Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.

Eng
Universitas Indonesia
Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
Net mass rate leaving the control volume plus the rate of
accumulation of mass within the control volume must be zero

Assuming that the fluid enters the face ABCO with a velocity
u and leaves the face EFGH with a velocity
( )
u u x x o + c c
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
For an incompressible flow of a fluid, would be constant
mass rate leaving face EFGH
( ) ( )
u u x x y z o o o + c c
u y z o o
mass rate entering face ABCO
(1)
(2)
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
( )( ) ( )
u x x y z u x V o o o o c c = c c
Hence, the net mass rate, flowing through in the x-
direction, by difference of eq.(1) and (2)
Similarly, net mass rates flowing through in the y and z
directions respectively are
( )( ) ( )
v y x y z v y V o o o o c c = c c
( )( ) ( )
w z x y z w z V o o o o c c = c c
The rate of accumulation of mass within the control volume is
( )
V V
t t

o o
c c
=
c c
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
Since is constant for incompressible flow, this term
vanishes showing that there can be no accumulation of mass
with time within the control volume in an incompressible flow
By mass balance, the net rate of mass efflux across the
constant volume should be zero
0
u v w
V V V
x y z
o o o
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Since oV = 0, however small the control volume may be, oV
can be cancelled off, leaving the continuity equation for three
dimensional incompressible flow as:
0
u v w
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
The equation is valid for steady or unsteady flow, viscous or
inviscid fluid
The fluid can be air, water, stream, oil or any other as long as
the speed of flow is appreciably below the sonic speed in the
fluid, compressibility effects can be ignored and the
incompressible form of the continuity equation can be
employed
The equation of continuity for incompressible flow may be
rewritten in the form
0 V = U
The continuity equation is, therefore, equivalent to the
statement that the divergence of velocity vector must vanish
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
For an compressible flow, at the face EFGH
mass rate leaving face EFGH =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x u u x x y z o o o o + c c + c c
u y z o o
mass rate entering face ABCO =
The net mass rate, leaving in the x, y and z direction
( ) ( )
v x y z v V
y y
o o o o
c c
=
c c
( ) ( )
u x y z u V
x x
o o o o
c c
=
c c
( ) ( )
w x y z w V
z z
o o o o
c c
=
c c
( )
x x o + c c
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
By mass balance and consider that oV = 0
( ) ( ) ( )
0 u v w
x y z t

c c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
In vector form
( )
0
t

c
V + =
c
U
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Cylindrical Coordinate
For Incompressible Flow
( )
1
0
0
r r z
r
z
u u u u
r r r z
ru
u u
r
r z
u
u
u
u
c c c
+ + + =
c c c
c
c c
+ + =
c c c
For Compressible Flow
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
0
r z
r
u u u
u r
r r r z
u

u
c c c
+ + + =
c c c
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Conservation of Linear Momentum
To develop the differential, linear momentum equation we
start with linear momentum equation
F = resultant force acting on a fluid mass
P = linear momentum defined as
where
Then, to a differential mass om
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Forces Acting on Differential Element
Body force (gravitational effect)
Surface force
normal stress
shear stress
shear stress
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Forces Acting on Differential Element
Surface force
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Equation of Motions
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Inviscid Flow
Shearing forces are assumed to be negligible
Eulers Equation of Motion
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Viscous Flow
Stress Deformation Relation
Normal stress Shearing
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Navier-Stokes Equation
Navier-Stokes Equation (Rectangular Coordinates)
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Navier-Stokes Equation
Navier-Stokes Equation (Cylindrical Coordinates)