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R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
0
shape and at the angle θ more than 90 e.g. glass tube is inserted inside the Explanation : Figure
mercury.
This phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to the adjacent general
level of liquid is known as Capillarity.
Kinematic Viscosity :-
Here small force applied on one side of smaller piston i.e. 10 N that of
It is the ratio of absolute viscosity in (N-s/m2) to the density of liquid in (Kg/m3)
obtained from bigger piston end is 100 N. this is due to Pascal’s law.
Mathematically V = There is no specific unit of kinematic viscosity.
According to definition pressure at small end is
b. Pascal’s law : P1 = 10/0.1 = 100 N/m2 P = F/A
It states that “ The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all
directions”. In other words when a certain pressure is applied at any point in fluid at
But intensity of pressure at different areas are same like
rest the pressure is equally transmitted in all directions and to every other point in
the fluid. P1 = P2 = P3
px = py = pz
Hence force obtained at outlet.
where, px = intensity of pressure in x direction; py = intensity of pressure in y
F2 = P3 X A2
direction; pz= intensity of pressure in z direction.
=100 X 1= 100 N.
Applications:- Hydraulic press, Hydraulic brakes, Hydraulic jack, hydraulic lift. Force obtained at bigger piston is 10 times more & displacement rate at smaller
piston is 10 times more than that of at bigger end.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
List different types of fluid flow. 9) Rotational flow : A flow, in which the fluid particles also rotate about their own
axis while flowing, is called a rotational flow. (Read once)
c. Types of Fluid Flow are :
Example: Natural cyclones, water vortex during flood.
1. Steady and Unsteady flow.
10) Irrotational flow: A flow in which the fluid particles do not rotates about their
2. Uniform and Non Uniform flow.
own axis and retain their original orientations while flowing, is called a irrotational
3. Laminar and Turbulent flow.
flow. (Read once)
4. Rotational and irrotational flow.
5. Compressible and incompressible flows. Example : Steady and continues flow of water
6. One, Two, Three dimensional flows.
11) One dimensional flow :- When the various characteristics of flowing fluid are
1) Steady flow : The flow is said to be steady when the flow characteristics, such functions of only one of the three co-ordinate directions and time t. i.e. these may
as velocity, density, pressure and temperature do not change with time. not vary only in one direction, then the flow is said to be one dimensional flow. Or A
Example : Flow of water through tap. flow in which streamlines of its moving particles may be represented by straight line
is called one dimensional flow.
2) Unsteady flow: The flow is unsteady if the velocity and other hydraulic
characteristics change with respect to time. Example : Flow of water through pipe line.
Example : Flow of water through conical pipe. 12) Two dimensional flow :- When the various characteristics of flowing fluid are
functions of any two of the three co-ordinate directions and time t. i.e. these may
3) Uniform flow : The flow is said to be uniform when the velocity and other vary in any two of the three directions then the flow is said to be two dimensional
characteristics are constant in a particular reach. flow. Or A flow whose streamlines may be represented by a curve is called two
Example : Flow of water through pipe, steady flow, Laminar flow. dimensional flow.
4) Non uniform flow : The flow is non uniform when the flow characteristics Example : Spreading of water on lateral surface of table or on ground surface.
change at various points along the path. 13) Three dimensional flow :- when the various characteristics of flowing fluid
Example : Flow through stepped pipe or Irregular shape pipe. such as velocity, pressure, density, temperature etc. are function of space and time.
i.e. these may vary with co-ordinate (x, y, z) & time, such fluids are said to be three
5) Laminar flow: The flow in which each liquid particle has definite path and the dimensional flow.
path of individual particles do not cross each other is called as stream line flow.
Example : Flow of water through river during flood.
Example: flow of river having large banks, flow of tap water, flow of water through
cannel, flow of thick oil through tube.
6) Turbulent flow: Flow in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path,
and the paths of individual particles also cross each other is called turbulent flow.
Example: flow of river during flood, flow of water after opening valve.
Atmospheric Pressure: At the earth surface, the pressure due to the weight of air a)Simple manometers :
above the earth surface is called as atmospheric pressure.
1.Piezometer tube
Gauge Pressure: If the pressure is measured above the atmospheric pressure it is 2.U-Tube manometer
called as gauge pressure.(positive pressure) 3.Micro/Sensitive manometer – i) single vertical column ii) Inclined column
Vacuum Pressure: If the pressure is measured below the atmospheric pressure it b)Differential manometers :
is called as Vacuum pressure.(negative pressure)
1.U-tube differential manometer
Absolute Pressure: Absolute Pressure is defined as the pressure which is measure 2.Inverted U-tube differential manometer
with reference to Absolute zero pressure.(It may be above or below atmospheric
pressure) Simple manometers :
1.Gauge pressure = Absolute pressure – Atmospheric pressure 1.Piezometer tube :It is a simplest form of manometer used for measurement of
gauge pressure specially for low and moderate pressure.
2.Vacuum pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Absolute pressure
Construction :
It consist of small diameter transparent glass tube which is bend at lower end in 90o
Graphical representation There is a calibrated scale on the surface of glass tube, having one of its end
connected to a point where pressure is to be measured and other end remains open
to atmosphere.
Working :
When water is flowing through pipe which is shown in figure, water will rush in glass
Pressure Gauges :
tube called as Piezometer tube. Due to which water level in tube rises which is
Manometer : It is a device normally made by transparent glass used for shown by letter ‘h’ in glass tube.ie in the term of pressure head directly.
measurement of pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing column of same or
different fluid. Pressure head in the pipe = h m of water.
1.Piezometer can measure gauge pressures only. It is not suitable for measuring
negative pressures.
2. Piezometers cannot be employed when large pressures in the lighter liquids are to
be measured since this would require very long tubes, which cannot be handled
conveniently.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
S1 and S3=Specific gravities of liquids in the left limb and liquid in the right limb
respectively.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
It is a device which is used for the measurement of high pressure (ie +ve) which is
above atmospheric as well as pressure below the atmospheric (ie.- ve) pressure.
Now consider liquid flowing through pipe whose crossectional area is ‘a’ with
velocity ‘v’ then the discharge is given as.
Q = a.v
Where
a= Corssectional area of pipe at section (1)-(1) in m2
v= Avg velocity of flow in pipe in m/sec.
Discharge = Q= a.v
Construction : The device consist of metallic tube, generally this cross section is = m2 . m/sec
elliptical. One end of the tube is closed and another is fitted to the pipe where = m3/sec (or) litre /sec.
pressure is to be measured. The dial and the pointer fitted over the mechanism.
i) when the fluid is incompressible (eg. water) then discharge is expressed in term of
Working : As flowing fluid under pressure enters the tube, the tube tends to be volume of fluid flowing per second through pipe (or) channel.
straightening. This causes the free end of the tube to move which is connected to
pinion and sector arrangement. The pointer deflect on the calibrated scale, which Unit of ‘Q’ is m3/sec (or) litre/sec
directly indicates pressure in the term of N/m2 ii) When the fluid is compressible (eg. Air, gas) then discharge is expressed in term
Application : 1.To check the pressure of air in tyre tube, in compressor. of weight of fluid flowing per second through pipe (or) channel.
2.To check the pressure of steam in boiler. Unit of ‘Q’ is Kgf/sec (or) Newton /sec.
3.To check the pressure of liquid in pipe.
We know;
1m3 = 1000 liters (or) 1 lit. = 10-3 m3
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
Law of Continuity :- Continuity equation is based upon “principle of conversation Further AV= Q
of mass” For a fluid flowing through the pipe at all the cross-section, the quantity of
fluid flowing per second is constant. Where Q is volume of liquid flowing through any section per unit time or volume rate
of flow of liquid which is known as discharge. It is expressed in terms of m 3/sec. or
lit/sec.
Applications :-
4.Branching of pipe.
Q. State the law of continuity. Water flows through a pipe of diameter 1.6m with a
velocity of 3m/s Find the rate discharge though pipe.
Then rate of flow at section a-a’ (mass of liquid flowing per unit time) By continuity question,
= P1A1V1 Q= A×v
= 2.0106 × 3
Similarly, rate of flow of section b-b’ = 6.03 m3/sec
= 6.03 x 103 lit/sec
= P2A2V2
= 6.03 x 103 x 60 lit/min
According to the principle of conservation of mass i.e. mass can’t be created not = 6.03 x 103 x 60 x 60 lit/hrs
be destroyed. The total quantity of fluid passing through section a-a’ and b-b’ is
same. Application of continuity equation :- Read once
P1A1V1 = P2A2V2
Above equation is applicable for both compressible and incompressible fluid. If Branching of Pipe :-
considering liquids,
P1= P2 We know that in day to day life for diverting a flow of water any other place.
A1V1=A2V2 We make a branches of pipes which is shown in fig.
Where,
P/w = pressure energy or pressure head
2
V /2g = kinetic energy or velocity head
Z = potential energy or datum head
Assumption :
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
Venturimeter :- A Venturimeter consists of a converging cone, a throat section and take place rapidly in small length, then the flowing fluid will not remain in contact
diverging cone, all combined in one unit. As the flow takes place in the converging with the boundary of diverging flow passage, flow will separate from walls and
cone, velocity increases, and there is a fall in the pressure according to the eddies are formed. Therefore length of divergent section has more than convergent
Bernoulli’s equation. section and it is kept 2 to 3 times that of convergent section.
Consider the arrangement shown in the figure where the fluid Application : 1. Lubricator 2. Carburetor 3. To measure discharge through pipe.
passes from point 1 (inlet) to point 2 (throat) and the manometer is fixed between 4. Proporsional flow oil filter.
them. Appling Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 and 2 with datum at this axis,
considering horizontal venturimeter, Z1=Z2
Q. Explain why divergent section has more length than convergent section ?
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of F
Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/
/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
Working :
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg
g Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
OR
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of F
Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/
/22650/AE6I
OR
Consider a small circular orrifice with sharp edges in the side of a tan
nk. Let the centre
of the orifice be at a depthh below the free surface. Let us assume that the orifice is
discharging free into the atmosphere. As the fluid flows throug gh the orifice, it
contracts and attains a parallel form at a distance of about d/2 ffrom the plane of
orifice. This is due to the ffact that the fluid particles cannot changge their directions
abruptly. The point at whicch the streamlines first become parallel a and get maximum
contraction is termed the ‘vena
contracta’.
at vena contracta
1.Coefficient of contracttion (Cc): It is the ratio of area of jet a
to the area of Orifice is kno
own as Coefficient of contraction.
4.Coefficient of Resistan nce (Cr): It is the ratio of loss of head in the orifice to
the head of water available
e at the exit of orifice is known as Coefficiient of resistance.
We know,
Actual Discharge
Cd = ________________
Theoretical Discharge
Q = Area × Velocity
Hence
Cd = Cc × Cv
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
Q. State and explain Pascal’s law. (or) State Pascal’s law and formula for it. Also list
any two application of it. 4m
Q. Explain the following fluid properties (i)surface tension and (ii) capillarity
Q. Give classification of fluids and write one example of each. 4m
Q. Define – i) Atmospheric pressure ii) Gauge pressure iii) Vacuum pressure
iv) Absolute pressure 4m
Q. Draw and explain working of micro manometer 4m
Q. Explain construction and working of invented U tube differential manometer 4 m
Q. State four pressure measuring gauges. Describe construction and working
of Bourdon tube pressure gauge and give its two applications. 8m
Q. Explain bourdon tube pressure gauge with figure and state its applications. 8m
Q.Define all hydraulic coefficients. Derive relation between the hydraulic coefficients.
6m
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.