Mach Khuech Dai Hoi Tiep

Chng 8: Mch khuch i hi tip
Chng 8
MCH KHUCH I HI TIP
(Feedback Amplifier)

Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v loi mch khuch i c hi tip m v
kho st nh hng ca loi hi tip ny ln cc thng s cng nh tnh cht ca mch
khuch i.
8.1 PHN LOI MCH KHUCH I:
Khi kho st cc mch khuch i c hi tip, ngi ta thng phn chng thnh 4
loi mch chnh: khuch i in th, khuch i dng in, khuch i in dn truyn v
khuch i in tr truyn.
8.1.1 Khuch i in th:( Voltage amplifier )
Hnh 8.1 m t mch tng ng Thevenin ca mt h thng 2 cng, m hnh ha
ca mt mch khuch i cn bn.

- Nu mch c in tr ng vo R
i
rt ln i vi ni tr R
S
ca ngun tn hiu th v
i

v
s
- Nu ti R
L
rt ln i vi in tr ng ra R
0
ca mch khuch i th v0 A
VNL
.v
i

A
VNL
.v
S
Trong iu kin nh vy, mch s cung cp mt in th ng ra t l vi in th ng
vo v h s t l ny c lp i vi bin ca ngun tn hiu v in tr ti. Loi mch
nh th c gi l mch khuch i in th.
Mt mch khuch i in th l tng khi c in tr ng vo Ri bng v hn v
in tr ng ra R
0
= 0. K hiu

khi R
L
=, nh vy A
VNL
biu din li in th ca mch h (open-circuit).
8.1.2 Khuch i dng in (current amplifier)
Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c nh ngha nh l mt mch khuch
i cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny
khng ph thuc vo R
S
v R
L
. Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c in tr ng vo
R
i
= 0 v in tr ng ra R
0
bng v hn.
Trng Vn Tm VIII-1 Mch in T

Trong thc t, mch c in tr ng vo thp v din tr ng ra cao. Nh vy, R
i
<<
R
S
v R
0
>> R
L.

Hnh 8.2 l mch tng ng Norton ca mt mch khuch i dng in. Ch ,
k hiu

vi R
L
= 0, n din t li dng in ca mt mch ni tt (short-circuit).
Ta thy rng:
V R
i
<< R
S
nn I
i
I
S
V R
0
>> R
L
nn I
L
( A
i
I
i
A
I
S
)
8.1.3 Khuch i in dn truyn: (Transconductance Amplifier)
Mt mch khuch i in dn truyn l tng s cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l
vi in th tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny c lp vi R
L
v R
S
. Mch nh vy phi c
in tr ng vo R
i
bng v hn v in tr ng ra R
0
bng v hn.
Trong mch thc t: R
i
>> R
S
v R
0
>> R
L
Hnh 8.3 l m hnh tng ng ca mt mch khuch i in dn truyn.

Ta thy rng v
i
v
S
khi R
i
>> R
S
V I
0
G
m
v
i
G
m
v
S
khi R
0
>> R
L

8.1.4 Khuch i in tr truyn (Transresistance Amplifier)
Mch tng ng l tng ca mt mch khuch i in tr truyn nh hnh 8.4

Mch cung cp mt in th ng ra v0 t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo IS v h
s t l ny c lp vi R
S
v R
L
.
Trong thc t mt mch khuch i in tr truyn phi c R
i
<< R
S
v R
0
<< R
L
. Nh vy
khi I
i
I
S
, v
0
R
m
I
i
R
m
I
S
.

8.2 I CNG V HI TIP:
Mt mch khuch i hi tip gm cc b phn nh sau:


Ngun tn hiu: C th l ngun in th V
S
ni tip vi mt ni tr R
S
hay ngun
dng in I
S
song song vi ni tr R
S
.
H thng hi tip: Thng dng l mt h thng 2 cng th ng (ch cha cc thnh
phn th ng nh in tr, t in, cun dy).

Mch ly mu: Ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra a vo h thng hi tip. Trng
hp tn hiu in th ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip c mc song song vi
ng ra v trong trng hp tn hiu dng in ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip
c mc ni tip vi ng ra.

Mch so snh hoc trn:
Hai loi mch trn rt thng dng l loi trn ng vo ni tip v loi trn ng
vo song song.

T s truyn hay li:
K hiu A trong hnh 8.5 biu th t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo ca
mch khuch i cn bn. T s truyn v/vi l khuch i in th hay li in th A
V
.
Tng t t s truyn I/I
i
l khuch i dng in hay li dng in A
I
ca mch
khuch i. T s I/v
i
c gi l in dn truyn ( truyn dn-Transconductance) G
M
v
v/I
i
c gi l in tr truyn R
M
. Nh vy G
M
v R
M
c nh ngha nh l t s gia hai
tn hiu, mt dng dng in v mt dng in th. li truyn A ch mt cch tng
qut mt trong cc i lng A
V
, A
I
, G
M
, R
M
ca mt mch khuch i khng c hi tip
ty theo m hnh ha c s dng trong vic phn gii.

K hiu A
f
c nh ngha nh l t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo ca
mch khuch i hnh 8.5 v c gi l li truyn ca mch khuch i vi hi tip.
Vy th A
f
dng din t mt trong 4 t s:

S lin h gia li truyn A
f
v li A ca mch khuch i cn bn (cha c
hi tip) s c tm hiu trong phn sau.
Trong mt mch c hi tip, nu tn hiu ng ra gia tng to ra thnh phn tn hiu
hi tip a v ng vo lm cho tn hiu ng ra gim tr li ta ni l mch hi tip m
(negative feedback).
8.3 LI TRUYN VI NI TIP:
Mt mch khuch i c hi tip c th c din t mt cch tng qut nh
hnh 8.10
phn gii mt mch khuch i c hi tip, ta c th thay th thnh phn tch
cc (BJT, FET, OP-AMP ...) bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh. Sau dng nh lut
Kirchhoff lp cc phng trnh lin h.

Trong mch hnh 8.10 c th l mt mch khuch i in th, khuch i dng in,
khuch i in dn truyn hoc khuch i in tr truyn c hi tip nh c din t
hnh 8.11

Hnh 8.11 Dng mch khuch i hi tip
(a) Khuch i in th vi hi tip in th ni tip
(b) Khuch i in dn truyn vi hi tip dng in ni tip
(c) Khuch i dng in vi hi tip dng in song song
(d) Khuch i in tr truyn vi hi tip in th song song

Trong hnh 8.10, ni tr ngun R
S
c xem nh mt thnh phn ca mch
khuch i cn bn. li truyn A (A
V
, A
I
, G
M
, R
M
) bao gm hiu ng ca ti R
L
v ca
h thng hi tip ln mch khuch i.
Tn hiu vo X
S
, tn hiu ra X
0
, tn hiu hi tip X
f
, tn hiu tr X
d
c th l
in th hay dng in. Nhng tn hiu ny cng nh t s A v c tm tt trong bng
sau y.

Nh vy: X
d
= X
S
- X
f
= X
i
(8.1)
H s hi tip c nh ngha:

H s thng l mt s thc dng hay m, nhng mt cch tng qut l
mt hm phc theo tn s tn hiu.

li truyn A c nh ngha:
A = X
0
/X
i
(8.3)

i lng A biu din li truyn ca mch khuch i tng ng khng c hi
tip nhng bao gm nh hng ca h thng, R
L
, R
S
.
Nu |Af| < |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip m
Nu |Af| > |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip dng
Biu thc 8.4 cho ta thy khi c hI tip m, lI gim i(1+A) ln so vi li
ca mch cn bn khng c hi tip.
li vng (loop gain):
Tn hiu X
d
trong hnh 8.10 c nhn vi A khi qua mch khuch i, c nhn
vi khi truyn qua h thng hi tip v c nhn vi -1 trong mch trn v tr li ng
vo. V vy T = -A c gi l li vng v i lng F = 1 + A = 1 - T c gi l
tha s hi tip.
Ngi ta thng dng i lng

biu din nh hng ca lng hi tip ln mch khuch i. Nu l hi tip m
th N < 0.
8.4 TNH CHT CN BN CA MCH KHUCH I C
HI TIP M:
Trong mch khuch i hi tip m lm gim li truyn nhng li c mt
s u im ni bt nn c ng dng rng ri.
8.4.1 Gi vng khuch i:
Thng s ca BJT hay FET khng phi l mt hng s m chng thay i rt
nhiu theo nhit , ngay c cc thng s ny cng khng ging nhau khi thay th t mt
mu ny sang mt mu khc. Do , khi nhit thay i hay khi thay th linh kin tc
ng li A ca mch s thay i.
Khi c hi tip:

Vy khi mch c hi tip, khi li A ca mch khng c hi tip thay i th li
ca ton mch (c hi tip) thay i nh hn (1+A) ln.
Trong trng hp |A| >> 1 th:

Ngha l mch khuch i sau khi thc hin hi tip m li ch cn ty thuc vo
h s hi tip m thi. Thng thng h s hi tip c th c xc nh bi cc thnh
phn th ng khng lin h vi transistor nn li ca mch s c gi vng.
8.4.2 Gim s bin dng:
Bin dng gm c bin dng tn s do s khuch i khng ng u cc tn s v
bin dng phi tuyn do c tnh khng tuyn tnh ca BJT v FET lm pht sinh hi
(harmonic signal) chng ln tn hiu c khuch i lm bin dng tn hiu ng ra. Nh
vy ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu vo c khuch i cn c mt thnh phn nhiu
xut pht t s bin dng ca mch, ta t l D.
Tn hiu ng ra: X
0
= AX
i
+ D
Khi c hi tip m, nu ta gi Xi khng i th tn hiu ra gim v li A
f
< A.
Nhng v s bin dng t l vi A
f
nn cng gim theo.
Khi c hi tip m, mch khuch i A vn cho thnh phn bin dng D nhng ng
ra ca mch ton phn s bin dng by gi ch cn l D
f

Vy nhiu cng gim i 1+A ln khi c hi tip m.
8.4.3 Gia tng di tn hot ng:
li truyn ca cc mch khuch i thng l mt hm s theo tn s (xem li
chng p tuyn tn s).
- tn s cao ta c:

Trong A
m
l li ca mch tn s gia
f
H
l tn s ct cao
Nu mch c hi tip m th li truyn by gi l A
f


Nh vy khi thc hin hi tip m, tn s ct cao tng thm (1+A
m
) ln.
Tng t tn s thp:

vi f
L
l tn s ct thp ca mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip.
Dng cch phn gii tng t ta cng tm c:

l trong m thanh f
H
>> f
L
nn rng bng tn thng c xem nh gn
bng f
H
hay f
Hf
.
8.5 IN TR NG VO:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln tng tr vo ca mch khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l in th v ni tip vi in th ng vo
(hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b) th tng tr vo s tng.


V in th hi tip v
f
ngc chiu vi v
S
nn dng in vo I
i
nh hn khi mch
cha c hi
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l dng in v mc song song vi tn hiu
dng in ng vo (hnh 8.11c v 8.11d) th tng tr vo s gim.

V I
i
= I
S
- I
f
nn I
i
(vi mt gi tr xc nh ca I
f
) s nh hn khi cha c hi tip
m.

Cc c tnh ca 4 loi mch hi tip m c tm tt bng 8.2

8.5.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:
Dng mch hnh 8.11a c v li trong hnh 8.14 vi mch khuch i c thay
th bng mch tng ng Thevenin. Trong mch A
VNL
din t li in th ca mch
h (khng ti) nhng xem RS nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.

i
i i v i i
i
o i i
s
s
if
L o
L VNL
i
o
I
I .R A I R
I
v .I R
I
v
R
R R
.R A
Av
v
v
at
+
=
+
= =
+
= =

R
if
=R
i
(1+A
v
) >R
i
Vy:

Trong : A
VNL
li in th ca mch h khng hi tip
A
V
li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v c R
L
Nh vy:
A
VNL
= lim A
V
(8.14)
R
L

8.5.2 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11b c v li trong hnh 8.15

V G
m
= limG
M
R
L
0
Trong : Gm l in dn truyn ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0)
GM l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti.
8.5.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11c c v li trong hnh 8.16 vi mch khuch i c
thay th bng mch tng ng Norton. Trong mch ny A
i
biu th dng in ca mch
ni tt (R
L
= 0) vi ni tr ngun R
S
c xem nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.

8.5.4 Mch hi tip in th song song:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11d c v li trong hnh 8.17

-

Ch : R
m
l in tr truyn ca mch h (R
L
= )
R
M
l in tr truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti R
L
Do : R
m
= lim R
M
R
M

8.6 IN TR NG RA:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln in tr ng ra ca mch khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu in th a v ng vo th in tr ng ra ca
mch s gim (R
of
<<R
0
).
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu dng in a v ng vo th in tr ng ra
ca mch s tng (R
of
>>R
0
).
8.6.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:
Chng ta i tm in tr ng ra R
of
cu mch c hi tip nhng cha mc ti R
L
vo.
tm R
of
, ta ni tt ngun ng vo (v
S
= 0, I
S
= 0) v h ti (R
L
= ). a mt ngun
gi tng v vo 2 u ca ng ra, tnh dng in I chy vo mch to ra bi v. in tr ng
ra c nh ngha:

Ch l R
0
chia cho tha s hi tip 1+A
VNL
( ch khng phi A
V
), trong A
VNL

l li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v h (R
L
= ).
Khi a ti R
L
vo mch, in tr ng ra ca mch hi tip by gi l R
of
= R
L
//R
of
.

Ch l by gi R
0
chia cho tha s hi tip 1+A
V
, trong A
V
l li in th
ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti R
L
.

8.6.2 Mch hi tip in th song song:
Xem li hnh 8.17. Ngt ngun ng vo (I
S
= 0) v cho h ti (R
L
=)

Rm: li in tr truyn ca mch khng hi tip v khng ti.
Khi mc ti R
L
vo ta c:

8.6.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:
Xem hnh 8.16 vi v
0
= v

vi Ai l li dng in ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0). Khi mc R
L
vo:


8.6.4 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:
Xem hnh 8.15 vi v
S
= 0, R
L
= .
Dng cch tnh tng t nh cc phn trn ta tm c:

c tnh v thng s ca mch khuch i hi tip c tm tt trong bng 8.3. Ch
Gm l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip ni tt (R
L
=0) cn G
M
l khi c ti.


Bng 8.3 Phn tch mch khuch i hi tip
8.7 PHNG PHP PHN TCH MT MCH KHUCH
I C HI TIP:
Bc u tin trong vic phn gii l nhn dng loi mch hi tip. Mch vng ng
vo (input loop) c xc nh l ni a tn hiu in th vo vS: gia cc nn-pht BJT,
cc cng-ngun FET, 2 ng vo mch khuch i visai... Vic trn hoc so snh c
nhn dng l hi tip nu trong mch vo c mt b phn mch mc ni tip vi vS v nu
c ni vi ng ra. Trong trng hp ny in th ngang qua l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= v
f

(hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b).
Nu iu kin trn ni tip khng tha, chng ta phi th dng trn song song. Nt
ng vo (input node) c xc nh nh l: Cc nn B ca BJT u tin, cc cng G ca
FET u tin, ng vo o ca mch khuch i visai hay op-amp. Trong trng hp ny
ngun tn hiu Norton c dng trong tn hiu dng in I
S
i vo nt vo. Vic trn
c nhn dng l song song nu c thnh phn ni gia nt vo v mch ng ra. Dng in
trong thnh phn ni ny l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= I
f
(hnh 8.11c v 8.11d).
Tm li, v X
i
= X
S
- X
f
, nn vic trn l ni tip nu hiu tn hiu a vo mch
vng ng vo l in th v l trn song song nu hiu tn hiu a vo nt ng vo l dng
in.


i lng ng ra c ly mu c th l in th hay dng in. Nt ng ra m
in th ng ra v
0
ly ra phi c xc nh r trong mi trng hp ng dng. in th
v0 thng c ly hai u ti R
L
v I
0
l dng in chy qua RL. Ta c th th loi ly
mu theo 2 bc:
1. t v
0
= 0 (tc R
L
= 0). Nu X
f
thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l in th.
2. t I
0
= 0 (tc R
L
= ). Nu X
f
thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l dng in.
Mch khuch i khng c hi tip:
Ta phn mch khuch i c hi tip ra lm 2 thnh phn: Mch khuch i cn bn
A v h thng hi tip . Khi xc nh c A v ta tnh c cc c tnh quan trng ca
mch khuch i c hi tip. Mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip (nhng h thng
phi c a vo) c xc nh bng cch p dng cc nguyn tc sau y:
- Tm mch ng vo:
1. t v
0
= 0 khi ly mu in th (nt ng ra ni tt).
2. t I
0
= 0 khi ly mu dng in (mch vng ng ra h).
- Tm mch ng ra:
1. t v
i
= 0 khi mch trn song song (nt ng vo ni tt- khng c dng
in hi tip i vo ng vo).
2. t I
i
= 0 khi mch trn ni tip (mch vng ng vo h-khng c in th
hi tip a vo ng vo).
Cc bc phn gii:
Tm A
f
, R
if
, R
of
theo cc bc sau y:
1. Nhn dng loi hi tip. Bc ny xc nh X
f
v X
0
l in th hay
dng in.
2. V mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip theo nguyn tc phn trn.
3. Dng ngun tng ng Thevenin nu X
f
l in th v dng ngun
Norton nu X
f
l dng in.
4. Thay thnh phn tc ng bng mch tng ng hp l (th d thng s
h khi tn s thp hay thng s lai ( cho tn s cao).

6. Xc nh A bng nh lut Kirchhoff cho mch tng ng.
7. T A, , tm c F, A
f
, R
if
, R
of
, R
of
.
8.8 MCH HI TIP IN TH NI TIP: (voltage- series
feedback)
Hai th d v mch hi tip in th ni tip quen thuc c kho st mu l mch
khuch i dng FET vi cc thot chung (source follower) v mch cc thu chung dng
BJT (Emitter follower).
Mt mch hi tip in th ni tip 2 tng dng BJT c a vo mc 8.9.

8.8.1 Mch source-follower:
Mch c cho hnh 8.18a. in tr ti l R
L
= R. V mch vng ng vo cha
thnh phn R c ni vi ng ra (v
0
ngang qua R) nn y l trng hp ca mch trn ni
tip. Tn hiu hi tip X
f
l in th vf ngang qua R. Kiu ly mu tm c bng cch cho
v
0
= 0 v khi v
f
= 0 nn l kiu ly mu in th. V vy y l mch hi tip in th ni
tip.

Hnh 8.18 (a) Mch Source follower
(b) Khuch i cn bn khng hi tip
(c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp
v mch khuch i cn bn ta theo 2 bc:
- Tm mch vng ng vo bng cch cho v
0
= 0, khi v
S
c a thng
gia G v S.
- Tm mch ng ra bng cch cho I
i
= 0 (ng vo h). Khi R ch xut hin
trong mch vng ng ra.
Ta v c mch hnh 8.18b.
Khi thay FET bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp ta c
mch hnh 8.18c

V

V in tr ng vo ca FET rt ln: R
i
= nn R
if
=R
i
.F=
xc nh in tr ng ra, ta ch R = R
L

8.8.2 Mch Emitter follower:
Mch c cho hnh 8.19a. Tn hiu hi tip l in th v
f
ngang qua R
E
v tn hiu
ly mu l v
0
ngang qua R
E
. Nh vy y l trng hp ca mch hi tip in th ni tip.
v mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip ta tm mch ng vo bng cch cho v
0

= 0. Vy v
S
ni tip R
S
xut hin gia B v E. tm mch ng ra ta cho I
i
= 0 (mch vng
ng vo h) vy R
E
ch xut hin mch vng ng ra. Ta v c mch hnh 8.19b. Thay
BJT bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh ta c mch hnh 8.19c.

(b) Mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip
(c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp

Trong R
0
(nhn vo ngun dng in)


8.9 CP HI TIP IN TH NI TIP:
Hnh 8.20 din t mt mch khuch i 2 tng mc ni tip c li ln lt l A
V1
,
A
V2
. tn hiu hi tip c ly t ng ra ca tng th 2 qua h thng R
1
, R
2
a ngc li tn
hiu ng vo v
S
.
Vi cch phn tch tng t nh on trc, ta d dng thy rng y l trng hp
ca mch hi tip in th ni tip. c tnh ch yu nh thy l tng tr vo tng, tng
tr ra gim v li in th n nh.

Mch vo ca mch cn bn c tm bng cch cho v
0
= 0, Vy R
2
hin ra song
song vi R
1
. Ng ra c tm bng cch cho I
i
= 0 (I = 0) Vy ng ra R
1
ni tip vi R
2
.
in th hi tip v
f
ngang qua R
1
t l vi in th c ly mu v
0
nn:

Ta xem mch c th nh hnh 8.21
Trong : R
S
= 0, = 50
Ta th xc nh A
Vf
, R
of
, R
if
u tin ta tnh li ton mch khi cha c hi tip
A
V
= A
V1
. A
V2

Dng cch tnh phn cc nh cc chng trc ta s tm c:
r
e1
# 35 r
e2
# 17
r
e1
=1.75 k r
e2
=850
Ti R
L1
l: R
L1
= 10k //47k //33k //850 813
T hnh 8.20b ta thy rng ti R
L2
ca Q2 l R
c2
//(R1+R2)
R
L2
= 4.7k //4.8k = 2.37k
Cng t hnh 8.20b, ta thy tng tr cc pht ca Q
1
l R
E
vi:
R
E
= R
1
//R
2
= 98

in tr ng vo ca mch khng hi tip:
R
i
= r
e1
+(1+)R
E
= 1.75k +(51)(0.098k) = 6.75k
Khi c hi tip:
R
if
= R
i
.F = 121.5k
in tr ng ra khi cha c hi tip:
R
0
= R
L2
= 2.37k
in tr ng ra khi c hi tip:

8.10 MCH HI TIP DNG IN NI TIP
Ta xem mch c hi tip hnh 8.22.
T cc l lun ca mch Emitter follower ta thy r l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= vf l
in th ngang qua in tr R
E
v l cch trn ni tip.
th loi ly mu ta cho v
0
= 0 (R
L
= 0). Vic lm ny khng to cho in th vf
ngang qua R
E
tr thnh 0v. Nh vy mch ny khng ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I
0
=
0 (R
L
= ) ngha l dng cc thu bng 0 nn v
f
ngang qua R
E
cng bng 0. Vy mch ly
mu dng in ng ra. Vy l mch hi tip dng in ni tip.

Ch l mc d dng in I
0
t l vi v
0
nhng khng th kt lun l mch hi tip
in th ni tip v nu in th ly mu l v
0
th:

v by gi l mt hm s ca ti R
L
.
Mch ng vo ca mch khuch i khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I
0
bng
0, R
E
xut hin mch vo. tm mch ng ra ta cho I
i
= 0 v R
E
cng hin din mch
ng ra. Mch c v li nh hnh 8.22b v mch tng ng theo thng s re nh hnh
8.22c.
V in th hi tip t l vi I
0
l dng in c ly mu nn v
f
xut hin ngang qua
R
E
trong mch in ng ra (v khng phi ngang qua R
E
trong mch ng vo).

Nu R
E
l mt in tr c nh, li in dn truyn ca mch hi tip rt n nh.
Dng qua ti c cho bi:

Dng qua ti nh vy t l trc tip vi in th ng vo v dng ny ch ty thuc
R
E
. Mt ng dng l dng mch ny lm mch iu khin lm lch chm tia in t trong
dao ng nghim.
li in th cho bi:

8.11 MCH KHUCH I HI TIP DNG IN SONG
SONG:
Hnh 8.23 l mt mch dng 2 transistor lin lc trc tip dng hi tip t cc pht
ca Q
2
v cc nn ca Q
1
qua in tr R. T cc l lun on 8.7 ta thy mch trn song
song c dng v tn hiu hi tip X
f
l dng in I
f
chy qua R c ni t nt vo n
mch ng ra.

nt vo song song vi R
S
.

xc nh loi ly mu, ta cho v
0
= 0 (R
C2
= 0), iu ny khng lm gim I
0
v
khng lm cho dng qua R
E
ca Q
2
xung 0 v dng I
f
khng gim xung 0 vy mch ny
khng phi ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I
0
= 0 (R
C
= ), dng I
f
s bng 0 vy mch
ly mu dng in. Nh vy mch hnh 8.23 l mt mch hi tip dng in song song. By
gi ta s chng minh rng hi tip m. in th v
B2
rt ln i vi v
i
do Q
1
khuch i.
Cng vy, v
B2
lch pha 180
0
so vi pha ca v
i
. V tc ng Emitter follower, v
E2
thay i rt
t so vi v
B2
v 2 in th ny cng pha. Vy v
B2
c bin ln hn v
i
(l v
B1
) v c pha
lch 180
0
so vi pha ca v
i
. Nu tn hiu vo tng lm cho I
S
tng v I
f
cng tng v I
i
= I
S
-
I
f
s nh hn trong trng hp khng c hi tip. Tc ng ny l mt c tnh ca mch
hi tip m.
Mch khuch i khng c hi tip:
Mch vo ca mch khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I
0
= 0. V dng I
B2
khng
ng k nn cc pht ca Q
2
xem nh h (I
E2
0). Kt qu l R mc ni tip vi R
E
cc
nn ca Q
1
. Mch ng ra tm c bng cch ni tt nt ng vo (cc nn ca Q
1
). Vy R
c xem nh mc song song vi R
E
ti cc pht ca Q
2
. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in,
mch ngun c v li bng ngun tng ng Norton vi I
S
= v
S
/R
S
. Mch tng
ng cui cng nh sau:

Tn hiu hi tip l dng in I
f
chy qua in tr R nm trong mch ng ra. T hnh
8.24 ta c:

Nu R
E
, R, R
C2
, R
S
n nh th A
vf
n nh (c lp vi thng s ca BJT, nhit
hay s dao ng ca ngun in th v
S
).

8.12 MCH HI TIP IN TH SONG SONG:
Hnh 8.25a l mt tng cc pht chung vi in tr R c ni t ng ra tr v ng
vo. Ging nh mch hnh 8.23 ta thy mch trn song song c dng v X
f
l dng in I
f

chy qua R.

Nu chng ta cho v
0
= 0, dng hi tip I
f
s gim ti 0 ch rng kiu ly mu in th
c s dng. Vy mch ny l mch khuch i hi tip in th song song. Nh th li
truyn (in tr truyn) A
f
= R
Mf
c n nh v c hai in tr ng vo v ng ra u b
gim.
Mch khuch i khng hi tip:
Mch vo c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt ra (V
0
= 0) nh vy R ni t cc B
n cc E ca BJT. Mch ng ra c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt vo (v
i
= 0), nh vy
R ni t cc thu n cc pht. Kt qu l mch tng ng khng hi tip c v li
hnh 8.25b. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in, ngun tn hiu c biu din bng ngun
tng ng Norton vi I
S
= v
S
/R
S
.
Tn hiu hi tip l dng in I
f
chy qua in tr R nm trong mch ng ra. T hnh
8.25b:

iu ny chng t rng I
f
t l vi v
0
v tn hiu ly mu l in th.
Vi mch khuch i c hi tip ta c:

Ch rng in tr truyn bng lng m ca in tr hi tip t ng ra v ng vo.
V nu R l mt in tr n nh th in tr truyn s n nh. li in th vi mch
hi tip:


BI TP CUI CHNG VIII
******

Bi 1: a/ Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm in th xoay chiu v
i
(theo v
S
v v
f
). Gi s
mch khuch i o c in tr vo v hn v

Transistor c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi I
C
= 1.3mA

Bi 2: Mt mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip cho ng ra l 30v vi 10% bin dng
ha tn bc hai (second-harmonic distortion) khi ng vo 0.025v.
a/ Nu 1.5% ng ra c hi tip v ng vo bng mch khuch i hi tip m in
th ni tip th in th ng ra nh th no?
b/ Nu ng ra vn gi 30v, nhng ha tn bc 2 gim cn 1% th in th ng vo
l bao nhiu?
Bi 3: Mt mch khuch i c hi tip nh hnh sau dng 2 transistor c = 100; phn cc
vi dng I
C
= 1mA. Cc t in xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu.


Bi 4: Trong mch khuch i hi tip sau, transistor c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi
I
C
=1.3mA. B qua iu kin phn cc.

Bi 5: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi I
C
=1.3mA. Tnh:

Bi 6: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi I
C
=1.3mA.
a/ Vi R
E
= 0. Xc nh:
R
Mf
= V
0
/I
S
; A
Vf
=V
0
/V
S
, trong I
S
=V
S
/R
S
R
if
, R
0f
b/ Lp li bi ton vi R
E
=0.5k


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Chng 8: Mch khuch i hi tip

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