
khWjf mts vjhf lbgWtiy. mJkLk, Mf gyl
fSF brW ntiy brtjh, gy duJ ngir nff neLwJ. mj
jhf, mtf bkh btgLwJ. mfhy bgf bgJ onyna
Ujjh, w ngRf brthF mtf ng lbgwiy. Mdh
fhy bgf midJ gfY gahWtjh mtj ngY
khwf VgL tUwd. bgf iyia bkh vLJfhl tyJ.
yh vgjF fuhd Mgh tot iybagJ, cik bg
LF Ujjdh njhUfyh. mikr vgjF fuhd bggh
tot yhjJ, bgf mj caiyia vlhjnj fhuzbkdyh. fdh
iy khlhY bgghYFa brh D cUthfiy vgJ
idfjfJ.
jit vgjF vuhd Mgh tot iy. Mf, kid
wj kWkz brJ thjd. mjdh, kid yhjt vgij
Ff brh Vgliy. eh kid wJ kWkz ahnjhU
rKjha csd. UD, kidia Hjt vgij Fgjfhd
brh j tH iybagJ FljfJ.
xU ghYnf cjhd kWghYF izbrh
yhj j bkhYs brhfis bjhFf.
bkh gghL
bkhna ggho xU TWjh. mnjrka, Xd kf gghil
m kf ngRbkh mwJ. jdhjh, kf gghilaa
mtf ngRbkh wnfh vD ciu vGjJ. yfz mik
brhfS ngR tHF kf gghil bgUks ekF czJtdth.
vLJ fhlhf, Kiy xUikia Ff vD brhY, gikia
Ff , f vD brhfS csd. ngR tH vgij eikl
nahiu mgh beUnahiu Ff gagLJnwh. vgjid
eikl jF Fiwj Mdh, ta _njhiu Ff gagLJ
nwh. jidl _j ntiyahis neh L jiyt, W taYF
nghuh? vd nfgJ beiy khtl tHF. f vgij, eikl
_njhiu bgnahiu Ff gagLJnwh.
brhf tahf gghil Jbfhs Ko. j g
vD xiw brhyhnyna F rhj gytiw Fnwh. Mdh,
vnkh kf ngR bkh g bjhlghf UgJF nkgl brhf
Uwd. j vifia bfhnl vnkh kf gghL FgF
32
3. bkhghl xU wghl
nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj Ma wfis bkhghl tsjyh
bkhghl xU wghlkhF. bjhlfiy wfis tsf ghl
bghU (Content) njitahD mJ wl bgWtiy. vLJfhlhf,
U..f. brhfsa, mtuJ ciueil w Mat_y khzt
bkhwid tsgJ w nehf. U..f. fLiufshd yifbry
vbdd fjdbtnwh, cnuhg, kakiy myJ ahd, bg
bgUik Madg mtuJ fUJ vdbtnwh mJbfhtJ jiyaha
nehfkW. Mdh, ghlbghU ghlf ghl fUJ wl bgWwJ.
j tuyhW. th, nrhH kduh Kja jiys ghlf mt ghl
brf wl bgWwd. vdnt, mit MLnjhW ghlf
lbgWwd.
tUzid fLiu vGJ wid tsf kJiu, UFwhy, fhu
vd VnjD Xl ghlbghUshf lbgW. tuyhW fLiu vGJwid
tsf t.c.., ghuah, U..f. vd ahnuD xUtiuga fLiu ghl
bghUshf l bgW. tUJ bkhwfis tsf ghlbghU
aikahjJ vd bkhghl it wl bgWtJ bkhw
tsfhfnt vd eh mayh.
33
gF tU khzt jbkhw
bjhlf g nru tU khztf FiwjJ xU bkhia
gagLJ mDgt bgnw tUwhf vgij bjhlfg Maf
kd bfhsntL. Kj jbkh ff jK mkUF khzt
midtU jbkhia jhbkhahf bfhltuh vd, o wbkh
ngRgtuh vd mjntL. brhfis ijJ bfhir brhfshf
ngRwhfsh? tlhu tHF brhfis F gagLJwhfsh? lbga
fis idKW Ffis iH gagLJwhfsh?thW gy
iyfY mtfsJ bkhw vthW csJ vd mJbfhs ntL.
mbghGJjh, bkh fjiy rahf lL iwntw Ko.
4. j uil tHFbkh
vGJ tot bgWs vyh bkhfSF ngR tHF, vGJ tHF vd
uL tHFf csd. mjhtJ, mbkhia kf ngRtjF vGJtjF
ilna J ntWghL fhzgL. Mdh, vGJ tot bgWs
vyh bkhfis uil tHF bkhf vd brhtjiy. y bkhfis
kLnk mthW miHnwh. bkhf ngR tHF. vGJ tHF Ma
uL tHFfSF ilna mf ilbt fhzgL. nkY y tHFfS
gagLJ NiyfS btntwhf UF. thW gaghoY
bkhaikY bjthd ntWghLbfhl U tHFfis bfhoUgJ
uil tHF (Diglossia) vdgL. jbkh bjthd uil tHF
jikbfhl bkhahF.
j NH uil tHif JbfhtJ j fF MafSF
aikahjJ. ngR tHF vGJ tHF cs ntWghil eh
midtU mnth. nghnw vd vGJnth. Mdh, nghnw vd ngRnth.
JnghW x iy, brh iy, yfz iy vd bkh vyh
35
5. bjhFiu
MafSF jhf fF ghl FJ bjthd j Uf
ntL. j tif, bkhaha bkh af FJ eF J
bfhS tif, j a bkh af sfgLsd. bkh
fj bjhlf g Kjik fthf UwJ. mjdh, bkh fj
VgL Fiwf khzt f bkhwid kL ghfhk, mtfSila
bkhj MSikia ghwJ. vdnt, Kj bkhah jiH w ghlbghU
ghlfUJ My Kja w bkhfUJ ntWgL ff
ntoa njitia, j tahf w ghlfis fFnghJ j
bkhJ ftd brYjntL vgij a vLJ TWwJ.
vGJ tHF yfz mikY gaghoY bjthd ntWghL
bfhoUgjh, vj tHif vbghGJ vwfis bgW tif
ffntL vd bjWJwJ. nkY, gF j ff tUw
khztf Lbkh jHhf yho, mtf vj ms j w
bgUwhf vd, khztf vyhU xnu tlhu tHif ngRwhfsh
myJ btntW tlhu tHif ngRwtfsh vd mJbfhL, mjnfg
ff ntLbkd a sFwJ.
FHij wFnghnj bkhSzl wwJ.
aghfnt j oY RWwY r_fY ngrgLbkhia
fW bfhwJ. FHijf gy gF tUbghGnj bkh
wDl jft gkhw MwYl tUwhf. Wfzfhd
brhfis mJ itUgJ kLkyhk, mjid gagLj
ca Vw wf Jl ngr mJshf. FHijfl aif
ahf fhzgL jifa wikfis xUizJ tsgnj g
jhbkh f nehfkhF.
gf FHijfSF bkhia fW jUtjfhd l
brikahf mikantLkhdh, eh FHijflKs ngRbkh
ait ftdbfhsntL. bkh mwhl thif
ciuahl_ykhf tswJ vgij ftd bfhsntL.
bjhlfg iy FHijf ngR bkhia mgona mfJ
VWbfhs ntL. clnd jtWfis Uj Kay TlhJ. eh
bry bry, tF khwkhw gogoahf jtWfis UjntL.
ngRbkh jtWfis f tFgiw Rt ngRbkhF izahd
vGJtHF brhfis vG fhgLJj ntL.
38
2. mogil wf
mKf
bkhf U gFfis bfhlJ. xW, bkh fgJ; kbwhW,
bkhYs yafis fgJ. bkhia fwjh bkhYs
yafis ff aY. bkhia fgj Kjgo mogil wfis
bgWjyhF. bkh ga xUtUF Fiw ilf mogil
wfis bjhlf iynyna bgWjntL.
xbthUtU Kj mtut jhbkhia Ujkhf crJ ngr
bjthf vGj mUfntL. jh czjij wUF iH
czj bkhia wgl ngRtjF vGJtjF ifahSw Mwny
bkhw vdgLwJ.
a, bjhlf f khztfl mogil wfis nkgLJ
tij nehfkhf bfhlJ. mogil wfshd nfl, ngRj, goj,
vGJj Mat nehff, mtiw khztfl tsF Kiwf Mad
a sfgLwd.
goiyf
1. w tif
2. nfl w
nfl wid tsF ttiff
nfl wid tsFnghJ ftd bfhsntoait
3. ngRj w
ngRj w g nehff
ngRj wid tsF ttiff
eh gf
ehbe g
eh w g
Ua ng eaf
ngR g tHFnghJ Ma tF gw ntoait
4. xtot fj
xtot ttot bjhl
vGbjhf wF Kiw
KjbyGJf wF Kiw
cbuhf
w mogil cbuhf
w mogil bkbahf
5. goj w
goj w Fnfh
goj w tiff
thL goj
thF goj
39
goj Ka TWf
gof fF Kiwf
Mj go
mfw go
goj wid tsF gf
6. vGJj w
vGJj nehff
vGJtjFK g mj
ey ifbaG af
vGJj w tsF ttiff
7. bjhFiu
1. w tif
bkhwf bkhia bjthf wikahf ifahs thg
wd. nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj vD ehF bkh mogil
wfshF. tW nfl, ngRj Ma uL xia mogilahf
bfhlit; gojY vGJjY t totij mogilahf bfhlit.
bkh mogil wfis mit bgwgLw iy bfhw,
btLw vd U tifgLjyh.
nfl, goj Ma U wfS brfis myJ fUJfis eh
cbfhs cjgit. nfl _ykhf goj _ykhf fUJfS
brfS el tJ nrwd.
jdh nfl, goj Ma uL
c b fh S w f (Receptive skills) vdgL.
ngRj, vGJj Ma U wfS fUij myJ bria btl
cjgit.
wUF bjfntoa fUJfis ng _yK
vG_yK btgLJtjh ngRj, vGJj Ma uL btL
wf (Expressive skills) vdgL.
th xU braiy wgl brtjF xGFw brJ
KogjF xUtl jwf UfntLtJ f
f aikahjjhF.
2. nfl w
Iyfns m thf. IyfS xwhd br nflYFaJ.
xia fhJ VF bra nfl vdgL. ehF mogil wf Kjik
ahdJ nfl wnd. xfis rahf nfL rahf xjhjhnd bkhia
eh eF ngr Ko. vdnt, ngRjYF J mogilahdJ. nfl_y
fUJf, brfis mJbfhnwh. vdnt, eh bghU m tyt
uhjYF nfl wnd cj. fy MD nff vD bjhl, nfL
mbgWj widna FwJ.
40
jtWfis Rl
bragho Ma, khztfSF bjj xU fij myJ
fia TwntL. fij TWnghJ ntLbknw y lf jtwhf
TwntL. khztf, Ma TWt btgL jtWfis Ro fhl ntL.
- Fw: 648
3. ngRj w
ngRj w nfliy bjhlJ nfl isthY cUthtJ.
w ngRj, ngRw Ma U brhyhf csd. ngRj vgJ,
xUtUF xUt brfis btgLJj vw msnyna iwbgW.
ngR w vgJ, xUtiu <FkhW fUJfis btgLJj MF.
ngRw tsu ngRjw mogil ahF.
ehtirjh ehlir, cjlirjh Cuir, ths is
iHF vD gHbkhfis nehf ngrhw ftfns cyfht vgJ
bgwgL.
45
glghJ sFj
FHijf glfis ghgjF bgJ Ug bfht. mY
fftU tz glfis MtJl ghJ jfsJ fgidF Vg fij
TWt. FHijf ngRwid tsf mtf taJ, tFnfw
glfis njbjLJ, mit g ngr brantL.
bjhlfiy jglfis d fij glfis gagL
ngr brantL. vLJfhlhf, khgH glij gagL mj w,
Rit, tot, ga g ngr brantL.
fij glfbswh, mj gl Ugit vit, mit vd brJ
bfhoUwd. mt w, a vd thf ngr brantL.
ghl ghLj
ghlfis FHijf gyKiw ghLtjh brhbwhlfis bjhlahf
TWw bgWwd. y ghlf tj brhfns L L tUtjh,
47
tJ TWj
khztf jhf thG Niy eilbgW ffis fl
fhfis tJ Tw brantL. nkY, jhf fLfj lf,
bghUfh, ngUJ iya Kjad g tf brantL.khku,
thiH ku Kjad jf gaid jhfns TWtJngh Tw brayh.
jiyf ngRj
bragho khztfSF va jiyf bfhLJ, m jiyf
FJ aghf ruskhf ngr brayh. khztfis FGthf J, U
jiyf bfhLJ brhngh fj brantL. ehlff jahJ
bfhLJ mt gnfW eof brantL.
gf j ya kwfis mikJ, mt khztfis
gnff brtj_y ngRwid eF tsf Ko.
fhiy tghL Tl ngRj
ehnjhW gf eilbgW fhiy tghL Tl ngR wid
tsf bgJ cj. brjhf cs brfis Tw brj,
cq, o elj ffg XU lf Tw brj, UFw,
gHbkhf, jidF, ma JQFf Kjatiw Tw brj ngR
gia tsF.
eh gf
brjG ehgHf wj ngF bjthd x aikahjJ.
bjthd xF bjhlf tFfnyna ehbe gf, eh w gf
tHfgl ntL.
ehbe g
xnu tifahd brhf myJ xfis gyKiw TWkhW brj ehbe
gahF. jdh, ehE nkYGkhf mirJ mbthFa l
mik g bgW. jdh, xbaG Kiw Ujkil.
yyyyyyy
sssssss
- vd mfu xlD,
- vd fu xlD
u, w vGJf
y,s,H vGJf
e, d, z vGJf
eh Kafis cWneh Kiwahf xf ffyh.
eh w g
xj xila brhf mLjLJ mikJ tU bjhlfis iuthf
iH TWkhW gagJ eh w gahF.
vLJfhL:
bjhyh th cauL.
gyhgH gGJ gs jJ.
mtD mtS mtY bjSkh whf.
x ntWghlh bghU ntWgL vgjid czU tz bjhlf
mikJ TwntL.
vLJfhL:
this vgJ bga.
thiH vgJ ku bga.
itnghW tiy-tis; t-t-t; x-x-x; Tiu-Tiw, uF-wF
nghwtiw brhbwhl mikJ Tw brjh, xKiw mtJl
bghU ntWghL mJbfht.
51
Ua ng eaf
4. x tot fj
bkh mogil x. xfis Ffshf mikJbfhL, fUJfis
czJtJ bkh. bkh vD brhYF bghU, kj ngrhY
vGjhY jDila fUij wUF bjgJ.
52
1. K mz
3. filaz
5. _fiw th
7. eh
9. fil eh
11. Kbjhil
13. xjir
15. fhW FHh
2. ilaz,
4. cehF
6. Eeh
8. ileh
10. moeh
12. fhWFH _o
14. Fu tis
53
KjbyGJf wF Kiw
jGF mogilahf cs KjbyGJfis c, bk vd g.
EiupuUJ btnaW fhW vj jil yhk btnaW iy
wfgL xf cbuhf MF. EiupuUJ btnaW fhW
KYkhfnth gFahfnth jilgL btnaW iy wfgL xf
bkbahf MF.
cbuhf
cbuGJf guL.
mtW m, , c, v, x Ma IJ
FbyGJf. M, <, C, V, I, X, xs Ma VG beobyGJf. tW I, xs
Ma uL Tblhf vd fUjgLwd. Ifhu xsfhufis m+ = I, m
+ c = xs vd bjhfha sFwJ. m + = I, m + = xs vd e}
TWwJ.
w mogil cbuhf
eh vG, eh , jf iy Ma fhuf mogil
cbuhf gFJ sfgLwd. eh vGia nk, il, vd gFfyh.
eh ia K, eL, vd gFfyh. jf iyia jF,
j vd gFfyh. Kiw cbuhf gfis tUkhW
Flyh.
m
j eL c
j nk K c
c
jF nk c
v
j ilK c
x
jF il c
beobyGJf jjkF xj F vGJf wig mogilahf
bfhlit.
Ka m, M mfhila
- e. 76
, <, v, V, I mfhnghL
mg Kjeh w tUnk
c, C, x, X, xs j Fnt
- e. 77
- e. 78
w mogil bkbahf
FutisUJ btgL x x (Voiced sound), x x
(Voiceless sounds) nk th jil Vglh bkbahahf jil
bttjh cbuhahf khWwd vd fnlh.
bkbahf gbdL td (, , , , , ), bkd ( , , , , , ),
ild (, , , , , ) vd tifgLjgL. th wF jilbahfis
54
V j ht J X l _ R f h i w K Y k hf j L J W
w g j _ y m i l b g h f w w d . t i w b t o b g h f v W
W b j h f v W T W t J L . i t fh W j i l g L l rh J b g a l
gL w d .
t d v G J f ,, , ,, M W m i l b g h fs hF .
- e h g F (fi l e h) d z g F i a b g hU J t j h ffu
e. 79
e. 80
jGw gk wF
e. 81
e. 82
mz Eeh tUl uH tU
e. 83
yfu sfukh uL wF
e. 84
e. 85
mz Eeh e wd tU
e. 86
5. goj w
ttot vGJfis brhfis fzh ghJ thah crJ,
kdjh bghU czU w go vdgL. gojnghJ brhfis
milahs fhz, Kiwahf xj, bghUSzj Ma _W braf xUnru
eilbgWwd.
56
goj w Fnfhf
mGj, Uj, c, iu, bj Matiwbfhl ey goig
cUthf.
Fu Vw jhfis clh bghUSzia btgLJj.
goj bghUis jhD czJ wiu czu brj.
brh bghUis jJ czu brj.
brhfsaij bgUf cjj.
wbkh brhfis ma brj.
Wj Ffis gagLJ Kiwia ma brj.
gghLs rKjha thifF Lj.
goj w tiff
goj w w tsF go, bghGJnghF go, ga fUa go
vd _tifgLjyh.
w tsF go
Fl Jiwia njbjLJ mij f thf MHkhf goF
go, w tsF goghF. rf yaf, yfz f, fhaf,
mw f, df, Wfijf Kjadtiw gogJ goj w tsF
goghF.
bghGJnghF go
brfis bjJbfhS nehY bghGJnghFtjfhf goF
go bghGJnghF goghF.
eh, thu, khj, jfis goj
bghGJnghF goghF.
gafUa go
J bkh bjhlfiy goghF. bkhwfis ma tsJ
bfhs cj ggo Kjad gafUa goghF. nkY, thif
mwhl f gagL mfho iygoa, ngUJ fhy mltiz,
bjhlto fhy mltiz, czL czbghU iygoa,
ehfho Kjatiw goj gafUa goid rhU.
W goj
bghU sFgo nrJ ilbtL goj
thL goFbghGJ bghU JbfhStz y brhfis
nrJ, y brhfilna W gojntL. nrJ gogjh
myJ ilbtL gogjh bghU khw Vgl TL.
Gs vLJfhLfis fhf.
khyh/ mij LF nghdh.
khyh mij / LF nghdh.
khyh brhYF WJbghGJ khyh, khyh mij - brhfSF
WJbghGJ khyh mij LF nghtjhf bghUgL.
57
goj tiff
goj thL goj, thF goj vd uL tifahf TwgL.
nkY goF jik Mj go, mfw go vd tifgLjgL.
jifa gof iw Fiwf goj wid tsF gf Kjad
tFgiw Ma gw ntoait ahF.
thL goj
jfUF vGJfis fzh ghJ, thah x btgLkhW
crJ bghUSztnj thL gojyhF. bjhlfiy thL
gojny wjKiwahF. Kiwjh xig brikgLj Jiz br.
thL goFnghJ bghUSz Mw FahwJ.
thL goj af
rahd crl Ujkhf goj.
bjthf iuJ goj.
bghUSzJ goj.
csij csthW goj.
czfis czJ goj.
Wj FfSnfg goj.
rahd Fu Vwjhl goj.
Kjad thL goj eafshF.
iwf
xKiwia ff cjwJ.
xYs Fiwfis Uj KowJ.
kdghl brtjF Vwjh csJ.
Wj Ff gaid czu KowJ.
Xirea, br Rit Kjatiw goJzJ w aY.
ngR, ciuahl, eoj, brhbghthw, brhngh Mat g
Vglth eFwJ.
sgu brfis mf cjwJ.
f, th, kd tF xU iz VgLwJ.
gy cWf xUizJ bragLtjh fw tik bgWwJ.
Fiwf
thL goFnghJ, goj ntf FiwwJ; fhy zhwJ.
xWf v fisgil. mjdh, gog nrh njhW.
brhfis VwKiw gofntL vgnyna ftd brtjh bghU
czj fhyjhkj VgL.
clUnghUF ilW VgL.
thF goj
xid goFnghJ thL cuf gofhk, kdFnsna
th wthk, cjLf J mirahk, fUij cth bghUSzJ
bfhS gong thF gojyhF. thL goj eF iftubgw
d ifahs ntoaKiw thF gojyhF. J goj tsiyia
rhjJ.
59
brhKiw go
vGJKiwF khWglJ brhKiwahF. Kiw milf
cUt bghUfis mtFa brhfis xUnf fho brhfis
KGikahf ff brwd. d, xbthU brhiy gFJ mYs
vGJfis ff brwd. mLJ, mbtGJfshyhd J brhfis gof
brwd. thW xbthU brhyhf fgJ brhKiw go vdgL.
iwf
FHijf vGbjGjhf ngRtiy; brhfshfnt ngRwd.mjdh,
Kiw bghUjkhfnt csJ.
KGikUJ gFF brYj, bjjUJ bjahjF brYj
vD cF VwJ.
xbthU brhYF jj bghUSL. bghUnshL Toa brhiy
fjny rhy wjJ.
Kiw bghUSzJ gogjh, gog Mt VgLwJ.
Fiwf
glf JizbfhL ffgLtjh, khztf brhfis
ghfhknyna glij ghJ kdghlkhf bghUSzuhJ,brh
bfhnl nghfyh.
xU glij kiwJbfhL brhiy gof brhdh gof Koahk
Uf thL.
j vGJf tirKiwfis ma Koahk nghfTL.
brhbwhl Kiw go
va brhbwhlf gytiw fj, m brhbwhlfyikj
brhfis vGJfis fgJ brhbwhl Kiw goghF. jhf ifahs
gL KiwfS J xW. J fijKiw vW TwbgW.
iwf
btW brhyhf fgijl, m brh ifahs bgUFbrhbwhl
khztfSF bghUis bfhLftyJ. Fvwh iffyh. Mdh,
F ghLwJ vwh v Jbfht.
jid isahL Kiw fjh, khztfl fF <LghL FahF.
Kiw gog khztfSF Mt mfF.
Fiwf
bjhlf iynyna brhbwhluhf gogJ khztfSF ljUtjhf
f Fjjhf UF.
brhbwhlfis ghfhknyna xf TL. Mdh, fUgyif
vGgof brhYnghJ mahJ iffTL.
Kiw vikUJ fodF brYj vgjF vkhwhdjhF.
brat fw Kiw ahid FpL mikj ghlgFf
brhKiw goghf mikfgLsd. t FHijf,
jhf gofntoa milfis jhfns vLJ Mtkhf
fwd. FHijf U fF Kiw goj wid
tsf bghUjkhd KiwahF.
61
gf nkbfhsgL Kiw
bjhlf iy vGJfis fgjh, vGJfshyhd brhfis
fgjh vd UntW fUJf ywd. brhKiw fjjh iuthf
gojYfhd gahF. Vbd, ff brhfis KGikahf nehF w
cilad. xnu neu gidJ vGJf mla brhiyTl nehF
FHijf brhfis gof CFfntL.
bjhlfiy khztf brhbwhlKiw goig g fgJ
fodkhf csJ. jdh, brhKiw go Kiwna gf gwgLwJ.
Mj go
xU iy nknyhlkhf goJ bria kL mahk m Ys
fUJf, brhbwhluikf, brhyh wf Kja midij goJ
mjny Mj goghF.g iy Mj go wid tsgjF
br, ciueil gFf njbjLfgL bfhLfgLsd.
Mj go nehff
ciueil ghlij MJ gof brtjh Fl nehff
iwntW.
brhfsa bgUf VgL.
bjhlfis tha mikJ vGj brJ, brhyhwid tsfyh.
xU gFia goJ dhfSF ilbaGJ w tsU.
ciueil wig czjyh.
br ghlij MJ gof brtj_y Fl nehff
iwntW.
brhea, bghU ea czj.
vJif, nkhid, ia bjhilfis mj.
fgid ea, ctik eaij mj.
bris bghUSzUtz jj.
bris XirKiwgo goj.
iwf
Fiwf
xnu gFia MJ gogjh r Vglyh.
gFia goJ bria kL mJ dhfSF ilTW iy kL
VgLLj TL.
mfw go
br uLjiy nehfkhfbfhL xU iy nknyhlkhf goj
mfw go vdgL. fij, fLiu, khj, thu jf, Jizghl f
Kjad mfw goF Jiz.
62
mfw go nehff
thF goj wid tsj.
gojij RU vGJ wid tsj.
w Jiz jhnk goJ brfis aj.
Xneuij gaDs Kiw brytj.
fgidahwiy gilghwiy tsj.
jdif tsj.
iwf
ntfkhf goj, bghUSzj Kja wf tswd.
Kiwahd bghGJnghF thgwJ.
Mj go bgw bkhait cWbra cjwJ.
Fiwf
vj iy nknyhlkhf goFiy Vglyh.
Ujkhd bkhabgw cjtiy.
fijfis kLnk goF gHf VgLo, m tsF lyhJ
nghlyh.
goj wid tsF gf
goj w tsF gf fgt Knfg mikantL;
totikfgL gf goj iy nehfnfg mikantL.
bjhlf tF khztf goj w tsf Fl gfis
bfhLfyh.
1. glK brhY mla milfis bfhLJ gof brj.
2. va rj ghlfis njbjLJ bfhLJ mtiw cuj Fu ghl brj.
3. FHijfSfhd va fijfis njbjLJ bfhLJ, mtiw cuj Fu
gof brj.
4. ngY vGY mf gagLjhj , P vGJfis brhf milahs
fL gof brj.
5. rhiy milahsfshd , ft, br, FWfyhd tis, gs ghJ br,
x vGghnj, bjhlto ghij Kjatiw gof brj.
6. Rtbuho sguf, va vriff Kjatiw jah brJ gof
brj.
7. FHijf g VLfis xUtUbfhUt kh bfhLJ gof brj.
jdh, wuJ ifbaGJfis goF w bgWt.
8. oF tU ifbaGJ fojfis gof brj.
9. Wt ky, FHijfSfhd fij fis gof brj.
10. brjhis fhiy tghL TlY tFgiwY gof brj.
11. ngUJ iya lbgW ngUJ wgL fhy mltiz,mfhof
lbgW bghUf iygoa Kjatiw gof brj.
12. brjhf lbgW thiy mif, jgbtgiy, tiuglf
Kjatiw gof brj.
63
6. vGJj w
bkh njh tsJ gy W MLfSF dnu vGJ thyhf
vzij vLag Ko vd fljd. ngRbkhia mjhtJ, x
totij t totkhFtnj vGjhF. vGJj vgJ gof fW bfhSjiy
l fodkhdjhF.
65
fk cUtf brj
FHijf ifuf ewhf gbgw FHijfl fk
bfhLJ eF ira brantL. d FHijf Uatz
cUtfis bra Twyh. jdh, FHijf if ufS mtf
fgidnfg bragLtij ghf Ko. d FHijfis fnfh
(bg) bfhL vGj g mfntL.
cUbth tiu fU g mj
gf brat fw milfSl bfhLfgLs jhuheh,
jhgH Ma cUbth tiu milfbfhL nenfhLf, gLif
nfhLf, tisnfhLf Matiw tiua gWfntL.
cjh, kz, bfhilf vGJj
vGJf totfis cjh bto, mtiw Kiwahf bjhlf,
Ko gFfis jl ghf brantL. jdh, vGJf ttotij
cz thyhf cth bfht. tF bkikahd, tHtHghd
Jfis gagLjyh.
kz vGJfis vG, mtJ Kiwahf vGj brayh. a
bfhilfis vGJ tot mL mtJ vGj gHfyh. filf
vGJ totij brJ mtnk vGj brayh. gf vGJf
bjhlf, ts, Ko Matiw FHijfSF bjgLJ.
jhiy fUgyif
gf FHijfSF vL cau jhiy fUgyif mikJ,
m Rz foah tisf, Rf, nfhLf Kjatiw tiuJ gHf
ntL. WF iyUJ rW Knd njitgL nfhLfis
tiua gWf ntL.
nfhLfis Xus rahf tiua fwd tl, rJu, brtf,
Knfhz Matiw tiua gHfntL. d, t cjdh gl,
V, khgH Kja va cUtfis tiua brantL. mt
bgafis vGj brayh.
vGJnfhiy oF Kiw
bjho gHf RLfhL kL, I tisahjJ Ig tisahJ
vgd gHbkhf. bjhlf iy Kjny FHijf vGJnfhiy rahf oJ
vGJtjF gWfntL. vGJnfhiy eLu, Mfhou, bgUu
Ma _W ufshjh of brantL.
bghJthf, vGJnfhiy vGJ EF 3 Kj 4 br.. u ufsh
ojntL. FHijf vGJnghJ vGJnfhiy oFKiw, vGJgyif,
jh Kjatiw itFKiw Matiw Ma ftJ caKiwia
gw brantL.
ttot vGj gWj
j ttot nfhL, tyRah MdJ. j ttotij Kj
nfhblGJfS d R vGJfSbfhL vGj gHfyh. mthW
vGj gHFnghJ, mbtGJfnshL Toa cbkbaGJfis vGj
brantL.
67
4.
m
M
5.
v
V
P
6.
t
y
7.
w
I
8
s
d
z
9.
x
X
xs
10.
c
C
~
11
[
#
A
B
$
gbdhU gofshf cbuGJf, bkbaGJf, uj vGJf Mad
csd. btGJ totfis khztf vGj bjhlFtjFK t
totf vl bjhl vl KoantL vgjid vikahf
ifahs jFjKiw fW juntL.
W khztf bgaf bgUghY uj vGJf lbgWtjh,
mbtGJfis vGJ Kiwia fW jUj njitahwJ.
totik vGj gWj
j vGJf mit vGjgL totikigbfhL eLgF vGJf,
eL gF vGJf, eL nkgF vGJf, KgF nrj vGJf vd
tifgLjgLwd.
khztfis IJ nfhol g Vo t totij vGj gWF
nghJ Kiwfis gw brantL.
eLgF vGJf
IJ nfho eLYs _W nfhoF mlFkhW vGjgL
vGJf.
eL, eLnk, eL, KgF vGJfis goaL, IJnfho
midJ jbHGJfis vGJ Kiwfis gWfntL.
eL gF vGJf
IJnfho, eLYs _W nfhoFS mjGs nfho
FS ml tUkhW vGjgL vGJf.
68
eL nk gF vGJf
IJnfho, eLYs
_W nfhoFS mjnkYs
nfhoFS ml tUkhW vGjgL vGJf.
ey ifbaG af
ey ifbaGJ ey fF kd gF mF vdyh. KJ
nghw mHa ifbaGJ khztf jirehfis ml MtJ kLk,
kdij eKiw gwJ. fhaofS jdF mHa ifbaGJ
mikaiy vd tU Tsh. vdnt, bjthd mHa ifbaGJ f
aikahjJ.
bj
xUt vGJtJ w gogjfhfnt. vdnt, vGJfis bjth vGJj
ntL. j vGJfis jjna vGjntL. vGJfis nrJ
vGJtJ jbkh kugW. vGJfis Kid Kahk vGjntL.
vGJf tis, R, nknfhL Matiw ftJ uhd mik
vGjntL. K vgjF G vgjF bjthd ntWghL fho vGj
ntL.
Jiz vGJfshd fh (h), xiwbfh (b), uilbfh (n),
izbfh (i), vGJJiz (s) Matiw bjthf vGj gWf
ntL.
69
ilbt
j vGJF vGJ, brhYF brh, brhbwhlUF brhbwhl
ngha ilbtL vGJjntL. nfholglhj jh vGJnghJ xU
tF mLj tF ilna xU tnah U tnah njitnfg ilbt
lntL. gia bjhlFnghJ XunfhoUJ _bwGJ myJ
IbjGJ ilbtL vGjntL.
iu
vGJf bjthf mHfhf UfntL vgjfhf f bkJthf
vGJj TlhJ. bj mHF bflhjtif iuthf vGj gaj
ntL. xU kJ _wh tF 35 Kj 40 vGJfis, ehfh
tF 40 Kj 50 vGJfis, Ijh tF 50 Kj 60 vGJfis
vGjyh. bgatf xU kJ 100 vGJf tiu vGjyh. khztf
iuJ vGJtjF lL g mjntL.
ms mHF
vGJf mHfhf Ujhjh gogjF k clhF. vGJf xnu
msthf Ujh ghgjF mHfhf UF. xU t y vGJf
bgadthf y vGJf adthf mikj TlhJ. j vGJfis
rhahk brFjhf vGJwduh vd Ma ftjntL.
j eLgF vGJf, eL gF vGJf, eL nkgF vGJf,
KgF vGJf vd vG totjh tifgLjgLwd. tiw
Kiwahf vGJtjF IJ nfhol ml g VLfis gagLjntL.
jdh, ifbaGJ rahd ms mHF bfhljhf mik.
vGJj w tsF ttiff
khztf ifbaGJ eKiw miktjF bjhlf gf
tbah vGJj, mobah vGJj, ghbjGJj, brhtbjGJj Kja
Kiwf g mfntL.
tbah vGJj
ifbaGJ mHFw mika tbah vGJj wj gahF. IJ
nfhol Vo vGJf fshf vGjgL, vF bjhl vF Kof
ntL vd m FL fhlgoUF. mF fhosgo
fJ vGj gWjny tbah vGJj MF. xbthUKiw
gFYs nfhoUJ vGj gWjh vbghGJ rahdij ghJ
vGajhf mik. g_y nkyF, yF Matiw vts
u l ntLbkW, vG ms vts UfntLbkgij ma
g t tFwJ.
ghJ vGJj
ghljf cs gFfisnah Ma fUgyif vGJtijnah
ghJ Fngo vGJj ghJ vGJjyhF. FHijf vij ghjhY
mij mgona ghJ vGj Uwd. ghJ vGJ g tHFnghJ,
Kj WW brhfshf brhbwhluhf vGj gHfntL. ghJ
vGJnghJ brhbfhnl vGj brantL. jdh, ifbaGJ
70
7. bjhFiu
mogil wf vD a nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj
vD ehF mogil wfis mt cTWfis mtiw tsF
ttiffis bjgl sFwJ. vGJf wFlij btgL
Kiwia RLwJ. ey ifbaGfhd gfis totikJ jUwJ.
khztf bkhw tyikbgw, mogil wf milbgw,
tFgiw Ma nkbfhsntoa braf sfgLsd. khztf
mogilwf KGikahd mil bgWnghJ bkhia wgl
ifahS Mw bgWthf vgij Ka g bkhia Mt
KGikahd btia bgW vgij a bjbwd sFwJ.
j vGJfSF a vGJf, bga vGJf vd jjahf
ttotf iy. j vGJf xbthiw jj
vGjhfjh vGjntL; xnwhblhW rbjhlngh
izJ vGjTlhJ. vjbthU t bjhlfY bkbaGij
bfhL bjhlf TlhJ. bjhlfg Maf j vGJfis
tot khwhk fUgyifY VLfY vGjntL; vfhuz
bfhL vGJbghGJ KidKj vGJfshfnth FiwbaGJ
fshfnth vGjTlhJ; Xa vGJfis (Drawing or Stylish Writing) vGj
TlhJ. mR rfhk KJ Kjhf ifbaGJ vGj FHijfSF
g mfntL.
71
3. ghlfis fj
mKf
nkiy tFf bkhghl vbdd ghl gFfis ff
vgij idgL bfhSf. br, ciueil, yfz, Jiz
ghl, fLiubad Itif ghlfis goUf. goj brfis
khztfSF vLJiuF Mwiy jbghGJ tsJbfhs Uf.
bkh fj vgJ bkhia gojJ bkhw iftubgw xUt jh
mtnjhL wiu ma brtjhF. bkhia mJbfhtijl,
bkhia fgJ rW fodkhd gahF. bjhlfg khztfSF
bkhghlij ffUF f br, ciueil, Jizghl, yfz
Ma ehF ghlf nehff, fF Kiwf Kjatiw a mJ
bfhsyh.
goiyf
1. ciueil fj
ciueil jik
ciueil ghlfj nehff
ciueil fF Kiw
ciueil tiff
2. br fj
br fj nehff
br fF Kiw
br ciueil fj nehffY KiwfY cs ntWghLf
3. yfz fj
yfz fgJ ga fUJf
yfz fj nehff
yfz fF Kiw
4. Jizghl fj
Jizghl fj nehff
Jizghl fF Kiw
5. bjhFiu
1. ciueil fj
ciueil jik
xUt, j fUij w cs VFkhW vLJiugJ bkheil vdyh.
mjhtJ, ca brhf ca lf mikJ tUkhW vGJtbjd Twyh.
ciueil vGJgt Kjyhtjhf bra Ga Xir gaF brhfis
vLjhsntL. ulhtjhf fgt th kzF tif irnahL
bjhlfis mikfntL. _whtjhf wj fUJfis mHfhf
Kiwahf mikkhW vGjntL vW, mP gyUila wj
fLiufis gW gW eh ey ciueil vGJwik bgnw vW
My yt Otr FLth.
72
brhfsa bgUFj
w ngRtij nfL bghUSzu goF gFf bghUiszu
j fUJfis ngR_y btLtjF mogil njit brhfsakhF.
ghl xbthU ghlY tUw midJ brhf bghUis
khztf czJ bfhStz fgJlmjDl bjhlila brh
fis fgj_y khztfsJ brhfsaij bgUf Ko.
brhyh wtsj
bkhw tsF brhfsa bgUFj aikahjJ. mj
brh fsaij gagLj mantL. brhfsaij ga
gLJnghJjh ngRwik vGJwik tsU. jidna brhyh
w tsj vngh. ciueil ghl lbgW mr, btF, td
nghw brhf, ngUfG, Uw nghw neiz brhf, cajh,
nkYG nghw viz brhf, btisbtnsbuW, fdfa nghw
briz brhf, efK rij, kyU kzK nghw ctikf, ahidF
mo rWF nghw gHbkhf Kjatiw ngY vGY gagLj
gaj thyhf brhyh w tsU.
73
kubjhlfis gagLJj
y bjhlf, bjhlbghUnsa ntWbghUis FF tz
gagLj bgWjY cL. mtiw kubjhlf vnwh. vLJfhlhf,
ViHf t mofhnj vD bjhl, t moj vD bjhlbghUis
juhJ, ViHfF Jg brahnj, mtf Tia Fiwfhnj vD
bghUis jUtjh, J kubjhl vdgL.
ghl ciueil gF ulF kubjhlfis ifahs
g ajntL.
nkY gHbkhf, ctikf, tUzidf
Kjatiw khzt bghUsJ gagL gaj ntL.
yfzKzj
ciueil ghlfis fFnghJ, MF aghf fhz lF
yfz brfis T brtJ khztj yfz mit tsf cj.
bjhlf tFf yfzbfd j tF eljhk, ciueil
ghlij gagL eljbgW yfz eilKiw yfz vdgL.
ciueil tU yfz brfis KGik TwhJ, mtnghJ
Mfhnf csdtiw kL sdh nghJkhdJ. vLJfhlhf,
ciueil ghl C jJ vDbjhlt, ~J lthF bga vgij
kL Rofho, vthW lthF bgauhbwd TwntLnka, MF
bga midJ tiffis Twntoaiy. mthW TWtJ ciueil
ghl fjiyL y brtjhL. vdnt, njitahd vGyfz,
brhyfz brfis kLT, va bkh gfis aJ ciueilia
el bryntL.
bkhkuig nkbfhs
xU bghUis Kndh vbrh Fjdnuh, mbghUis mnj brhyh
Fgnj ku vg.
vbghU vbrh vthW canjh
brd mgo brj kung
- e. 388
vgJ e} TW yfz. kuig dh
bkhaahJ ngRwh vd TWt. nkY
j bga ku, idku
eifF lnkgL. jhf njha
brhfis goaLf.
bjdghisia bjd FUJ vd,
jhf mUa khiyia khj vd
TWj ku. th bjdj vdnth khFUJ vdnth TWj
iHahF. gRfW, khFo vd, ahid aJ, f KHaJ,
cWaJ, F TaJ, k mfaJ vd TWj j kughF. ku
brhfis jfthW gagLj fgJ ciueil ghl fj
nehffS xwhF.
bjhl kuig g vGJj
j brhbwhlf vthW mikantLbkd ekJ Kndh tH
sdnuh, mJnghy brhbwhliu mikJ vGJtJ bjhl kughF. vGth
74
brfis sFj
ghlgF ika fUij fUgyif vGjntL. d,
xbthU brhbwhluhf goJ a brhfis brhbwhlfis sFj
ntL. nknfh bfhLfgoUjh, mnknfhg mJ lbgW
g TWjntL. ghlfUJfis kL mgona s bryhJ,
thifl bjhl gL fjntL.
JizfUfis gagLJj
ghlij
fFbghGJ,
ghl
bghUSnfw JizfUfis Ma
jFjKiw gagLJjntL. j
fha gFia sf tiugl jh,
dilf, RHyilf, kogilf,
glf Kjatiw gagLjyh.
bkhghl sf
jh gaghL FJ
fyJiuahLf.
brhfsa bgUFj
ghlgF lbgW brhfis J T, J vGj brJ,
nrJ vGj brJ, sf T brhfsaij bgUfyh. j
fha ghlgF thyhf vLbjhif, gJghL f, IbgU
fhaf, IW fhaf Matiw J Twyh.
bgUfha, W fha vgj bghUis thf Twyh.
ghlgF lbgW LngW, ij Kja brhf bghUis ma
brJ brhfsaij bgUfyh.
fUgyifia gagLJj
ghl jiyid fUgyif vGJjntL. ghl ika fUJ,
mUbrh bghU, brhfis J fhLj, x ntWgL brhfis vG
fhl, njitahd gl tiuj Kja brafnghJ fU gyifia ga
gLJjntL. fhjh nfgijl fzh ghgJ kd v g
khifah fUgyifia Ma gagLJjntL.
bkh gaj
ghlgFia fFnghnj ma brhfis brhbwhl mikf
brj, kubjhlf, gHbkhf, ctikf lbgU mtiw
brhbwhl mikJ Tw vGj bra gaj ntL.tha
tiffis Rofho, clghL- vkiw, br- a, neTW-maTW,
brid-braghLid Ma thaf g tha khwf g
tF iynfwthW bkhg mfyh. ciueil ghl bkh
gaj khzt bkhw bgw bgJ cj.
khzhfiu gof brj
Ma ghlij fj d, khztfis gof brantL.
ghlij fgjF K khztfis gof brj TlhJ. Vbd, a
ghlgF mUbrhbwhlf, a brhf, a fUJf lbgUF.
mtiw khzt JbfhL gogJ fod.
77
- My nkhfduf
jj eil
wbkh brhf fythJ a j brhfis gagL vGJtJ
jj eilahF. UtSt jeho njhat; UFw vw iy
ahjt. nf mt njha ehLF wggjh? myJ mt ahj YF
wggjh? YF wggnj rh. V? UFw jehLF kL
gagLtjh mikaiy. m~J cyFF gagLtjh mikJsJ.
ehoD cyf bgjnwh? vd K.tujuhrdh UtSt myJ thif
sf vD YF vGa mJiu U..f. TWth. wbkh
brhf lbgwhJ jjnH lbgWsjh, J jj eil vdgL.
vaeil myJ MbwhGF eil
va eil jFjil v bghU czUtz mikJ
tUtJ va eil myJ MbwhGF eil vdgL. jF vD lhl
K. tujuhrdh, j! aifUJ eh xU bga ghl fWbfhsntL.
thif gFf xiw kL nghWwt cUgoahtiy. cliy kL
ngh cukhf itUgtD mwh. mtDila cs mtDF gifah
mtid a t brY bfLJ mwJ. csij kL ikahf
ngh fhghWwtD ileLnt mygLwh. clY ntL csK
ntL vW uil cukhf ikahf fhgnj flikahF. vW
FLth. fUJ K khwhk Mnghifngh brtjh jid
MbwhGF eil vW Twyh.
dhil eil
dhilahf mikJ vGJ eil dhil eilahF. fahs be.J.
Rju tontY fTlg FLnghJ, khzt khza jh U
gof thf njit xbfhnw. ey iyaf mjifa
thfis bfhLF. J cf Ko, rjhnd? m iyaf
ffnshL fyhkh? TlhJ. caiy gfis kL vo ghjh
nghJkh? nghjhJ. vW TWth. gF dhilahf mikJ tJsikah,
J dhil eil vdgL.
kuths eil
kuths eil bagJ il fhy brthF bgUj eil
ahF. k gtsK fyjJngh tlbrh fis j brhfis fyJ
vGJtJ kuths eilahF. gyt fhy vGjgl $uhz, ra
jhk Kja f kuths eil mikjdthF. itzt
ciuahaf j eilia bgJ tsjd.
itzt ciuahauhd bgathrh is vGa bga Ubkh
ahahd, th[&njt jUrhah ghj lbkyh Hyh Uif. vF
xf HbrJ, H myJ w xJf H nf Uif, eh jh
efkjh moty Lj, ntj brahJ Uif vw gF lbgWsJ.
gF jG tlbkh fyJ tJsikah jid kuths eil
vnwh.
79
a eil
U..f.,
lhl
K.t.
va,
a
brhf
WW
Mnah eil wzj
thaf mikJ tUtJ a eil
mtj fUJ U
ahF. vLJfhlhf U..f., bgF
gFfis
njbjLJ
k bfhLf; cik bfhLf; tzf
vGJf.
brYJf. bgiz kJ nghwny
ehff. mtis fLgLj, moik
gLj, bfhLikahf elj mehff vW
bgiz nghWjg TWt. brhf WW thaf tJ
ik brtjh J a eilahF.
ya eil
fnwhF kL bghU sFkhW brhf mikJ vGJtJ ya
eilahF. vLJfhlhf tPhd Rthf e}YF vGa ciu,
mnw nfngh khzhfU nfngh MaUkhfyh uL bghJ
ghujh bgwgLkhnkhbt, mwW; bghJtifah MaUF
khzhfUF yfz bgwgld tyJ dh buD w tif.
ML bgwglh ik ~L fhlgL vgh. eil fnwhF
kLnk a Toajhf Ugjh, J caj ya eilia rhjjhF.
br eil
brsik mikJtU ciueil br eilahF. snfhtof,
kz kJiunahL muR nfLw
tid tJ cWjfhiy
fztid mF HJ nghj
fLidna ah
vd fz Twhf mikJ TWth. J ciueilnahL br jik
csjh br eil vdgLwJ.
2. br fj
jbkh f brns caiyahd gF. br vgJ nj
bjLj brhfsh brfis RUfkhf TWtJ. cz nklh bt
gLtJ. jLfKoahj ngUz btghnl br vW, csYsJ
fij, g cUbtLgJ fij vW mjidg TWt.
fPDila Mw thj czf jhnk jJ ttJ br vW
ntbth TWwh. wj fUJfis wj mik wj thijfsh
btLtnj br; br fgid vyh mikfis bfhlJ vW
b TWwh. gho cs brhf xU bghUis sfiy. khwhf, mj
bghUisna e kd gilJLwd vW Mguh TWwh.
briyna e ma KGik bgwjhfhJ vW kh mdhL
TWwh. wj br Mkh x yghnl vwh lhlh. xU k
thj bghUis g vGJw ghlny cik brshf UfntL. vW
l TWwh.
80
cf csftj fea
cs JsJ fij - g
Fj Ughlf vGJf.
cUbtLgJ fij
bjs bjj j - cik
bjJiugJ fij
- fk njf ehaf is
vJif ea
KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ x tUtJ vJif. br
midY vJif eaid fhzyh. fPf ylf brhfis
tdkh bkdkh vJif ea mikgo brt. vJif eh
gogjF gjUtij Ma bris thL goj_y czu brayh.
bghdh kah nghf kh
wkh mfkh j kh
kdh kiyah flY kh
kah uah kW kh
Kdh dh eL kh
KGjh ehjKw KH baF
dh gug bts njf
afUiz bghKyh sF njnt!
vd uhkf mofsh UtUgh bghdh, kdh, Kdh, dh vd
vJif tJsikia fhzyh.
vJif, nkhid bjhilf lbgWs ghlfis flf.
nkhid ea
br Kj KjbyGnjhL tU f xnwh gynth
KjbyGJ x tUj nkhid vdgL.
cc bu(W) cgrah jkid
czhik nfho bgW.
vD xsitah ehFnfho ghl, Kjyo KjbyGJ ulh mo
KjbyGJ x tJ nkhid eaij jUtij fhzyh.
ff frlw fgit fw
f mjF jf.
- Fw: 391
UFw Kjyo ehF fY KjbyGJ ffu xWngh tJ
nkhid jUtij khztF sfyh.
bghU ea
ghlYs xU brh bghUis ntbwhU brhbfhL sFtnj
bghURitahf mik.
ehFzK ehgilah IyD eyikrh
MF yng mKurh - ntgil
thSnk fzh tjd kFil
MSnk bgik auR
vw esbtgh ghl_y bghU eaij mayh.
jka aif mHFilat; mHif Mwh; mr, kl, ehz,
g vD ehF gfis jid ghJfhF ahid, Fiu, nj, fhyh
Ma ehF gilfshf bfhLsh; bk, th, f, _F, br vD Iy
fis ey mikrfshf bgWsh; mt fh mUF y bt
82
nyilea czj
f fhsnkf ghlf
uL vGJf.
fijf lbgW
vd ghosh.
84
gghoid tsj
bkhghl thyhf khzt kd caj gghoid ijf
Ko. jya mw f, rf yaf fhzgL gghL
brfis khztf ma brjntL. weh},
ahJ Cnu ahtU nf
J eW wju thuh
<bad uj jW mjbd
<na vw mjD jW
bfhbsd bfhLj cajW mjbd
bfhns vw mjD cajW
vd caj fUJf TwgLsd. mwfS xwhd UFw,
xGf Gg juyh xGf
cD Xg gL.
ve bfhwhF clh ciy
bre bfhw kfF
vW wj mwfUJfis vLa.
FHijfSF,
kfhf ghuah dW
85
.gilghw w tsj
xUt wj brawid fhQbghGJ jhK mJnghy bragl
ntL vD vz midtUF tUtJL. mnjnghy wj gilfis
czJ knjhUF jhK mitnghW gilf ntLbkw vz
vGtJ aif.
khztfSF fij vGJ Mtij bjhlf tFUnj CF
j ntL. kfhf ghuah jkJ gjhtJ ta fij vGj bjhldh.
vdnt, bjhlf tF khztfSF ghl mobahiw bfhLJ mjiz
ahf Xuoia vGj brayh. iliy tF gh yfzij T,
mtf wikahf fij gilf CFfyh.
khzt cs ClF vzfis vG tof cj
thfis tF cUth jUjntL. wj fijfis vLJ
TWj, Niy mikJ bfhLj, br bghJs Ritfis
czJj Kjad khztfl fij gilF wid tsF. rKj
yt,
ehuh! ehuh! brfh ehuh!
gHgL gid HF sjd
gts Tth brfh ehuh!
kid bjir Fkaho
tlir nfF uh
vnfh khw tG Tl
Mil thil bkJ
ifaJ bfhL bkaJ bgh
fhyJ bfhL nkyJ j
ngiH UF ghbgd cF
ViH ahsid fld vDnk
vd tWik thL fzt, tWik thL j kidF ehiu xiw J
Ltjhf mikJsh.
ghl mikJs ctik ea, ViH Jau
gogt kd MHgJLtij fhzyh.
u fP ghujhr, ku bjhF xU ghid My Gbjd
fU, mjid bjhlFuF glghoid ehK mgona fhQkhW
eifRitl ghosh.
is gh bjhf
GbjW FuF bjhL
sid bjhl is
btLbfd Fjijngh
isnjhW FJ jh
Gs Gij bayh
xghgh v ba
cngh jth ghF
d, eaf ghlfis njbjLJ khztfis L L goJ
kH brjntL.
86
fw yFf
br fgj tahf khzt bgwntoa bkhwfis br
nehffis yFfshf
bfhL fjntL.
f nyh iy fthK
brYs brhfis
ndWngh L eil.
- Fw: 59
J goj.
bris bghU sFgo
Wik a brh kWik
goj.
ik g jU.
- Fw: 98
brYs bghU
vt Jiwt Jyf Kyfnjh
brthd brhfis flj.
lt Jiwt j.
-Fw: 426
brYs Ritahd
gFfis Ritj.
Ca bkg bjhUtF ngijah
mUbrhf bghUis
nfik bah l - Fw: 797
TWj.
br mikJs vJif,
Fwghfis bghUjU tif
nkhid eafis TWj.
bjG gof.
bghUSzF VwthW
Funyw jhl goj.
br lbgW mfis eagl ciuj.
br fF Kiw
bris fFfh nehffis kdbfhnl ff bjhlf
ntL. br myJ fij fj jiyaha nehf, fP
czjij gonghD czUkhW brjyhF. br ff F
Ma,Mt_o bjhlFj, Ma tuyhW T bjhlFj, Niy T
bjhlFj, irl ghLj, J goj, eaKzJj, ebdfis
ma brj, L ghLj, bjhlbra Ma goiyfis kd bfhs
ntL.
Mt_o bjhlFj
bris fF Kd ffUw ghl fUid mJ
bfhsntL vD Mtij VgL ff bjhlfntL.
khztfl ffntL vD Mt Vgljf Niyia mikJ Tw
ntL.
UFwis ff FK UFw jik, UtSt
bgUik, ya tuyh UFw bgUFl, UFw cyf
bghJkiwahf ftJ Kja brfis Tdh, UFwis ffntL
vD Mt F.
ffUF yaf RitFj gFfis s T
Mt_lyh. br, fijfis fgjF Mt_o fj wj KiwahF.
Ma tuyhWT bjhlFj
J bgUghyhd Ma fsh nkbfhsgL tUwJ. J J
bghUjkw Kiw. Ma tuyhW, mtaa f, mt fhyJ ytf,
mt thj fhy Kja brfis Ta, br gFia bjhlFnghJ
khzt fisgilJLt. vdnt, brSF vts iuthf brWl
87
Niy T bjhlFj
cz mogil njhWw ghl, fP FlbthU
Niy cUbgUF.
fP csJzf ObuW
btglcja Lj vJ vgij czJlh, fP czjtiw
cwthW czJ eh Ritf Ko. mjifa Niyia mJ s
ghliy ffyh. Kiw wj Kiwna vwhY vyh ghlfSF
Kiw bghUJbkd Tw KoahJ. g crY Jg MHY
vG cz btgilahd ghliy czu, mJ vGj NHiy mJ
bjhlF Kiw gagL. bgUghY jghlfSF Kiw bgJ cj.
btnahx jnk nrh kiwa
bghnahvD ilahbshL isahbdhL nghdh;
iknah! kufjnkh! kflnyh! kiHKnyh!
Inah! t tovgJ Xmah mHFcilah.
- (fguhkhaz: fifgly)
ghliy goJ mj brhbghU eaij czbjGJf;
fyJiuahLf.
ifkh Wcfthk fwnjh bktU
jkh aYj jhbrt - mkh!
KisF vW KRit ehF
isF tadjh bkW.
- (ebd: 27)
br gF czJ ebd fUij sFf.
irl ghLj
bris fgjFa jFj Niy mikj , mjid KjKj
mKfgLJbghGJ irl ghLj wjJ. ciueilia gogJngh
gojh brhf xeaid khzt czu KoahJ. irl ghLwik
jkiybad Ma fUdh, J rj miknghL Funyw jhnthL
bjhlf, eLiy tFFa ghlfis g brj xehlh khtl
Ma f g Wtdf f bjh Eg Jiw ilF.
mjid bgW khztfis nff brayh.
88
bjhlbra tHFj
bris fJ Koj d, khzhfF bjhlbrayhf y
braghLfis bfhLjntL. br fUJ, eaf, mUbrh
fSF bghUbsG tu brayh. br fUnfg bghUjkhf
gl tiunjh glfis nrfnjh tu brayh. Ma jFj, bghUjkhd
bjhl braiy Kdjhfnt lL bfhLj ntL.
br- ciueil fF nehffY KiwfY cs
ntWghLf
br, ciueil Ma U ghlfis elJtj nehffY
KiwfY aghfnt ntWghLf csd. mit:
br
ciueil
m. nehf
1. Xirea, brhRit, bghURit
ku vYz, fgid Mat
t khzhf j gghiltsj
2. czfis brikgLj
M. bjhlF iy ntWghL
1. ghlgFF KDs fijgFia
myJ fia, NHiy T
bjhlFj.
2. brSFa Xirl goj.
3. brhfis bghUtz
J goJ fhLj.
1. Mt_o a ghlgFia
bjhlFj.
2. thL goj.
3. ghl csij mgona
goJ fhLj.
. ts iy ntWghL
1. xeaKzJ kHntLkhifah
thL goj wl bgW.
2. brhYF brh ciu brhtJ,
br goig RitawjhF.
3. br ey gFfisnah KG
brisnah beLU nghlyh.
mjdh g bgwyh.
90
1. fUJzj nehfkhifah
thF gojiy gogoahf
tsj w.
2. brhYF brh ciu
brhtJ brhfis
bjhlf mikf
cjtjhF.
3. bghJthf, ciueil
beLU bra liy.
c. w ntWghLf
1. br br RUfK bfhlJ.
2. motiuaiwFglJ.
3. fgidia mogilahf bfhlJ.
4. ahyfz fSFglJ.
5. fP jh mDgj gij
wU mila brtJ.
1. be bgUfK bfhlJ.
2. motiuaiw guJ brtJ.
3. Muhia, fhuzfha
bjhlig, mDkhdij
mogilahf bfhlJ.
4. ahyfz f njitiy.
5. brhfsa bgUFtJ, iH
vGJtJ.
3. yfz fj
khztf jhbkhia g eF mUjny mtf ma bkhia
f g j F a j F j m o g i l M a j K M F v g h m P (Sweet).
jhbkh m vgJ wghf yfz mitna FF. ngY vGY
brw iHfis U bfhtjF yfz m njitahF. khztf
bkhia fF iy brh, bjhl, ku, tHF Matiw mJbfh
wd. vdnt, Maf yfz fis kL fJ Wlhk,
mjid ciueil, br MatnwhL bghU fj ntL.
mnghJjh mfS mt gaghL khzhffsh eF czubgW.
yfz fjY bkh fjY
kf, jfl aghf mikUF xbaG wid J jhf
bghU jU xwhf brJ bkhia gilJ bfhld. bkhku khwhk
fhjYF, bgUj khWjf VgL a kudF sfhj iy bkh
mikJlhjgo jLjYF yfz aikahjjhwJ. bkh kuF
cgL vGjgl yafis gojJ mtYs eafis mJ
nghWtjF yfz cjwJ. bkh mikig KW czJ
bfhtjF, yFfis mJ mjnfg bragLJtjF yfz
m cjwJ. vGJ brhY bghUS ah m bjhlila
Vida vbt tiff aFwd vgjid ma yfz m
cjwJ.
yfz fgJ ga fUJf
vW vbz vLgJ nghW yaW
vLgLtJ yfz - ngufa
91
aD D w cK
frjg Fj thjd knd -(e: 165)
tUKiw yfz ff
khztfSF
bjj VwbjhU yfz gFia d
v L J f h L f i s b f h L fL vGJf.
mtilnas
xWik
ntWikfis
MuhJ
xU nrhiy, fhW, njhl,
bghJid tUJ fj bgh btLJfhLfis
tU KiwahF. id Kj J T ia tutiHf.
TwhJ khztj mwhl thif
gagLJ brhbwhlfUJ
khztfns id mJbfhs brtjh J wj KiwahwJ. wj
ngRKiw, Ua vGJKiw mikJs aid tiuaWJ
TWtnj yfz bagjid khzt eFzt.
brhbwhlfis myJ vLJfhLfis fUgyif vGJtjF
khztl aghf ciuahLtJngh Ma bjhlfntL. ciuahl
93
tUKiw
1. bghJ ia T vLJfhLfSl
sFwJ.
1. vLJfhLfis T
mtW bghJia
mikwJ.
2.ghlKoam bgWwd.
3. bkJthf brY Kiw.
neu mfkhF.
4. bgw yfz m cWahf
iybgUF.
5. cs bfhiffSF VwKiw
2. a m Kjnyna tHfgLwJ.
3. iuthf ffyh. fhybry
Fiw.
4. bgW yfz m cWahf iy
bgUF vd Tw KoahJ.
5. bjjUJ bjahjjF brYj
Kja cs bfhiffSF VwKiw
aW.
6. RajidF liy.
7. yfz cs ghid
vLJfhLfis TWtjh Ma
ntiy vjhwJ.
4. Jizghl fj
khztfSF gJiw g ya MtK bgUFtjF Jiz
git Jizghl fshF. Jizghl f, yf fKjad mfw
goF cadthF. fTlf Mwh tFUnj MJ gY ghl
fnshL khztf jidia tsfjf Jizghl fS l
bgWsd. Maf Jizghl fj nehf, fFKiw Mait
g mJbfhtJ f njitahdJ.
Jizghl fj nehff
1. bkha tsj
khztf Jizghl f fijf, thif tuyhWf, ma
fLof Kja w brfis gowd. mgFf a brhf
gy l bgwyh. mtiw lneh bghUsJ nkY gowd.
mfuhia ghJ bghUswd. Maiu nfL bghUswd.
jdh, mtfsJ brhfsa tilwJ; bkha tswJ. thW
bkha tsj Jizghl xU nehfkhF.
96
fWbfhs gowJ. (At first the child learns to read, then reads to learn) vd Ritahf
Tsh. thW mit tsJbfhs goF gF fUJ czJ
bfhSj aikahjjhF. wid tsf Jizghl fis jFj
Kiw gagLJjntL.
7. gJiw mid bgWj
f fiuy vD bjhlUnfg ehnlhW gjkhd ma fS
fij fS cyf brf ga fS cley ngQ fS bttj
tzKsd. mjifa fS khzhf ma ntoatiw nj
bjLJ bjhFJ vikah Jizghl fshf mikwd. mjdh,
khzhfuJ gJiw m bgUFwJ. thW gJiw mid tsjY
Jizghl f nehfkhF.
8. fgid w tsj
Jizghl f khzhf Wfijfis ma fLo
fis gowd. mthW goFfh fijahaUila fgidia tf
goJ mwd. J shf fgidah. thW shf fgid gy
jlit <Lgl khzhf jhnk fgid bra bjhlFt. thW mtf
fgid w tsu Jizghl f bgJ cjwd. jid xU w
nehfkhf bfhsyh.
9. RUbaGJ w tsj
Jizghl fis goJ mt Fl jiyYs brfis
RU Kiwahf vGJwid tsjY Jizghl f kbwhU
nehfkhF. gagjfhf xbthU Jizghl WY
bfhLfgLs fLiu gFa jiyfnshL nkY y jiyfis
cUth bfhSj ntL.
10. g ikafUJ mj
tUzidfis LJ aikah brfis uo bfhSj,
Kiwahf fLiu to vGJj Mat gagj_y nehfij
iwntwyh.
11. brhfsa
brhfsa mj brhfsa, gagLJ brhfsabkd
uL tifgL. mj brhfsaij tila brj Jizghl
f jiyaha nehfkhF. xU brhYF neuhf cs bghUis s
TwKoahj iyY mbrh gagLjgLs lneh, mj bghUis
xUt mJbfhSjntL.
tifahd wid tsJ Jizghl
f brh fsaij tila br.
12. Xneuij eF gagL kj
khzhfUF o Fahd Xneu ilF. tF Jizghl
bjhlghd WW brfis T Mt_oUgjh, o jkJ X
neu mtiw gog. thW Xneu goF gHfij VgL
98
99
4)fUij sFj
bghJfUij vGa d, nknfh br, gHbkhf, fij Ff
Matiw khzt mJsduh vd jFj dhf_y mjntL.
khzt mJbfhsiybad mjh Ma sFj ntL.
thnw Fl w gFfis ffntL.
bjhFJ Tw
khzt TW ilfis mtfisna bjhFJ Tw brjntL.
khzt bjhFJ TWtjnfw dhfis Ma nffyh. iyna,
Manu brfis bjhFJ Twyh.
RUFj
bjhFj brfis Fl jiy RU Tw brj ntL.
thW gaFbghGJ g jiyig, g lbgW
aikah fUJfis khzt mt. J Kiwahf, nfhitahf mikgo
ghJ bfhsntL.
a brhfis sFj
Jizghl lbgWs a brhfis Ma sFnghJ,
khzt mJbfht. mbghGnj mt mtiw fUgyif vGJj eW.
khztU j Fngo vG itJbfhL oF brW mfuhia
ghJ L bghUsj ntL. mthwh, mtfsJ brhfsa bgUf
thL.
5) fLiu vGJj
tF jahf bgw F rlfij itJbfhL khztiu
fLiu vGj brjntL. thW eLiyg iy Ma
tfhoahf UJ F rlf jahjhjh ca tFf khztfns
xU iy goJ Ffis jahfaY. Kiw Jizghl
fjh, fF nehff midJ iwntW.
5. bjhFiu
a, jya totfshd br, ciueil, yfz,
Jizghl Mat jikf, tiff, fgj nehff, khztfSF
fF Kiwf Kjad thf sfgLsd. nkY br, ciueil,
yfz, Jizghl Kjatiw sf bkh gfS vLJfhL
fSl sfgLsd. ghlfis fj vD a thyhf
khzt Ma br, ciueil, yfz, Jizghl Matiw fF
wid iftu bgWt. br eakJ nghWt. ciueil wkJ
gWt. yfz ikia mt. Jizghl nehfij
iwntWt. bkhj wj bkhahauhf ft vgJ btgil.
100
4. gWKiwf
mKf
eh brfis mJbfhSj xU iy. Mdh, m brfis w
mkhW gWj ntW iy. mthW gWtjF gntW Kiwfis
gwyh. gtifahd fj Kiwf cybfF gwgL tUwd.
fj nehf, ghlbghU, khzt vif, njit, fFfhy,
NHYnfg nkFl Kiwf bghUjkhdtiw njbjLJ Ma
ffntL. mnghJjh khztj fwyil wW. vyh fjy
KiwfY iwfS cL; FiwfS cL. Kiwjh wjbjd ahU
cWahfnth mWnlh Twiy. tuyhW, a, ma ghlf
ghlbghU ghlf. bkhghl w tsF ghlkhF.
g iy
bkhghl wf tsgjnf Kjl bfhLfgl ntLnka
ghlbghUSfW. wfis tsgjnfw gWKiwfshf iuKiw,
eoKiw, isahLKiw, fyJiuahl Kiw, bral Kiw,
xgilKiw, brat fw Kja gWKiwfis g gtF
fj, fj bjhEg, bjhlbra, fw fj bghUf
Mad g mJbfhs Unwh.
goiyf
1. iuKiw
2. eoKiw
3. isahLKiw
4. bral Kiw
5. xgilKiw
6. brat fw
7. gtF fj
8. fj bjh Eg
9. bjhl bra
10. fw fj bghUf
11. bjhFiu
1. iu Kiw
fy bgUghyhndhuh ifahsgL fjKiw iu
KiwahF.
nkiy, f, gfiyfHff Kiw gwgLwJ.
caf khztf fa taJnfw gl bgwtfshjyh TW
fUJfis fgid bra s bfhs aY vgjhnyna iu
Kiwia ifahSwd. Kiw thyhf bgUFGfSF vikahf
ffyh. ehgJ khztfKj UW khztfSF xnu neu iu
Kiw ffyh.
101
KndghL
xU kneu myJ xU ghlntisfhd iu jahF FiwjJ
ehF k neukhtJ ghLgL jiy/ghlbghUSnfw fUJfis bjhFf
ntL. njo bjhFjtiw, tifgL, KiwgL, KDF
Kuyhk nfhfntL. iuF njitahd Ffis ifalf
jh vGbfhsntL. FfisbfhL vNHY wghf
ffyh. myJ, eilKiwnfwthW xLU jh (Transparency sheets),
eGtf(Slides), f eGtf( Power Point), fh glf, fUJ glf,
tiuglf, tuf Kjait bfhL ffyh.
iuahW Kiw
iuKiw khztf/nfngh taJ, kdiy, ghlbghU,
Matiw kd bfhsntL. tFgiwnfw, midtU mj vik
ahd brhfisna gagLjntL. lnfg fUJnfg cq
bkhtHFfis gagLjyh.
iu jFjilyhk Mnwhlkhf nfngh VFwD
nfwthW UfntL. ftdjw Vglhtz iuahWtJ ftd
jw Vglh xUKfgLJtJ iuahs flikahF. xU fUij
sa wnf mLj fUJF bryntL.
iuKiw ililna Iafis vGg, dhf nff l
jUtnjh myJ iuF lkgnjh iuahWgtiu
bghUjjhF. vgoUD fnghUF/nfnghUF VgL Iafis
dhfis nfgjfhd neuij xJfntL. iyba, mtfSF
kdiw VglhJ. nkY, iuahWgt nfngh fwyilit/ jh
Ta fUjilit jt mJbfhsyh.
iwf
xnu neu mfkhndhF ffyh.
fa gl ftlUJ fgjh < a nfnghF
VgLwJ.
jidia Ltjhf UwJ.
njitahd sffis nfLbgw thgfgLwJ.
dhf, Iaf nff neu xJfgLwJ.
Fiwf
midtU wghf iuahWt vd Tw KoahJ.
iuF Kjah gf mf. njitahd f ilgjJ.
midtU KjahnghL wghf iuahWt vd vghf KoahJ.
iuKiw xUnghdjhf mikwJ.
bgUFG fwyh nff nff midtUF thngh neunkh iy.
102
2. eo Kiw
eo vgJ xiwnghynth xUtiunghynth br X caj
fiyahF. FHijf cyf fgid cyfkhF. g FHijf Ma
ngh eoj, ahidngh elj, Kangh Fj, fngh KHFj,
ehngh Fiuj, fhfngh fiuj Kjadtiw brJ fhLt ngg
milt. tF iynfg yFf, gwitf, jiytf, ehlf cWdf,
khufngh clyirfnshL, FunywjhnthL eoFnghJ mtf w
bgWtnjhL ghgtf czfis Ltjh eoKiw mikwJ.
eoKiwia gagL fwiy vikahfyh. gdh kwt
iy jid itJ ghF kdiy VgLwJ. ghlbghU, wDnfg
fij khjfshf khztfis Ma eof brJ fwiy nkgLjyh.
eoKiwia ifahSj
ey FutsK Funyw jh cz btghL clbkh
jFjilaw brhyhbfhL Ma eoJ fhlntL. tFgiw
fj fUnfw cilfnsh xgidfnsh iybawhY fhgLJ
MwnyhL fUij btgL ffntL. gntW bkhwfis
xUnf btgLj eoKiwial wjKiw ntbwJ iy badyh.
eo bkhwf gy btgLtjh xbthU khztDF VnjD
xU fUij bfhLJ eof thgfntL. mr, Tr, nkilga
ngh bfhs eoKiw fj ngUj . eoKiw Ma
Kkh ahf fjh khztfS KtJ eo Kiwia g
fWbfht.
eoKiw vGJw ts
ehlfij mgjfhd KDiu vGJj, ehlfgFfhd ciuahlf
vGJj, fh sf vGJj, ghlf vGJj Mat khztiu
<LgL, mtfsJ vGjhwiy tsfyh.
103
eoKiw ngRj w ts
ehlf cWd iyF Vg Fu Vwjhl ngRj, nfhg, a,
uf Kja czfSF Vg ngRj, dh, a thafis
mtFa xl ngRj Kjat khzt <LgLtjh mtfsJ ngRj
w ts bgW.
eoKiw kdghl Mw ts
ehlf cWd ngR ciuahlfis ghL ghlfis khzt
kdghl brJ eog gnfg. mjdh, mtfsJ kdghl Mw tsU.
eoKiw brhfsa bgUf
eofhf khzt ehlf cWd ngR ciuahlfis kdghl brJ
TWt. mthW TWfh mbrhfis, bjhlfis jFj lkJ TWt.
brhfS bjhlfS mtfSilajhwd. jdh, mtfsJ brhfsa
bgUF.
iwf
eoKiwdh idthw, Fu ts bgWwd.
gy Kiy Mogho eogjh mr Tr y fij khjnuhL x
eoF Mwiy khztf tsJbfhwd.
khztf jhnk VW eogjh ghlbghUY wY fwyil
cWahwJ.
fijnahL xLtjhY fij cWduhfnt kh bragLtjhY
kdbtGfis czfis njitahd lbtgLJ
MwY wD khztfSF VgLwd.
cznahL eogjh khztfSF brhbwhlf kd gJ iybgW
Lwd.
Funywjh, czfSnfw Futs, bkghLf, clyirf, eil,
cil, brafsidJ khzt vfhy KndwF Vwjhf
mikwd.
khztj kdghl Mwiy brhyh wid bkhahwiy
bkhahSikia bkhtsij btgLj cj.
Fiwf
3. isahL Kiw
isaho MtK <LghL fhLtJ FHijf a. isahL
tjh cl tsailtnjhL k kdiw TLw kd ghik
MSikwD FHijfSF VgLwd. nkY vzfis bt
gLJj, KiwfSF fLgLj, xGFKiwfis gWj, l
Lj, jiyiknaw, jKiw tUtiu fhUj Kja Fzfis
isahL thyhf khztf bgWwd.
g tFgiwY
tFgiwF btY isahLfis eljyh.
vj isahL vyh FHijfis xwhf nrgnjhL
xbthUt jw tsF cjwnjh mJnt
tFgiwnfw isahL
- mkdZ
bkh gWj tFgiw isahLfns bgUghY isahl
gLwd. Ma wik, lLj, Mt, nehf, ghlbghUSnfg
gtif bkh isahLfis mikfyh. isahLf thyhf
nfl, ngRj, goj, vGJj, brhfsa bgUf, brhisahLf
Kjatiw totikJ bkhwid tsfyh.
gWF ghlbghU, ghlntis, NH Kjatnfg bkh
isahLfis Ma llntL. isahLtjF njitahd
bghUfis brJ bjhFJ itJbfhsntL. xbthU isahoY
xWF nkgl wf btgoD bkh wDnf KDik mf
ntL. bkh isahLfis tFgiwFnsna mikJ bragLJtnj w.
bkh isaho isahLnth vif, FGdUfhd jiyt,
isahL Kiw, isahoUJ btnaWj, isaho ga, kbg
tHFgt, eLt vd isahonfw Kiwfis tFJbfhsntL.
bkh isaho f btgLj KDik mfntL.
ff VgLnghJ eLtuhf UJ Ma tfhlntL. jtW brJ
btnaW nghJ
jtfhd fhuzij T btbgWtjF
tfhLgtuh Cf_l Toatuhf Ma fHntL.
isahLKiw j fj
bjhlfiy, eLiy gf jbkh fj isahL
Kiwia vthW nkbfhsyh vgij mJbfhnth.
mtiw
fUJlD eiflD wiklD ifahlh ey gaid vghfyh.
bjhlfiy tFfSF
1. Fl vGJfis tll
fUgyif jh, eh, gh, eh Kja vGJfis njhl, jhjh, eh,
ne h v gd t iw v G , j h v G i j e h v G ij t l L v d
TWf.FHijf njhl vD brhYs jh t totij tllh
mJ iHbagij czJ.
105
th
6. bghUJj isahL
ifF
bjh
fhYF
tisa
jiyF
brU
uYF
njhL
nkhu
fg
lf -
fl
8. vGJ Tl isahL
jj vGjilfis FJ itJbfhL MSbfhU vGjhf
brh brhfis cUthFj (myJ) xU brhiy brhy, mbrhYFa
vGJfis vLj.
9. X vGJ nrJ brhyhFj.
g- =
- u
106
107
_W vGJfshyhd brh.
jiynghdh kiwF.
ilnghdh FiuF.
filnghdh FF.
Fiu
4. bral Kiw
khztf ffntoa ghlgFfis jjahf bjhlgw Kiw
fgjF gyhf xU bra lij ikakhfbfhL gy ghlfis
izJ fjny bral Kiw (Project Method) ahF. J neuoaDgt
KiwfS f gaDilabjd TwgLwJ.
gy uidfis csla xU braiy, mjdJ aif iynyna
KGik iwWgo brJ Kojny bra l vd Otr vgh
TWwh.
brJ fw vD cs bfhifia mogilahfbfhl Kiwia
cUthat gh vD mbkf fahsuht.
bfhyah gfiy fHfij nrj Ma f bjh g
Tl jiytuhUj .M. r vgt KjKj bra l vD
bjhliu gagLdh. mj krhNr ef cs bjh g
108
3. iwntWj
bral Kiw braiy iwntWjyha iyna f RitilajhF.
il njhW ilWfis ffis braiy
iwntWtjh, khzt Fj MtJl <LgLt.
khzt MtFah bral nehfF wghf brWlhjgo
Ma nkghit brjntL.
xbthU gF iwntWbghGJ Ma khztiu ffhj eW.
mtfns braiy rghJ bfhs Lj ntL.
iy VgL W ffdh khzt braiy KWfhJ
ifLj TlhJ. Ma jFj Kiw tfhl ntL.
4. kLj
bra lid iwnta Fiwfis iwfis khzt Muhj
ntL.
bra LgL nghdit, brahk jf ntoait vitbait bad
khztfns MuhJ Tw brjntL.
bra lij wilajhf ntW vbdd tfis ifahsyh
vd khztf TWtJ eyJ.
nkbfhs Toa khWjfis mLj bra l gWjYF cj
tz FJ itf brjntL.
bral Kiw eikf
khzt Fl nehfJl bra <LgLwd. nehfid iwntW
MtUgjh CfnjhL brayhWt. CfnjhL bragL gid
tsj l wafshF.
jh bjhlfhw (Initiative), bghWz, lL iwntWj, kLj,
TLw
kdghik Kja gfis Kiw khztfl tswJ.
eilKiw thif vgL ffis Jbfhs Kiw bgU
gawJ. bra l ntiy <LgLbghGJ vgL
ilWfis jdifnah vbfhwd.
cl ciH jhthdJ vD fUJ f, ciH cait khzt
czu l t tFwJ.
bra lf khzt gilghwiy tswd. wghf brJ
Kof ntLbkw Mtjh bra <LgLbghGJ, mtf adtiw
brw bgWwhf.
nkTa eikf l UD y FiwfS csd.
ghl lYs ghlgFfis X xGFF cgL khzt mJ
bfhs Kotiy.
nkY, bra l aghf bghUtU ghlfis kL
ffyhnk ju, vyh ghlfis ff KoahJ.
xbthU bra lij wj Kiw iwntw ntLkh,
Fj gz brythF.
Fj bra l ntiyia Fj fhy Ko vW cWahf
brhtjiy; fhy brythfyh.
110
5. xgil Kiw
mbkf eho lhl caiy g gaha ghA
mikahuh bthgilKiw bjhlf, caiy tFf eilKiw
gLjglJ. khztf kdtsnfg ghlfis gy gFfshf J
Fl fhyF mtfshfnt fgnj xgil KiwahF. nk tFf
khztf jhfshfnt xiw fWbfhs Kiw bgJ cj.
Kiw bgnwhf Jizl bragL FHijf f wghf
fwd. ca tFf ya Ritzj, wdh brj, xU
jiy fUJfis njo bjhFJ vGJj, wrhj braf
gLJj, bkhw TWfis fwj, gilghw tsj, cj bgWj,
ll, bjhFj, gFj, kl, btl vd gntW wfis
xgil Kiwdh khztf bgWwd.
KndghL
tFiy, ghlbghU, m ts, cldonjit Kjatiw
fU bfhL xgil jiyfis Ma bj brantL.
ghlbghU, xgilfsh, fUnfw ghit f, ilFlf,
fUJfis ifahS Kiw, vGJ Kiw, nknfh fhL Kiw, gaik
Kjadtiw Ma sfkhf TwntL. njnghW khztj
njitF m tsF xgilfis juyh. xgilfis vGJ
Kiw, xgilF fhy, gf ms Kjatiw lL totikfntL.
xnu xgilig gyUFTl juyh. xbthUtUF jj xgil
fS juyh. tFiy, miy, bra w, njit Kjatnfg
Kjahfis nkbfhsntL.
6. brat fw
mKf
fj IgJF nkgl gWKiwf gwgLwd.
xbthU gWKiwY iwfS FiwfS csd. mgWKiwfS
xnw brat fw KiwahF. tFgiw bgUghikahd neuij
Mafns vLJbfhtij LJ fw braf khztfis MtJl
<LgL jhfshfnt ff tnagL jUtnj brat fwyhF.
FHijf bghUfis itJbfhL braghLf <LgL bjhlJ
112
FG milfS FGfS
KjKjyhf g nrfgL khztf Kj FGjh cfhu
ntL. midJ ghlfSFa mogil jikfS FG
sfgL. FG khztfis Vgo Kiw ff jahgLJ.
FGnyna Jiz fUbgo FpLf midJ csd. xbthU
ghlfhd midJ FpLfis khztf JbfhSkhW sf ntL.
brat fw MW FGf csd. j MW FGfSF MW
milf csd. j milfSF FG milf vd bga. xnth
milY mFG lbgW midJ FpLf glfS FG vQ
UF.
FG khzt bragL Kiw
Kj FG cs braghLfis KoF khztfSF Vgo
mikid sfntL. xbthU goiyY cs FpLfSFa bra
ghLfis mnj tir brJ KofntL. xU Fpoid br K
mFpL MW FG milf vj FG csJ vgij ftJ mFG
F mkhzt bryntL. bjhlf iy khztf rahd FGF
bry MaU tF khztfS cjlntL. fhyngh khztfns
Vgof cs FpLfis ghJ, mLJ jhf bryntoa
FGid bjJbfhthf.
milfis vLjY itjY
Vgoia ghJ jh ffntoa milia khzt bjJbfhs
ntL. khztf jFK Koj milia Kofntoa
milia g bghGJ bragLbfhoUF miliag
bjUfntL. FpLf vfis rahf mj ng mil bgo
jLfUJ rahd milia vLl aY. milia vLjJ mjFa
FGF brW Kiwahf fwJ L vLj l tirbago
milia itf khztfSF g mfntL.
FG isahLf
Vgof gy FG isahLfS bghkyhl nghw braghLf
bfhLfgoUF. braghLfnghJ midJ khztfis xwhf
To braglyh. braghLf KojJ mtut jj FGfSF bryntL.
fhyiy mltiz
fhyiy braghL mltiz Niya tUwJ.
braghil khztf FGfshfjh brantL. khztf
tFgiwiaL btna brW fhyiyia fhzntL. mtfSF
ey thj brJ Kofis mltiz FfntL. ehnjhW fhiy
khiy Untis fhyiyia mJ FF gHfij VgLjntL.
l bragL Kiw
brat fw tFgiw
1. khzt midtU ghf mkt. MaU mtfSF il mkJ
fgh.
115
yFf
thfdf
gwitf
f
fUt
fUgir
fUy
kr
tilf khztfis ngr itgjfhf lbgWsd. xUw
tzgl, kWw glfSfhd dhf lbgUF. dhfis
Ma nff khzt il TWt. dhf lbgwhj y fhfis
khztf fgidahf Twyh. til khzhffF ngRw tsu
thsJ.
ahid
tilf goF milfshF; tilf nkny glf
UF; nH tha bjhlf UF; y nfhol lfS mikUF;
goj glfis ghJ nfhol lfis ugyh.
m
it vGj cj milf. milf nkny cs glij ghJ
nH cs dhfSF il vGjyh. nkY, vGJfis uhf uil tf
vGj g jugLsJ. mtiw khztf jf g VLf vGjyh.
f
br bjhlghd milf it. t brSF mUbrhbghU,
ul fUJ tHfgoUF. nkY, mbrf TW fUJf mla
fijf tHfgLsd. mfijfis gojhny khztfF br fUJ
MHkhf g.
Myku
khztfSF kL isahLfbfhl milf it.
isahLfis vgo isahlntLbkd RUfkhd fSl
sfgLsd. Ma mtiw gojJ khztfis isahl
brayh.
th
tilf ghlf tHfgLsd. tiw khztf irnahL
ghlyh. ghljf tJs ghlfns bgUghY lbgWsd.
bghkyhl
IJ bghkyhlf bfhLfgLsd. fij cWdfis
tzf khztf cjnahL Ma jahfntL. khztfF fij
cWdf jikfis cz cznahL Fu Vw wfJl
khztf trdfis ng eoF tz wj g tHfntL.
njitgL neuf tiw Ug Ug brayh. khztfF
braghL kL.
L
tilfis oF vLJ brW Lghl brJ tuyh.
iyna, fa msUF tilfis ghJ vG brW
Lghlf brJ tuyh.
bg
khzt g VLf bfhLfgLs ufSF njitahd
tzfis khztfis bfhLf brayh.
118
jf
muR mJs ghljffYs y bkh gfis tilf
gf v, dh vQl jugLsd. tilfSF khzt tUnghJ
milia vLJ goJ ghJ ghljf FLs braghLfis
bra itfyh.
ML
J nrhjid milahF. gyjkhd khf dhfshf
mikUF. jFK nfL, goJ, vG ghj milfUJ
mdhf mikUF. j milia wghf khzt Kojh w
ey Kndw VgLsjhf fUjgL.
eh
it xLbkhjkhf Kdnu mjtiw LzJ nrhjid br
to mikfgLsd. it nj mil to UjhY nj iy.
khztf bgw wid m msnfhyhf eh mil mikJ csJ.
khzt xbthU FpLg efJ xbthU goY cs
FpL dfis g Knd 23 gofis fljh, bkhghl
Kj tFig goJ Kojtdhf fUjgLth. xbthU goY
KndWbghGJ tFgiwYs milid g br sfjh
Ma g brth. khzt vthW Knd tUwh vgJ jt
bj. L gahf bfhLfgLtdtiw jhnd fw gF khzt
brJ Kogdtiw Ma ghitL UJth. xU ghlJFa
FpLfis g bragl khzt, Ma mLJ vd ghl brhwhnuh
mFpL dfis vLJ thnw bragLt.
7. gtF fj
Ma xnu neu xWF nkgl tFfSF fF iyiana
gtF fj vnwh. jHf <uha gfns mf. Ijhaf
UjhY xUt L brwhY m g gtF fj iyF
brWLwJ. vdnt, jHf gf bgUghyhdit gtF fj
Kiwnyna bragLwd. Cuh xa bjhlf g Maf
midtUnk gtF fjnyhL gy ghlfF Mafshf
fwd. gtF, gy ghl fgjF Ma wj lLgtuhf
wfis xUizJ fF Mw ftuhf w khztfis
gagLj bjjtuhf khzt ey mfiwbfhltuhf ggl
ftuhf UfntL.
tF izKiw
Ma-khzt jnfg tFfis izJ fjiy
nkbfhSnghJ fw-fj wghf eilbgW. m tF izig
NHYnfg wDnfg Ma khzt vifnfg fhQkhW
mikJbfhsyh.
119
Ma
vif
tFf
tFf
tFf
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2
2,3
4, 5
x W F
nk g l
tFf
3, 4, 5
t F fS F
x n u n e u
4, 5
f gJ
f o d k hd
g a h D f F F H i j f v i f F i w t hf U g j h t F g i w x G F
f L F U F . x nu ne u g y t F fS F f fnt o a N H t F g i w
U t hf , n e uo f fh , w k hz t J i z , w fi s x U i z
f j , j hn d f w , F G f w K j a m Q F K i w f i s g w y h .
tFgiw Uthf
Xuha g g Ma, xbthU ehS lnl gia
el bryntL. vbt tFfis izfyh? vbt wfis
xUizfyh? vbjj ghlntisf vbdd braghLfis
nkbfhtJ? w khztflKs wfis wghf gagL bfhtJ
vgo? jh xU tFUFnghJ w tFfSF vbdd gfis
jUtJ? fwyilit kLtJ vthW? cq tsfis gagL
bfhtbjgo? tFgikig vthW mikJ bfhtJ? fw _iyfis,
JizfUfis, brat fw milfis, khzt FGfis vthbwyh
fw-fjYF gagLjyh vd v lL MaUF tFgiw
Uthf iftj fiyahF.
w xUiz
ghll, ghlf, wfis efj MaUF gtF gy ghl
fjY xU Rikahf bjahJ. xnu neu xWF nkgl tFfis
izJ xU wid tsf, gy ghlfYs xj wfis izJ xU
tF ff lL wD wd f Mauh kLnk aY.
wikf Ma xU ghl_y gntW ghl fUJfis F ff
Ko. njj Mauh ma, r_fa bkh ghlfis, bkh
ghlf w ghlfis izJ ff aY. thW fgjh xnwh
blhW izJ xL ntWgL fFnghJ idthw nkgLwJ.
nkY mj, j, gagLj, gFj, bjhFj, kl vD Mwf
tswd. thW izJ ffayhj wfis neuoahf ffyh.
w khztfisbfhL eLju khztfSF bkJthf
fnghUF vjhf ffyh. xU FHijna kbwhU FHijF ff
120
121
8. fj bjh Eg
IgjhLfSFK thbdhia ghuhjt, nfouhjt eilna
csd. Mdh, iwa FHijf thbdh, bjhiyfh, brng, f
vd gy ma fLofis bjh Eg JizfUfis bjhL
a ghF thfis bgWsd. jah gf kL, Cuh
xa gfS efuh gfS fj bjh Egf gytiw
bgWsd. D IjhLfSF gf midJ ft
fia f bjhiyfh tahd fia bgWL. Ma
khztf mtiw a ff jfis jFgL bfhs ntL.
fj MaUF cjtd fj JizfUfns. JizfU
fis bra fUfis af fWbfhshj Ma, j gia
ww braayhJ. j my JizfUf, af, gagLJ Kiw
Matiw RUfkhf mJbfhnth. nkY wghf ff, f bjh
E g fi s (Educational Technology Books) eho ffyh.
fj JizfUf
bjh fU neia bghWnj bjhyh g wF.
tytDF Y Mj vgJ wnfh ga thF. wf Ma
va, bryyh bghUfis gagL fwyilit nkgLJth.
iyaj fUf Ujhjh ff Ko vgJ gadw ngR. y
gf iyaj fj bghUf UF. Mdh, mtiw Kiwahf
af bjahkY ghlbghU, wDnfg gagLJ w zh
u. khzt taJ, vif, ghlbghU, ghlw, neu Kjatiw
fUbfhL ilF bghUfisbfhL JizfUfis brJ
gagL wghf fJ fwyilit nkgLj ntL.
Ma g khztf va, bryyh, zhF bghUfis bfhL
JizfUfis bra gagLj j g fhynyna fWbfhs
ntL. bghUfis af guhkf gagLj mJbfhs
ntL. fia af f eGtfis (Power Point Slide Presentation)
khztfis <Fgoahf tzf, vGjsf, aff, xaikf,
glf nrj, af glfis nrj, fhgLJj Kja brafis
fWbfhsntL. cf gfhy ft fw-fj fhykhf
f bjhiyfht fwiy nkgLJ fhykhf UF vgjid
fUbfhSf. xnthuha g khztD nH FLs fwfj JizfUfis bra gagLj mJ bfhsntL.
JizfUf
sf milf, RHyilf, bghUjilf, brUfilf, gynehF
brUfilf, btLUf, eGtf, Kgkhz bglff, xLU
jh, xehlh, khf, cik bghUf, dilf, bghUJ
dilf, jha igf, vGJ totf, brhyilf, brhbwhl
milf, Wj FpLf, cUisf, Tf, fd rJu bgof,
bjhiyfhbgof, of Kja JizfUf bkhghl ff
cj JizfUfshF. nkY, JJ JizfUfis ghlbghUS
nfg w tsgjnfg cq tsfis gagL brayh.
122
bkh fj fUf
xiwjh btpLf (Leaflets) (xU gf brf), ko btpLf
(xWFnkgl gff kofglit) (Folders), JL btpLf(Fl
jiy _WKj guL gf ms) (Pamphlets), fhy m btpLf
(gntW jiyf tukhf vGjgl dW brf) (Bulletin),
nwLf (Booklets), Rwif fojf (Circular letters), br fojf (News letters), brjhf (Newspapers), gUt jf (Magazines), FngLf (Journals)
Kjad bkh fjiy fwiy nkgLJ.
f j
fzL fUahf bjhlf fhy totikfgl f, W jft
gkhw jndyhk fwJ. f jft gkhw wl
bgWtjh, f gaghL f ts jf ayhjjhF.
f, f Ega vD ghlgF fia af gH
Uf. f mikj idit (Memory) itfgoUF
bkDUfSF Vg, mij eh gagLjaY. ita betLf
(Floppies) FWjLfY (Compact disc) gaghL bkDUf dQ bjh
Egjh g bragL gagLjgLwd.
tW jiH
fgjF fgjF gagLw bkDUfg gF fhngh.
bkhw tsfhd bkDUf
eh iy gogJnghy f idit, be, FWjL
nghwt gagl jftfis f iuF bfhLtJ gofyh.
gffis uLnwh; gonwh. thnw f jftfis
nknkY gofyh. f iu jftf nknkY fhju f
Fgyif cs m FiH mGdh nghJkhdJ.jfhy ff
x kLkyhJ, x izfgoUgjh x, x Ma U Clff
tahf f JizbfhL bkhia ffyh; ffyh.
nfl w tsf f
dQ bjh Egjh gagLs jftfis f
iutahf ghf Ko. jftfnshL xia izFnghJ, x kW
x jftf bgwgLwd. br, f Ma U fw thfS
gagLwd. t gaghilbfhL, nfl NHiy fah ju
Ko. nfnahL fh iztjh fw is nkgLwJ.
nfl wid tsF gy gfS vit jfd vd f.nfl
NHfis, xTWfshf kLnk xg ehlh tahf juaY. Mdh,
f tahf nfl NH ffisna iu fhgLj Ko. mthW
fhgLJjiy cUngh (Simulation) vg. fhia xia
izgnjhL, Mt_L JizfUahf f sFwJ.
nfl wid msj njid f thyhf nkbfhs Ko.
Kng totikfgl nj dhfis f thyhf nff brJ,
njbjL myJ mik ilfsh fgt wid clDFl msf Ko.
124
goj w tsf f
f iu bfhLtugL fw bghUis gof brJ, go
ntfij msf fia gagLjyh. f mikf bkDU
bjh Egjh gogt iuid msf Ko. f iutahf jU
flisfis nkbfhL xU lF tHfgL brhfis fJ lyh.
braf vyh fngh Fia (Mouse) af brtjhny eilbgW.
gojYfhf tHfgL gHF braf iw, nfl wid dhft
msgJnghy goj gntW wTWfis f afjh msfyh.
brafis vyh nkbfhStjF Kdnu totikfgl bkDUfis
fbgh tYef cUthsd. mtiw Kiwgo gagLJtnj ekJ g.
f w gaghLf
gF vLJfhlgl f gaghLf vnghJ fG? fgt
xbthUtUF xU f vD iy Vglhjh. iy Vgl y
fhy Mfyh. vD f gaghofhf totikfgl y bkDUf
fgjF kL fgjF bgJ gagL.
9. bjhlbra
khzt, jh fwtiw thif NH bragL ghF bghGJ
jh mJ gaDW fahwJ. bjhlbra tHFtjh, jhbgw f
gaid clDFl gagL f njitia czu fwij
LUth ghf thnggLwJ. Mfnt, fw-fj bjhlbra
aikah gF twJ.
bjhlbra tHFKiw
mwhl ghlbghUis fj, bjhlbra tHFtij tHfkh
bfhsntL. goj, kdghl brj, vGJj (foj, fLiu, fij,
miff, gobaLj ehF, ghlbghU), FbgLj, cWnehf,
tiuj, totikj, KndghLf brj, fUf brj vd fj
nfg brafis tHfntL.
fbgW Kj jiyKiwdUF W ghlntisnyh w tF
neunyh brafis bra Ma tfhlntL. iyba, fyh
bgnwh jfsh tfhl ayhk jgoF (Tuition) mD iyF
MgLwd.
xU eh XU ghlfSF kLnk bjhlbra tHfntL.
midJ ghlfSF bjhlbra tHFtij khztf bgURikahf
fU gia btWwd. d ehf d ghlfSF
bjhlbra tHFtbjd Maf lLbfhsntL. bgUghyhd
Maf LKiw fhyf dhjhfSF ilbaG tUkhW fj
ghlf midF dh-ilf vG tUkhW TWtij tHfkhf
bfhLsd.
125
126
10.fw- fj bghUf
xU braiy/ntiyia/gia/bjhiy vjhf brikahf
iuthf bra cjtJ mjFa fUjh v mJ rhy bghUJ. Ma
bjhY mthnw. Ma bjh fUahtJ, jh fgjF khzt
fwYF cj JizfUfns. fw fj khzt kd iybgw
brantLkh, IyfS czUkhW fj ntL. Ma
brhtjdhY khzt nfgjdhY kLnk fw fJlhJ. fw 100
GfhL fGnghJ, vbt yft vts brwilwJ vgjid
csayP fzL Tsij fhngh.
Ritz _y
bjhLy _y
Ef_y
br _y
f _y
=
=
=
=
=
1.0%
1.5%
3.5%
11%
83%
- bglyh
yfns m thf
- khonrh
fw bghUf gaf
fw bghUf tz, tot, af, ms Mad FHijia fwgh
<wd.
fw bghUfis bjhL a brJ fgjh, fwit kd
iyJ wd.
fw bghUf thyhf fgjh, fw fUJfis id bfhLtUtJ
vjhwJ.
fw fj bghUfis gagL fgjh MaUF g vjhwJ.
fgJ Rikahf yhk Rfkhf kahf eilbgWwJ.
jhnd ff w khztfSl FGthf ff t brwJ.
bghUfis mJ ngr vGj brtjh Kiwgo ff ttFwJ.
fw bghUf
fw bghUf fh bghUf, nf bghUf, fh-nf
bghUf vd _tifgL. fh bghUf fzh ff gagLtd.
128
fh
iul Toait
eGtf iugl
iul Koahjit
ngrh gl
Kgkhz
JLf
glf
cUtf
bra
bra
sf
tiu
gLgit
glhjit
glf
glf
nf
xg
thbdh
ehlh
fh-nf
ngR iugl
x-x
bjhiyfh
g ehlh
Kjyh ulh tF FHijfSF cik bghUfis fhona
mt bgafis mKf brantL. cik bghUf ilfhjnghJ
mUtfis mltz glfshfnth Kgkhz cUtfshfnth kh
cUtfshfnth fhjntL. bghUf mKfkhd wnf glfshf
brhfshf tzf fhlntL. thW fgjh FHijf
kd v gJbfhs njitahdnghJ LUthf aYwJ.
fw bghUf jahjY gaghL
sfjh (Chart): yfz ya brfis Kiwahf TWtjF gyhf
glfshf tiuJ vG fhl gagLtJ sfjh. sfjhis
ghjlndna xU jiy gy fshf J brtij v mayh.
vLJfhlhf:
129
id
KW
bjiy
vfhy ffhy
vr
F
wjfhy
idbar
bgabur
clghL
vkiw
<Wbfl
<Wbflhj
vkiw
vkiw
bgabur
bgabur
to
130
ghL
ML
njL
XL
ne
ehL
ghy
ghl
brh
kj
fw fjbghUf fwiy
fjiy nkgLJ,
vjhF.
vwj fw
bghUf fKnd lwd.
mtiw wikahf gagLJ
tJ Ma gwikahf
fUjgL.
j
kha mil: dhit ilia izJ fw fU mikgJ kha
milahF. khztF bjahjtif bkGdh ilf vGjgl
ntL. FFk nghw VnjD tzfis bkGF vGJ
kiwJs ilia fla brayh. ij tha mil, cUt mil,
dilbad brfSF VwthW mikfyh.
fUg
fh ftjW.
bghUJf
cns x btna
kha mil
nkny x
nH
gy
131
u
fh a
g L
iu
ij
il
eLbtGJ
filbaGJ KjbyGJ
eGtilf
eLbtGij
brhbgWj
brh
bghU
JLJ
giHa rilfUJ
btobaLfgl
igf
132
Ritf
MW
fh
fr
ct
Jt
w xlgLs bu J
f
J fPf
ghuah
sfjh
ko
ghujhr
thjhr
bghUjil : ehfho mil sfjhis xo jhnd fw, njj
milfis cUthfyh. dhYs iy Gf ilYs cns
brYkhW mikfyh. dhF neuhf ghkia itJ khztid
mjFa ilF neuhf ghkia efj brayh.
bghUJf
bghUJf
bghUJf
gh
3
(jhnd fw)
(njjj)
(iz)
133
MWtJ d
br
bt
ML
mw bra U
134
135
h
bj
U Fw
fh
jhi
W
}
h
fe
m w eh } W
f
136
b
W
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137
cjh xlgl
vGjilf
Jgyif
11. bjhFiu
a iuKiw, eoKiw, isahLKiw, bralKiw,
xgilKiw Kja gWKiwf sfgLsd. KiwfSfhd
KndghLf, iwf, Fiwf vLJiufgLsd. brat fw,
mQFKiw, braghLf, tFgiw Uthf, FGf mik braghL,
brayilf, jhiy fUgyif, fhyiy mltiz, goiyf Kja
braghLf sfkhf TwgLsd. gtF fj tF iz
Kiw, tF Uthf, w xUiz, gtF fj wf,
gtF fj lghLf Kja TWf bjthfgLsd.
fj bjh Eg vD gF fj JizfUf, gtif
JizfUf, bkh fj fUf, f j gaghL g
sfgLsd. bjhlbra vD gF tHF Kiw, jhnd fw,
kL Kiw g brhygLsd. fw fj bghUf gF
fwbghUf tiff, mtiw jahJ gagLJKiw Mad
sfgLsd.
khzt Maf Kjyh ulh tFfSF cik bghU
fisna fw fjYF gagLjntL. ilfhjtF kLnk
khf, Kgkhz glf, tiuglfis gagLjntL. va
bryyh bghUfis gagL JizfUfis bra ntL.
mthW braayhjnghJ kL bghUfis iybfhLJ th
JizfUfis brantL. mtiw ujukhd JizfU
fshf leh gagl Toajhf brtJ w. FHijf tz,
tot, af, ms Matwh v ftugLtjh tF KDik
jJ braglntL.
138
5. fj w tsj
mKf
f braKiw fw, fjbyd U TWfis bfhlJ. fj
fw nghbjyh fw fwJ vd Tw KoahJ. KGikahd fw fH
ntLbk fj Fj wDilajhf sfntL. vdnt, khzt
Ma j fw wid tsJbfhs glf Ma fjiy
cWnehFjntL. mthW cWnehFbghGJ wj fw isfis
jU cfis jhK gwyh.
vdnt, ty brat fwiy
cWnehFj, kut fwiy cWnehFj, gilghw fw Kiwid
cWnehFj Mad g mtFa gotfis uj g, br
ts bgWtjfhf br ul g mJbfhnth.
goiyf
1. cWnehf njit
cWnehF Kiwf
2. brat fwiy cWnehFj
kut fwiy cWnehFj
cWnehf got
3. FiwfisjY iwgwY
4. br uL w
mfuhf
fLf
5. bjhFiu
1. cWnehf njit
khzt Maf gfSF brW glf Maf fF
Kiwid neuoahf cWneh bgW glnt cWnehfyhF. g
fhy cWnehf fhy gJ ehfshF.
Maf fjiy cWneh wf Mafshf cUthfnt
gntW braghLf g khztf <LgLjgLwd. cWnehfgL
Ma fj wfis filof Fiwfis ngh bfhs cW
nehf njitgLwJ. jiywj Mauhf fHntLbk Ma gy
fjiy cWnehFtJ aikahjjhF.
cWnehF Kiwf
Kj tFUJ ehfh tFtiu brat fw Kiw, Ijh
tFF kut fj Kiw, MUJ vlh tFtiu gilghw
fw Kiwia g ghlf gWfgL bkhwf tsfgL
wd.
f rhjhuz Ma ngRwh.
rhjhuz Ma sFwh.
wj Ma brJ fhLwh.
f wj Ma cs xnaWwh.
- mP mdhL
cWnehf got
g bga
tfho Ma bga :
khzt Ma bga
tF
ghl
ghl v - jiy
eh
neu
:
:
:
:
:
:
1. ghl f l
:
140
2. MajgLJj
3. fw-fj
JizfUf :
4. fw-fj Jiz
fUfis ifahSj
5. gl sfK fUgyif
ntiy
6. fw-fj braghLf:
7. dhf nfl
8. khzt gnf
9. tYl
10. kL
11. bjhlbra
khzt Ma ifbahg
tfho Ma
iuahs
ifbahg
141
gilghw fKiw
eLiy, caiy, nkiy gfYs MW, VG, vlh
tFfSfhd fjKiw gilghw f KiwahF. Kiw
brat fw mogil nfhghLf khzt ff Ma Jizj,
fF wf, Kiwf, jhnd bjJbfhSj, goj Kiw,
JbfhS Mw, jhnd KG bra <LgLj, kd tiugl, gl tiuJ
ghffis Fj, goj, vGJj, bjhFj, fyJiuahl, fod gFfis
vikah fw Ma goiyf lbgWsd. tiw efJ tF
bragLJj khzt Ma gahF. ulh Mo gilghw
fKiwg mtiw cWnehF Kiwg thf mJbfhsyh.
142
gF brw g fj cf kdftj
ghlgFfis g ffis g fyJiuahLf..
cf fj f czj Fiwfis mjfhd
fhuzfis egfSl fyJiuahLf.
cf Kkh Ma ah? mt geyfis goaLf.
XuhaUF njitahd egf vbddbtW goaLf.
fj iwthf mika nkbfhsntoa brafis thf.
4. br uL w
fF MaUF ghl xU tfhona. mJnt KGikahd fwiy
khztF mfhJ. ghl lbgW brfSF fUJfSF thd
sffis ghl fhgJ mJ. ghl fF Manu ghl
fhzgL brfis khztf cs gf if sff,
vLJfhLf, bjhlila brf Matiw vLJiuJ fig
cnuhlKilajhfntL. cnuhl Kilajhf fj fH Maf
gntW f, ghit f, mfuhf, ngufuhf, fLf, fiy
fsaf, wdh fis ghitL njitahdtiw FbgLJ
bfhsntL.
vLbjhif, gJghL, gbdfzF, mfuhf, fLf,
fiy fsaf, mjhd jhk Kjad bghJghit fshF.
ghl XU brfnsh gFnah fnth lbgUF. KGtij
ma _y fis - bghiu, bjiu, fUJiu, sfiu, Fiu
fis - ghitL ghlgFF bjhlila K- fUJfis
mjntL. m bgUf VgLs eh Ma midij
idUJj ayhj xW. Mdh, vbt brf vbjj f
ilF vgij mjntL. jidna br uL w vd TWt.
ghit fshf sF mfuhf, fLf, fiyfsa Kjad g
aJ bfhnth.
mfuhf
bkhYs brhfis mfutirgL mtWfhd bghU jJ,
bjhFfglnj mfuh. jid mfu Kj vd TWt. tfuh
xbthU brhYF ca bghUsidJ bfhLfbgUF. mjid ghJ
eh ga gLJtjFa bghUis mJbfhsyh. fHf jHfuh, kJiu
jHfuh, jehL ghl Wtdjh btLs mfuh Kjad thW
mikjit.
jbkh mfuh (eh. fiunt is)
bkh mfuh, bghUsfuh, bjhifafuh, bjhilafuh vd ehF
gFf csd. bkh mfuh - brhYFa gntW bghUfis mayh.
(vLJfhL) U-UL, kaf. bghU mfuh - brhYF ya
143
5. bjhFiu
fj w tsj vgJ khzt Ma eilKiw gf
cs fj braft fFwfis mjY, jj wfis
nkgL bfhSjY MF. Kj tFKj ehfh tFtiu gagLj gL
brat fwKiw, Ijh tF gagLjgL kut fwKiw,
Matiw cWnehF khzt Maf, mtUJ m brf,
gotf mtiw gbr Kiwf, jh flt Fiwfis fisJ
iwfis gWtjfhd Ff, fLf, mfuhf, ngufuhf
MatUJ bkhrh brfis uLj Fj brf a
TwgLsd.
145
6. ghl f l
mKf
e}, ciufgL bghU csjikJ vd TWtjnfg, xU
ntis xU ghlijnah ghlgFianah fgjhf UjhY mjid
vthW fgJ vgjF tfhLtnj ghl f lkhF. khtU ghl
KiwfS nfg f lfS khtUtJ aifahF. W bjhlf
gf Kj ehF tFtiu brat fwKiw Ijh tF
kut fj Kiw gwgL tUwJ. MWKj vlh tFtiu
gilghw f Kiw mKfgLjgLsJ. Ma g bgWnth
_W Kiwfis bjJbfhtJ aikahjjhF. a Kiwf
g mtiw bragLJ Kiwg bjthf mJbfhsyh.
goiyf
1. ghl f l aikahik
ghl f l eikf
wj ghl f l gf
ghl f l bragLJj Ma kd bfhs jfit
2. brat fw ghl f l
brat fw tFgiw Jizahf cjj
3. Ijh tFfhd ghl f l
4. fj F
5. fj bghU jah
6. bjhFiu
1. ghl f l aikahik
fjiy wghFtjF btfukhf KogjF cs wnfh
tFgiw fjiy Kiwahf lLjny ahF. vtiw fgJ, vthW
fgJ vgij KTona lLj ntL. ghl ffgLtj
Kjik nehf m ghlij khztUF fFnghJ vthW bjhlFtJ,
a brfis vthW mikgJ, vjifa JizfUfis gagLJtJ,
fj Koj Fl nehff iwnt csdth vd ma nrhjid
brtJ Kjatiw KTona lLj aikahjjhF.
Kiwahf fj g bgw ega isgo
ff ghl f l jahj aikahjJ.
146
147
2. brat fw ghl f l
Kj tFUJ ehfh tFtiu brat fwKiw gw
gLwJ. Kiw ghlf l brayilf lbgWwd.
brayilf wid ghliy mogilahf bfhL WW fwgofshf
cUthfgLsd. xbthU fwgo rngh izJ fw Vgo
mikfgLsJ. iy Ma khzt fgjF Jizahf cjgtuhf
bragLwh. xbthU fw go:
1. w tsfhd bjhlfiy braghLf,
2. tYl braghLf,
3. g braghLf,
4. kL braghLf,
5. FiwF braghLf,
6. ts bgUF braghLf.
vD Kiw mikfgLsd. g khzt Maf xbthU
braghL milia mjFa FpLfis (Logo) eF mUj
ntL.
brat fw Kiwf lbgW milf, FpLf, fF
Kiwf Mait g gWKiwf vD a mJbfhOf.
148
vghfgL fw btghLf
Ijh tF ghl xbthU ghlgFUJ khztfl
tsf glntoa wikf myJ ghlgFia fw khztf
btgLJ wikf goalgLsd. mtiw vghfgL fw
btghlhf FjntL. nkY, gF bkhwfnshL
khztfl btglntoa xGf, bkhgW, ehLgW, gghL
TWfis FlntL.
Maj bra
jid Mt_L bra vd Fg. ghl ffF Ma vLj
vLnyna ghl brfis jUtnjh sff bfhLgnjh fj Kiw
Ug jfjW.
khztf tFig TJnehF kdiy
Uwhfsh? vd ma ntoaJ Ma bghWghF. vyh khztfS
tFig TJ nehF kdiy Ughf vd fUj KoahJ. mtfSila
kdiyia xUKfgL tFig TJnehF Mtij CL brany
Maj brayhF.
jF khzt Ma ghlbghUnshL bjhlila fij, ghl, , f
sf Kjat VjhtJ xiw gagL khztfis MajgLj
ntL.
fw-fj braf
fF braKiw khztfSF Cf_Lj, brh sff
jUj, JizfUfis fho sFj, fUgyif vGJj, gy
vLJfhLf jUj, gl tiuj, ghofhLj, dh nfl, khzt
ilTw F bfhLj, xbthU khztid TJ nehFj, tFgiw
xGif TJ nehFj Kja gy braf khzt Maiu rhjdthF.
ghlbghUSF vghF fw isF cathW nkbfhS fj
Kiwf fw-fj bra vGjglntL.
ghlbghU sfF njitahd fw bghUf goa,
ghlbghU sfF bghUjkhd fwKiwf mjhtJ FGfw,
gnfW fw, isahLKiw fw, jhnd fw, xU khzt kbwhU
khztDF fWbfhLj Kja Kiwfis gWtJ FlntL.
ghlbghU bjgLj njitahd fsgaz g FlntL.
vghfgL fw btghLf bfhLfgLs bkhwfS
xGf, gghL, ehLgW, bkhgW bjhlghd brfS btgL
tz fw-fj brafis mikjntL. bkh ghl fj
caa nehf bkhw tsjY ebyhGffis gjYkhF.
kL bra
fjiy kLj fj eilKiw aikahj brafS
xW. tF fjiy nkbfhSnghJ, fj bra Koj
FHijf j wid ma kL brjntL. mjfhf, vjifa
dhfis dtyh vgij KTona lL FjntL.
150
bjhlbra
bjhlbra, vgJ fj ghlgF FHijfSF Lg myJ
tF g bfhLjiy FF. bjhlbra bghUfis nrfj,
glbjhF jahj, bgnwh-egfSl fsgaz brW tUj,
mfho, bjhlto iya, ngUJ iya, mryf Kja lfSF
brW, mF eilbgW brafis FJtu brj MF. bjhlbra xU
Rikahf yhk Ritahf UFtif mikJ bfhLfntL.
ghlbghU bjhlghf vjifa bjhlbraiy bfhLfyh vgij gF
Fl ntL.
4. fj F (Teaching Notes)
xU ntis ff ntoaJg thf vGJj ghl f
l (Lesson Plan) vgij Vbfdnt mJbfhnlh.
Ma, xU thu ffntoa ghlgFfsidij v
ghJ vG jahgij fj F vnwh.
f wnghL mika fF ghlbghU bjhlghd brfis
Kdnu ulntL. uL brfis khjthahf thuthahf
bjhFJbfhL khztfSF ffntL. bghJthf, xU thu
ffUF ghlf bjhlghd brfis bjhFgnj eilKiw
gf gwgLwJ. xU thu ffUF brfis bjhFJ
jahj fj F vdgLwJ.
fjYF Ma F aikahjJ vgjfhfnt Mafis
nkghit br jiyikaha fj Fig ghitLwh. g
MF tU MthsU xnth MaU fj FngL itJsduh
vgij M brwh. Ma flhakhf ghlijg Kdjhf v,
vG jahj ntL vgjid tWJtjfhfnt Kiwf gw
gLwd vgij khzt Maf czjntL.
fj F jahj
fj Fid ghlbghU sf, bghJF vd U fshf
J vGjyh. ghlbghU sf ghlgF RUf lbgWtJl
sfntoa fUJfS mikjntL. ciueilah brhfsa
bgUFj, brhyh w tsj, nknfh brf, JizfUf
Kjatiw FlntL.
br gFah vbdd Kiwf ea czjbgW vd FgJ
w. W khzt nkbfhsntoa brKiw ntiyf, dhf,
gf vd ghlnfwthW mikj nkY wig nrF.
bghJF ghl myJ br vGa Ma g ghlbjhlghf
TwgL w vLJfhLf, w fUJ fhL nknfhf, br
_y f, khzt milantoa xGfyhWf Kjadtiw Fl
ntL.
151
ghl f l, fj F ntWghLf:
ghl f l
1. xU ghlntis fgjFa ghlgFF vGjbgWtJ.
2. vghfgL fw btghLf, Maj bra, fw-fj
braf,kL braf, bjhlbraf vD jiy vGjbgW.
3. xU ghlntis ffUF midJ brfS f thf fwfj JizfUfSlD fF KiwfSlD lbgUF.
4. g bgW khzt Ma jahJ bghWgha myJ iuahsl
ifbahg bgWt.
fj F
1. XuhoFa ghlfis J, xU thu ffntoa ghlgFf
midJF vGj bgWtJ.
2. ghlbghU, bghJF, dhf, Lntiy vD jiy vGj
bgUF.
3. xU thu ffgL brf RUfkhf khztf milantoa
xGfyhWfS lbgUF.
4. gahW Ma ghlF jahJ jiyikahal ifbahg bgWt.
5. KlL Kiwahf jahJ braglh vghF ega istJ cW.
_y f
ghlbghUis fgjF izJ fjYF nknfh gFfis
sFtjF Ma gagLjntoa _y f goa bfhLfntL.
nkY, m _y f vgFf gagLj bgWwd vgij FjY
ntL. ghlbghU bjhlghf khzt gof ntoait vitbad Ma
fUJ goaiy jUjntL.
JizfUf
ghlbghUis fgjF Jizahf njitgL JizfUf
midij jUjntL. tiuglf, sfglf, ehLglf,
Rtbuhof, kh cUtf, dilf, brhyilf, RHyilf,
brhjf, glbjhFngL, Kf_of, bghkyhl bghikf, gtif
gaghL gyif, eGt, rydglf, xg ehlhf, iugl JLf
Kjat goa lbgWj ntL.
Ma nkbfhsntoait
JizfUf jahj, dhjh vGJj, fsgaz miHJ bry
ntLkh mJga l Kjad gF lbgWjntL.
khzt brKiw ntiy
ghl fFbghGJ, fj wF khzt nkbfhs ntLbkd
Ma lL ntiyfsidJ vGj bgWjntL. br
bjhFf, mfuh ghJ vGJj, j jahj, gHbkh, kubjhl Kja
bjhFf jahj, glf tiuj, kabfh iH vGJj, zg,
foj, fLiu vGJj, ngR tHF izahf vGJ tHif vGJj,
bjhifbrhfis bjGJj Kjatiw FjntL.
dhf - g
ghl gFait khzt bgWsduh vd ma, Ma lL
tsf Ua wfis khztf milJsduh vgij ma cj
dhfis vGJjntL. dhf idjj tif, idF bfhzj
tif Matiw rhj JKiw dhfS, FW il dhfS, fLiu
dhfS lbgwntL.
xU Fl ghlgFia fgjF nkflthW midJ
bghUfis jahJ, vG bfhSjny fj bghU jahjyhF.
6. bjhFiu
a ghl f l, fj F, fj bghU jah
Ma _id ga sfij mnjh. _W fjiy, fwiy
CFF brafshF. jnghija eilKiw cs brat fw
nkbfhsntoa mQFKiwfis sfkhf fnlh. it khzt
Maf fj wid tsgLj bgJ gagL.
153
iz - 2
dhjh - 1 l tiu
fhy: 3 k neu
ghl myF/fj
nehf
mj
(20)
j
(20)
cr kbgf: 100
gagLJj
(30)
w
(30)
bkhj
(100)
158
bkhw (40)
1(*1)
1(*1)
2(*1)
10
5(*3)
bkh a
fjY (8)
(*1)
1(*1)
mogil wf(12)
(*1)
(*1)
ghlfis fj(12)
(*1)
(*1)
gWKiwf (12)
(*1)
(*1)
cWnehf (6)
ghlf l (10)
(*1)
(*1)
bkhj (100)
1(*1)
4(*1) 0
2(*3) 1(*2) 4
20
10
F:-
3(*1) 1
2(*2)
iz - 2
dhjh - 2 l tiu
cr kbgf: 100
fhy: 3 k neu
ghl myF/fj
nehf
mj
(20)
j
(20)
gagLJj
(30)
w
(30)
bkhj
(100)
1(*1)
10
5(*3)
159
bkhw (40)
1(*1)
1(*1)
bkh a
fjY (8)
(*1)
(*1)
mogil wf(12)
(*1)
(*1)
ghlfis fj(12)
(*1)
(*1)
gWKiwf (12)
(*1)
(*1)
cWnehf (6)
(*1)
(*1)
ghlf l (10)
bkhj (100)
2(*2)
4(*2)
1(*1)
3(*1) 1
1(*1)
(*1)
20
10
2(*2)
F:-
iz -1
brat fwYfhd FpLfS braghLfS
ghLj, nfl
1. th
2. jhuheh
3. jhgH
4. cgfuz bgo
5. bg
tz Lj, tiuj
6. gl u
xiwnghynt cs glfis
mJ xnwhL xW nrj
7. thij u
xiwnghynt cs kbwhU
thijia mJ, xnwhL
xWnrj
8. fhJ
fij nfl
9. ghid
10. bghkyhl
iu w bghikfis fho
mt H _ykhf bghkyhl
b r J fh o fi j
154
TWj
11. Myku
Mt_L bt isahLf,
c isahLf
12. Ka
13. kh
14. khL
15. ahid
a thijf mKf
16. mF vGJf
17.
18. ug kh
19. m
20.vl
21. Knfhz
milf bfhLfgLs
thijfis ghJ JL
milf bfhL mLFj
155
23. Mik
fh flfis vGJfisbfhL
brj
24. id
25. ML
26. FuF
bghUJf
27. Fiu
28. xlf
FWbfGJ isahL
29. eh
nj mil
30. fuo
31. ahid
jfzho
32. jf
156
33. f
br
34. ilndhru
x g
35. n#hf
L g
36. FuF mY
o br braghLf
157
158
159
iz - 3
jbkh fj
KjyhkhL
kh dhjh- 1
fhy: 3 k
cr kbgf: 100
gF - m
I. midJ dhfSF W brhfSF fhk ilaf. (10x2=20)
1. ff frlw fgit fw
f mjF jf.
- UFwYs joj brhfSF bghU T fUij vGJf.
2. uilsF mLFbjhlUF uouL vLJfhLf jUf.
3. tw clh - bjhl czJ MFbgaiu sFf.
4. bghdh nkand njhiy miufirJ - joj brh
mikJs cU kafij sFf.
5. Gs thaf bghUjkhd lf tbyhiw nrJ, bghUj
kw lf tbyhiw vGJf.
vj fijia gojhY mYs aikah gFfis FJ
bfhsntL. Ritahd bjhlfis mgona vG bfhSj eyJ.
bghUsfh bjhlfSF jHfuh ghJ bghU mJbfhlh e
bkhw tsU.
6. Ijh ntWik f, x bghU jUkhW vLJfhLf jUf.
7. jf nfh, jf nfh - U bjhlfY fhzyhF bghU
ntWghil bjgLJf.
8. F RjkhdgR, bebtbz fgL.
xU tajhd gho til RL wh.
-thafis bghUbghUjKw vGJf.
9. ah Ph ahnuh anuh
vij Eij vKiw nf - joj brhf ahiu Fwd?
10. ct cFw bknlhL - ghid sf uL vLJ
fhLf jUf.
II. vitnaD IJ dhfSF xbthWF UW brhfSF
fhk ilaf.
(5x4=20)
11. mita bkg f fyh
mitarh MFy brhY - eita
<Jzh brtK eTjh dyK
j thik eW.
- be sf
- ghl fUid ciueil vGJf.
12. Gs ciuahl gFia brahFf.
160
gF - M
III. midJ dhfSF W brhfSF fhk ilaf. (10x2=20)
19. bkh kurhjJ vgij sFf.
20. bkh gHFtjF fwYFKs ntWghLf uoid TWf.
21. bkh mogil wfis vthW tifgLjyh?
22. mKjh j ntiyfis ntfkhf KoJL gia neh brwh. thaij bghU tz gogjnfg rhnfhoL fhLf.
23. Jizghl fj nehff ahit?
24. jbkh wid tsf cj ehF xgilfis TWf.
25. brat fwiy cWnehFnghJ w khztid vthW milahs
fLbfhlh vgij sFf.
161
162
jbkh fj
KjyhkhL
kh dhjh- 2
fhy: 3 k
cr kbgf: 100
gF - m
I. midJ dhfSF W brhfSF fhk ilaf. (10x2=20)
1. j vGJf tifbjhiffis bjGJf.
2. Iiz, xgh Rit - bjhif brhfis bjGJf.
3. , KJkf - brhfis J vthW zjbjd TWf.
4. jFK xWct uL - ghid uL vLJ
fhLf jJ sFf.
5. Ibjhif bkhnk wbjhf mbkh - sFf.
6. v yjid btnghy fhnk
m yjid mw
- Fwgh lbgWs ctikia sFf.
7. ehfh ntWik bghUsha gif, ne, jF, mJthj MatF
vLJfhLf jUf.
8. vGik vGw cSt jf
Gk Jiljt e.
- Fwghfhd bghUis ciueilgL vGJf.
9. Gs thafYs iHfis , mjfhd fhuzij FLf.
m) MWbts kfS kufS FoirfS MLkhLfS jJ
brwd.
M) MW fhHj MfS ehF ifHj bgfS kUJt kid
nrfgld.
10. Kjiy bjhbga, Kjiy j bjhbgafis rhWfho
sFf.
II. vitnaD IJ dhfSF xbthWF UW brhfSF
fhk ilaf.
(5 x 4 = 20 )
11. clgLbk g sFf.
12. nyil eaF X vLJfhL jJ sFf.
13. Ff braghy ff
fhJ br id
- Fwgh mikJs vJif, nkhidia
s fhJ vD brhYzJ bghUis TWf.
14. Gs ciuahliy brahFf.
Fkz: yt bgUk tuntL! jHid fkna! tzf.
yt : ts bgUkh thf! eho fL ffntoa eh, W
fho rnw. ~J v bghyhj fhy.
Fkz: ytnu! jfis F fhz nejJ v ey fhy! eh vdF
xU bghdh; edh.
15. KJkf, fbyjh - brhfis J z TWf.
16. tU gia goJ mj ikafUij m lbgWs
mUbrhfis T bghUjkhd jiyLf.
163
165
iz - 4
mfkL brKiw g
t.v
jiy
kbgf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cWnehf got uj
ghl f l jahj
tlhu tHF brhfS Ua totfS
brat fw milf jahj
eoKiwnfw Xuf ehlf jahj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fw bghUf jahj
FHij ghlf bjhF jahj
FHij fijf bjhF jahj
kabfh brhf ntWghL -bjhF jahj
dhjh l tiu jahj
1.
1.
ciy njf
1.
dht jahj
(1. Ijh tF br, ciueil
2. jbkh fj - X a)
bkhj kbgf
166
25
iz - 5
ghit f
1. mjhd jhk
- fhuntY Kjah.
rhujh ggf, brid-5, 2006.
2. yfz fsa
- Kidt bghnfh,
bgh ggf,
brid,1997.
3. ya tuyhW
- lhl . ghyRuka,
maf, brid.
4. ya tuyhW
- lhl K. tujuhrdh,
irt jhj g fHf,
brid.
- nguha . fzg,
rhjh g, brid-14.
6. fa j
7. f nj
- lhl . udrghg,
rhjh g, brid-14.
8.brat fw kW jhnd fw
( Ma ifnaL)
- Ma f Muh g
aff, brid- 6.
9.j fj gf
11. j gW Kiw
- e. R buoah,
khfthrf yf,
jgu, 1980.
- gh. bghdg,
jehL ghl Wtd,
brid, 1981.
- Kidt bghnfh,
Jth ggf,
brid, 2000.
14. ew fF Kiwf
- nguha . fzg,
rhjh g, brid-14.
167
- lhl K. nfhjuh#,
njbkh ggf,
brid-14, 1980.
- MWKf ehty,
irt jhj g fHf,
brid.
- lhl jHz,
dh jf iya, kJiu.
- Penny Ur.(1996),
Cambridge University Press.
- S. Rajaram,
Central Institute of Indian Languages
Mysore.
168