Speed required[edit]

The takeoff speed required varies with air density, aircraft gross weight, lift coefficient,
and aircraft configuration (flap or slat position, as applicable) !ir density is affected by
factors such as field elevation and air te"perature This relationship between
te"perature,altitude, and air density can be e#pressed as a density altitude, or the
altitude in the $nternational Standard !t"osphere at which the air density would be
equal to the actual air density
%perations with transport category aircraft e"ploy the concept of the takeoff &'Speeds,
&(, &) and &* These speeds are deter"ined not only by the above factors affecting
takeoff perfor"ance, but also by the length and slope of the runway and any peculiar
conditions, such as obstacles off the end of the runway +elow &(, in case of critical
failures, the takeoff should be aborted, above &( the pilot continues the takeoff and
returns for landing !fter the co'pilot calls &(, he-she will call &) or .rotate,. "arking
speed at which to rotate the aircraft The &) for transport category aircraft is calculated
such as to allow the aircraft to reach the regulatory screen height at &* with one engine
failed Then, &* (the safe takeoff speed) is called This speed "ust be "aintained after an
engine failure to "eet perfor"ance targets for rate of cli"b and angle of cli"b
$n a single'engine or light twin'engine aircraft, the pilot calculates the length of runway
required to take off and clear any obstacles, to ensure sufficient runway to use for takeoff
! safety "argin can be added to provide the option to stop on the runway in case of
are/ected takeoff $n "ost such aircraft, any engine failure results in a re/ected takeoff as
a "atter of course, since even overrunning the end of the runway is preferable to lifting
off with insufficient power to "aintain flight
$f an obstacle needs to be cleared, the pilot cli"bs at the speed for "a#i"u" cli"b angle
(&#), which results in the greatest altitude gain per unit of hori0ontal distance travelled $f
no obstacle needs to be cleared, or after an obstacle is cleared, the pilot can accelerate to
the best rate of cli"b speed (&y), where the aircraft will gain the "ost altitude in the least
a"ount of ti"e 1enerally speaking, &# is a lower speed than &y, and requires a higher
pitch attitude to achieve
!ssisted takeoff[edit]