30 Maths Starters

30
Naths
5tarters
vvv.sublangenl.com/malhs
Licence
Duncan Keilh 2004 (malhs+sublangenl.com)
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30 Malhs Slarlers age 2 vvv.sublangenl.com/malhs
lntroduction
This is a coIIeclion of uzzIes for Malhs Iessons. HoefuIIy you'II find lhese are a bil more
inleresling lhan lhe Lel's counl u in 0.2's lye of Iesson slarler lhal leachers in IngIand
are encouraged lo use. Il is aIso hoed lhal some of lhese uzzIes can be used as a laIking
oinl lo inlroduce nev malhemalicaI ideas.
There are Ienly of oId cheslnuls here, aIong vilh some nev uzzIes. There are aIso a fev
generic slarlers for vhen you're feeIing Iazy...
Suggesled uses:
Irinl onlo lransarencies for Iesson slarlers
Irinl and Iaminale for exlension or smaII grou vorks
DuIicale lvo lo a age for homevork
The slar raling is a rough guide lo difficuIly:
.
LillIe leacher inul is required. These uzzIes don'l require much
malhemalics beyond basic arilhmelic.
..
These may require exIanalions of key vords by a leacher. They may require
more vork lhan one slar uzzIes, or a arlicuIar insighl lo soIve lhem.
... These uzzIes can be difficuIl, and may need a Iol of leacher inul.
Find Ihe Path . 1
5tart at the bottom left
square and move up, down,
left or right until you reach
the finish.
4 9 7 7 4
8 9 4 5 7
6 6 4 9 9
7 8 8 8 6
5 5 6 5 5
Add the numbers as you go.
Can you make exactly 53 ?
'Finish
5tart'
Nissing Number . 2
Which number should go in
the empty triangle?
8
8 +
+
$ l8
8
z
7 $
7
+
l+
How Nany Iriangles? . 3
How many triangles can you
see in this picture?
Iimes Iable . 4
Ihere is something strange
about this addition square.
Can you work out what the
missing number is?
+ 3 8 11
3 6 11 2
8 11 4 7
11 2 7
Nissing Natches . 5
Remove just 4 matches to
leave 4 equilateral triangles
they must be all the same
size.
Ihe 1umping Frog . 6
A frog has fallen into a pit
that is 30m deep.
Each day the frog climbs 3m,
but falls back 2m at night.
How many days does it take
for him to escape?
Number Pyramids .. 7
Can you work out what
number will be at the top of
the pyramid?
z7 z8
l8 l lz
7 7 8
Can you make a pyramid with
100 at the top?
Number Race .. 8
Here are the first few square
numbers:
l + 7 l z$ 8 +7
Here are the first few
Fibonacci numbers:
l l z 8 $ 8 l8
Ihe square numbers are well
in the lead. Do the Fibonacci
numbers ever catch up?
...and here are the triangular
numbers coming up on the
rails...
l 8 l0 l$ zl z8
Perfection ... 9
6 is a very special number.
Ihe factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3
and 6.
lf we add the factors other
than 6 we get 1+2+3=6.
Can you find another perfect
number?
Nagic 5quares ... 10
Can you put the digits 1 to 9 in
a square so that every row,
column and diagonal add to 15?
Ihis example doesn t work:
1 3 5
9
9 6 4
19
2 7 8
17
13 112 116 117 `15
Games . 11
Pool balls are numbered from 1 to 15.
What is the total of the numbers on
all the balls?
Dominoes have two parts, each can
have from 0 to 6 spots. How many
different dominoes are there in a
set?
lf you roll 2 dice and add the spots
are you more likely to get an even or
an odd number? What if you multiply
instead?
s
z
0
a
4
z
s
a c
4
z
s
a
Nonty Hall ... 12
You are the winner in a quiz
show and can choose a prize
from behind 3 locked doors.
Behind one door is a new car.
Behind the other two doors are
goats.
When you have made your
choice the host opens one of
the other doors to reveal a
goat.
5hould you stick with your
choice, or switch to the other
one? Or does it make no
difference?
Number Lines 1 .. 13
Can you put the numbers 1 to 7
in each circle so that the total
of every line is 12?
Number Lines 2 . 14
Can you put the digits 1 to 11 in
the circles so that every line has
the same total?
Words & Numbers ... 15
Ihe number 4 in...
Norwegian,
fire
Dutch,
vier
and English
four
but not in
French quatre
have something in common.
Ihey all have the same
number of letters as their
name (4).
Can you find more numbers
like this?
Four Iwos Nake Ien .. 16
Ihere are lots of ways of
making 8 with four 2s using
standard mathematical
notation. For example:
2+2+2+2 , or
even 2
2+2
2.
Can you find another way?
Can you find a way of making
9 with four 2s?
What is the biggest number
you can make with four 2s?
What is the smallest number
you can t make with four 2s?
Petrol Prices .. 17
5ome petrol stations display
prices by sticking segments
together to make numbers.
What is the largest number
you can make with 10
segments?
What is the largest you can
make with 16 segments?
1O.c
O1cJHSG1OO
A Fishy Iale ... 18
lf you write the word COD in
a grid like this there are two
ways of spelling the word.
How many ways can you
make HAKE?
What about COLEY or
5ALNON?
Can you predict how many
ways there are to make
BARRACUDA?
C O
O 0
C O
O 0
C O
O 0
H A
A K
K
L
C O L
O L L
L L Y
3 A L
A L M
L M O
M
O
N
How Nany 5quares? .. 19
How many squares can you
see in this pattern?
How many rectangles are
there?
Ihe Knigsberg Bridges . 20
Ihe city of Knigsberg had
seven bridges that crossed
the river Pregel.
Can you find a way of
crossing all the bridges
exactly once?
You can t go over a bridge
more than once.
IlanJ (0)
kiver bank (6)
IlanJ (C)
kiver bank (A)
Crooked Calculator .. 21
Eric has got all the sums wrong. Each
time he pressed exactly one wrong
key.
MZZ

MZ

MZZ

MTZ

Can you work out which keys he
actually pressed?
Eric manages to press the right keys
but gets them in the wrong order.
Can you get the keys in the right
order?
MZZ

MZ

MZZZ

MTZ

Drinkers .. 22
ln the town of Ketterby
80% drink cola
70% drink coffee
50% drink tea
ls it certain there is someone
who drinks cola, coffee and
tea?
Coin of the Realm . 23
Ihese are the coins commonly
used in Britain today
What is the fewest number of
coins you need to make
(a) 83p (b) 1.34 (c) 5.27?
What is the smallest amount
that needs more than 5 coins?
z0p
$0p
l
l0p
$p lp zp
z
Four Lines .. 24
Put 9 dots in a square like this
Can you go through all 9 dots
with four straight lines?
You can t take your pen off
the paper.
You can start where you like.
Back Io Front . 25
Write down a 2 digit number
z
Reverse the digits
z
Work out the difference
z z = 8
Iry more 2 digit numbers.
Can you see a pattern?
What happens with 3 digit
numbers?
5t. lves . 26
As l was going to 5t. lves,
l met a man with 7 wives.
Each of the wives had 7 sacks.
ln each sack were 7 cats.
Each of the cats had 7 kits.
Kits, cats, sacks, wives how
many were going to 5t. lves?
Fruitful ... 27
Ihere are three boxes.
One box contains pears, one
contains oranges, and one
contains pears and oranges.
Ihe labels have fallen off and
all have been stuck back on
the wrong boxes.
Barry opens one box and
without looking in the box
takes out one piece of fruit.
He looks at the fruit and
immediately puts the labels
on the the right boxes.
How did he do it?
P
e
a
r
P
e
a
r
O
r
a
n
g
e
Pear &
Orange
5um & Product A1
Find 2 numbers whose
sum is _____ and
product is _____ .
+
=
=
+
=
=
Harry Ihe Hedgehog A2
+
ll
8
z
7
8
l0
lz
$
z00
Ioday s Number A3
Ioday s number is
Add 17
Double it
Nultiply it by 10
Halve it
5ubtract 7
Nultiply by 6
5quare it
Find its factors
Find of it
Notes
1. Fihd 1he PaIh
Here is one soIulion:
5 + 7 + 6 + 6 + 9 + 4 + 5
+ 7 + 4 53
A lougher chaIIenge is
lo find a roule lo make
60.
2. Missihg Number
The missing number is 5 (add lhe bollom
lvo numbers and divide by lhe lo number).
Sludenls may be encouraged lo come u
vilh uzzIes of lheir ovn.
3. How Mahy 1riahgles?
12 + 6 + 2 20
4. 1imes 1able
11 + 11 = 10. This couId cIearIy be exlended
lo olher moduIi. The more observanl
sludenls may sol lhe cIue in lhe lilIe.
5. Missihg MaIches
Hov may differenl soIulions are lhere`
6. 1he 1umpihg Frog
It wi!! takc him 28 days tn cscapc. Afler 27
days and nighls lhe frog has onIy 3 melres lo
go. On lhe 28lh day lhe frog is abIe lo |um
cIear.
7. Number Pyramids
57. Iach number is oblained by adding lhe
lvo immedialeIy beIov il. A good slralegy
for soIving lhese uzzIes is lo slarl vilh lhe
largel number in Iace and lo vork
dovnvards. This can cIearIy be exlended lo
non-inlegraI and negalive largels.
8. Number Race
The 12lh square and Iibonacci numbers are
bolh 144. Afler lhis lhe Iibonacci numbers
are in lhe Iead. The 10lh Iibonacci and
lrianguIar numbers are bolh 55. Afler lhis lhe
lrianguIar numbers are forever doomed lo
3rd Iace. A good oorlunily lo exIore lhe
Iibonacci numbers.
9. Per!ecIioh
28 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. The nexl lvo are 496
and 8128. The even erfecl numbers are
reIaled lo lhe Mcrscnnc princs.
2
p
-1 is a rime if and onIy if 2
p-1
(2
p
-1) is
a erfecl number. Il is nol knovn if lhere are
any odd erfecl numbers. You couId
invesligale muIliIe-erfecl numbers, vhere
lhe sum of lhe roer divisors of a number is
an exacl muIliIe of il.
10. Magic Squares
Here is one soIulion:
8 1 6 15
3 5 7 15
4 9 2 15
15 15 15
DiagonaIs: 4 + 5 + 6 15, 8 + 5 + 2 15.
See Aendix A for a fairIy simIe melhod for
conslrucling magic squares of odd order.
4 9 7 7 4
8 9 4 5 7
6 6 4 9 9
7 8 8 8 6
5 5 6 5 5
ll o'clock l0 o'clock
+ ll hour
11. Cames
Pnn!: 120
Iair off lhe baIIs 1+15, 2+14, elc.
This gives seven airs. 7 16 112.
Adding lhe 8 baII gives 120.
Dnminncs: 28
Lisl lhe dominoes vilh a bIank (0):
0-0, 0-1, 0-2, ..., 0-6 (7 dominoes)
Then Iisl lhose vilh a 1:
1-1, 1-2, 1-3, ..., 1-6 (6 dominoes).
We miss oul lhe 1-0 as lhis is in lhe firsl Iisl.
Conlinuing in lhe same vay gives
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 7 28
Dicc:
P(odd on dice)=P(even)=
1
2
P(odd sum)=P(odd even)+P(even odd)
=
1
2
1
2
+
1
2
1
2
=
1
4
+
1
4
=
1
2
AIlernaliveIy you couId drav a samIe sace
diagram and gel counling...
12. 1he MohIy Hall Problem
You shouId switch (assuming you vouId
refer a car lo a goal). Il is lemling lo
assume lhal lhe lvo remaining doors have
an equaI chance of hiding lhe slar rize, bul
lhis negIecls lhe facl lhal lhe hosl's choice of
door lo oen is nol indeendenl of your
iniliaI choice.
The robabiIily of your iniliaI choice being
correcl is
1
3
. This robabiIily doesn'l change
vhen lhe hosl oens one of lhe olher doors.
So lhe robabiIily lhal lhe remaining door
hides lhe rize is
2
3
. You can find Iols more
on lhe 'Monly HaII IrobIem' al
hll://malh.rice.edu/-ddonovan/monlyurI.hlmI
13. Number Lihes 1
You couId give lhe hinl lhal lhe cenlre digil
is 4.
14. Number Lihes 2
This is a IillIe easier lhan lhe revious
uzzIe. Iul 6 in lhe cenlre. Then Iace 1
oosile 11, 2 oosile 10, elc. lo give lolaIs
of 18. In bolh uzzIes lhe reaIisalion lhal you
shouId ul lhe median number in lhe cenlre
lo mainlain symmelry heIs enormousIy.
(You couId aIso ul 1 or 11 in lhe cenlre,
since lhe remaining numbers can be aired
off in lhese cases lo give lolaIs of 14 and 22.
15. Words & Numbers
An crincnqnic nun|cr is one lhal has lhe
same number of Iellers as ils name suggesls.
Iour is prc|a||q unique in IngIish. (Hov
vouId you rove il`) Some more exolic
examIes incIude queig (Manx, 5),
bederalzi (asque, 9), du (Iseranlo, 2)
and amashumi amabiIi nesikhombisa
(ZuIu, 27).
An inleresling queslion is lo find exressions
lhal are orlhonymic, e.g. five add seven (12
Iellers).
16. Four 1wos Make 1eh
Tvo olher vays of making 8 are 22 + 22
and lhe Iess obvious (
2
2
+2)!+2 .
2
2
2+2
=65536 naq be lhe Iargesl if ve reslricl
ourseIves lo overs and lhe 4 basic
oeralions. 7 is lhe smaIIesl osilive inleger
lhal cannol be made vilhoul resource lo
facloriaIs elc. A caIcuIalor is usefuI.
7 2 3
4
5 6
1
17. PeIrol Prices
11111 and 11111111 a good vay of
shoving lhe imorlance of Iace vaIue. A
more inleresling queslion is lo ask hov
many !ijjcrcni numbers can be made vilh 7
segmenls.
18. A Fishy 1ale
COD: 2, HAKI: 3, COLIY: 6, SALMON: 10
The formuIa for a vord of Ienglh n is
(n-1)!
(
n-1
2
)!(
n-1
2
)!
, iI nis odd
(n-1)!
(
n
2
-1)!(
n
2
)!
, iI nis even
So ARRACUDA gives 8!/(4!4!) 70.
This is discussed in Aendix .
19. How Mahy Squares?
28 + 11, 16 + 22, 6 + 33, 2 + 44.
TolaI: 52
20. 1he 8ridges O! Khigsberg
Il can'l be done. Look al lhis nelvork:
Ivery lime ve enler a iece of Iand ve musl
Ieave il by a differenl bridge. So lhere musl
be an even number of bridges allached lo
each iece of Iand (excel for lhe slarl and
finish). There are four ieces of Iand vilh an
odd number of bridges. Iven if ve lake lhe
slarl and finish inlo accounl lhere musl be
anolher iece of Iand vilh an unused bridge.
If you remove one of lhe bridges lhen il
becomes ossibIe (such a alh is caIIed an
|u|crian pain). Does il maller vhich bridge
you remove`
You can find delaiIs of a visil by a
malhemalician lo Knigsberg al
hll://vvv.aml.canberra.edu.au/koenigs.hlmI
21. Crooked CalculaIor
MZZ
MZ
MZZ
MTZZ
MZZ
MZ
MZZZ
MTZ
22. Drihkers
No il is nol cerlain. Suose lhere vere 10
eoIe in Kellerby. You couId have:

coIa v v v v v v v v
coffee v v v v v v v
lea v v v v v
20% is lhe maximum ossibIe ercenlage of
eoIe vho drink none of lhe beverages.
23. Coih o! Ihe Realm
(a) 83 50 + 20 + 10 + 2 + 1
(b) 1.34 1 + 20 + 10 + 2 + 2
(c) 5.27 2 + 2 + 1 + 20 + 5 + 2
88 50 + 20 + 10 + 5 + 2 + 1 needs six
coins.
24. Four Lihes
You have lo (IileraIIy) lhink oulside lhe box
lo soIve lhis oId cheslnul.
Here's one soIulion:
A
D
B
C
25. 8ack 1o FrohI
The ansvers are aII mu!tip!cs nI 9.
Il's nol loo difficuIl lo rove lhis:
The originaI number can be vrillen as
x=10a+b vhere a and b are lhe lvo
digils. The reversed number is lherefore
v=10b+a and lhe difference is
x-v=(10a+b)-(10b+a)=9a-9b
=9a-b
i.e. 9 limes lhe difference in lhe digils of lhe
originaI number.
Ior lhree digil numbers you viII gel
mu!tip!cs nI 99.
26. SI. Ives
A lrick queslion. Since you mel lhe man on
lhe vay lo Sl. Ives, he and his enlourage
musl be coming jrcn Sl. Ives. So lhe ansver
is |usl one you. If you're feeIing eviI you
mighl vanl lo consicuousIy dislribule
caIcuIalors for lhis uzzIe.
If you do acluaIIy go lhrough lhe
caIcuIalions you shouId gel 7+7
2
+7
3
+7
4
7
+ 49 + 343 + 2401 2800.
This robIem is very oId indeed. Il is
suosed lo dale back lo lhe ancienl
Igylians:
hll://malhsforeuroe.digibeI.be/slory.hlm
27. FruiI!ul
arry oened lhe box IabeIIed ears &
oranges. This box musl conlain onIy ears
or onIy oranges. If he icks a ear lhen he
knovs lhe box he oens is ears and lhe
olher lvo boxes musl be oranges and
ears and oranges. The one IabeIIed
oranges musl be vrong so il is IabeIIed as
ears and oranges. A simiIar argumenl
vorks if he icks an orange.
In summary:
He plcks Peurs Orunges P S O
A pcar Oranges I & O Iears
An crangc I & O Iears Oranges
A1. Sum ahd ProducI
Here are a fev suggeslions:
sum product numbers
10 9 1, 9
15 50 5, 10
8 15 3, 5
18 56 4, 14
8 4 , 8
4 3 1, 2
3 1.89 0.9, 2.1
A IillIe aIgebra shovs lhal for sum s and
roducl p lhe numbers are
1
2
( s!.s
2
-4 p) .
A2. Harry 1he Hedgehog
Wrile a number in his beIIy...
A3. 1oday s Number
}usl for fun lry .
Appendix A Nagic 5quares
There is a veII knovn vay of conslrucling magic squares of ndd order: 33, 55, elc.
1. Iul lhe number 1 in lhe lo cenlre sace.
2. Move diagonaIIy u and righl. If lhal sace is aIready
occuied lhen move dovn inslead. Iul lhe nexl
conseculive number in lhal sace.
3. Reeal unliI aII squares are fiIIed.
Of course you viII find lhal your moves lake you oul of
lhe originaI square. Il heIs lo lhink of lhe Iane being
liIed vilh coies of your square, so lhal you move lo lhe
corresonding sace. In lhe diagram lo lhe righl a move
from B lakes you lo i (lhe bollom righl sace), so lhe nexl
number viII go in |, lhe corresonding sace in lhe main square.
Here's hov il vorks for a 33 square:
Afler ve have Iaced 3 ve find lhal lhe sIol
for 4 is aIready fiIIed,so ve move dovn
inslead. We aIso have lo do lhis vhen lrying
lo Iace 7.
See if you can reroduce lhis 55 magic
square using lhis melhod.
a b c a b c a b c
d e f d e f d e f
g h i g h i g h i
a b c A C a b c
d e f D I I d e f
g h i G H I g h i
a b c a b c a b c
d e f d e f d e f
g h i g h i g h i
i g h i g
c A
1
C a
f D I I d
i G H I g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c A
1
C a
f D I I d
i G H
2
g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c A
1
C a
f
3
I I d
i G H
2
g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c A
1
C a
f
3
I I d
i
4
H
2
g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c A
1
C a
f
3 5
I d
i 4 H 2 g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c A
1 6
a
f
3 5
I d
i
4
H
2
g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c A
1 6
a
f
3 5 7
d
i
4
H
2
g
c a b c a
i g h i g
c
8 1 6
a
f
3 5 7
d
i
4
H
2
g
c a b c a
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9
Appendix B City Blocks
IuzzIe 18 is in facl a varialion of lhe 'Cily Iocks IrobIem':
You are in a cily vhere lhe roads are Iaid oul in a grid. Al each inlerseclion you can onIy
lraveI Iasl or Soulh. Hov many differenl vays are lhere of gelling from A lo `
You shouId be abIe lo convince yourseIf lhal vhalever roule you choose requires four
'Iasls' and lhree 'Soulhs':
ISISISI IIISISS ISSIIIS SISISII
So lhe robIem reduces lo Hov many differenl vays are lhere of vriling four I's and
lhree S's` Il's nol immedialeIy obvious hov ve can find lhe ansver. So ve Iook al a
simiIar robIem:
Hov many differenl pcrnuiaiicns are lhere of lhe Iellers A, , C, D, I, I, G.
There are seven vays of choosing lhe firsl Ieller.
No maller vhich Ieller you choose (e.g. C) lhere are six Iellers remaining (e.g. A, , D, I, I,
G) , so lhere are 7 6 vays of icking lhe firsl lvo Iellers.
Nov lhere are five Iellers Iefl so ve have 7 6 5 vays of icking lhe firsl lhree Iellers.
Conlinuing in lhis vay ve find lhere are 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5040 ermulalions.
We vrile 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 as 7! (facloriaI seven).
The number of ermulalions of n differenl ob|ecls is n! .
Thal's fine if aII lhe Iellers are differenl bul in our Cily Iock robIem some of lhe Iellers
are reealed. Lel's Iook al a simIer robIem:
Here ve have lhree 'Iasls' and lvo 'Soulhs'. So lhe robIem is lhe same as
Hov many ermulalions are lhere of lhe Iellers I, I, I, S, S `
A
6
A
6
A
6
A
6
A
6
A
6
Appendix B City Blocks
A bil of lriaI and error shouId convince you lhere are len ermulalions:
IIISS IISIS IISSI ISIIS ISISI ISSII SIIIS SIISI SISII SSIII
We knov lhal lhere are 5! 5 4 3 2 1 120 ermulalions of A, , C, D, I. So by
reealing Iellers ve have draslicaIIy reduced lhe number of ermulalions. We can see vhy
by dislinguishing lhe I's. Suose ve vrile lhe I's as I
1
, I
2
, I
3
. We can see lhal each of
our soIulions above can be vrillen in six vays, e.g. The soIulion ISSII vouId become six
differenl soIulions:
I
1
SSI
2
I
3
I
1
SSI
3
I
2
I
2
SSI
1
I
3
I
2
SSI
3
I
1
I
3
SSI
1
I
2
I
3
SSI
2
I
1
There are in facl 3! 3 2 1 6 differenl ermulalions of I
1
, I
2
, I
3
. The number of
ermulalions is reduced by a faclor of 3!. SimiIarIy reealing lhe S reduces lhe number of
ermulalions by a faclor of 2!. So for our smaIIer Cily Iock robIem ve have
5!
3!2!
=
120
62
=10 soIulions.
We have a generaI soIulion for any Cily Iock robIem:
A Cily Iock robIem vilh e 'Iasls' and s 'Soulhs' has
(e+s)!
e! s!
differenl roules.
Our originaI cily bIock robIem has e=4 and s=3 so has
7!
4!3!
=
5040
246
=35 differenl roules.
We can aIy lhis lo lhe 'Iishy TaIe' robIem. Here's ARRACUDA vrillen as a Cily
Iock robIem:
Here e=4 and s=4 so lhere are
8!
4! 4!
=
40320
2424
=70 roules.
A IillIe more vork Ieads lo lhe formuIa given in lhe noles:
A vord of Ienglh n can be seIIed in
(n-1)!
(
n-1
2
)!(
n-1
2
)!
, iI nis odd
(n-1)!
(
n
2
-1)!(
n
2
)!
, iI nis even
vays.
6 A k k A
A k k A C
k k A C u
k A C u 0
A C u 0 A

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