GMAT Verbal - Grammar

March 14th
Comparisons
Used adjectives & adverbs
Comparative form Superlative form
More, better, older
(usually used with than)
Most, best, oldest
2 te!s " ite!s and !ore
#e$ore will always be the or a %ossessive adjective (!y, his, her, your)
& nothin', a
Adjective / adverb of 1 syllable
(ast & er & est
(aster (astest
Adjective / adverb of syllables ! "y# in t$e end
)a%%y y i & er y i & est
)a%%ier )a%%iest
Adjective of syllables / adjective %it$ & syllables ' more /
adverb %it$ syllables ' more
(a!ous
#eauti$ul
*uietly
More (word) Most (word)
Adjective %it$ syllables %it$ "er#( "o%# in t$e end
+ender
,arrow
-i!%ler
er or !ore
+enderer . !ore tender
,arrower . !ore narrow
-i!%lerer . !ore si!%le
est or !ost
+enderest . !ost tender
,arrowest . !ost narrow
-i!%lerest . !ost si!%le
)*ceptions
Many
Much
More Most
/ittle /ess /east
0ood
1ell
#etter #est
#ad
#adly
1orse 1orst
2ld 3lder
2lder
3ldest (+he a'e o$ a !e!ber o$ a 'rou%)
2ldest
(or (arther
(urther
(arthest ((or distances)
(urthest ((or everythin' else)
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
)+uality
4s (adjective . adverb) as
(5) so (adjective . adverb) as the sentence !ust be ne'ative
6ouble co!%arisons
s when you use two di$$erent adjectives and . or adverbs7
The more you will practice; the better will be your test results
8ule9 5 +he second %art o$ the sentence has to have an inversion
5 4lways use the
5 6o not use in any $or! o$ co!%arisons
> -u%erior to, in$erior to, e:ual to, si!ilar to, di$$erent $ro!
/o'ical co!%arisons
3;a!%le o$ illo'ical co!%arison9
Johns drawings are as good a his teacher
<ou cannot co!%are an object (drawing) to %eo%le (teacher)
+o correct it, add =s to the word teacher (teachers)
The salary of a teacher is not as high as a lawyer
The salary of a teacher is not as high as that of a lawyer
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
March 21
st
Tenses
-i!%le (0rou%s) >ro'ressive (0rou%)
,resent
,resent pro-ressive
I am living in New-York
8ules
17 4t the ti!e o$ s%ea?in' (now, at the !o!ent, still, while)
27 4round the ti!e o$ s%ea?in' (now, at the !o!ent, still, this.!ornin', su!!er, etc)
"7 4ctions in %ro'ress (chan'in', develo%in' action) @ AThe prices are changingB
47 >lanned actions
,resent simple
I live in New-York
8ules
17 0eneral in$or!ation (without ti!e re$erence)
27 8e%eated actions (every, always, constantly, o$ten, $re:uently, usually, so!eti!es)
"7 -cheduled $uture actions (+rain ti!e table)
47 -tative verbs (want . love, lac?, su''est, %ro%ose, include, consists)
20C @ %a'e 4"D . 1EF
,resent perfect simple
I have lived in New York 5 Usin' %ast sentence or word
"
rd
$or! (done, etc7)
8ules
17 $ the action started in the %ast and continues in the %resent ($or, sinceG lately
recentlyG never, ever)
27 +he action started in the %ast and has been co!%leted in the %resent (just, already,
yet, this , it is the $irst . second, ti!e )
,resent perfect pro-ressive
I have been living in New York
17 +he sa!e rules as & in %resent %er$ect si!%le but with a stron'er bound to the
%resent or in !anner to e!%hasiHe so!ethin'7
27 +o , add the word all7
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
/o'ical di$$erences between %resent %er$ect si!%le and %resent %er$ect %ro'ressive
,resent perfect simple ,resent perfect pro-ressive
I have painted my house; now it looks
beautiful
8eason and result
+he reason %ainted !y house is
$or it to be beauti$ul
+he result is that !y house is
beauti$ul
I have painted my house; my hands are
dirty
2nly the result
have %ainted !y house so +he
8esult is that !y hands are dirty
(it is not the reason why have
%ainted !y house)
,ast
,ast simple
I lived in New York
<ou can use with ti!e indicator or without ti!e indicator7
8ules
17 Use it $or the action while started and was acco!%lished in the %ast
27 0eneral in$or!ation (last , a'o, in 1CD4G $or, since)
,ast pro-ressive
I was living in New York
17 Use it $or actions li!ited by hours ($ro! , till, at )
27 4ctions in %ro'ress (li?e %resent %ro'ressive) @ AThey were developing the proectB
"7 4 relative lon' action in the %ast interru%ted by a shorter action in the %ast (while,
when) @ A!hen I was watching T"# the telephone rangB
47 +wo lon' actions in the %ast connected by while . when @ A!hile I was watching
T"# my wife was cooking dinnerB
,ast perfect simple
I had lived in New York# before I moved to Tel $viv
>ast %er$ect si!%le >ast si!%le
17 +here !ust be at least two actions in the %ast @ one action in the %ast %receded by
another action in the %ast (be$ore, a$ter, earlier)
,ast perfect simple
I had been living in New York for two years before my parents came to visit
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
.uture
.uture simple
I will live in New York
17 0eneral n$or!ation
27 Used $or not %lanned actions ( ho%e, believe, thin?, 'uess, etc7)
.uture pro-ressive
I will be living in New York
17 (or actions in %ro'ress
27 (or actions li!ited by hours
.uture perfect simple
I will have lived in New York for ten years by the end of %arch
"
rd
$or!
17 +he %eriod o$ ti!e will be co!%leted in the $uture7
.uture perfect simple
I will have been living in New York for ten years by the end of %arch
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
Conditionals
+here are 2 ty%es o$ conditional
17 8eal conditional sentences
27 Unreal conditional sentences
+he word If
&' If I am rich# I will buy a castle
>resent si!%le (uture si!%le
t is real because it !ay co!e true
8ule9 there is never $uture tense a$ter the word If7
<ou can turn it around li?e9
I will buy a castle if I am rich
,2 I2MM4
nversion @ +he :uestion word order in a state!ent
a! rich
s he richJ
3;ce%t in the s%eci$ic $ollowin' real conditional sentence (there are other
e;ce%tions in the unreal conditional sentences)9
(hould I be rich# I will buy a castle +he e;ce%tion only a$$ects the 1
st
clause
)abitual action
If I can have enough time# I always walk to work
>resent si!%le (uture si!%le
+he habit @ in %resent si!%le tense
Io!!and
If you go out# please post my letter
>resent si!%le (even
i$ it is a $uture tense)
!%erative
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
27 Unreal conditional sentences
+here are 2 ty%es o$ classi$ied actions9
a) (uture or %resent actions
b) >ast actions
a) If I were rich# I would buy a castle
>ast si!%le & %lural !ould & basic $or!
+he !eanin' o$ the sentence is that a! not rich or won=t be rich, there$ore
won=t buy a castle7
M>2--#/3 (U+U83
nstead o$ would, you can use might or could7
/i?e in the real conditional sentences, you can switch the sentences (with the
sa!e basic rule re'ardin' the co!!a)7
!ere I rich I would buy a castle*
b) If I had been rich# I would have bought a castle
>ast %er$ect !ould & "
rd
$or!
+he !eanin' o$ the sentence is that wasn=t richG there$ore didn=t buy a castle7
nstead o$ would, you can use might or could7
/i?e in the real conditional sentences, you can switch the sentences (with the
sa!e basic rule re'ardin' the co!!a)7
+ad I been rich I would have bought a castle
+he word !ish
+he word is always used in the unreal conditional sentences
,ote9 +he di$$erence between If and !ish is that there are three $or!s instead o$ two9
a) (uture actions
b) >resent actions
c) >ast actions
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
a) I wish you would be here @ (!eans that you will not be there)
1ould & basic $or!
b) I wish you were here @ (!eans that you are not there)
>ast si!%le & %lural
c) I wish you had been here @ (!eans that you were not there)
>ast %er$ect
/ules
17 +here should not be the word !ill or !ould a$ter the word If
27 +here should not be the word !as a$ter the word If or !ish
"7 4lways !atch the two %arts o$ a sentence @ realG real . unrealG unreal
unreal $uture . unreal $uture
unreal %resent . unreal %resent
unreal %ast . unreal %ast
47 n inversion o$ sentence (:uestion $or!), never use %unctuation between the two %arts
o$ the sentence7
,ote9 so!eti!es the both %arts o$ a real . unreal conditional sentence are not both
underlined, so %ay attention7
GMAT Verbal - Grammar
0diotic e*pressions ! rules
8edundancy
+wo twins ($or one %air o$ twins)
1ith re 5 cannot use9 a'ain, over7
1ith co 5 cannot use9 to'ether
>ro'ress $orward (cannot %ro'ress bac?wards)
8aise u%
0row u% (e;ce%t $or usin' 'row as a noun ('rown u%) and $or children evolution)
Ili!b . 4scend u%
6escend . decrease . di'ress down
4$ter (so!ethin') is over @ cannot use both @ sa!e !eanin'
4nnual a year @ cannot use both @ sa!e !eanin'
Ionsensus o$ o%inions (consensus !eans a'ree!ent o$ o%inions)
rre'ardless @ !eans not and less as well @ use re'ardless
+he reason because that
#asic rules9
0tems & items and more
Io!%arative -u%erlative
#etween 4!on'
3ach other 2ne another
Ion$usin' words
4$$ect (verb)
+o i!%act, in$luence
Most %o%ular $or!
3$$ect (noun)
8esult
3$$ect (verb)
#rin' about
4$$ect (noun)
-%eci$ic ter! in %sy7 (3!otions)
4llude
8e$er to (always use the word to a$ter
3lude 3sca%e ($ro! so!ethin' . so!eone & never use the word from a$ter
>rinci%al
Main, essential
>rinci%le
Moral value
>rinci%al
-chool %rinci%al
n the case that you are le$t with two %ossible answers and the two sentences are al!ost
identical, with the only di$$erence that is9
7 can better (used $or any case, includin' %hysical
ca%abilities)
7 is able to worse (used only $or %hysical condition)
(are)
d