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Gas Detection Handbook
Gas Detection Handbook
The MSA Gas Detection Handbook is designed to introduce users to key terms
and concepts in gas detection and to serve as a quick reference manual for
information such as specic gas properties, exposure limits and other data.
The Handbook contains:
a glossary of essential gas detection terms and abbreviations.
a summary of key principles in combustible and toxic gas monitoring.
reference dataincluding physical properties and exposure limits
for the most commonly monitored gases, in industrial and various
other environments.
a comparison of the most widely-used gas detection technologies.
a table indicating the gas hazards common to specic applications
within major industries.
a summary of key gas detection instrumentation approvals
information, including hazardous locations classication.
MSAs exclusive Sensor Placement Guide, detailing important
factors to take into consideration when determining optimum
gas sensor placement.
Note to User:
Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSA) makes no warranties,
understandings or representations, whether expressed, implied or statutory
regarding this gas detection handbook. MSA specically disclaims any
warranty for merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. In no event
shall MSA, or anyone else who has been involved in the creation, production
or delivery of this handbook be liable for any direct, indirect, special,
incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to
use this handbook or for any claim by any other party.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
Table of Contents
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Gas Monitoring Categories
Combustible Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
Oxygen Deciency/ Enrichment Atmospheres
Gas Detection Technologies
Gas Sampling
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Gas Information Table
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Approvals
Hazardous Locations Classication
CLASS I: Flammable Gases,
Vapors or Liquids
CLASS II: Combustible Dusts
CLASS III: Ignitable Fibers & Flyings
ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
A Selection of Recognized Testing Laboratories
System Installation
Section 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Sensor Placement Guide
Section 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Calibration
Section 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Resources
Section 1
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
8
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Alarm Set Point - The selected gas concentration level at which an alarm
is activated.
Ambient air - Surrounding air to which the sensing element is normally exposed
in its installed position.
Asphyxiant - A substance that impairs normal breathing by displacing oxygen.
Atmosphere - The total gases, vapors, mists and fumes present in a
specic location.
Autoignition Temperature [also spontaneous ignition temperature (SIT) - The
minimum temperature at which a combustible substance (gas, vapor, liquid
or solid) will ignite and sustain combustion under its own heat energy.
Bump Check (Functional Test) - Procedure used to verify the response of an
instrument which does not include actual adjustment. (also known as
Span Check)
Calibration - Procedure by which the performance of a detector is veried to
maximize the accuracy of its readings. A calibration is performed by: (1)
comparing the instrument with a known standard, and (2) adjusting the
instrument reading to match the standard.
Calibration Gas (also Span Gas) - A known concentration of gas that is used
to set instrument accuracy.
Ceiling - The maximum gas concentration to which a worker may be exposed.
Combustible Gas* - A gas that is capable of igniting and burning.
Combustion - The rapid oxidation of a substance involving heat and light.
Conned Space - An area that is large enough for an employee to bodily enter
and perform work, has limited or restricted areas of entry or exit, and is not
designed for continuous human occupancy.
* Any material that will burn at any temperature is considered to be
combustible, so this term covers all such materials, regardless of how easily
they ignite. The term ammable specically refers to those combustible gases
that ignite easily and burn rapidly.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
9
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
Controller - The part of a gas detector that provides centralized processing of
the gas signal. The controller receives and responds to the electrical signal
from the sensor to output an indication, alarm or other function.
Cross Sensitivity - The predictable response of a detector to compounds other
than the target gas.
Dew Point - The temperature at which a gas (air) is saturated with a
condensable component.
Diffusion - Process by which particles spread from regions of higher
concentration to regions of lesser concentration as a result of random
molecular movement. Also used to describe the process by which the
atmosphere being monitored is transported to the gas-sensing element by
natural random molecular movement.
Electrochemical Sensor - A sensor that uses an electrochemical reaction to
provide an electrical output proportional to the measured gas concentration.
Explosion - Rapid uncontrolled combustion process which generates a high
temperature, a large volume of gas, and a pressure or shock wave.
Explosionproof (XP) - Method of protection in which an explosion in a
hazardous location is prevented by containing any combustion within the
device, and thereby, preventing it from spreading into the atmosphere
surrounding the enclosure.
Explosive (or Flammable) Limits - Though a ammable liquid can support
combustion at its ash point temperature, to sustain it requires the vapor
concentration to be between two specic levels, or ammable limits,
the lower ammable limit and the upper ammable limit. (see below) Any
gas or vapor concentration that falls between these two limits is in the
ammable range.
Lower Explosive (or Flammable) Limit (LEL) - the minimum
concentration of a vapor (usually expressed as the percentage of
material in air) required to sustain a re.
Upper Explosive (or Flammable) Limit (UEL) - the maximum
concentration of a vapor (usually expressed as the percentage of
material in air) beyond which a re cannot be sustained, as the
amount of oxygen would be insufcient to continue the re.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
10
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
Explosive (or Flammable) Range - The range that encompasses any gas or
vapor concentration between the substances lower explosive limit and upper
explosive limit, and is therefore capable of sustaining combustion.
Flammable Gas* - This term applies to a special group of combustible gases
that ignite easily and burn rapidly.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor
to form an ignitable mixture with air (reaching 100% LEL).
Gas - A state of matter characterized by very low density and viscosity (relative
to liquids and solids), comparatively great expansion and contraction with
changes in pressure and temperature, ability to diffuse readily into other gases,
and ability to occupy with almost complete uniformity the whole of any
container. (Often used interchangeably with vapor.)
Gas Detection Instrument - A device composed of electrical, optical,
mechanical or chemical components that senses and responds to the presence
of gas mixtures.
General Purpose (GP) Enclosure - An enclosure intended for indoor use in non-
hazardous rated areas, primarily to prevent accidental contact of personnel
with the enclosed equipment in areas where unusual service conditions
do not exist.
Hazardous Atmosphere - (As dened by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146) An atmosphere
in which workers are exposed to the risk of death, injury, incapacitation or
illness.
Humidity - The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere.
IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health)**
The maximum concentration level of a substance (gas) from which a worker
could escape within 30 minutes without developing immediate, severe or
irreversible health effects, or other escape-impairing symptoms. IDLH levels are
measured in ppm (parts per million).
**As dened by NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health).
* Any material that will burn at any temperature is considered to be
combustible, so this term covers all such materials, regardless of how
easily they ignite. The term ammable specically refers to those combustible
gases that ignite easily and burn rapidly.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
11
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
Interferent - Any gas other than the target gas that will cause a response from a
gas sensor.
Intrinsic Safety (IS) - A method of protection in which an explosion is prevented
through an electrical design using energy storage devices in which the
possibility of ignition is eliminated.
LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) - (see Explosive Limits)
Monitor - An instrument used to continuously measure a condition that must be
kept within specic limits.
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
OSHA - United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
Oxygen Decient Atmosphere - An atmosphere containing less than 19.5%
oxygen by volume. (Possesses a risk of insufcient oxygen for breathing.)
Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere - An atmosphere containing more than 20.8%
oxygen by volume. (Possesses an increased risk of explosion.)
PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) - An airborne concentration of contaminant
that most workers can be exposed to repeatedly in a normal 8- hour day, in a
40-hour week, without adverse health effects. PEL levels are measured in ppm
(parts per million) and are established by OSHA.
Permanent (or Fixed) Gas Monitor - A gas monitor that is permanently installed
in a location.
PPM (Parts Per Million) - The most common unit of measurement for toxic
gases. A 10,000 parts per million gas concentration level equals a 1% by
volume exposure.
Relative Density - The density of a gas as compared to that of another gas
(typically air). In gas detection, relative density is used to assist in determining
optimum sensor placement. If the relative density of the monitored gas is less
than 1, then it will tend to rise in air; if the relative density is greater than 1 then
it will tend to sink in air and accumulate at ground level.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
12
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
Sensor - The part of a gas detector that converts the presence of a gas or vapor
into a measurable signal.
Smart Sensor - Sensor that contains a microprocessor, allowing it to record
data, communicate with other devices or control devices such as relays.
Span Check - (see Bump Check).
STEL - Short-term exposure limit ( See TLV - STEL).
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
52
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
53
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
54
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
55
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
57
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
58
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
59
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
61
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
62
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
63
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
64
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
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4
Electrochemical
Catalytic
Photoacoustic IR
Absorptive IR
Semiconductor
Thermal Conductivity
Combustible
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
T
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p
p
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c
a
b
l
e
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
69
GAS INFORMATION TABLE
1
Data obtained from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Fire
Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., 2002, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards,
1995, and material safety data sheets.
2
Data obtained from American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) 2002 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure
Indices (BEIs), and material safety data sheets.
3
The PELs are the maximum 8-hour time weighted average concentrations to
which a worker may be exposed, per 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1; [C] denotes a
ceiling limit, the maximum concentration to which a worker may be exposed.
They are to be determined from breathing-zone air samples. Data obtained from
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Documentation
for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations, 1995, and material
safety data sheets.
4
Data obtained from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants,
and material safety data sheets.
^ See 29 CFR 1910.1028 for specic circumstantial exceptions.
+ Density of gas at 1 atmosphere.
* Gas indicates substance is a gas at normal ambient temperature.
Section 4
A Selection of Gases
Typically Associated
with Various Industries
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
72
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Aerospace/Defense
Combustible Gases X X X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X X
Toluene X
VOCs
T
e
s
t
c
a
m
b
e
r
s
/
l
a
b
s
P
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g
L
a
u
n
c
h
p
a
d
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
73
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Agriculture
Combustible Gases X X X
Ammonia X X X X X
Carbon dioxide X X X X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene X X X
Ethylene oxide X
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide X
Hydrogen sulde X
Nitric oxide X X
Nitrogen dioxide X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X
Phosphine X X
Refrigerants X X
Sulfar Dioxide X X
VOCs X
C
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a
t
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n
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
74
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Automotive
Combustible Gases X X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide X
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide X X
Nitrogen dioxide X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X X
Sulfur dioxide X
VOCs X
R
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&
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m
b
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r
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
75
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Aviation
Combustible Gases X X X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide X X
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs X X X X
B
o
d
y
&
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s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
76
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Chemical
Combustible Gases X X X X X X
Ammonia X X X X X X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X X X
Chlorine X X X X X
Chlorine dioxide X X X X
Ethylene X X X X X X
Ethylene oxide X X X X X
Hydrogen chloride X X
Hydrogen cyanide X X X X X
Hydrogen sulde X X X X
Nitric oxide X X X X
Nitrogen dioxide X X X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X X
Phosphine X X X
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide X X
VOCs X X X X X
G
e
n
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r
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
77
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Chemical
Combustible Gases X X X X
Ammonia X X X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine X X
Chlorine dioxide X X
Ethylene X X
Ethylene oxide X
Hydrogen chloride X
Hydrogen cyanide X X
Hydrogen sulde X X
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
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Refrigerants X
Sulfar Dioxide X
VOCs X X X X
R
u
b
b
e
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t
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w
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g
a
r
e
a
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
78
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Coatings & Printing Adhesives
Combustible Gases X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfar Dioxide
VOCs X X
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
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n
g
o
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r
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o
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t
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p
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s
s
P
r
e
s
s
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
79
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Food & Beverage
Combustible Gases X X X X
Ammonia X X X X
Carbon dioxide X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene X X
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X X X
Sulfur dioxide X X X
VOCs
R
e
f
r
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g
e
r
a
t
i
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n
f
a
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p
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s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
80
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Food & Beverage
Combustible Gases X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine X X
Chlorine dioxide X X
Ethylene X
Ethylene oxide X X
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide X X
VOCs X X
W
a
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
81
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Food & Beverage
Combustible Gases X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide X
VOCs X
C
o
l
d
s
t
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&
t
r
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m
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)
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
82
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Foundries Fuel cell Manufacturing
Combustible Gases X X X X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide X
Hydrogen sulde X X X
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide X
VOCs
F
u
r
n
a
c
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
r
e
m
a
k
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n
g
,
m
e
t
a
l
p
r
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p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
&
p
o
u
r
i
n
g
M
e
t
a
l
-
m
i
n
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,
n
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s
h
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n
g
w
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r
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m
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k
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t
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s
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o
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f
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t
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r
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o
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r
,
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
83
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
HAZMAT
Combustible Gases X X X X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X
Chlorine X
Chlorine dioxide X
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine X
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide X
VOCs X X X X
H
a
z
M
a
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
F
l
a
m
m
a
b
l
e
l
i
q
u
i
d
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g
a
s
s
t
o
r
a
g
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&
p
u
m
p
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n
g
f
a
c
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l
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t
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C
o
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n
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d
s
p
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U
n
d
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r
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f
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n
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
84
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Heavy Manufacturing
Combustible Gases X X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride X
Hydrogen cyanide X
Hydrogen sulde X
Nitric oxide X X
Nitrogen dioxide X X X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X
Sulfur dioxide X X
VOCs X X X X
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
p
l
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t
s
H
e
a
t
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r
a
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f
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s
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h
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c
l
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m
i
s
s
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o
n
s
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e
t
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l
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p
l
a
t
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n
g
M
a
n
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f
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r
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p
r
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c
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s
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m
i
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s
F
o
r
k
l
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f
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&
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r
a
n
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
85
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Heavy Manufacturing
Combustible Gases X X X X
Ammonia X X
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide X
Chlorine X
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs X X X
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
/
o
f
f
-
l
o
a
d
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g
P
a
i
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t
h
s
D
e
g
r
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a
s
e
r
s
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
r
o
o
m
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
86
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
HVAC
Combustible Gases X X X X X
Ammonia X X X X X
Carbon dioxide X X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide X X
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide X X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X X X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs X X
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
b
o
i
l
e
r
s
o
r
d
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c
t
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g
,
g
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n
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r
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l
o
f
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a
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
P
a
r
k
i
n
g
g
a
r
a
g
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s
,
w
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r
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s
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s
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c
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p
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d
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u
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l
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s
,
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r
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r
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r
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r
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r
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m
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r
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M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
r
o
o
m
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
87
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Indoor air quality
Combustible Gases X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs X
O
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
(
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
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a
l
,
c
o
m
m
e
r
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i
a
l
,
r
e
s
i
d
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n
t
i
a
l
)
,
o
f
c
e
b
u
i
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d
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s
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a
r
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h
l
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b
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P
a
r
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g
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r
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s
,
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n
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l
s
,
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r
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o
m
s
,
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a
i
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a
n
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g
a
r
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s
,
c
r
a
w
l
s
p
a
c
e
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
88
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Iron & Steel
Combustible Gases X X X X X X
Ammonia X X X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X X
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide X X
VOCs X X
B
l
a
s
t
f
u
r
n
a
n
c
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
&
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
u
r
n
a
c
e
&
g
a
s
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
k
s
M
e
t
a
l
-
m
i
n
i
n
g
,
n
i
s
h
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
,
f
u
e
l
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
C
o
k
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
W
e
l
d
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n
g
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
r
o
o
m
s
(
c
h
i
l
l
e
r
s
)
M
o
t
o
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
&
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
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,
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v
e
n
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
89
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Medical
Combustible Gases X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene X X
Ethylene oxide X X X
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs X X X
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
r
o
o
m
s
,
o
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
a
r
e
a
s
A
l
c
o
h
o
l
s
,
s
i
c
k
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
s
t
e
r
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
s
M
R
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P
a
r
k
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n
g
g
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r
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s
D
e
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o
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t
a
m
i
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a
t
i
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r
e
a
s
M
e
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h
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c
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i
p
m
e
n
t
r
o
o
m
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
90
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Mining
Combustible Gases X X X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide X
Hydrogen sulde X X
Nitric oxide X X
Nitrogen dioxide X X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
z
e
d
c
o
a
l
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
M
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
c
o
m
b
u
s
t
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o
n
(
r
e
)
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d
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e
s
e
l
-
p
o
w
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r
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d
m
a
c
h
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n
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h
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s
t
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o
n
n
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d
s
p
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c
e
b
l
a
s
t
i
n
g
M
e
t
a
l
m
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n
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n
g
D
i
e
s
e
l
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
D
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e
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r
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d
m
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h
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e
r
y
,
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l
a
s
t
i
n
g
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
91
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Oil & Gas
Combustible Gases X X X X X X
Ammonia X X
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride X X X
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X X X X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide X X X
VOCs X X X X
P
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m
r
e
n
i
n
g
P
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
o
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
&
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
e
n
e
r
i
e
s
R
e
n
e
r
i
e
s
,
p
e
t
r
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c
h
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m
i
c
a
l
f
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t
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s
,
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r
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m
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r
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t
o
r
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n
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o
m
p
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t
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m
b
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s
t
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r
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c
o
k
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,
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r
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s
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k
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t
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r
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g
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
92
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Oil & Gas
Combustible Gases X X X X X X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X X X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide X X
VOCs X X X
R
e
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
g
e
n
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r
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t
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,
t
r
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m
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p
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c
e
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s
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s
,
c
r
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C
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e
s
)
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
g
a
s
l
i
n
e
s
O
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
d
r
i
l
l
i
n
g
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
-
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
&
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
o
o
m
s
,
l
i
v
i
n
g
s
p
a
c
e
s
,
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
o
m
s
R
e
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
s
t
r
e
a
m
s
a
m
p
l
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
p
l
a
n
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
r
o
o
m
s
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
o
x
i
d
i
z
e
r
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
93
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Paper & Pulp
Combustible Gases X X X
Ammonia X X
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine X X
Chlorine dioxide X
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X
Sulfur dioxide X X
VOCs X
P
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
b
l
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
)
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
p
u
l
p
i
n
g
,
K
r
a
f
t
p
u
l
p
i
n
g
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
s
(
t
a
n
k
s
,
p
i
t
s
,
s
u
m
p
s
,
v
a
t
s
)
P
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
&
d
y
i
n
g
)
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
r
o
o
m
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
94
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Pharmaceutical
Combustible Gases X X X X X
Ammonia X X X X X
Carbon dioxide X X
Carbon monoxide X
Chlorine X X X
Chlorine dioxide X
Ethylene X
Ethylene oxide X X X X
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide X X X X
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide X
VOCs X X X
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
,
g
a
s
l
e
a
k
s
S
o
l
v
e
n
t
v
a
p
o
r
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
L
a
b
s
,
n
e
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
L
a
b
s
,
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
,
l
i
q
u
i
d
-
s
o
l
i
d
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
g
r
a
n
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
&
t
a
b
l
e
t
-
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
r
y
i
n
g
&
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
,
n
e
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
95
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Pharmaceutical
Combustible Gases X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide X
Carbon monoxide X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs
N
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
b
l
a
n
k
e
t
i
n
g
o
f
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
v
e
s
s
e
l
s
,
r
e
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
c
e
n
t
r
i
f
u
g
e
s
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
b
r
e
a
t
h
i
n
g
a
i
r
U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
96
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Power generation
Combustible Gases X X X X X X
Ammonia X X X
Carbon dioxide X X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X X X
Chlorine X
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride X X
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X X X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide X X X
Sulfur hexauoride X
VOCs X X
H
o
m
e
f
u
r
n
a
c
e
l
e
a
k
s
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
t
s
F
u
e
l
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
F
u
e
l
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
L
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
&
u
n
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
F
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
e
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
s
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
C
o
a
l
&
f
u
e
l
o
i
l
o
x
i
d
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
(
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
)
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
97
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Semiconductor fabs
Combustible Gases X X
Ammonia X
Arsine X
Bromine X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine X
Chlorine dioxide X
Diborane X
Germane X
Hydrogen chloride X X
Hydrogen cyanide
Nitric oxide X
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X
Phosphine X
Refrigerants X X
Silane X
VOCs X X
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
A
s
d
o
p
i
n
g
a
g
e
n
t
i
n
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
,
d
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
o
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
h
e
c
m
c
a
l
v
a
p
o
r
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
C
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
a
g
e
n
t
s
,
u
o
r
i
n
a
t
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
L
i
t
h
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
e
t
c
h
i
n
g
,
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
m
e
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
s
s
e
m
b
l
y
&
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
C
h
i
l
l
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
b
r
e
a
t
h
i
n
g
a
i
r
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
98
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Shipyard/marine
Combustible Gases X X X X X X X X
Ammonia X X X X
Carbon dioxide X
Carbon monoxide X X X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide X
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants X X X X
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs X X
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
(
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
h
o
l
d
s
)
F
u
e
l
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
&
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
r
o
o
m
W
a
s
t
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
C
h
i
l
l
e
r
s
L
N
G
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
O
i
l
t
a
n
k
e
r
p
u
m
p
s
U
.
S
.
N
a
v
y
s
h
i
p
s
F
e
r
r
y
b
o
a
t
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
99
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Water & Wastewater
Combustible Gases X X X X X X X X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X X X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine X X X
Chlorine dioxide X X X
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde X X X X X X X
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide X
VOCs X X
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
;
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
a
n
k
s
,
r
o
o
m
s
&
p
i
p
e
s
D
i
g
e
s
t
e
r
s
,
d
i
g
e
s
t
e
r
g
a
s
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
S
t
a
g
n
a
n
t
g
a
s
,
i
n
c
i
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
P
l
a
n
t
p
u
m
p
s
,
p
l
a
n
t
s
e
w
a
g
e
b
a
s
i
n
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
e
n
t
l
e
a
k
s
o
r
d
u
m
p
i
n
g
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
S
e
w
e
r
w
o
r
k
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
D
e
c
h
l
o
r
i
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
a
n
k
s
W
e
t
w
e
l
l
i
n
u
e
n
t
P
u
m
p
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
100
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Welding
Combustible Gases X X
Ammonia X
Carbon dioxide X
Carbon monoxide X X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene X
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
,
a
r
c
a
i
r
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
,
u
x
-
s
h
i
e
l
d
e
d
&
g
a
s
s
h
i
e
l
d
e
d
a
r
c
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
m
e
t
a
l
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
&
a
m
e
g
o
u
g
i
n
g
,
g
a
s
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
h
e
r
m
i
t
e
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
l
a
s
e
r
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
&
c
h
i
l
l
i
n
g
,
a
r
c
a
i
r
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
,
a
r
c
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
&
g
a
s
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
m
e
t
a
l
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
&
a
m
e
g
o
u
g
i
n
g
,
b
r
a
z
i
n
g
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
101
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated
with Various Industries
Industry
Welding
Combustible Gases X X
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide X
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide X
O
2
deciency/enrichment
X X
Phosphine
Refrigerants
Sulfur dioxide
VOCs
A
r
c
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
&
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
,
s
t
u
d
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
a
r
c
+
a
i
r
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
,
g
a
s
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
m
e
t
a
l
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
&
a
m
e
g
o
u
g
i
n
g
C
o
n
n
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
b
e
a
m
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
Section 5
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class I: Flammable Gasses, Vapors or Liquids
Class II: Combustible Dusts
Class III Ignitable Fibers & Flyings
ATEX - Explosive Atmospheres
A Selection of Recognized Testing Laboratories
System Installation
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
104
Hazardous Locations Classication
The hazardous location classication system was designed to promote the safe
use of electrical equipment in environments dened as hazardous areas. A
hazardous area is a location in which the potential presence of a ammable
gas/ air mixture requires special precautions to reduce the possibility of any
electronics in the hazardous area becoming a source of ignition.
In the gas detection applications, hazardous areas are generally dened by two
factors: the type of gas that may be present, and the degree of probability that it
will be present at any given instant. Hazardous areas are dened slightly
differently in various countries, but essentially the same result is achieved.
Areas are classied according to the likelihood that they will produce a
combustion hazard for the electronic device. In a hazardous area each
apparatus must possess the appropriate approvals for safe operation in that
area (i.e., to ensure that it does not become a source of ignition). Various
methods of protection are used to meet this need.
Area Classication
Each area is classied according to the likelihood that the hazard will
be present at any given instant. There are two major hazardous location
classications:
Classication 1: Used in North American installations (US National
Electric Code and Canadian Electric Code). Areas are subdivided into
Classes and Divisions.
Classication 2: Used in European (CENEL EC) and International
Electrotechnical Committee- (IEC) aligned countries such as Australia;
also used in some North American installations. Areas are categorized
into Zones.
Gas Groups
Gases are grouped according to their ignition energies which are produced
from spark sources (from most easily ignited to least easily ignited).
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
105
Hazardous Locations Classication
Temperature Class
Gases are also grouped according to their ignition temperature. This is the
maximum surface temperature that can be attained by an apparatus or
component at maximum-rated ambient temperature. Six basic temperature
classes are used to categorize this factor (T1 through T6). The higher the
temperature class, the lower the maximum surface temperature and thus the
wider the range of gases for which the apparatus is suitable.
Protection Methods
Various forms of ignition protection are used, such as intrinsic safety,
explosionproof, ameproof, purging/ pressurization, hermetic sealing and
non-sparking design.
Environmental Protection
Environmental protection refers to design methods used to minimize equipment
exposure to invasive environmental conditions such as water, ice, dust and
corrosion. As with Hazardous Area Classications, equipment environmental
protection ratings vary somewhat within and outside of North America. As seen
in the following two tables, National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) and Ingress Protection (IP) Codes provide similar information regarding
instrument protection against various environmental conditions.
Attaining one rating does not imply that the other ratings have also been met.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
106
Hazardous Locations Classication
INGRESS PROTECTION (IP) CODES
(IEC/EN 60529)
FIRST NUMERAL SECOND NUMERAL
Protection against solid bodies Protection against
liquids
No Protection No Protection
Objects Greater
Than 50mm
Vertically
Dripping Water
Objects Greater
Than 12mm
Angled Dripping
Water - 75 to 90
Objects Greater
Than 2.5mm
Sprayed Water
Objects Greater
Than 1.0mm
Splashed Water
Dust-Protected Water Jets
Dust-Tight Heavy Seas
Effects of Immersion
Indenite Immersion
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7
8
Example: IP65 equipment is
dust-tight and protected
against water jets
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
107
Hazardous Locations Classication
Enclosure Ratings
NEMA, UL, &
CSA Type Rating
Approximate
IEC/IP
classication
Abbreviated protection description
1 IP30 Indoor, from contact with contents
2 IP31 Indoor, limited, from dirt & water
3 IP64
Outdoor, from rain, sleet, windblown
dust & ice damage
3R IP32 Outdoor, from rain, sleet & ice damage
4 IP66
Indoor & outdoor, from windblown dust,
rain, splashing & hose directed water
& ice damage
4X IP66
Indoor & outdoor, from corrosion,
windblown dust, rain, splashing & hose
directed water & ice damage
6 IP67
Indoor & outdoor, from hose-directed
water, water entry during submersion &
ice damage
12 IP55
Indoor, from dust, falling dirt & dripping
non-corrosive liquids
13 IP65
Indoor, from dust, spraying water, oil &
non-corrosive liquids
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
108
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class I: Flammable Gases, Vapors or Liquids
Class I Area Classication
Division 1:
Where ignitable concentrations of ammable gases, vapors or liquids can exist
all of the time or some of the time under normal operating conditions.
Division 2:
Where ignitable concentrations of ammable gases, vapors or liquids are not
likely to exist under normal operating conditions.
Zone 0:
Where ignitable concentrations of ammable gases, vapors or liquids are present
continuously or for long periods of time under normal operating conditions.
Zone 1:
Where ignitable concentrations of ammable gases, vapors or liquids are likely
to exist under normal operating conditions.
Zone 2:
Where ignitable concentrations of ammable gases, vapors or liquids are not
likely to exist under normal operating conditions.
Class I Groups
Division 1 and 2
A acetylene
B hydrogen, fuel and combustible process gases containing more than 30%
hydrogen by volume, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard such as
butadiene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and acrolein
C cyclopropane, ethyl ether, ethylene, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard
D acetone, ammonia, benzene, butane, ethanol, gasoline, hexane, methane,
natural gas, naptha, propane, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard
Zone 0, 1 and 2
IIC acetylene and hydrogen, fuel and combustible process gases containing
more than 30% hydrogen by volume, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard
such as butadiene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and acrolein
IIB cyclopropane, ethyl ether, ethylene, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard
IIA acetone, ammonia, benzene, butane, ethanol, gasoline, hexane, methane,
natural gas, naptha, propane, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
109
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class I: Flammable Gases, Vapors or Liquids
Class I Temperature Codes
(Maximum surface temperature of apparatus)
Division 1 and 2
T1 (450C)
T2 (300C)
T2A, T2B,T2C,T2D
(280C, 260C, 230C, 215C)
T3 (200C)
T3A, T3B, T3C
(180C, 165C, 160C)
T4 (135C)
T4A (120C)
T5 (100C)
T6 (85C)
Zone 0, 1, and 2
T1 (450C)
T2 (300C)
-
T3 (200C)
-
T4 (135C)
T5 (100C)
T6 (85C)
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
110
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class I: Flammable Gases, Vapors or Liquids
Class I, Division 1 and 2 Protection Methods
Applicable Certication
Documents
Area Protection Methods USA Canada
Div. 1
Explosionproof
Intrinsic safety (2 fault)
Purged/pressurized (Type X or Y)
UL 1203
UL 913
NFPA 496
CSA-30
CSA-157
NFPA 496
Div. 2
Hermetically sealed
Nonincendive
Non-Sparking
Purged/Pressurized (Type Z)
Any Class I, Div. 1 method
Any Class I, Zone 0, 1 or 2 method
UL 1604
UL 1604
UL 1604
NFPA 496
UL 2279
CSA-213
CSA-213
CSA-213
NFPA 496
CSA-E79
Series
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
111
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class I: Flammable Gases, Vapors or Liquids
Class I, Zone 0, 1 and 2 Protection Methods
Applicable Certication Documents
Area Protection Methods USA Canada
IECEx
Scheme
Europe
Intrinsic safety, 'ia' (2 fault)
Special requirements
UL 60079-11
Pending
E60079-11
No
IEC 60079-11
IEC 60079-26
EN 60079-11
EN 60079-26
Encapsulation, m
Flameproof, d
Increased safety, e
Intrinsic safety, ib (1 fault)
Oil immersion, o
Powder lling, q
Pressurization, px or py
Any Class I, Zone 0
Any Class I, Div. 1
UL 60079-18
UL 60079-1
UL 60079-7
UL 60079-11
UL 60079-6
UL 60079-5
ISA 12.04.01
Yes
Yes
CSA-E79-18
E60079-1
E60079-7
E60079-11
E60079-6
E60079-5
E60079-2
Yes
Yes
IEC 60079-18
IEC 60079-1
IEC 60079-7
IEC 60079-11
IEC 60079-6
IEC 60079-5
IEC 60079-2
Yes
No
EN 60079-18
EN 60079-1
EN 60079-7
EN 60079-11
EN 50015
EN 50017
EN 60079-2
Yes
No
Non-sparking, 'nA'
Enclosed break, 'nC'
Energy limited, 'nL'
Restricted breathing, 'nR'
Pressurization, 'pz'
Any Class I, Zone 0
or 1 method
Any Class I, Div. 1
or 2 method
UL 60079-15
UL 60079-15
UL 60079-15
UL 60079-15
ISA 12.04.01*
Yes
Yes
E60079-15
E60079-15
E60079-15
E60079-15
E60079-2
Yes
Yes
IEC 60079-15
IEC 60079-15
IEC 60079-15
IEC 60079-15
IEC 60079-2
Yes
No
EN 60079-15
EN 60079-15
EN 60079-15
EN 60079-15
EN 60079-2
Yes
No
Z
o
n
e
0
Z
o
n
e
1
Z
o
n
e
2
Note: 60079-0 General requirements used in conjunction with 60079-xx. UL 60079-xx equivalents are available
as ANSI/ISA 60079-xx.
Note 2: UL 60079-xx equivalents are available as ANSI/ISA 60079-xx.
Note 3: Requirements subject to change without notice. Check your local authorithy having jurisdiction for
current requirements.
* See NFPA 496 for Type X, Y, and Z.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
112
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class II: Combustible Dusts
Class II Area Classication
Division 1:
Where ignitable concentrations of combustible dusts can exist all of the time or
some of the time under normal operating conditions.
Division 2:
Where ignitable concentrations of combustible dusts are not likely to exist
under normal operating conditions.
Class II Groups
Division 1 and 2
E (metals Div. 1 only)
F (coal)
G (grain)
Class II Temperature Codes
Division 1 and 2
T1 (450C)
T2 (300C)
T2A, T2B,T2C,T2D
(280C, 260C, 230C, 215C)
T3 (200C)
T3A, T3B, T3C
(180C, 165C, 160C)
T4 (135C)
T4A (120C)
T5 (100C)
T6 (85C)
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
113
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class II: Combustible Dusts
Class II, Division 1 and 2 Protection Methods
Applicable Certication Documents
Area Protection Methods USA Canada
Div. 1
Dust-ignitionproof
Intrinsic safety
Pressurized
UL 1203
UL 913
NFPA 496
CSA-25 or CSA-E1241-1-1
CSA-157
NFPA 496
Div. 2
Dusttight
Hermetically sealed
Nonincendive
Pressurized
Any class II, Div. 1 method
UL 1604
UL 1604
UL 1604
NFPA 496
CSA-157 or CSA-E1241-1-1
NFPA 496
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
114
Hazardous Locations Classication
Hazardous Locations Markings
Class I, II & III, Division 1 & 2 (USA & Canada) This marking would include:
Class(es), Division(s), Gas/Dust Group(s), Temperature Code
Example: Class I, Division 1, Group C & D, T4A
Class I, Zone 0, 1 & 2 (USA) This marking would include:
For Zone Listings based on 60079-xx Class, Zone, AEx,
Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code
Example: Class I, Zone 1, AEx de IIB T4
Class I, Zone 0, 1 & 2 (Canada) This marking would include:
For Zone Listings based on Canadian Zone Certication
Documents Class, Zone, Ex, Protection Method(s),
Gas Group, Temperature Code
Example:Class I, Zone 1, Ex de IIB T4
Zone 0, 1 & 2 (IECEx Scheme) This marking would include:
Ex, Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code
Example: Ex de IIB T4
Zone 0, 1 & 2 (Europe) This marking would include:
EEx, Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code
Example: Ex de IIB T4
ATEX Directive (Europe) In addition to the European Ex marking string
noted above, this marking would include:
Non-mining: CE, Notied Body (NB) Identier, , Equipment Group &
Category, G (gas)/D (dust)
Example: (for DEMKO): 0539 II 2
Mining: CE, Notied Body (NB) Identier, , Equipment Group
& Category
Example: (for DEMKO): 0539 I 2
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
115
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class III: Ignitable Fibers & Flyings
Class III Area Classication
Division 1:
Where easily ignitable bers or materials producing combustible yings
are handled, manufactured or used.
Division 2:
Where easily ignitable bers are stored or handled.
Class III Groups
Division 1 and 2
None
Class III Temperature Codes
Division 1 and 2
None
Note: Article 503 of the NEC limits the maximum
temperature for Class III equipment to 165C for
equipment not subject to overloading and to
120C for equipment that may be overloaded.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
116
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class III: Ignitable Fibers & Flyings
Class III, Division 1 and 2 Protection Methods
Applicable Certication Documents
Area Protection Methods USA Canada
Div. 1
Dusttight
Hermetically sealed
Intrinsic safety
UL 1604
UL 1604
UL 913
CSA--157
CSA-157
Div. 2
Nonincendive
Any Class III, Div. 1 method
UL 1604
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
117
Hazardous Locations Classication
ULs Hazardous Locations Standards
UL 515 Electrical Resistance Heat Tracing for Commercial
and Industrial Applications
ANSI/UL 583 Electric-Battery-Powered Industrial Trucks
ANSI/UL 674 Electric Motors and Generators for Use in Division 1
Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 698 Industrial Control Equipment for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 698A Industrial Control Panels Relating to Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 781 Portable Electric Lighting Units for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 783 Electric Flashlights and Lanterns for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 823 Electric Heaters for Use in Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 844 Electric Lighting Fixtures for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 877 Circuit Breakers and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures for
Use in Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 886 Outlet Boxes and Fittings for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 894 Switches for Use in Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 913 Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Apparatus
for Use in Class I, II, and III, Division I, Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
118
Hazardous Locations Classication
ULs Hazardous Locations Standards
ANSI/UL 1002 Electrically Operated Valves for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 1010 Receptacle-Plug Combinations for Use in Hazardous
(Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 1067 Electrically Conductive Equipment and Materials for Use in
Flammable Anesthetizing Locations
ANSI/UL 1203 Explosionproof and Dust-Ignition-Proof Electrical Equipment
for Use in Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 1207 Sewage Pumps for Use in Hazardous (Classied) Locations
UL 1604 Electrical Equipment for Use in Class I and II, Division 2,
and Class III Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 2208 Solvent Distillation Units
UL 2225 Metal-Clad Cables and Cable-Sealing Fittings for Use in
Hazardous (Classied) Locations
ANSI/UL 2279 Electrical Equipment for Use in Class I, Zone 0, 1 and 2
Hazardous (Classied) Locations
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
119
CE Approval
CE is a labeling system required by some European countries to identify those
products which are permitted to be sold in EU (European Union) member states.
CE approval is used to verify compliance with certain European health and
safety rules known as Directives. The Directives relevant to permanent gas
detection instrumentation are the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Directive, Low Voltage Directive and ATEX Directive.
EMC Directive
The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC is designed to limit
the effects that one piece of equipment may have on another piece of
equipment due to the electrical interference it produces. The effects of such
interference can be severe enough to cause a device to shut down when
another one is switched on. Electrical signals called EMI (Electromagnetic
Interference) are the main cause of these effects. Most of the interference is in
the form of radio waves (electromagnetic radiation, also called emissions)
that are produced inside electrical equipment as a result of high speed
communications involving the switching of high speed currents. The EMC
Directive requires that equipment emissions be minimized and that the device
be rendered immune to the emissions of other equipment. This is accomplished
by designing the unit to meet the requirements set forth in European standard
EN 50270, which sets limits on the amount of emissions permitted and
susceptibility levels (immunity) for equipment. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD),
another form of electrical interference that can disrupt equipment functions,
is also addressed in EN 50270.
Low Voltage Directive
The Low Voltage Directive (LVD) is a European personal safety Directive that is
comparable to a US/Canadian re/shock and safety approval. It applies to AC
line powered devices and high voltage DC equipment. Specically, the Directive
applies to any equipment powered from a 50 VAC or 75 VDC or higher power
source. The standard used for designing to compliance is EN/IEC 61010.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
120
ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
ATEX is the term used for the European Unions Directive 94/9/EC which
concerns equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially
explosive atmospheres. The purpose of the directive is to facilitate trade within
the EU by aligning the laws of the Member States in Europe regarding safety
requirements for hazardous area products.
ATEX approval requires that the following issues be met:
1. Safety requirements
The product must meet the applicable hazardous location requirements.
2. Performance requirements
If the product is designed to monitor combustible gas and/or oxygen, then it
must meet certain performance criteria in elds such as response time,
accuracy and linearity.
3. Quality management certication
The manufacturer must have an approved quality management system.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
121
ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
EXPLOSION SAFETY HIERARCHY
(European Standard EN 1127-1)
Avoid the hazard
Use non-ammable materials, or
Contain the ammable materials in order to avoid the formation of an
explosive atmosphere
Control the risk
If an explosive atmosphere cannot be avoided, even under
abnormal conditions:
Prevent ignition of the explosive atmosphere, or
Control the effects of explosions to avoid damage to people
and property
CONTROLLING
EXPLOSIONS
Use a protective system to:
Contain
Isolate
Suppress
actively
Suppress
passively
Relieve (vent)
the explosion
PREVENT IGNITION
Identify potential ignition sources
Electric arcs Compression ignition
Electric sparks Static Electricity
Flames Electromagnetic
radiation
Hot surfaces Ionizing radiation
Mechanical impact Chemical reactions
Friction Acoustic energy
A B
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
122
A B
D
PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
Explosion suppression systems
Explosionproof equipment
Flame arresters
Explosion venting devices
Inerting
Limitation of concentration
of combustibles
Dust explosion venting systems
Gas explosion venting systems
Explosion suppression devices
Active explosion extinguishing
barriers
Explosion barriers for mines
Mechanical explosion barriers
PROTECT IGNITION SOURCES
Category of protection
(EU Directive 94/9/EC ATEX)
Mining equipment
Group I Category M1
Very high level of protection.
Equipment can be operated in
presence of explosive atmosphere
Category M2
High level of protection. Equipment to
be de-energized in presence of
explosive atmosphere
Non-mining equipment
Group II
Category 1
Very high level of protection. Used
where explosive atmosphere is
present continuously or for long
periods of time (Zone 0, 20)*
Category 2
High level of protection. Used where
explosive atmosphere is likely to
occur in normal service (Zone 1, 21)*
Category 3
Normal level of protection. Used
where explosive atmosphere is
unlikely to occur and would be
infrequent and for short time
(Zone 2,22)*
* EN 1127-1:1997. Clause 6.3
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
123
ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
Methods Of Protection: Standards
Electrical equipment for ses, vapors and mists (G) Category
Code Cenelec EN IEC M1 M2 1 2 3
General requirements 50014 79-0
Oil immersion o 50015 79-6 +
Pressurized p 50016 79-2 +
Powder lled q 50017 79-5 +
Flameproof enclosure d 50018 79-1 + +
Increased safety e 50019 79-7 + +
Intrinsic safety ia 50020 79-11 + +
Intrinsic safety ib 50020 79-11 + +
Encapsulated m 50028 79-18 +
Type of protection n n 50021 79-15 +
Category I G 50284* - +
Category MI 50303* - +
Electrical equipment for ammable dusts (D)
Construction and
testing
50281-1-1 + + +
Non-electrical equipment CEN EN
General requirements xxxx Pt 1*
Restrictive breathing
enclosure
xxxx Pt 2*
Flameproof enclosure xxxx Pt 3*
Inherent safety xxxx Pt 4*
Constructional safety xxxx Pt 5*
Control of ignition
sources
xxxx Pt 6*
E
*Standards in preparation
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
124
Note for reference only, ATEX now supercedes Cenelec
ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
125
A Selection of Recognized Testing Laboratories
North America
CSA Canadian Standards Association
ENT Entela, Inc.
ETL ETL SEMKO, Intertek Testing Service
FMGT FM Global Technologies LLC
MET MET Laboratories, Inc.
MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration
UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
Australia
TestSafe
TestSafe Australia Safety Engineering, Testing
and Certication Services
Brazil
CEPEL Centro De Pesquisas De Enrgia Electrica
France
INERIS Institut National De L'Environnemant Industriel Et Des
Germany
DMT Deutsche Montan Technologie GmbH
TUV TUV Product Services GmbH
KEMA KEMA Registered Quality, Inc.
Russia
GOSSTAND ART Gosstandart of Russia
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
126
Approvals
System Installation
Permanent gas detection systems can be used in both hazardous and non-
hazardous rated locations. In North America, if a monitoring system is located in
a hazardous area then it must carry the appropriate approvals for that area,
(Class, Division and Group). (See Hazardous Location Classication earlier in
this section for descriptions of hazardous area classications.) Most hazardous
area monitoring applications require Class 1, Division 1 approval, which means
that ignitable atmospheres are likely to be present, and thus protection from
ignition sources is required to reduce the possibility of an explosion. The three
protection methods approved for electrical equipment in this type of area are
explosionproof, intrinsically safe and purged/pressurized.
I. Explosionproof
The device prevents an explosion in a hazardous location by containing any
combustion within the device, and thereby preventing it from spreading into the
atmosphere surrounding the enclosure. (Note: wires connected to
explosionproof classied devices must be contained in an explosionproof
classied conduit.)
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
127
Approvals
Instead of having both the sensor and the controller rated explosionproof (XP),
explosionproof sensor housings are sometimes used with general purpose (GP)
controllers that are located in non-hazardous locations.
Widely used in US
More costly to install and maintain
Requires conduit and seals
Non-intrusive calibration enhances installation
If atmosphere ignites, it remains inside enclosure
II. Intrinsically Safe
The device prevents explosions in hazardous locations through an electrical
design in which the possibility of ignition is eliminated. To achieve this,
protective components are often added in series with energy storage devices.
The protective components eliminate the risk of ignition from sparks or an
increased component surface temperature.
In this situation, an intrinsically safe sensor assembly is located in the
hazardous area and an intrinsically safe barrier is installed in the non-
hazardous area to reduce the chance of an electrical spark reaching the
hazardous area. If multiple sensors are required, then multiple barriers
are used.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
128
Approvals
Eliminates explosion proof conduit for electrical safety
Requires electrical barriers to limit energy to sensor
Both heat and electrical energy are kept below ignition thresholds
III. Purged/ Pressurized
Purged/ pressurized equipment cabinets containing spark-producing devices
exclude ammable atmospheres. This is done by using compressed air or an
inert gas such as nitrogen to pressurize the cabinets interior. The unit is also
designed to turn off the spark-producing device and trigger an alarm in the
event of a pressurization failure. NFPA-496 contains specic design
requirements for purged/ pressurized equipment.
There are three types of purging:
Type X purging reduces the classication within an enclosure
from Division 1 to nonhazardous
Type Y purging reduces the classication within an enclosure
from Division 1 to Division 2
Type Z purging reduces the classication within an enclosure
from Division 2 to nonhazardous
When a purged/pressurized system is used, the unit is located in the hazardous
area. Purging/ pressurization works in one of two ways: by either preventing
outside atmospheres from entering the enclosed unit, or by removing ammable
gases from the enclosure by ushing it with inert gas and maintaining internal
pressure on the unit.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
129
Approvals
IV. Flameproof
With the ameproof method of protection, the sample is pumped from the
hazardous area to the GP sensor, which is located in the non-hazardous area.
Flashback arrestors are installed at the hazardous area barrier to reduce the
chance of an ignition source entering the hazardous area.
For each of the preceding circumstances, the detection system components
should have a label similar to those shown below, indicating that they have
received the approvals appropriate to the environment in which they are to be
installed.
NOTE: When installing a gas detection system, always follow National Electric
Code (NEC) installation requirements and check the manufacturers guidelines
for calibration.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
130
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M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
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Section 6
Sensor Placement Guide
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
134
Quantity and Placement of Sensors
MSA gas detection systems monitor the concentration of specied
gases at the immediate location of the sensor. The installation
instructions and other information from MSA provide only basic
guidance on the properties of the gas in question as well as the effects
of certain environmental conditions on the function of the sensor. While
this information may be used to help determine the number of sensors
needed and the optimum sensor placement, do not rely on this
information alone to determine the appropriate quantity and placement
of the sensors for any particular site or area to be monitored. It is
recommended that the user consult with appropriate industrial hygiene,
environmental, and/or health professionals when determining the
quantity and placement of sensors to adequately monitor the specic
area in question.
WARNING
MSA gas detection systems monitor the gas concentration only at the
immediate location of the sensor. The user must perform an appropriate
environmental analysis on the specic installation site to determine the
preferred quantity of sensors and optimum sensor placement. Improper
installation can cause a gas release to be undetected and result in serious
personal injury or loss of life.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
135
Sensor Placement Guide
MSA Guide to Gas Sensor Selection and Placement
STEP 1: To determine where to place sensors, perform an analysis of the
potential gas hazards in your facility
STEP 2: Create drawings indicating all potential leak sites, as well as the
severity of each sites hazard potential
There are two main categories of hazardous locations:
A. Potential gas discharge points. These are places where hazardous
gases may be released, such as valve stem seals, gaskets,
compression ttings and expansion joints.
B. Potential contact areas. These are places where hazardous gases
may endanger workers or damage equipment or property. Examples
include populated areas, conned spaces, pits, stairwells, crawl
spaces, shelters, and residential, business and industrial
environments located nearby.
STEP 3: Since gases do not always behave in the same way, take air ow
conditions, as well as potential gas pockets, into consideration before placing
sensors. MSA smoke tubes (P/N 458481) can be useful in measuring the
direction and rate of air ow to determine areas where gases may accumulate.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
136
Sensor Placement Guide
In general, when placing sensors the following principles should be considered:
Place sensors in areas where the air currents are likely to produce the
highest gas concentration, including areas where gas buildup is likely,
such as corners or stopping points of moving devices that release gas.
If you are attempting to take a representative room sample, do not
place sensors near entrances or fresh air vents (because sample
concentration will be diluted by incoming air) unless there is a need to
sample that specic area of the room.
Place sensors close to the possible gas/leak source.
Place combustible gas sensors between the potential leak and the
ignition source.
Place toxic (and oxygen deciency) sensors between the potential
leak and the populated area, and in the workers breathing zone.
Consider ease of access to the sensor for maintenance requirements,
such as periodic calibration. Use a remote sensor for high or
inaccessible locations.
Avoid mounting sensors near radio transmitters or other RFI-producing
sources (e.g., welding activity and induction heaters), to reduce
possible RFI interference.
Avoid locations where airborne particles may coat or contaminate the
sensor, such as paint booths.
Install in a position that prevents water or dust accumulation on
the sensor head (which may impede the diffusion of gas into the
sensor). Preferred position is facing downward; horizontal placement
is also acceptable.
Facility air intakes are generally good locations for sensors.
Ensure that the entire area in question is sufciently monitored,
including little-used areas such as closets, warehouses and other
storage areas.
Factor in the vapor density of the monitored gases, when compared
to air.
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
137
Sensor Placement Guide
Combustible Gas Sensors
Hydrogen and methane are lighter than air, so place sensors near the
ceiling, and in ceiling corners where pockets of air may collect.
For electric motor monitoring, place sensors near the ignition source.
Gasoline is heavier than air, so place sensors nearbut not directly
onthe oor.
When monitoring multiple combustible gases, calibrate the instrument
for the least sensitive gas.
Toxic & Oxygen Gas Sensors
Place carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors for indoor air
quality monitoring near air intake ducts.
In general, in occupied areas (e.g., conned spaces), monitor for
oxygen and toxic gases in the workers breathing zone (4-6 feet). This
will vary, depending on whether the density of the gas is heavier, the
same as, or lighter than, air or oxygen.
Toxic & Combustible Sensors
Place sensors near the potential release source for process
monitoring applications (e.g., pipelines, valves).
Gas cylinder storage areas: If they are ventilated, place sensor near
the return air vent.
Acid/ solvent drum storage areas: These gases are heavier than air
(e.g., heavy hydrocarbons) so place sensors close to the ground and in
corners where air may collect in pockets.
If the hazard is outside, place sensors near the air intake for both
combustible and toxic gas monitoring; if the hazard is inside, place
sensors near the exhaust.
Gases Gas Density Sensor Placement
carbon dioxide,
heavy
hydrocarbons
greater than air closer to the ground
hydrogen,
methane
less than air near the ceiling
carbon monoxide,
nitrogen
similar to air according to air current path, at or
near breathing level (usually 4 to 6
ft. from oor)
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
138
Sensor Placement Guide
Some gases may collect in pockets in room corners, at both oor and
ceiling levels. Place sensors in these areas if necessary.
Referigerant Monitor Placement
ASHRAE 15 states that a refrigerant monitor capable of detecting the
TLV for a refrigerant gas must be installed in a mechanical equipment
room.
Place the end of the sample line in the location most likely to develop a
refrigerant gas leak or spill. Such areas include valves, ttings and the
chiller itself. Also, monitor any refrigerant storage location. It is good
practice to keep all sampling lines as short as possible when an
aspirated or pumped sampling system is used.
Since most refrigerant gases are heavier than air, monitor these gases
close to the oor. Any pits, stairwells or trenches are likely to ll with
refrigerant gas before the main area. It may be necessary to monitor
these locations for refrigerant gas.
If ventilation exists in the chiller room, MSA smoke tubes (P/N 458481)
will help to determine the most appropriate gas monitoring locations.
Monitor displays can be placed just outside the doorway of the
monitored area. Personnel can check the status of the instrument
before entering the area.
ASHRAE Standard 147P states the following;
4.8 Refrigerant Monitor. On Large refrigerating systems for which a
refrigerant monitor is required per ASHRAE 15, a refrigerant monitor
capable of detecting refrigerant concentrations of 1 ppm by volume or
less shall be used to provide early warning of leaks.
Guideline for Sensor Placement
When monitoring multiple combustible gases, calibrate the instrument for the
least sensitive gas.
Note: This is for informational purposes only and is intended for use as a
general guide to important considerations in sensor placement. It is not
intended to serve as an exhaustive review of all considerations. Due to the
large number of variables present, each site should be considered individually
by a trained professional. The services of a Certied Industrial Hygienist
(CIH) or Certied Safety Professional (CSP) should be considered if an onsite
survey is required.
Section 7
Calibration
Calibration
Instrument Calibration
Whether an instrument warns and/ or alarms at the proper time depends on its
ability to translate the quantity of gas it detects into an accurate reading.
Calibration refers to an instruments measurement accuracy relative to a
known concentration of gas. Gas detectors perform relative measurements:
rather than independently assessing the quantity of gas present, they measure
the concentration of the air sample and then compare it to the known
concentration of the gas that the instrument is congured to sample. This
known concentration serves as the instruments measurement scale, or
reference point.
If the instruments reference point has moved, then its reading will also move.
This is called calibration drift and it happens to most instruments over time.
(Common causes of calibration drift include the normal degradation of sensors,
exposure of the sensor to poisons, and harsh operating conditions.) When an
instrument experiences calibration drift it can still measure the quantity of gas
present, but it cannot convert it into an accurate numerical reading. Regular
calibration with a certied standard gas concentration updates the instruments
reference point, re-enabling it to produce accurate readings.
There are two methods of verifying instrument calibration: through a functional
or bump test (or span check) or by performing a full calibration. Each is
appropriate under certain conditions.
Bump (or Span) Check
A bump check is a means of verifying calibration by exposing the instrument
to a known concentration of test gas. The instrument reading is then compared
to the actual quantity of gas present (as indicated on the cylinder). If the
instruments response is within an acceptable range of the actual concen-
tration, then its calibration is veried. When performing a bump test, the test
gas concentration should be high enough to trigger the instrument alarm. If the
bump test results are not within the acceptable range, then a full calibration
must be performed.
140
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
141
Calibration
Full Calibration
A full calibration is the adjustment of the instruments reading to coincide with
known concentrations (generally a certied standard) of zero and span gases,
to compensate for calibration drift. In most cases, a full calibration is only
necessary when an instrument does not pass the bump test (or after it has been
serviced).
Zero Check
A zero check is performed to verify that the instrument reads true zero (also
referred to as the baseline) in an environment in which no amount of target
gas is present. Common situations in which a zero check is performed include:
after exposure of the sensor to a sensor contaminant
after the sensor has been exposed to a very high concentration
of the target gas
as the sensor ages, since it may gradually drift
after the unit has operated in varying background conditions
(e.g. humidity levels)
after exposure to extreme conditions (e.g. high temperature or
humidity)
If the instrument fails the zero check, then a zero adjustment should be
performed, where the instrument is adjusted to true zero.
Frequency of Calibration
The frequency of calibration depends on the sensors operating time, conditions
of use (including chemical exposure) and user experience with the instrument.
New sensors should be calibrated more often until the calibration records prove
sensor stability. The calibration frequency can then be reduced to the schedule
set by the safety ofcer or plant manager. Before calibrating the sensors, it is
good practice to apply power to the unit to allow the sensor to adapt to the new
environment. Sensors should be powered at least one full hour before any
calibration attempt is made.
Section 8
Resources
M S A G a s D e t e c t i o n H a n d b o o k
144
Resources:
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 29 Part 1910, U.S. Department of Labor
(DOL), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Washington, D.C.
Available online at: www.osha.gov/comp-links.html and
www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/29cfr1910_01.html
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
85-114. Available online at: www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html
Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, DHHS, DOL, Washington,
D.C., January 1981, DHHS (NIOSH) No. 81-123. Available online at:
www.cdc.gov/niosh/81-123.html
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th edition, National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) One Battery Park, Quincy, MA 02269 (2002).
Available online at: www.nfpa.org
2002 TLVs
and BEIs
(WEF) www.wef.org
World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int
World Safety Organization www.worldsafety.org
APPROVALS & STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS:
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) www.ansi.org
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) International www.csa-international.org
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)
www.cenelec.org
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) www.nema.org
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) www.ul.com
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) www.iec.ch
GAS DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION SUPPLIER:
Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSA)
www.msagasdetection.com
MSA Instrument Division
P.O. Box 427
Pittsburgh, PA 15230
Phone: 1.800.MSA.INST
Fax: 1.724.776.3280
www.msagasdetection.com
ID 5555-312-MC / Aug 2007
MSA 2007 Printed in U.S.A.