B Gio Dc v o To

Trng i Hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh

B Mn Cng Ngh Ha Hc

Bo co: ng Dng Ca Ha Keo Trong Lnh Vc

Thc Phm V M Phm
GVHD: Nguyn

Bo Vit

Sinh vin thc hin:

H v tn
Phm Th Vn Anh
H Tn t
Nguyn Ngc Thy H
L Nguyn Hong Bo Long
Trn V Minh Sang
L Quang Tn
Phan Vn Tun

Nhm 7
Mssv
09139005
09139030
09139044
09139093
09139144
09139154
09139221

A. GII THIU S LC V HA KEO

I. NH NGHA
Ha keo l lnh vc ha hc nghin cu v cc cch ch to, c im v bin
i cc h keo. H keo l mt h thng phn tn cc phn t c kch thc t
mt phn triu cho n vi phn ngn milimt. Cc phn t ny c phn tn
trong mt mi trng phn tn.
H keo l mt h phn tn gia dung dch v huyn ph. H keo khng c p
sut thm thu, khng tng nhit si v khng gim nhit ng c ca
mi trng phn tn (gi l cc tnh cht ca h keo). Cc ht keo thng
mang in tch hp th v th m c th tch chng ra bng phng php in
di. Cc ht keo chng s kt t ca cc loi ht keo khc thng c gi l
keo bo v, th d nh dextrin.
II.

PHN LOI CC H KEO

1. Theo kch thc ht phn tn
- Da vo kch thc hoc ng knh ca ht phn tn, cc h phn tn c
chia lm 3 loi chnh sau:
H phn tn phn t: Trong h, cht phn tn dng nhng phn t rt nh,
kch thc nh hn 10-7cm, chng l nhng phn t v ion n gin.
H phn tn keo: Gm cc ht phn tn c kch thc 10-7 n 10-4cm. H
phn tn keo thng c gi l h keo hoc son (sol)..
H phn tn th: Gm cc ht c kch thc ln hn 10-4cm, h th l h vi d
th khng bn vng.
2. Theo trng thi tp hp pha ca h
- Phng php n gin cho cch phn loi ny l da vo pha mi trng ca
h phn loi cc h vi d th.
Mi trng phn tn kh: Gi chung l son kh (aeorosol) gm cc h: H L/K
(cc git lng phn b trong pha kh) nh: my, sng m H R/L (cc ht
rn phn b trong pha kh) nh: khi, bi (H K/K l h phn tn phn t).
Mi trng phn tn lng: Gm cc h: H K/L (Cc bt kh phn b trong
pha lng) nh: bt x phng trong nc H L/L (cc git lng phn b
trong pha lng) nh: huyn ph, keo v c trong nc
Mi trng phn tn rn: Gm cc h: H K/R (cc ht kh phn b trong pha
rn) nh: bt kh trong thu tinh, cc vt liu xp.. H L/R (cc git lng
phn b trong mi trng rn) nh nhng git lng trong m ng, thc vt
H R/R (cc ht phn tn rn trong pha rn) nh: thu tinh mu, hp kim
3. Theo cng tng tc gi ht phn tn v mi trng ca h
2

- Cc h vi d th trong mi trng lng c chia lm 2 loi l cc h keo ght

lu v h keo a lu.
H keo ght lu: H gm cc ht phn tn hu nh khng lin kt vi mi
trng th c gi l h keo ght lu hoc h keo ght dung
mi(lyophobe), nu mi trng nc th gi l h keo ght nc
(hydrophobe).
H keo a lu: H gm cc ht phn tn lin kt cht ch vi mi trng
ca h c gi l h keo a lu hay h keo a dung mi (lyophile), nu
mi trng nc th gi l h keo a nc (hydrophile).
III.

C IM CA H KEO
Dung dch keo c kh nng phn tn nh sng
S khuch tn trong dung dch keo rt chm
p sut thm thu trong dung dch keo rt nh
Dung dch keo c kh nng thm tch (ht keo khng lt qua mng bn thm)
Dung dch keo khng bn vng
Dung dch keo thng c hin tng in di

IV.

TNH CHT CA H KEO

1. Tnh cht quang hc ca h phn tn
1.1S phn tn nh sng ca h keo
- Khi chiu mt chm sng vo mt dung dch keo trong sut trong bng th
thy mt di sng sng m c dng hnh nn xut hin phn dung dch c nh sng
i qua.
- H phn tn c kch thc ht ln hn bc sng phn x nh sng lm cho
h c mu c. H heo c kch thc ht nh hn bc sng, nn c kh nng phn tn
nh sng.
- c im ca nh sng phn tn bi h keo l n b phn cc.Theo phng
ti nh sng phn tn hu nh khng b phn cc, trong khi , theo phng vung gc
vi phng ti th nh sng phn tn hu nh b phn cc hon ton.
- Ta c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
Ht keo c kch thc cng ln (V cng ln ) tn x cng mnh.
Nng ht cng ln, nh sng b tn x cng mnh.
nh sng ti c bc sng cng ngn cng b tn x mnh khi chiu vo h
keo.
1.2 S hp th nh sng ca h keo:
- Ni chung, cc h phn tn bao gm cc dung dch thc, dung dch keo, h
phn tn th nu c mu v khng trong sut th u c kh nng hp th nh sng
nhng mc khc nhau.Mu sc ca dung dch keo ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: bn
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cht ca cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn, nng , hnh dng ht, bc sng nh
sng,gc nhn
- Nhn chung, mu sc ca sol kim loi c mu sc rt phc tp. Nguyn nhn
l do sol kim loi va hp th mnh nh sng li va phn tn nh sng.
2. Tnh cht ng hc theo phn t ca h keo:
2.1 Chuyn ng Brown :
- Chuyn ng Brown l chuyn ng nhit ca ca cc ht pha phn tn trong
h keo cng nh cc h vi d th.
- Chuyn ng Brown din ra khng ngng , khng ph thuc vo cc ngun
sng nng lng bn ngoi v chuyn ng cng mnh khi nhit cng cao
2.2 S khuych tn trong dung dch keo :
- S khuych tn l mt qu trnh t din bin san bng nng cacht
phn tn vo mi trng phn tn.
- Khuych tn l mt tnh cht c trng ca cc h phn tn. Tc khuych
tn ca cc ht keo nh hn nhiu so vi tc khuych tn ca phn t hoc in, v
kch thc ht keo ln hn nhiu so vi phn t hoc in.
- Nguyn nhn ch yu ca s khuych tn l s chuyn ng nhit ca cc
phn t cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn.
2.3 p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo:
- Thm thu l s khuch tn mt chiu ca cc phn t dung mi qua mng
bn thm theo chiu hng lm gim nng dung dch.
- Ni mt cch rng hn th s thm thu l s khuych tn v dung mi a
n s san bng nng trong ton b th tch ca h.
- p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo ch ph thuc vo s ht ch khng ph
thuc vo bn cht v kch thc ht keo
2.4 S sa lng trong h keo :
- Khi xem xt s khuch tn, chng ta b qua lc ht ca tri t i vi cc
ht phn tn. Thc ra cc ht phn tn c kch thc ln nh ht phn tn th d
dng b lng ng xung y bnh, gi l s sa lng. Tri li i vi dung dch thc, cc
phn t hoc in c kch thc b th s chuyn ng nhit ln, nh hng ca trng
lc tr ln khng ng k, ngha l khng c s sa lng cc phn t cht tan
- Trong thc t, trong mt h (c bit l h keo v h phn tn th) kch thc
cc ht khc nhau phn b trong h (gi l h a phn tn ) th s khuch tn v s sa
lng xy ra phc tp hn nhiu.
2.5 nht ca cc h keo:
- Do dung dch keo c cc phn t l lng vi kch thc ln hn nhiu do vi
kch thc phn t thng thng. Nn h keo c vn tc chy tng, s chy dng
chuyn sang chy cun sm hn.
- Mt khc, ht keo lm gim khon khng gian ca cht lng cho nn nht
ca dung dch keo bao gi cng ln hn ca dung dch phn tn.
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3. Tnh cht in ca cc h keo :

3.1 Mt s hin tng in trong h keo:
- Hin tng in di ( hay hin tng in chuyn ) l hin tng cc ht rn di
chuyn trong mi trng lng, di tc dng ca in trng.
- Hin tng in thm ( hay hin tng in thm thu ) l s di chuyn ca
pha lng tng i so vi pha rn di tc dng ca in trng.
- Hiu ng Dorn : l hin tng dng in xut hin khi cc ht pha rn chuyn
ng so vi cht lng ng yn. Hin tng ny ngc vi hin tng in di.
- Hin tng th chy : s chuyn ng ca pha lng vi pha rn lm xut hin
dng in. in th o c trong trng hp ny gi l : th chy. Hin tng ny
ngc vi hin tng in thm.
- ng dng ca cc hin tng in trong h keo
p dng hin tng in di c th tch c cc thnh phn ca nhng
hn hp phc tp nh c protit t nhin v cc cht in ly cao phn t.
Dng phng php in di ph ln b mt vt liu dn in mt lp mng
cc ht keo c ng nht cao vi b dy cn thit.
in di cn c p dng ph cao su ln b mt kim loi.
in thm c ng dng trong vic lm kh cc vt liu xp v lc tch
cc lp kt ta
3.2 Cu to ht keo ght lu.
- Hai thnh phn ch yu ca ht keo l nhn keo v lp in kp.
* Nhn keo:
Nhn keo do rt nhiu phn t, nguyn t hoc ion n gin tp hp li,
cng c trng hp do s chia nh ca ht ln hn.
Nhn keo c th c cu to tinh th hoc v nh hnh, nhng l phn vt
cht n nh, hu nh khng c bin i trong cc qu trnh bin ng ca
h phn tn.
* Lp in kp:
Lp in kp gm hai lp tch in ngc du nhau, nhng cu to phc
tp v lun lun bin i di tc ng bn ngoi (mi trng, pH, lc ion,
nhit .).
Lp in kp c hnh thnh ch yu do s hp ph.
V. IU CH DUNG DCH KEO
1. iu ch
- C 2 phng php chnh iu ch l phng php phn tn v phng php
ngng t.
Phng php phn tn: bao gm cc bin php chia nh cc ht phn tn c
kch thc ln thnh cc ht c kch thc nh, thch hp. V d: nghin, xay,
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gi, dng h quang, siu m

Phng php ngng t: bao gm cc bin php tp hp cc phn t nh thnh
cc ht c kch thc thch hp.
2. Tinh ch keo
- Trong qu trnh iu ch, do nguyn liu dng, do phi thm cht lm bn
nn dung dch keo thu c thng khng sch. Trong s cc cht lm bn th cht in
ly l cht nh hng ln n tnh cht ca h keo. Do vic tinh ch keo, trc ht
nhm tch cc cht in ly ra khi h bng phng php thm tch
- Ngoi phng php thm tch cn c th dng phng php siu lc.
VI. NGHA THC TIN CA HA KEO
1. X l nc rc:
- Cht h keo t: l cc loi polyme hu c tan trong nc c c kh nng
tan trc ht chng phi c mch thng (cu trc mt chiu) v mch polyme cha
nhiu nhm phi cc a nc.
- Nc rc ban u c c rt cao, ti mu, tuy hm lng cn khng tan, t
kh vt qu 300mg/l. Cn khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c, xc
vi sinh vt, to. c im ca cn khng tan hu c l n c lp v Hydrat dy do tnh
a nc ca chng v bn keo ca chng chnh l nh vo lp v ny, khc vi tnh
bn ca dng v c ( k nc ) l nh lp in kp (hay khuch tn) xung quanh ht
keo. C ch keo t cc ht keo hu c v vy ch yu khng phi l trung ho in tch
m theo c ch ph v lm v Hydrat, qut kt ta v to cu ni.
- V l do , c th d on l liu lng cht keo t cc h keo k nc nh
sng chng hn, v cn s dng cht tr keo t gi thnh vn hnh cng nh pht
trin hiu qu ly cht keo t dng thng phm, ang c lu hnh rng ri trn th
trng hin nay thuc h Al vi hai loi sn phm ch yu l phn n Al2(SO4)3 v
poly nhm clorua.
- Nhm Sunfat: Al2(SO4)3 .18H2O l cht keo t truyn thng c s dng
rng ri. Khng phi tt c cc thnh phn hn hp trong keo t u c tc dng, ch c
thnh phn Al c tc dng keo t, thng c tnh theo phn trm Al2O3 v l mt
trong nhnhg ch tiu cht lng hng u ca cht keo t.
- Phn n loi tiu chun Al2(SO4)3 c hm lng nhm tnh theo Al2O3 l
15,5% (8,1%Al 3+) khi s dng phn Al, mui Al b thu phn v to ra axit. Axit sinh
ra s lm t kim ca nc v lm t pH. pH t mnh khi kim thp v ngc
li khi kim ng vai tr l cht m ca h. Do sau khi keo t, nc c tip tc x
l vi sinh oxy ho amoni v cht hu c vi vng pH ti u ca n khong 8-9, qu
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trnh cn mt lng kim kh ln. v vy , ch keo t cng cn m bo hi ha cc

yu t trn.
- PAC ( poly Al clorua) l loi poly v c cha thnh phn nhm oxit, hydroxyt
v clorua. N c sn xut t mui nhm vi cc cht kim.
- Do c trung ha vi kim trc trong qu trnh sn xut, nn khng sinh ra
axit ca chng thp v do mnh phn t kh ln nn qu trnh keo t xy ra vi tc
nhanh hn so vi phn.
- Sn phm PAC lu hnh kh rng ri hin nay nhp t Trung Quc vi hm
lng nhm oxit 30%. Gi c trung bnh ca chng cao hn khong 2,5 ln so vi phn
n.
- Xt v nhiu kha cnh khi keo t nc, nn s dng liu lng PAC l 300400g/m3. Cng vi 2g/m3 cht keo t A101. Trong quy trnh keo t d gp hin tng
ni do nguyn nhn to kh CO2(Axit ca PAC vi Bicac bonat trong nc, PH cng
thp kh nng to CO2 cng ln) v c th do oxi sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp quang
to. khc phc hin tng trn c th s dng dng kh khuy trn khi keo t
nhm ui cc kh sinh ra khi nc.
- Quy trnh keo t lm gim mt phn COD ( lng oxy tng ng tiu t
oxy ho cht hu c bng ho cht kali cromat) v mu ca nc rc n ch t ti
mt mc gii hn. Khi tip tc tng liu lng cht keo t, hiu qu tch loi COD
v mu ( c l ch yu do c ch hp th) tng kh PH ca h gim. iu m ra kh
nng s dng phng php keo t nh bng nc giai on cui cng nh l mt
gii php hiu qu cao nhng c li v gi thnh.
2. Keo dn:
- Keo dn latex l g ?
Keo dn latex cao su thin nhin gm mt h phn tn keo ca cc ht cao su
vi phn tn ca cc loi nha khc v cht n khc nhau.
- Cao su thin nhin c thu t cc cy cao su di dng keo phn tn trong
nc. Cng nh hu ht latex cao su ly t cy. Qu trnh phn hy xi ha bt u v
qu trnh to li c th din ra. Cao su im ny c th tan trong dung mi thm.
Nhng thc t dung dch cha mt lng ln gel.
- Hu ht cao su tng hp s dng trong keo dn latex c ch to bng phng
php trng hp nh tng, cho nn chng thng c sn dng latex.
Cao su sinh thi ngy cng c tm quan trng trong keo dn. Bi n c nhiu
u im v gi c hp dn. Vt liu ti sinh thu c ch yu t lp xe v thng
dng latex, c s dng trn giy dn nhn, ti xch, lp xe. Trong keo dn giy
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l mt trong nhng ng dng rt ln ca nh tng polyvinyl ancol. Thng th phi

thay i cc tnh cht vt l nh : nht, hm lng rn v chu nc thay i
cc c tnh nh : dnh, kh nng gia cng trn my, hay gim gi thnh nh tinh
bt, dung dch polyvinyl ancol v t st. Tinh bt cung cp nht cao, ci thin kh
nng gia cng trn my v kh nng chu nc. t st ci thin cc tnh cht ng rn
nh iu chnh qu trnh thm vo cc cht mm xp.
3. Bo ch thuc:
- Nh tng thuc l g ?
Theo Dc im Vit Nam (DVN) , nh tng thuc gm cc dng thuc lng hoc
mm ung tim dng ngoi c iu ch bng cch dng tc dng ca cht nh ha
thch hp trn u hai cht lng khng ng tan c gi l c gi l cch quy
c du v nc.
- ng dng ca nh tng thuc trong ngnh dc:
Dng a thuc qua ng ung, qua da v qua trc trng khi dc cht l du
hoc cht tan trong du di dng bo ch c nng hm lng thch hp.
Lm cho thuc d ung khi dc cht l du v lm gim tnh nhn v che du s
kh chu ca du.V d: nh tng du gan c, nh tng du parafin, nh tng
thu dunh tng dng ng ung phi l kiu D/N.
Gia tng s hp th ca du v cc dc cht tan trong du ti thnh rut non.
Kiu nh tng dng ng tim ph thuc vo ng, do thuc v mc ch
iu tr. Kiu D/N c th c s dng cho mi ng tim, kiu N/D ch dng
tim bp hoc di da cho tc dng ko di. V d : nh tng tim bp ca
mt s vaccin c tc dng ko di lm tng cng p ng khng th, ko di
thi gian min dch.
Cc ch phm dng da ton thn dng qua ng tim di dng nh tng.
Cc nh tng v trng c ch nh a cc cht bo, cacbon hydat v
vitamin vo c th bnh nhn suy nhc. Vi nh tng D/N hin ang lu hnh
trn th trng vi tiu phn phn tn c kch thc trong khong 0.5-2 micromet
tng t nh kch thc ca cc vi dng trp ( l cc tiu phn bo thin nhin
c trong mu ).
Cc thuc dng ngai da dng bo ch ng dng cu trc nh tng nhiu nht.
C hai loi nh tng N/D, D/N u c s dng cho cc thuc dng ngoi do
kh nng dn thuc qua da tt ( lm tng hiu qu tr liu ca ch phm ).
8

- Thuc m l g?
Thuc m l dng thuc c th cht mn, dng bi ln da hay nim mc
nhm bo v da hoc a thuc thm qua da. Thnh phn thuc m gm mt
hay nhiu hot cht c ha tan hay phn tn ng u trong mt t dc
hay hn hp t dc thch hp.
Kem bi da cng l mt loi thuc m c th cht rt mm v rt mn do
thnh phn ca n c hm lng ln cc cht lng ( t dc th lng hoc
hot cht tan trong du hoc nc ) thng c cu trc nh tng kiu D/N
hoc N/D.
V d :MadecasolCc kem thuc c th cht lng snh c gi l sa dng
cho da (sa tm lactacid, hazelin)
4. M phm:
- V dng bo ch cc m phm c cu to ch yu l nh tng, gel, hoc h
nc.
- Cc ch phm dng chm sc da nh: lm sch da, cc cht cnh b,lm bong
vy sng, lm da sng v mn mng hoc lm mm da, lm se da, chng lo ha, cung
cp cho da cc cht dinh dng, cc vitamin
- Trong thc t, c nhng trng hp rt kh phn bit r ranh gii gia m phm
v thuc m. v d :cc ch phm cha du ngh, km oxit, t st, long no, vitaminh
C Mt s t dc thuc m c dng nh hot cht trong m phm nh cc cht
gi m glycerin, propilen glycol, sorbiton, silicon, du thc vt
B . NG DNG CA HA KEO TRONG LNH VC THC PHM V M
PHM:
I. NG DNG CA HA KEO TRONG THC PHM:
1. Sn phm sa
- Sa l mt h nh tng phc tap v cng l mt dung dich keo. H nh tng
bao gm nhng giot bo phn tn trong dich lin tuc cha protein. Hm lng bo c
trong sa kh a dang, t 0,1% trong sa gy n hn 20% trong sa nguyn kem. Do
cht nh ha ng vai tr rt quan trong trong vic duy tr s n inh cua h, trnh
hin tng phn tach lp lam giam gia tri cam quan cua san phm.
- Cht nh ha s dung trong san phm sa l cc monoglycerid v diglyceride
cua cc acid bo v ru. Chng c tc dung tr thnh lp phim membrane mong bao
quanh cc giot bo c trong sa v t gip tng v n inh b mt tip xc cua cc
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giot bo ny trong qu trnh ng ha sa.

- Sodium alginate: alginate l polysaccharide c chit xut t rong nu
Phaeophyceae, tn tai lin kt vi mui, Kali, canxi, v Magie. Ty thuc vo tng loai
m alginate c kha nng duy tr mt s loai cu trc san phm. Ngi ta hay s dung
sodium alginate nh l mt cht nh ha ion. Sodium alginate c kha nng tan trong
nc lanh v thng c dng nh cht lm dy dung dich. Tuy nhin nhc im
cua sodium alginate l kha nng ha tan km khi trong mi trng giu canxi. Ngi ta

khc phuc nhc im ny bng cch thm axitcitric.

Hinh1: Cng thc hoa hoc cua sodium alginate.

- Carrageenan: c chit xut t rong o thuc Rhodophycea. Co 3 loai carrageenan a
c inh danh la Kappa, iota va lamda. Tuy nhin kappa thng c s dung trong
san phm sa hn, c bit sa co b sung axit beo omega 3. Trong qua trinh bao
quan sa, s n inh cua sa lien quan n vic duy tri h thixotropic. Khi gia nhit, b
mt cu truc cua kappa carrageenan co th phan ng vi nhau hay vi mixen casein cua
sa hinh thanh gel thixotropic.

Hinh 2: Cng thc hoa hoc cua kappa carrageenan.

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- Polymer nay co gc galatose va anhydro-galatase vi rt nhiu lien kt sulfate. H

thixotropic la cu truc gel a c hinh thanh lai,co tac dung duy tri h nhu tng n
inh va ng hoa tt. Mt phn b mt cu truc phn t cua kappa carrageenan co kha
nng phan ng casein mixeo trong sa trong qua trinh gia nhit.Nhng phn cui cua
phn t carrageenan lin kt vi nhau tao thanh mt mang li, mang li nay lin
kt vi casein hinh thanh h gel thixotropic. H gel nay chng vic hinh thanh ng
kem trong san phm bng cach lam giam qua trinh ng tu va phn tach cac hat cu
beo.

Hinh 3: Cac san phm sa.

2. Sa chua:
- Trong sa chua, hm lng cht bo t 0-3,5% cht bo sa v 10-15% cht
bo phi sa. Cht nh ha thng c s dung c ngun gc t nhin v c bin
tnh, chit xut t rong bin (carrageenan, alginate) v gelatin.
-"Alginate" l mt thut ng thng c s dng cho cc mui ca axit alginic,
nhng n cng c th tham kho tt c cc dn xut ca axit alginic v acid alginic bn
thn, trong mt s n phm "algin" c s dng thay v alginate. Alginate c mt trong
cc bc tng t bo ca to nu nh canxi, magi v mui natri ca axit alginic. Mc
tiu ca qu trnh khai thc l c c kh, alginate natri bt,. Cc mui canxi v
magi khng ha tan trong nc, mui natri. L do ng sau vic khai thc cc alginate
t rong bin chuyn i tt c cc mui alginate mui natri, gii th ny trong nc,
v loi b cc d lng rong bin bng cch lc. Alginate sau phi c thu hi t
dung dch nc. Gii php l rt long v bay hi ca nc l khng kinh t. C hai
cch khc nhau khi phc alginate.

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Hinh 4:Cng thc hoa hoc cua alginate

- Gelatin l mt hn hp ca cc peptide v protein c sn xut bi thy
phn mt phn ca collagen c chit xut t xng luc, m lin kt, cc c quan v
mt s rut ca cc loi ng vt nh thun ha gia sc v ln . Cc lin kt phn t t
nhin gia cc si collagen c nhn c chia thnh mt hnh thc sp xp li d dng
hn. Gelatin tan mt cht lng khi b un nng v ha rn khi lm lnh mt ln
na. Cng vi nc, hnh thc bn rn keo gel . Gelatin to thnh mt gii php cao
nht trong nc, thit lp mt loi gel lm mt, v thnh phn ha hc ca n, trong
nhiu kha cnh, cht ch tng t nh collagen. Gelatin gii php cho thy dng
viscoelastic v trc tuyn khc x kp. Nu gelatin c a vo tip xc vi nc
lnh, mt s vt liu ha tan. tan ca cc gelatin c xc nh theo phng php
sn xut. Thng thng, gelatin c th c phn tn trong mt axit tng i tp
trung. Phn tn nh vy l n nh trong khong 10-15 ngy vi t hoc khng c thay
i ha hc v ph hp cho cc mc ch trng hoc p n vo mt bn tm
ta. Gelatin cng ha tan trong hu ht cc dung mi cc. Gel Gelatin tn ti ch mt
phm vi nhit nh, gii hn trn l im nng chy ca gel, ph thuc vo lp
gelatin v tp trung v hn ch thp hn im ng bng m bng tinh. Cc c tnh c
hc rt nhy cm vi s thay i nhit , lch s nhit trc ca gel, v thi gian.
nht ca tng hn hp gelatin / nc vi nng v khi gi lnh ( 4 C). Ngoi ra cc
gelatins ng vt c m t trn, cng c gelatins rau chng hn nh thch .

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Hinh 5: Cng thc hoa hoc cua gelatin.

- Nhng cht ny c kha nng tao thnh gel cu trc, bn cu trc v chng kha
nng tch lp san phm c hm lng cht bo sa thp. Sa chua l san phm c cu
trc hat gel v dang keo v cht nh ha c tc dung nh cht tao gel, cht lm dy v
cht n inh cu trc.

Hinh 6: Cac san phm sa chua.

3.Kem:
- Kem la h keo phc tap, trong o 17% cht beo sa, 13-17% ng, 8-11% cht
kh khac (ng lactose, protein,mui khoang). Monogyceride la cht nhu hoa thng
dung c s dung san xut kem. No co th lien kt canh tranh vi b mt protein
sa ca 2 h nhu tng beo trong nc va khi trong nc va mt phn co th lam mt
n inh h nhu tng beo. Tuy nhin cht n inh Polysaccharide thng lien kt vi
cht beo cua kem lam giam kha nng tao thanh tinh th a ln trong qua trinh bao
quan va cung nh duy tri cu truc mong mun cua san phm cui cung.

Hinh 7: Cng thc hoa hoc cua Monogyceride

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Hinh 8: cc sn phm ca kem

4. Scla:
- Trong san xut scla ngi ta thng s dung lexithin la cht nhu hoa nhm
tao cu truc va chng hin tng n hoa b mt san phm. Lexithin la mt trong
nhng phospholipit ph bin nht va la tn thng hiu trn thi trng. Lexithin co th
la mt hay mt hn hp cac phospholipit. Trong cu truc phn t cua lexithin co 2 phn
hao nc va hao beo, do o lexithin c dung nh cht nhu hoa cua h du trong nc.
Ngi ta chit xut lexithin t u nanh hat, hoc long o trng ga. Ham lng lexithin
s dung trong san xut socola khoang 0,3-0,5%.

Hinh 9: cng thc hoa hoc cua Lexithin phospholipit.

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Hinh 10: Cac san phm scla.

5. Gi ch rong sn:
- Rong sn kh , nguyn liu chit tch carrageenan.
- Carrageenan c c tnh lin kt rt tt cc phn t protein ca ng, thc vt.
C th dng carrageenan vi mt hm lng thch hp no lm ph gia gi ch
tng mc lin kt cc protein ca tht. Nh gi ch c th t gin, do theo
mun. Ngoi ra, carrageenan cn c tc dng n nh hng v thm ngon t nhin ca
nguyn liu tht.
-Theo ghi nhn ca cc nh khoa hc, trong rong sn c nhiu axit amin khng
thay th, cc khong cht a lng v vi lng, cc hp cht hot ng sinh hc rt cn
thit v b dng i vi con ngi. Mt trong nhng b quyt sng lu ca ngi Nht
l tp qun n rt nhiu rong bin. Carrageenan trong rong sn cn c tc dng ngn
axit ca dch v tip xc vi vt lot thnh d dy, v vy c bit hu ch cho nhng
ngi au d dy do vim lot.

Hnh11: Carrageenan c chit xut t rong sn

- Dng carrageenan lm ph gia thay th hn the s c th khi phc v nng cao
gi tr ca gi ch
-Thm mt ng dng thc tin cho carrageenan l thm mt u ra cho ch bin
rong sn, loi rong bin rt c gi tr c di trng vo VN t nm 1993, n nay
pht trin gn 20.000ha nui trng ven bin Nam Trung b, cho thu hoch trn 200.000
tn/nm nhng vn mi ch dng phng thc phi kh, xut th sang Trung Quc.
6. Bnh ko:
- Cha t 6- 9% gelatin, bloom t 150- 250.
- Gelatine dung nh cht tao kt cu trong san xut banh keo khng cha ng
- Trong ko, gelatine gi vai tr:
Cht to bt : lm gim sc cng b mt ca pha lng
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Cht n nh : to bn c hc cn thit trnh bin dng sn phm

Cht lin kt: lin kt mt lng nc ln ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.

Hnh 13: Mt s sn phm ko c Gelatin

7. Rau cu:
-Loi sng sa thng dng hay nu bng nhiu loi rong to khc nhau nhng
nu ch s dng mt loi to bin c tn Vit Nam l rau cu, c tn ring l AGAR
SEAWEED GELIDIUM s cho thnh phm cng, trong v ngon hn. Loi to Agar
gelidium ny c tt c cc quc gia c bin khai thc ch bin thnh mt loi thc
phm s ch dng bt vi tn thng mi quen thuc l Agar. V chnh loi bt rau
cu Agar ny mi c th ch bin chung vi nhiu loi thc phm khc v nhum mu
d dng. Rau cu Agar s dng khng ch n thun l mt cht kt ng cc mn mn
ngt m cn dng ch bin trong cng ngh sn xut bnh ko ng gi.
-Rau cu Agar Vit Nam c s dng ph bin nht dng bt mn. Nhng
cht lng thnh phm c t yu cu kt ng cng gin v trong p hay khng l ty
k thut ch bin, cht lng vt liu ca mi thng hiu

Hnh 14:Cng thc cu to ca Agar-agar

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Hnh 15: Rau cu c lm t Agar-agar

II.NG DNG CA HA KEO TRONG M PHM:
1. Kem dng da:
- y l nhng h nh tng ca du trong nc(O/W) hay nc trong du(W/O)
vi h thng b mt c bit v cht lm c cung cp nht cho cc sn phm
dng da, nhng vi cc yu cu nht ln hn.
- Cc h ny c m t l mt mng li cu trc gel to ra bng cch s dng
cc hn hp b mt to thnh cu trc tinh th lng. Cc hydrocolloid c thm vo
tng cng cu trc mng gel.
- Hydrocolloid: l nhng polymer tan trong nc (polysaccharide v protein)hin
ang c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip vi rt nhiu chc nng nh to c hay
to gel h lng, n nh h bt, nh tng v huyn ph, ngn cn s hnh thnh tinh
th v ng, gi hng.. Chng c th c phn loi ty thuc vo ngun gc,
phng php phn tch, chc nng, cu trc, kh nng thun nghch v nhit, thi gian
to gel hay in tch. Nhng phng php phn loi thch hp nht cho nhng tc nhn
to gel l cu trc, kh nng thun nghch v nhit v thi gian to gel.

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Hnh 16: Mt hydrocolloid ph bin l methyl cellulose

Hnh 17: Kem dng da

2. Sn mng tay
- y l nhng h phn tn sc t trong mt dung mi k nc d bay hi(nh
butyl acetate hay ethyl acetate).
- H ny l thixotropic(h xc bin): l tnh cht ca 1 s gel, cht lng dy, nht
iu kin bnh thng nhng tr thnh dng lu cht( mng hn, t dnh nht hn)
khi b tc ng.
- Tosylamide-formaldehyde l mt loi nha tng hp, l cht hot ng b mt
c s dng trong sn mng tay tng bn, chng mi mn v tng bng ca
sn mng tay.

Hnh 18: Cng thc cu to tosylamide-formadehyde

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Hnh 19: Sn mng tay

3. Du gi u:
-L nhng h gel thng thng vi nhng cht hot ng b mt c cu trc dng
que hay si. Cc cht lm c v d nh cc polysaccharide c thm vo to
ng c v chng oxy-ha. Tng tc gia polymer v cht hot ng b mt l rt
quan trng.
-Mt s cht HBM c s dng trong du gi u: Ammonium lauryl sulfate,
Demethicone, Sodium laurenth sulfate, Cocamidopropyl Betain,... vi thnh phn t 1020%.
-Cht nh ha trong du gi u: Glycol Distearate
-Cht to bt v n nh bt: lauramide DEA, Cocamide MEA, 3-5%

Hnh 19: Cng thc cu to Glycol Distearate.

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Hnh 20: Cng thc cu to Ammonium lauryl sulfate.

Hnh 21: Cng thc cu to lauramide DEA.

Hnh 22: Cc loi du gi

C.TI LIU THAM KHO:

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*Tp ch khoa hc-Cng ngh thy sn s 1/2008

*Gi ch rong sn trn http://vietbao.vn/Van-hoa/Gio-cha-rong-sun/40065896/181/
*Carrageena chc nng v ng dng: http://blog.yume.vn/xem-blog/carrageenan-chucnang-va-ung-dung.nhi46cnsh.35D0A8F2.html
*Gio trnh ha keo Trng i Hc Nng Nghip H Ni
*Rong sn v cc sn phm ch bin t rong sn- n chuyn mn ca Chu Th Hng
*Gelatin-Tiu lun mn ha hc thc phm-Ging vin Tn N Minh Nguyt
*Ha l v ha keo-Thc s Nguyn Hu Ph
*Gio trnh Ha Keo-Thc s Phan Xun Vn v Thc s Nguyn Tin Qu
*Cht keo thc phm-Thc s Nguyn Thu Thy v Thc s Trn Thanh Trc

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MC LC
A. GII THIU S LC V HO KEO
I. nh ngha
II. Phn loi cc h keo
1. Theo kch thc ca ht phn tn
2. Theo trng thi tp hp pha ca h
3. Theo cng tng tc gi ht phn tn v mi trng ca h

1
1
1
1

III. C IM CA H KEO
2
IV.TNH CHT CA H KEO
1.Tnh cht quang hc ca h phn tn
1.1S phn tn nh sng ca h keo
2
1.2 S hp th nh sng ca h keo
2
2. Tnh cht ng hc theo phn t ca h keo
2.1 Chuyn ng Brown
3
2.2 S khuych tn trong dung dch keo
3
2.3 p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo
3
2.4 S sa lng trong h keo
3
2.5 nht ca cc h keo
3
3. Tnh cht in ca cc h keo
3.1 Mt s hin tng in trong h keo
3
3.2 Cu to ht keo ght lu
3
V. IU CH DUNG DCH KEO
1. iu ch
4
2. Tinh ch keo
5
VI. NGHA THC TIN CA HA KEO
1. X l nc rc
5
2. Keo dn
6
3. Bo ch thuc
7
4. M phm
8
B . NG DNG CA HA KEO TRONG LNH VC THC PHM V M
PHM
I. NG DNG CA HA KEO TRONG THC PHM
1. Sn phm sa
8
2. Sa chua
10
3. Kem
12
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4. Scla
5. Gi ch rong sn
6. Bnh ko
7. Rau cu
II.NG DNG CA HA KEO TRONG M PHM
1. Kem dng da
2. Sn mng tay
3. Du Gi u
C.TI LIU THAM KHO

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