1 SOAP AND DETERGENT

CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER

SOAP
What is soap?

General formula
or
R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can b sat!rat" or
!nsat!rat". [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound]
The history of soap manufacturing
Soaps can be prepared trou! sa#oni$ication"
What is saponification?

1
Soa# is so"i!m sa%t or #otassi!m sa%t o$ %ong&c'ain $att( aci"s.
RCOONa
)
RCOO*
)
+' sa#oni$ication #rocss is t' #rocss o$ '("ro%i(,ing $ats
or oi% !n"r a%-a%in con"itions.
#at is fatty acids$
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Therefore,
General equation
What is fat?
What happen to the fat during saponification?
Consider this reaction;

%ats&oil in concentrated sodium ydro'ide %atty acid ( !lycerol

%atty acid ( al)al i& sodium ion sodium salt fatty acid&soap (
*ater
O+erall, %ats&oil ( al)ali&sodium ion soap ( !lycerol
-
Fats.oi%s ) concntrat" a%-a%is / soa# ) g%(cro%
+' sa#oni$ication #rocss in0o%0s boi%ing $ats or oi%s 1it'
concntrat" so"i!m '("ro2i" to #ro"!c g%(cro% an" t'
so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci"s or soa#s.
Fats.oi%s ar nat!ra% str t'at #ro"!c b( combination o$ $att(
aci" 1it' g%(cro%.
Fats.oi%s !n"rgos '("ro%(sis in a%-a%i con"ition an" t'n
bra- !# to $att( aci" an" g%(cro%. +'n3 $att( aci" 1i%%
ract 1it' a%-a%i to $orm so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci" 4soa#5.
Al)aline ydrolysis
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Preparation of soap by saponification
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Palm oil
.oncentrated sodium
ydro'ide solution
Glass rod
/ea)er
STEP 1, Palm oil and concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution
is poured into a bea)er0 eated0 stirred until it boilin!
[te layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled"
Tripod stand
#ire !au1e
/unsen burner
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Sodium cloride
2i'ture of fatty acids0
salts and *ater
Spatula
STEP -, #ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium cloride *as added0

boiled a!ain and cooled" #ite precipitate is formed
and floats on te surface of te mi'ture"
Distilled *ater
Precipitation
of soap is float
Sodium cloride reduces te solubility of soap in *ater0
terefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats"
3
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
2i'ture of fatty acids0
salts and *ater
Residue
4soap5
%iltrate
STEP 3, 2i'ture is filtered by filter paper"
%ilter paper
%ilter funnel
.onical flas)
Distilled *ater
Residue 4soap5
%iltrate
STEP 6, Solid soap is *ased *it distilled *ater to remo+e
e'cess al)ali and salt"
6
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Proc"!r:

1" 17 cm
3
of palm oil is measured *it measurin! cylinder
17ml and poured into a bea)er -87ml"
-" 87 cm
3
of concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution 8 mol dm
9
3
measured *it measurin! cylinder 87ml and poured in te
bea)er"
3" Te mi'ture is eated and stirred *it !lass rod until its
boilin! for 8 minutes" Ten0 te flame is turned off and te
mi'ture is left to cool"
6" 87 cm
3
*ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium cloride *as
added to te mi'ture and boiled a!ain for 8 minutes" Ten0
te flame is turned off and te mi'ture is left to cool"
[1'it #rci#itat is $orm" an" $%oats]"
8" Te mi'ture is filtered *it filter paper0 and te residue
4soap5 is *ased by distilled *ater"
Example
8
Pa%m oi% ) so"i!m '("ro2i" / so"i!m #a%mitat ) g%(cro%
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Soap .emical formula
Sodium palmitate .:
3
4.:
-
5
16
.OONa
Sodium stearate .:
3
4.:
-
5
1;
.OONa
Sodium oleat .:
3
4.:
-
5.:<.:4.:
-
5.OO=
Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer
and milder than sodium!
;
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
7E+ER8EN+
What is detergent?

T"o common detergent;
Types of deter!ent
4a5 Anionic deter!ent
4b5 .ationic deter!ent
4c5 Non9ionic deter!ent
R O S
9
9
O
O
O
:
Na
)
i" Sodium al)yl sulpate
R S
9
9
O
O
O
:
Na
)
ii" Sodium al)ylben1ene sulponate
>
7trgnt is so"i!m sa%t $or s!%#'onic aci". S!%#'onic aci" is
an organic aci" 1it' c'ain %ngt's o$ 12 to 18 carbon #r
mo%c!%.
#$ represent hydrocarbon chain that contain %& to %'
carbon(
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Sodium al)yl sulpate ? Sodium al)ylben1ene sulponate are
anionic deter!ent"
PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB SABP:ATE
Step 1, Sulponation
Step -, Neutrali1ation
Te al)yl sulponic acid is neutrali1ed by usin! sodium ydro'ide"
D
A%-(% s!%#'onic
aci"
So"i!m
'("ro2i"
1 SOAP AND DETERGENT
PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB/ENEENE
SABP:ONATE
Step 1, Al)ylation
Step -, Sulponation
Step 3, Neutrali1ation
End
F
Long c'ain
a%-n
Concntrat"
s!%#'!ric aci"
) NaOH

Na
)
So"i!m
a%-(%bn,n
s!%#'onat ;7<
=atr
A%-(% bn,n
So"i!m
'("ro2i"