ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 15: Pipeline/Soil Interaction

Shawn Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland spkenny@engr.mun.ca

Lecture 15 Objective

to examine engineering models to analyse geotechnical loads, pipeline/soil interaction and structural load effects for offshore pipelines

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Overview

Geotechnical Loads

Soil mechanical behaviour Load transfer mechanisms Pipeline mechanical response

Pipeline/Soil Interaction

Structural Load Effects

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Design Considerations

Installation

Pipeline embedment On-bottom roughness

Mechanical response, free spans Intervention

Pre-sweep, clearance Trenching

Natural in-fill, mechanical backfill

Rock dump Thermal expansion Lateral and upheaval buckling On-bottom stability
2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Operations

Ref: Langley (2005)

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Geotechnical Loads Soil Mechanics

Seabed Surveys

Remote sensing In-situ testing and sample recovery Index and laboratory testing Soil type Strength parameters Loaddisplacement behaviour
Ref: BCOG (2001) 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Key Issues

Pipeline/Soil Interaction

Engineering Tools

Guidance documents

ALA, DNV, NEN Structural Continuum

Numerical models Physical models

Full-scale Large-scale Centrifuge Key Issues

Load transfer mechanisms Stress or strain based design Model uncertainty

Ref: C-CORE

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Structural Load Effects

Design Checks

Limit States

SLS ULS

Stress

Combined loading
criteria

Strain

Rupture Local buckling

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Pipeline/Soil Interaction Analysis

Structural Finite Element Procedures

Standard tool Rigid pipeline/structure Soil load-displacement

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Soil Load-Displacement Relationships

Axial

Transverse Lateral

Vertical Upward

Vertical Downward
Ref: ALA (2001) 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Trench Effects

Engineering Models Load-Displacement

Centrifuge models Large-scale physical models Continuum FEA

Ref: Phillips et al. (2004)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Buried Performance

Thermal

Flow assurance

Mechanical
Uplift, flotation, subsidence during pipe lay Upheaval buckling during operations Ref: C-CORE

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

Example 15-01

Calculate the virtual anchor point, axial strain and end deflection due to thermal expansion for a buried pipeline Design condition

Partial restraint

Shore approach Platform tie-in

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

EN 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 15 Example 15-01

Winter 2008

Example 15-01 Calculate the anchor point, axial strain and end deflection due to thermal expansion for a buried offshore pipeline located outside the 500m excursion limit. DEFINED UNITS MPa := 10 Pa
6

kPa := 10 Pa

GPa := 10 Pa

C := K

kN := 10 N

PIPELINE SYSTEM PARAMETERS Nominal Outside Diameter Initial Selection Nominal Wall Thickness (Sec.5 C203 Table 5-3) External Corrosion Protection Coating Thickness Fabrication Process (Sec.7 B300 Table 7-1) [SMLS, HFW, SAW] Corrosion Allowance (Sec.6 D203) Elastic Modulus Specified Minimum Yield Stress (Sec.7 B300 Table 7-5) Speciifed Minimum Tensile Stress (Sec.7 B300 Table 7-5) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Poisson's Ratio Pipeline Route Length Linepipe Density Concrete Coating Thickness Concrete Coating Density OPERATATIONAL PARAMETERS API Gravity Product Contents Density cont := 1000 kg m
3

Do := 273.1mm tnom := 9.525mm tcpc := 0mm FAB := "SMLS" tcorr := 3mm E := 205GPa SMYS := 450MPa SMTS := 535MPa T := 1.15 10 := 0.3 Lp := 25km tc := 50mm s := 7850kg m c := 3050kg m
3 5 1

API := 38

141.5 131.5 + API

cont = 835 m Pd := 10MPa SC := "M" h ref := 5m T := 50 C h l := 0m

kg

Design Pressure (Gauge) Safety Class (Sec.2 C200-C400) [L, M, H] Design Pressure Reference Level Temperature Differential Maximum Water Depth Seawater Density Hydrotest Fluid Density

w := 1025kg m t := 1025kg m

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EN 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 15 Example 15-01

Winter 2008

GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS Undrained Shear Strength Adhesion Factor Cu := 25kPa soil := 0.25

DNV OS-F101 PARTIAL FACTORS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS System Operations Incidental/Design Pressure Factor (Sec.3 B304) System Test Incidental/Design Pressure Factor (Sec.3 B304) Material Resistance Factor (Sec.5 C205 Table 5-4) Safety Class Resistance Factor (Sec.5 C206 Table 5-5) Material Strength Factor (Sec.5 C306 Table 5-6) Maximum Fabrication Factor (Sec.5 C307 Table 5-7) fab := 1.00 if FAB = "SMLS" 0.93 if FAB = "HFW" 0.85 if FAB = "SAW" fab = 1.00 inc_o := 1.10 inc_t := 1.00 m := 1.15 SC := 1.138 U := 0.96

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EN 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 15 Example 15-01

Winter 2008

Diameter Fabrication Tolerance(Sec.7 G200 Table 7-17) Do := max( 0.5mm , 0.0075 Do) if FAB = "SMLS" Do 610mm 0.01 Do if FAB = "SMLS" Do > 610mm min( max( 0.5mm , 0.0075 Do) , 3.2mm) if FAB = "HFW" Do 610mm min( 0.005 Do , 3.2mm) if FAB = "HFW" Do > 610mm min( max( 0.5mm , 0.0075 Do) , 3.2mm) if FAB = "SAW" Do 610mm min( 0.005 Do , 3.2mm) if FAB = "SAW" Do > 610mm Wall Thickness Fabrication Tolerance(Sec.7 G307 Table 7-18) tfab := 0.5mm if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 4mm 0.125 tnom if FAB = "SMLS" tnom > 4mm 0.125 tnom if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 10mm 0.100 tnom if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 25mm 3mm if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 30mm 0.4mm if FAB = "HFW" tnom 6mm 0.7mm if FAB = "HFW" tnom > 6mm 1.0mm if FAB = "HFW" tnom > 15mm 0.5mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom 6mm 0.7mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom > 6mm 1.0mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom > 10mm 1.0mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom > 20mm Material Derating (Sec.5 C300 Figure 2) SMYS := 0MPa if T < 50C SMYS = 10.00 MPa tfab = 1.191 mm Do = 2.048 mm

( T 50 C) 30MPa if 50 C < T < 100C 50 C 30MPa + ( T 100 C) 40MPa otherwise 100 C

SMTS := 0MPa if T < 50C SMYS = 10.00 MPa

( T 50 C) 30MPa if 50 C < T < 100C 50 C 30MPa + ( T 100 C) 40MPa otherwise 100 C

fy := ( SMYS SMYS ) U fu := ( SMTS SMTS) U
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fy = 422 MPa fu = 504 MPa

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EN 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 15 Example 15-01

Winter 2008

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS PIPELINE GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES Inside Pipeline Diameter (Operations Case) Di_o := Do 2. tcorr 2. tfab Inside Pipeline Radius (Operations Case) Ri_o := 0.5 Di_o Effective Outside Pipeline Diameter De := Do + 2. tcpc + 2. tc Pipeline Steel Area Ast := 4 Do ( Do 2 tnom)
2 2

Di_o = 264.72 mm

Ri_o = 132.36 mm

De = 373.10 mm

Ast = 7.89 10 mm

Concrete Area Ac := 4

( Do + 2 tc) Do
2 2

Ac = 5.08 10 mm

Effective Outside Pipeline Area Ae := 4 ( Do + 2 tc)

2

Ae = 1.09 10 mm

Inside Pipeline Area Ai := 4 Di_o

2

Ai = 5.50 10 mm

BUOYANCY FORCE (per meter basis) BF := g m ( w Ae c Ac s Ast) Buoyancy Force Check BFchk := "NEGATIVE BUOYANCY" if BF < 0 "FLOTATION" otherwise External Hydrostatic Pressure Pe := w g h l HOOP STRESS (THIN WALL THEORY) h := 2 ( tnom tcorr tfab) Pd Di_o Pe Do h = 248.13 MPa Pe = 0.00 MPa BFchk = "NEGATIVE BUOYANCY" BF = 1.03 kN

SOIL RESISTANCE PARAMETERS Soil Axial Restraint per Unit Length (Eqn B-1 ALA 2001 f := De Cu soil
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f = 7.33 10 N m

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EN 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 15 Example 15-01

Winter 2008

Distance to Virtual Anchor Point - Assumes constant temperature (conservative) - Equation 9 of Palmer and Ling (1981) OTC4067 Pd Ri_o f
2

z :=

1 2 +

2 tnom Pd Ri_o

E T T

z = 157.51 m

Virtual Anchor Length Check zchk := "VIRTUAL ANCHOR OK" if z < 0.5 Lp "RECALCULATE" otherwise COMBINED STRESS STATE Axial End Displacement end :=
2 fz Pd Ri_o ( 1 2 ) + T z T 4 E Ri_o tnom 2 E tnom

zchk = "VIRTUAL ANCHOR OK"

end = 56 mm

Axial End Displacement [Equation 12 - Palmer and Ling (1981) OTC 4067]

P R 1 d i_o Ri_o E tnom ( T T) 2 Palmer := 1 + E t T f nom T

2

Palmer = 56 mm

Axial Stress (For X < Z) x 75 := 0.75 z l_75 := Pd Ri_o 2tnom f 2 Ri_o tnom x 75 l_75 = 39.77 MPa

x 1 := 1.00 z l_1 := Pd Ri_o 2tnom f 2 Ri_o tnom x1 l_1 = 76.19 MPa

AXIAL STRESS (FOR X >= Z) l := Pd Ri_o tnom E T T l = 76.19 MPa

EQUIVALENT STRESS CHECK eq := h h l + l

2 2

eq = 293.73 MPa eqchk = "EQUIVALENT STRESS OK"

eqchk :=

"EQUIVALENT STRESS OK" if eq < 0.9 SMYS "INCREASE WALL THICKNESS" otherwise

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Reading List

http://www.fugro.com/survey/offshore/gcs.asp ALA (2001). Guideline for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe. July 2001, 83p. [2001_ALA_Design_Guideline.pdf] Cathie, D.N., Jaeck, C., Ballard, J.-C. and Wintgens, J.-F. (2005). Pipeline geotechnics state-of-the-art. Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, ISFOG, ISBN 0 415 39063 X, pp.95-114 [2005_Cathie_PSI.pdf] Palmer, A.C. and Ling, M.T.S. (1981). Movements of Submarine Pipelines Close to Platforms. Proc., OTC, OTC 4067, pp.17-24. Palmer, A.C., Ellinas, C.P., Richards, D.M. and Guijt, J. Design of Submarine Pipelines Against Upheaval Buckling. Proc., OTC, OTC 6335, pp.551-560.

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics BCOG (2001). BC Offshore Oil & Gas Technology Update, JWEL Project No. BCV50229, October 19, 2001 DNV (2007). Submarine Pipeline Systems. Offshore Standard, DNV OS-F101, October 2007, 240p. Langley, D. (2005). A Resourceful Industry Lands the Serpent, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 57(10), 6p. Phillips, R. A. Nobahar and J. Zhou (2004). Trench effects on pipe-soil interaction. Proc. IPC, IPC 04-0141, 7p.

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 15