5

ACTIVITATEA DE R & D
(Ce rc e t are De z v o lt are )
5.1.

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ior a tehnologiilor

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aspects de linterface entre la R & D et le marketing, Paris 1991): n cadrul R & D se includ:
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o anume finalitate;

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ntreprinderii:
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Elemente ce trebuiesc luate n calcul:

A. Strategie:

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de ce mijloace dispune pentru a-LPDWHULDOL]DRS LXQHD"

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personalul, utilajele, sunt la nivelul dorit ?

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dispunem de toate celelalte tehnologii necesare ?

C. Factori externi:

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schimbarea STAS-urilor;

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loatarea

produsului);

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recesiune, care va antrena fonduri insuficiente;

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conducerii ntreprinderii;

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considerarea acWLYLW

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Factorii care ar putea frna activitatea de cercetare sunt:

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climat fiscal nefavorabil;

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rcetare;

acesteia.
Probleme ale firmelor mari:
cresc costurile de cercetare pe seama regiei;

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Avantajele firmelor mari:

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firmei SONY (conform J.B.Quinn, "Managing Innovation: Controllled Chaos", n Harward

Business Review, May-June 1986):
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proiecte se GRYHGHWHPDLEXQOHO
G

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oameni au primit "premiul de cristal" al firmei pentru rezultate foarte buQHGHLSURLHFWXOORUQXD

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-a

venit tocmai ideea aceea."

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economice a firmei, prin crearea de noi produse sau noi tehnologii pentru realizarea produselor.
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Dincolo de aportul intern adus de serviciile R & D, ntreprinderea mai are la GLVSR]L LH R
-ar putea ncadra astfel n mai multe grupe:

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FHUFHWDUHIXQGDPHQWDO 

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Exemplele sunt extrem de numeroase, de la "Concorde" la tunelul pe sub Canalul Mnecii.

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de o multitudine de factori,

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organizarea ntreprinderii, nivelul la care este realizat planul strategic de dezvoltare;

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tipul de activitate: industrie de asamblare sau de prelucrare;

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re de moment;

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1.
2.
3.

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lului ntreprinderii.

Tab. 5.1. Formele disponibile de dobndire a unei noi tehnologii.

ELEMENTE ACCESIBILE PRIN DOBNDIREA
TEHNOLOGIEI
&XQRWLQ H
Metode de lucru
Know-how
nule
nule
doar modul de
folosire
slabe
nule
modul de folosire
slabe
foarte bune
slab.
slabe
nule
redus

Tipuri :
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2. ComanG

VSHFLDO

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FRPDQG vQH[WHULRUDXQRU

subansamble )
$QJDMDUHVSHFLDOLWL

YDULDELOH

&XPS UDUHIDEULF

caz
slabe
bune
(negociabil)
bune

9. Asociere firme
10. Joint-venture
11. Participare

variabil
bune
bune

&RODERUDUHVWUDWHJLF

EXQ

)RUPDUHVSHFLDOLWL

excelente
foarte bune
bune
excelente
excelente

6. Reverse engineering
7. Transfer de tehnologie
EUHYHWHOLFHQ H

14. Colaborare R & D

5 'vQSURJUDPHQD LRQDOH
&RODERUDUHFXXQLYHUVLW

17. Contracte cu institute de

GXS 

YDULDELOHGXS 

nule

YDULDELOHGXS 

caz
excelent
bun
(negociabil)
bun

caz
excelente
bune
foarte bune
de definit
nule
bune
variabile
variabile
de precizat

excelent
excelent
excelent
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bun
bun
bun
slab
excelente

nule
slabe

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externe = 1,2,3,4,7;
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DOLDQ HFXWHU L

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14,15.

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.
ietarul

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OLFHQ

 2

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nceput. Fluxurile

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-parte din cheltuielile de elaborare a

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FDUHUHSUH]LQW RFRW

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LL EUHYHWHORU DF LRQDUH

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XQXL WHU  'HVLJXU VH SRW IDFH L YkQ] ULH[FOXVLYH GHOLFHQ H GDU vQ DFHVWFD]

ele sunt cu mult mai

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2 SUREOHP  GHOLFDW  HVWH DFHHD GDF  OLFHQ D VH DFRUG  DVXSUD XQXL GRPHQLX WHKQRORJLF VDX

strict asupra unui brevet.

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care este durata de

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WUHEXLHV ILH

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lista brevetelor;
elementele de know-how;
REOLJD LLDOHYkQ] WRUXlui:
furnizarea de materii prime;

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OLVWDSHUVRDQHORUFDUHYRUGDDVLVWHQ

FRQ LQXWXODVLVWHQ HLRIHULWH

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WHKQLF ODWUDQVIHUXOGHWHKQRORJLH
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tehnologie;

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durata de valabilitate a contractului;

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);

motive de reziliere a contractului, SURFHGXUDGHUH]LOLHUHREOLJD LLOHFHUHYLQS

U LORUvQDFHVWH

FRQGL LL
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- 3 ani, timpul necesar construirii ei.)

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ul de

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ntr-RVWUXFWXU

nct brevetul nou va fi "asimilat"

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le realmente de vrf,
pe care nu le-DU IL SXWXW HODERUD FX IRU HOH SURSULL DOH ILUPHL 1X FXPS U  QLFLRGDW  IDEULFL
complete "la cheie".

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domeniile conexe, caUHV

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ca:

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