Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.

com/notes 2/20/2000
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES


The six trigonometric functions:

sin = =
opp
hyp
y
r

csc
sin

= = =
hyp
opp
r
y
1

cos = =
adj
hyp
x
r

sec
cos

= = =
hyp
adj
r
x
1


tan
sin
cos

= = =
opp
adj
y
x

cot
tan

= = =
adj
opp
x
y
1

Sum or difference of two angles:
sin( ) sin cos cos sin a b a b a b =
cos( ) cos cos sin sin a b a b a b = m

tan( )
tan tan
tan tan
a b
a b
a b
=

1m

Double angle formulas: tan
tan
tan
2
2
1
2

sin sin cos 2 2 = cos cos 2 2 1
2
=
cos sin 2 1 2
2
= cos cos sin 2
2 2
=
Pythagorean Identities: sin cos
2 2
1 + =
tan sec
2 2
1 + = cot csc
2 2
1 + =
Half angle formulas:
sin ( cos )
2
1
2
1 2 = cos ( cos )
2
1
2
1 2 = +
sin
cos
2
1
2
=

cos
cos
2
1
2
=
+

tan
cos
cos
sin
cos
cos
sin

2
1
1 1
1
=

+
=
+
=



Sum and product formulas:
sin cos [sin( ) sin( )] a b a b a b = + +
1
2


cos sin [sin( ) sin( )] a b a b a b = +
1
2


cos cos [cos( ) cos( )] a b a b a b = + +
1
2


sin sin [cos( ) cos( )] a b a b a b = +
1
2

( ) ( ) sin sin sin cos a b
a b a b
+ =
+
2
2 2

( ) ( ) sin sin cos sin a b
a b a b
=
+
2
2 2

( ) ( ) cos cos cos cos a b
a b a b
+ =
+
2
2 2

( ) ( ) cos cos sin sin a b
a b a b
=
+
2
2 2

Law of cosines: a b c bc A
2 2 2
2 = + cos
where A is the angle of a scalene triangle opposite
side a.
Radian measure: 8.1 p420 1
180
=

radians
1
180
radian =

Reduction formulas:
sin( ) sin = cos( ) cos =
sin( ) sin( ) = cos( ) cos( ) =
tan( ) tan = tan( ) tan( ) =
) cos( sin
2

= x x m ) sin( cos
2

= x x
Complex Numbers: =

sin cos j e
j

) ( cos
2
1

+ =
j j
e e ) ( sin
2
1
=
j j
j
e e

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES
Degrees Radians sin cos tan cot sec csc
0 0 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
30 /6 1/2 2 / 3
3 / 3

3

3 / 3 2
2
45 /4 2 / 2 2 / 2 1 1 2

2

60 /3 2 / 3
1/2 3

3 / 3
2 3 / 3 2

90 /2 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1
120 2/3 2 / 3
-1/2
-
3
-
3 / 3
-2 3 / 3 2

135 3/4 2 / 2 - 2 / 2 -1 -1 -
2

2

150 5/6 1/2 -
2 / 3
-
3 / 3
-
3
-
3 / 3 2
2
180 0 -1 0 Undefined -1 Undefined
210 7/6 -1/2 -
2 / 3

3 / 3

3
-
3 / 3 2
-2
225 5/4 -
2 / 2
-
2 / 2
1 1 -
2
-
2

240 4/3 -
2 / 3
-1/2
3 3 / 3
-2 -
3 / 3 2

270 3/2 -1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined -1
300 5/3 -
2 / 3
1/2 -
3
-
3
2 -
3 / 3 2

315 7/4 - 2 / 2 2 / 2 -1 -1 2
-
2

330 11/6 -1/2 2 / 3
-
3 / 3
-
3

3 / 3 2
-2
360 2 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 2/20/2000
Expansions for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent:

3 5 7
sin
6 5! 7!
y y y
y y = + +L

2 4 6
cos 1
2 4! 6!
y y y
y = + +L

3 5
2
tan
3 15
y y
y y = + + +L

3 5
1 2
cot
3 45 945
y y y
y
y
= L
Hyperbolic functions:
( )
y y
e e y

=
2
1
sinh sinh j jsin y y =
( )
y y
e e y

+ =
2
1
cosh cosh j jcos y y =
tanh j j tan y y =
Expansions for hyperbolic functions:
L + + =
6
sinh
3
y
y y
L + + =
2
1 cosh
2
y
y
L + =
24
5
2
1 sech
4 2
y y
y
L + + =
45 3
1
ctnh
3
y y
y
y
L + =
360
7
6
1
csch
3
y y
y
y

3 5
2
tanh
3 15
y y
y y = + L