CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
I.1 BACKGROUND
In the future, Indonesian coal production is estimated to be increase in order to
meet domestic demand (domestic) and overseas demand (export). Indonesia has a big
potential of coal resources and reserves. Coal reserves amounted to 28 billion tonnes
based on data from the Indonesia Mineral and Coal Statistics 2!2 from the M"M#. $il
production continues to decline %hile its demand continues to gro% %hich leads to an
increase in imports and refiner& products. $n the other hand, the fuel subsid& is relativel&
high, due to the increase in domestic consumption and in international oil prices also due
to the decreasing of rupiah value against '.S. dollar and other foreign currencies. (he fuel
prices is relativel& high and oil fuel subsid& over the &ears tends to increase %hich
received serious attention from the government, this condition lead the increasing of coal
using as one of alternative fuels.
(he )overnment of Indonesia ()oI) %as full& a%are of this condition and issued a
*ational "nerg& +olic& (*"+) in !,8! focusing on intensification (increase the amount of
primar& energ& share), diversification (substitute oil to other energ& sources such as coal,
gas and rene%able energ&) and energ& conservation. (he *"+ focusing %as then
elaborated b& adding energ& price and environmental aspects in !,,8. (his polic& is
follo%ed b& the )overnment #egulation *o. - of 2..
*"+ has the primar& purpose of creating national securit& of energ& suppl& in a
sustainable and efficient energ& utili/ation, as %ell as the reali/ation of the energ& mix
!
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%hich %ill be optimal in 22- . 0or the dependence on one t&pe of energ& sources such as
fuel should be reduced b& using alternative energ& sources ie. coal.
$ne of the national energ& mix efforts is the developing of coal technolog&, for
example the pilot plant scale developmen b& the Center for Mineral and Coal (echnolog&
((e1mira in 2ahasa) including, the upgrading of bro%n coal ('2C), gasification, and coal
li3uefaction. It %as alread& built as demo4scale plant then to be developed as
commerciali/ation plant.
In order to support the achievement of national energ& mix %hich is planned b& the
government is needed an exerg& anal&sis of coal (the la% of thermod&namics II). (his
anal&sis is done to determine coal5s 3ualit& and its utili/ation %hich can be used to ma1e
the important steps as coal polic& recommendations. "xerg& anal&sis is expected to
provide a good choice for coal utili/ation in the future then it %ill be consideration and
tools of coal polic& recomendation in Indonesia.
(here are some previos research become supporting theor& to do the research of
energ& polic& modeling of coal b& exerg& anal&sis.
In 22, Ibrahim 6incer revie% about the utili/ation of exerg& as an efficient tool
for energ& polic& ma1ing. In addition, energ& and exerg& concepts are evaluated for
various actual processes, and the role of exerg& is discussed for energ& and environment
polic& ma1ing activities from several 1e& perspectives, e.g., 3ualit&, energ& conservation,
environment, econom&, and sustainable development. (he results of this stud& exhibit that
the potential usefulness exerg& in addressing and solving environmental problems as %ell
as attaining sustainable development is crucial.
7lo1 Srivastava in !,88 have a research about exerg& anal&sis of various t&pes of
coal, present the exerg& of various t&pes of coal from the ma8or mines of the %orld. (he
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methodolog& %as originall& developed b& )hamarian and Cambel and %as used for
Illinois *o. . coal.
7. )hamarian and 7. 2. Cambel tries to calculate the heating values and exerg& of
illions *o. . coal on !,82. 2& the& research, a theoretical anal&sis is carried out and the
3ualit& of coal is calculated. :eating value of coal is calculated as the first method to be
re3uired for exerg& anal&sis of coal. 'sing the calculated values of the lo%er heating
value and values of exerg& for number of homogeneous solid organic compounds b& ;.
S/agurgut and (. St&r&ls1a, )hamarin and Cambel developed the empirical e3uations
expressing the heating value and the exerg& of (C<:<$<*) compounds.
I.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
0rom previous research, the importance of exerg& anal&sis on a material, s&stem or
process is 1no%n. (he customar& exerg& anal&sis gives the 3uantit& and 3ualit& of energ&,
enables one to determine the maximum %or1 that can be expected from the energ& device
or process.
7 research conducted b& Ibrahim 6incer in 22 onl& revie%ed studies of exerg&
anal&sis as a function and tool for energ& and environmental policies. Mean%hile, 7lo1
Srivastava in !,88 and 7. )hamarian and 72 Cambel in !,82 onl& conducted research of
exerg& anal&sis on coal but did not appl& the anal&sis on an energ& polic& ma1ing process.
(herefore, in this stud& %e tried to combine exerg& anal&sis %ith energ& polic&,
especiall& in coal and %e ta1e the topic of the energ& anal&sis of coal b& the first la% of
thermod&namics and second la% of thermod&namics to ma1e an coal polic& based on
exerg& anal&sis (the second la% of thermod&namics).
=
I.3 SCOPE
(his research discusses about a stud& on national energ& polic& b& using the second
la% of thermod&namics (exerg& anal&sis), especiall& on coal.
I.4 OBJECTIVE
(he ob8ectives of this stud& are >
!. (o anal&sis coal using optimi/ation in Indonesia. 0or example coal in +(. 2u1it 7sam
(+ersero),
2. (o assess exerg& anal&sis of Coal as usual, 'pgrading 2ro%n Coal ('2C),
)asification and ?i3uefaction +rocess
9. (o evaluate efficienc& of coal as solid fuel in po%er generation b& exerg& anal&sis
=. (o set coal polic& recommendation
I.5 BENEFIT
(his stud& is expected to provide benefits, including>
!. 7s a reference in order to determine the best process in the coal utili/ation b& exerg&
anal&sis in Indonesia
2. 7s a reference for the government of Indonesia to set coal polic& recommendation