: .1 . .

1978
.2 .1985
.3 .
.2006
.4 . )
(1 /
.2008
:1. Civil Engineering and Costing, S.P. Mahajan, 624. 1042, M214.
2. Estimating Building and Construction, 692.5, H816, 73-119.
3. Civil Engineering Estimating and Costing, V.N. VANZIRANI, S.P.
CHANDOLA, first edition, 1982.
:
: .
: :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 8 10.
.4 .
.5 .
.6 )( 10.
.7 .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 :
.... .
.11 .
: .Box Culvert
: .Water Tank
: .Canals
: .
: :
:

.
:
2
3
(1 :
.

.
1

 (2 :
.

.
:
(1 .
(2 .
(3 .
(4 .
(5 .
(6 .
(7 .
(8 .
:

)(
. :

3
------
2

2
------
3

:
:
:
:
:
:
: :
(1 :



.
(2 :




.3

.... Shovel, Bulldozer.


1
1.5 .

:
(1 20
.
(2 ).%(15-10
(3 500 2
.%95
(1
1.5 0.8.
:
30 m
30 m
30 m

1.5

15 m



15 m

.
15 m

D=0.8 m

(Vol.=Area*D (m3

(Area=L1*L2 (m2

1267.2
792
432

1548
990
540

L2
((m
48
33
18

(L1 (m

.Sec

33
30
30

A
B
C

= 2491.2

C
B

:


.

 (2
) (m 0.2 )(m 0.6
).(m 0.8

:

:

(1


:
: :

)(
)(
20
2
9.4 + 0.6
1
7.8
3
3.2 0.6
2
27.8

: :

)(
)(
11.4
3
3.2 + 0.6
a
7.2
2
4.2 0.6
b
9.2
2
5.2 0.6
c
27.8

(2

:
=

1
2

2 - )

*(T
) (T .
:
= - 3.2*3+ 9.4*2

1
2

* 27.8=0.6*2

= 13.344 = 0.8* 0.6*27.8

 (3 60
1 0.7.

x
30
=
x = 5.1m
0.3 1.75

30
5.1

5 5.1

1+ ) 4.5=(30-5*5.1
y
1.75
=
y = 0.2625m
4.5
30
h = 1 0.2625 = 0.7375m

1 + 0.7375

1 + 0 .7
4 .5 +
5 .1 5
2

1.2 + 0.95

1.2 + 0.95
25 +
27.93 3
2
2

15.35= 0.6

abcde (4
1.2 1.2 0.9
abcd.
:
ad = r

= 40 120
180
=83.78m
83.78
= x
= 27.93m
3

140.34=1.2

(3 ) :(2

8 10
:
-1 .Bearing
-2 .
Bearing

5




.


.
= *
2
2 = 16.68 = 0.6 * 27.8
(4 :
)(


:

3
1.5
1
4
2
1

6
3
1
8
4
1
10
5
1



:
(1
1:4:8 .1:5:10
(2
1:3:6
.
(3 .....
1:2:4 1:1.5:3.
(4
1:1.5:3 1:1:2
.
1 3
:
)Vol. = 0.67 (C+S+G
:
= .Vol .
= C = S = G .

 0.67
0.33
0.67
.
1:2:4

:
)1 = 0.67(C+2C+4C
C = 0.21 m3

3
S = 2C = 0.42 m

3
G = 4C = 0.84 m
= kg/m3 1400
= kg 300 0.21*1400
kg 50
=

300
50

= 6

:

= kg 300 6
1:2:4
= m3 0.5

= m3 1
(5 ) (
2 1:2:4 .40cm
Vol. = 27.8*0.6*0.4 = 6.672 m3
:
= 40.032 = 6.672*6 40 = 2
3
= m3 3.336 = 6.672*0.5 = m 6.672 = 6.672*1
(6 30
m 4.5 30cm
.1:1.5:3
:
31.567 m3

3
= 0.32 4.5
4

Vol. = 30 6

) 31.567 = 0.67(C+1.5C+3C
C=8.567 m3
ton =

8.567 1400
1000

=11.99

C = 1.5*8.567 = 12.85 m3 = 1.5

C = 3*8.567 = 25.69 m3 = 3
(7
30cm 3km .1:2:4
:

x = 0.32 + 0.12 = 0.316m

L = x 0.1 = 0.216m
x1 =1 L =1 0.216 = 0.784m
2.5 +1
1.5 + 2 0.784
4.5
4.5 =1.722m 2
2
2
* Total A =1.722 2 + 0.3 3 = 4.344m 2
A = 0. 3 2. 5 +

Vol. = 4.344 3000 =13032m3

13032 300
= 3909.6 ton
1000

m3 = 6516 = 13032*0.5
m3 = 13032 = 13032*1
*
:

A = 3 +1 * 2 + 2 * 4.52 +1.52 * 0.3 = 4.346 m 2

0.002
= error
* 100 = 0.046% very little
4.344

(8 )( )(
.1:2:4

:
= 122.46 m 2

) * ( 0.424 * 10 + 2

* 102
4

* 10 2
4

A = 16 * 2 +132
A x = ax

122.46 x = 16 * 2 * 8 +132 * 8.5

x = 9.819 m

60 *
* 12246 = 3823.983 m3
180

* ) Vol . = S * * A = ( 20 + 9.819

3823.983 * 300
= 1147.194 ton
1000
sand = 3823.983 * 0.5 1912 m3

= cement

gravel = 3823.983 * 1 3824 m3

(9
22 .1:1.5:3
:
8

2.6 +1.2
* 5.5 +1.2 * 1 = 22.15 m 2
2
Vol. = 22.15 * 22 = 487.3 m3
A = 7 * 1.5 +

487.3 = 0.67( C +1.5C + 3C ), C =132.239 m3

132.239 * 1400
=185.134 ton
1000
sand =1.5C =198.3 m3

= cement

gravel = 3C = 396.7 m 3

(10 9
60 25 .a
(11
60
120 120 .1:2:4
:

H
1.2
* A1 + A2 + A1 * A2 = 10
0.6 2 +1.22 + 0.62 * 1.22 =10.08 m3
3
3
300
* cement = 10.08
= 3.024 ton
1000
sand = 0.5 * 10.08 = 5.04 m 3

* Vol. = 10

gravel = 1 * 10.08 =10.08 m 3

:
),
(mm
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25

)
(kg/m
0.222
0.395
0.617
0.888
1.21
1.58
2
2.47
3.86

---------

(12 1000 ) (8 2000 ) (14

12.
: ) (8 12 = 4.74 = 12 * 0.395
1000 )= 4.74

4.74 * 1000
1000

= ) 8
9

 ) (14 12 = 14.52 = 12 * 1.21

2000 )= 29.04

14.52 * 2000
1000

= ) 8

(13 12 30
8 0.395/.
: =
w2 w1
0.395
x
=

=
x = 66.66 kg

v2
v1
2
2
* 8 *1
* 30 * 12
4
4

:
:
(1
.
.
(2
:

)
(overlap ) (40db-25
300 db ) (diameter of bar
)(6db
10 ) .(4db

.
:
= 1 +

:




18

10

)(
75
20
40
12

18

20

:
2

lD
162

=w

:
:w ) :kg) l ) :m) D )(mm
:
2

lD 2

= l * 7850
4 1000
162

:s : )(kg/m3 7850

= w = Vol .* s

(14 40m3
: .1:2:4

:
=

Cement

= 12 ton

40 * 300
1000

Sand = 40*0.5 = 20 m3
Gravel = 40*1 = 40 m3
=

Vol .
Area

40
1 * 0.4

= 100

100
= 8.33 8
12
1 l1 = 100 + 8 * 0.3 = 102.4 m , L1 = 4l1 = 4 * 102.4 = 409.6 m

= No.of overlaps

L1 D12 409.6 * 16 2
=
= 647.27 kg
162
162
2 l2 =l1 = 102.4 m , L2 = 3l2 = 3 * 102.4 = 307.2m

= w1

L2 D22 307.2 * 14 2
=
= 371.67 kg
162
162
3 l3 = 2( 1 2 * 0.075 + 0.4 2 * 0.075 ) + 0.3 = 2.5m

= w2

100
+ 1 = 501 L3 = 501* 2.5 = 1252.5m
0.2
L D 2 1252.5 * 10 2
= w3 = 3 3
= 773.15kg
162
162
Wt = w1 + w2 + w3 = 1792.09 kg
= No.of stirrups

: 0.3

:
11

2*6*0.01+5*4*0.01 = 0.32m
0.3 10 10

.
(15 2 0.4 5

:

27.8
= 2.3 2
12
1 l1 = 27.8 + 2 * 0.3 = 28.4 m , L1 = 3l1 = 3 * 28.4 = 85.2 m

= No.of overlaps

L1 D12 85.2 * 14 2
=
= 103.08 kg
162
162
2 l2 =l1 = 28.4 m , L2 = 2l2 = 2 * 28.4 = 56.8 m

= w1

L2 D22 56.8 * 12 2
=
= 50.49 kg
162
162
3 l3 = 2( 0.6 2 * 0.05 + 0.4 2 * 0.05 ) + 0.3 = 1.9 m

= w2

27.8
+ 1 = 112.2 = 113 L3 = 113 * 1.9 = 214.7 m
0.25
L D 2 214.7 * 10 2
= w3 = 3 3
= 132.53kg
162
162
Wt = w1 + w2 + w3 = 286.1kg
= No.of stirrups

(16
:

12

:
*5.5 = 84.56 m = 2+10+2*20
Vol. = 84.56*1*0.5 = 42.28 m3
42.28 = 0.67(C+4C+8C), C = 4.85 m3
Cement = 4.85*1.4 = 6.8 ton
Sand = 4C = 4*4.85 = 19.42 m3
Gravel = 8C = 8*4.85 = 38.83 m3

84.56
= 7.05 7
12
1 l1 = 84.56 + 7 * 0.3 = 86.66 m , L1 = 3l1 = 3 * 86.66 = 259.98 m

= No.of overlaps

L1 D12 259.98 * 20 2
=
= 641.93kg
162
162
2 l2 =l1 = 86.66 m , L2 = 2l2 = 3 * 86.66 = 173.32 m

= w1

L2 D22 173.32 * 18 2
=
= 346.64 kg
162
162
3 l3 = 2( 1 2 * 0.075 + 0.5 2 * 0.075 ) + 0.3 = 2.7 m

= w2

84.56
+ 1 = 339.2 = 340 L3 = 340 * 2.7 = 91
0.25

= No.of stirrups

L3 D32 918 * 10 2
=
= 566.67 kg
162
162
Wt = w1 + w2 + w3 = 1555.24 kg

= w3

(17
:

13

:
3

Cement = 5.98 ton, sand = 12.82 m , gravel = 25.65 m

m, No. of overlaps = 4 = 57.28
<1> L1 = 233.92 m, = 902.47 kg
<2> No. of stirrups = 231, L2 = 623.7 m, w2 = 554.4 kg
Wt = w1 + w2 = 1456.87 kg
Raft Foundation






:

:
l = overlap + H cover + 4db + 12db
= 40db + 4db + 12db + H cover = 56db + H cover

14


) (16db ) (32db .
* .
(18
:

:
:

2.35m =0.075 *2 -2.5

2.35
+ 1 = 8.83 = 9
0 .3
l1 = 2.35 + 32 db = 2.35 + 32 * 0.016 = 2.862 m , L1 = 2.862 * 9 * 2 = 51.516 m
= No .of bars

L1 D12
51.516 * 16 2
*= 2
= 162.816 kg
162
162
l2 = 56 db + H cov er = 56 * 0.025 + 0.45 0.075 = 1.775m , L2 = 4 * 1.775 = 7.1m
* w1 = 2

L2 D22
7.1* 25 2
*= 2
= 27.39 kg
162
162

:
:
29.85m
15

* w2 = 2

=0.075 *2 -30

 :
9.85m
No. of bars (30) = (29.85/0.3)+1=100.5=101
No. of bars (10) = (9.85/0.3)+1=33.83=34
No. of overlaps (30)=29.85/12=2.4=2
l3=29.85+32db+2*0.3=29.85+32*0.025+0.6=31.25m, L3=31.25*34*2=2125m
=0.075 *2 -10

L3 D32 2125 * 25 2
=
= 8198.3kg
162
162

= w3

l4=9.85+32db=9.85+32*0.025=10.65m, L4=10.65*101*2=2151.3m
L4 D42 2151.3 * 25 2
=
= 8299.77 kg
162
162

= w4

l5=56db+H-cover=56*0.025+0.45-0.075=1.775m, L5=8*1.775=14.2m
L5 D52 14.2 * 25 2
=
= 54.78 kg
162
162

= w5

Vol.=(30*10+2.52*2)*0.45=140.625m3
C+4C+8C) C=16.15m3 )0.67 =140.625
Cement=22.6 ton, Sand=64.58 m3, Gravel=129.16 m3
(5 :
: :

2
1
3
1
4
1
%25
1 3 1:3 :
Vol. = 0.75(C+S) 1 = 0.75(C+3C) C = 0.333 m3
Cement = 1400*0.333 = 466.67kg, Sand = 3*0.333 = 1m3

.
)(35-10.
) %(30-25 .

1 3 )(0.3-0.25 .3
: :


.
(cm(23*11*7 .
16

1.
.(cm(8*12*24

1 3 =

= 435 = 0.24 * 0.12 * 0.08.

435

440 .450
3
1 :
3
1 0.77 = 0.07*0.11*0.23*435 = 3
= 0.23 = 0.77 1 .3
) 1 4 +( )(5- 3
/3.
450 1 3
435.
: :

.
) ( 20 15 40.
= 1.
= ) ( 21 16 41.

1 3 =

= 73 = 72.6 = 0.21* 0.16 * 0.41.

1 0.876 = 0.2*0.15*0.4*73 = 3
3
= 0.124 = 0.876 1
3
75 1
73 1 3 .
3

(19 2 0.4 0.6

1:3:
(1
%25 .
(2 .
(3 .
:
= -
= - 3*3.2 + 2*9.4

1
2

1
2

)*(T

*28 = 0.4*2

= 6.72 = 0.6*0.4*28
(1 %25 %75
3
= 5.04 = 6.72*0.75
3
= 1.68 = 6.72*0.25
3

)Vol.= 0.75(C+S
17

1.68= 0.75(C+3C) C = 0.56 m3

kg 16 = 784 = 1400*0.56
m3 = 1.68 = 3*0.56

(2 = 3024 = 6.72*450
= 5.18 = 0.23*0.11*0.07*6.72*435
3
= 1.54 = 5.18 - 6.72
1.54= 0.75(C+3C) C = 0.513 m3
kg 15 = 718.67 = 1400*0.513
m3 = 1.54 = 3*0.513
(3 = 504 = 6.72*75
3
= 5.89 = 0.15*0.2*0.4*6.72*73
3
= 0.83 = 5.89 - 6.72
0.83= 0.75(C+3C) C = 0.277 m3
kg 8 = 387.33 =1400*0.277
m3 = 0.83 = 3*0.277
(6 )(:
) (1:2:4


.
10
6
.3
3

(20 .2
:
= - )*(T
= 28.2 = 0.2*2* - 3*3.2 + 2*9.4
3
Vol. = 28.2*0.1*0.2 = 0.564m
Cement = 0.564*6 = 3.384
Sand = 0.564*0.5 = 0.282 m3
Gravel = 0.564*1 = 0.564 m3
(7
(1 :

:
:


.
:

:

18

( 11 8*
1

= 0.24 * 0.08






24
52.08 53 60 1 2
:
=
3
= 0.016137 = 0.23*0.11*0.07*53 0.11*1
( 7

*24
12
1

34.7 = 0.24 * 0.12 35 40

1 2 :
=
3
= 0.008015 = 0.23*0.11*0.07*35 0.07*1
(2 :
1:2:4


. 40 10*20
15*20 20*20 25*20
.
:
: 20
16*41
1

1 2 16 15.2= 0.41* 0.16 .

) ( .
:
=
3
= 0.008 = 0.15*0.2*0.4*16 1*0.2
: 15
21*41
1

1 2 12 11.6= 0.41* 0.21 .

) ( .
:
=
3
= 0.006 = 0.15*0.2*0.4*12 1*0.15
:
1 3 80 1 3
.
(21
1:2 2.5 2.5*1
1.5*2.5.

19

:
= - )*(T
= 28.2 = 0.2*2* - 3*2+3.2*9.4
3
= 14.1 = 2.5*0.2*28.2
3
= 2.5 = (2.5*1.5+2.5*1)*0.2*2
3
= 11.6 = 2.5 14.1
= 928 = 11.6*80
= = = 0.15*0.2*0.4*928 11.6
3
0.464
3
0.464=0.75(C+2C) C=0.206m
Cement = 0.206*1400 = 288.7kg
Sand = 2C = 2*0.206 = 0.412m3
(8 " "2




.

)(
:( .(
.( .


.


.
* :
= *
*
= *

*
= w*l

.
20

 (22 2
:
:
= 27 = 3*5 + 3*4
2
= })15 = 0.5*{2*(3+5)+2*(3+4
2
= )13 = 0.5*2*(3.4+9.6
2
= 14 = 3.4*9.6 4.4*10.6
2
= )12 = 0.4*2*(4.4+10.6
2
= )7.1 = *0.25*2*(4+10.2
2
= 1.4 = 2*0.2*2.5+2*0.2*1
2
= 89.5
* 0.25
0.15 0.4

(23 5

.

:
= 298.76=8*7.4+7.4*7.4+8*12+7.4*12
2
= ])69.6=0.5*2*[(8+7.4)+(7.4+7.4)+(8+12)+(7.4+12
2
= )46.8=0.65*2*(16+20
2
= )20.88=0.2*(6*7.4+3*8+3*12
2
= 72 = 9*5*4*0.4
2
= 508.04
2

21

*

0.2*0.2 .
(9 :


.
(24 ) (
2 )(
)(.

:
:
= = 28.2
3
= 2.82 = 0.5*0.2*28.2
3
= 6.996 = 0.15*4.4*10.6
3
= )1.46 = 0.25*(4*10.2-4.4*10.6
3
= 11.276
300

= 3.3828= 1000 *11.276

= 5.638=0.5*11.276
=11.276=1*11.276
: :
:
)(:
3

m = 4.36 =0.02 *2 -4.4

22

4.36
+ 1 = 11.9 12
0.4
l1 = 10.6 2 * 0.02 + 32 db = 10.56 + 32 * 0.012 = 10.944 m
= No.of bars

L1 = 12l1 = 12 * 10.944 = 131.328 m

L1 D12 131.328 * 12 2
=
= 116.736 kg
162
162

= w1

)( 5:
l2=0.5l+0.16*2+
(0.25l-0.11+0.2)*2+0.3ls+0.5-.02
l2=7.18m
L2=12l2=12*7.18=86.16m
L2 D12 86.16 * 12 2
=
= 76.59 kg
162
162

= w2

)( 4:
l3=0.5ls+0.16*2+2*(0.25ls-0.11+0.2)+0.3l+0.5-0.02=6.48m
L3=12 l3=12*6.48=77.76m
L3 D12 77.76 * 12 2
=
= 69.12 kg
162
162

:
:

= w3

m = 10.56 =0.02 *2 -10.6

10.56
+ 1 = 27.4 28
0.4
l4 = 4.4 2 * 0.02 + 32 db = 4.36 + 32 * 0.012 = 4.744 m
= No.of bars

L4 = 28l4 = 28 * 4.744 = 132.832 m

L4 D12 132.832 * 12 2
=
= 118.07 kg
162
162

= w4

) :(lw=3m
l5=0.5lw+0.16*2+2*(0.25lw-0.11+0.2)+2*(0.5-0.02)=4.46m
L5=28l5=28*4.46=124.88m
L5 D12 124.88 * 12 2
=
= 111kg
162
162

:
:
:
:

l6=0.5-0.02+0.3*4+0.2=1.88m
l7=0.5-0.02+0.3*5+0.2=2.18m
l8=2*(0.5-0.02+0.3*3)+2*0.2=3.16m
L6=12(l6+l7)+28l8=137.2m
L6 D12 137.2 * 12 2
=
= 121.96 kg
162
162

: :
:
23

= w5

= w6

 28.2 28.2
.
10 l9=28.2-10*0.04=27.8m
7 L7=4l9+4*7*32db 4
L7=4*27.8+896*0.012=121.952m
L7 D12 121.952 * 12 2
=
= 108.402 kg
162
162

= w7

:
27.8
= No.of stirrups
+ 1 = 93.6 94
0 .3
l10 = ( 0.65 2 * 0.04 + 0.2 2 * 0.04 ) * 2 + 0.3 = 1.68 m
L8 = 94l10 = 94 * 1.68 = 157.92 m
L8 D22 157.92 * 10 2
=
= 97.48 kg
162
162

= w8

B1
l11=0.5l+2*0.81+2*(0.25l-0.57+0.2)+0.3ls=7.08m
B2
l12=0.5ls+2*0.81+2*(0.25ls-0.57+0.2)+0.3l=6.38m
B3
l13=0.5lw+2*0.81+2*(0.25lw-0.57+0.2)=3.88m
L9=2l11+2l12+3l13=38.56m
L9 D12 38.56 * 12 2
= w9
=
= 34.28 kg
162
162

wt of 12=w1+w2+w3+w4+w5+w6+w7+w9=756.158kg
wt of 10=97.48kg
WT=853.638kg
(10 ) (:
(1 ) :(2

:
(1
.
(2 .
(3 1:1
3
.

.
(4 1:3

)(
.
(5 :
:
24

( : :
(1
(2 .
.
( :
1:2


. :

(1 (2 . .
:

(1
.
(2 .
2 :
= *
2 1:3
Vol. = 1*0.02=0.02m2
0.02 = 0.75(C+3C) C = 0.0067m3
Cement = 0.0067*1400 = 9.33 kg
Sand = 3C = 0.02 m3
(2 ) :(2



6

2
. .
2
.
1 :2
Vol. = 1*0.02 = 0.02m3
1275/ 3 %10
.
= 28.05 = 1.1*1275*0.02
* 40
(3 ) :(2


.

1:3
. 2
4-2
25

 3
.

.
20*20 25*25 30*30 .
1 2 :
30.3*30.3 0.3 = 3 =
1

= = 11 10.89 = 0.303 * 0.303

3 5 .

%15 .

.
3
= )0.003 = 0.03*(11*0.3*0.3 -1
(4 ).(:


.
50cm*13cm*0.6cm
1:3 .

.
(5 ) :(2

.
1:2
1:3 . :
" "
1
60cm*30cm*0.9cm



.30cm*8cm*0.9cm " "
3
40cm*25cm*0.7cm
.25cm*7.5cm*0.7cm
(6 ) :(2

26

 :

. :
:
.
)( :
.
: .


:

) /2(

15 - 12

55 50

25 20

50

2
100

1 4
1 = 4.54609
1 = 3.78541
(11 :
:
.1
.1:3
.2 .
.3 10
.
.4 ) (0.85 0.75 .
.5
7 .1.5cm/m
.6 )(0.04*0.8*0.8
2 .
2 15 2
3.
:
2
8 100
2
20 100

0.82 .

0.82*0.82

27

 (25 2
:
.1 1:1
0.5.
.2 .1:3
.3 ) (3*4 )(0.9*30*60
120 )(0.9*8*30.
.4 ) (3*5 )(0.6*13*50.
.5 .
.6 )(3*30*30.
:
(1
2
=27
m = 3*5+3*4
)(+
)m2 (+ = })90= 3*{2*(3+5)+2*(3+4
=78
)m2 (+ = )3*2*(3.4+9.6
=14
)m2 (+ = )(3.4*9.6)-(4.4*10.6
)m2 (+ = )12= 0.4*2*(4.4+10.6
)m2 (+ = )7.1= 0.25*2*(4+10.2
=5.84
)m2 (+ = )(4*10.2)-(4.4*10.6
)m2 (-* = 25= 2*2*2.5*1.5+2*2*2.5*1
m2 = 208.94
Vol. = 208.94*0.005=1.0447m3
1.0447=0.75(C+C) C=0.696m3
Cement = 975 kg
Sand = 0.696 m3
* * 2 * 2
.
(2
2
) m (+ + + = 116.94=(5.84+7.1+12) + 14 + 78
= 12.5
) m2 (- = 2*2.5*1.5 + 2*2.5*1
104.44 m2
Vol. = 104.44*0.02=2.0888 m3
2.0888 = 0.75(C+3C) C=0.696 m3
Cement = 0.696*1400 = 975kg
Sand = 3C = 2.0888 m3
(3
2
) m (+ = )16.8 = 1.2*2*(3+4
= 1.2
m2 (-) 15.1 m2 = 1.2*1
) m2 (- = )0.5 = 2.5*(1-1.2
1 )*30.1*60.1
(0.9.
=

15
.1

= 83.47 84
0.301
* 0.601

m = ))1 2*(3+4( )2.5( =10.5

28

10.5

= 34.88
35
=
0.301

m2 = + = 15.94=0.08*10.5+15.1
2 )(1.1cm=0.011m=0.9-2
3
= 0.17534 = 0.011*15.94
3
0.17534 = 0.75(C+3C) C = 0.058m
Cement = 0.058*1400 = 81.83 kg
Sand = 3C = 0.17534m3
= = })0.009*{35*0.001*(0.08+0.3)+84*0.001*(0.3+0.6
=8.001*10-4m3
8.001*10-4=0.75C C=10.668*10-4m3
White Cement = 10.668*10-4*14001.5kg
: )4
m = )17=1-2*(3+5
=

17
= 33.7 34
0.503

3
0.6 )(1.4cm=0.6-2
3
= 0.03094 = 0.014*0.13*17
3
0.03094=0.75(C+2C) C=0.0103m
Cement=14.44kg
Sand=0.03094m3
3 4 = } 10*3.8556=0.006*{(0.13+0.5)*0.003*34
-4
3.8556*10 =0.75C C=5.1408*10-4m3
White cement=0.719712kg
(5 :
2
m = )90 =3*2*(3+4)+3*2*(3+5
)(+
2
= 27
m = 3*5+3*4
)(+
2
= 15.94
)m (-
= 86.35m2
= 2.21
)m2 (- = 0.13*17
= 12.5
)m2 (- = )2*(2.5*1.5+2.5*1
m3 = 1.727 = 0.02*86.35
kg = 2422.1175=1.1*1275*1.727
(6
= 27= 3*5+3*4

300 =

27

=
0.303
* 0.303

=294.1

m3 = 0.54=0.02*27
0.54=0.85(C+3C) C=0.1588m3
Cement=222.35kg
Sand=0.476m3
m3 = )0.0162=0.03*(0.3*0.3*294-27
0.0162=0.75C C=0.0216m3
White cement=0.0216*1400=30.24kg
29

 :
10.
)(1)+(2
(1)=27.8*(0.1*2)*0.3=1.668m3
(2)={(3-0.1*2)*(4-0.1*2)+(3-0.1*2)*(5-0.1*2)}*0.2=4.816m3
Vol. of fill =6.484m3
%75 .
Vol. of fill =6.484*(1/0.75)=8.645m3
m3 = )2.408=4.816/2=2/(2
Cement=314.48kg, Sand=1.123m3, Gravel=2.246m3

Box Culvert

30

31

 (26 ) ( 10
.
:
(1 :
3
m = )16.2=10*2*0.3*(0.35+0.3+2.05
=9
m3 = )10*0.3*(0.2+2*1.4
= 36.4m3
=11.2
m3 = )10*0.35*(0.2+2*1.4
10*2*(0.05*1.4)*0.5 +
1:1.5:3 :
36.4=0.67(C+1.5C+3C) C=9.88m3
Cement = 13.83 ton, Sand = 14.82m3, Gravel = 29.63m3
(2 :
( ) (16 :
= 10
l1 = 3.6 2 * 0.075 + 32db = 3.45 + 32 * 0.016 = 3.962 m
10
+ 1 = 51 bars
0.2
L1 = 51 * l1 * 2 = 51 * 3.962 * 2 = 404.124 m
= No .

L1 D12 404.124 * 16 2
=
= 638.62 kg
162
162

( ) (:

12

= w1

spacing = 3.6 2 * 0.075 = 3.45 m

3.45
+ 1 = 15 bars
0.25
l 2 = 10 m , L2 = 10 * 15 * 2 = 300 m
= No .

L2 D22 300 * 12 2
=
= 266.67 kg
162
162

( :
= 10

12

32

= w2

10
+ 1 = 51 bars
0.2
l 3 = H + 56 db cov er = 0.35 + 56 * 0.012 0.075 = 0.947 m
= No .

L3 = 0.947 * 51 * 2 * 2 = 193.188 m
L3 D22 193.188 * 12 2
=
= 171.72 kg
162
162

(3 :
( ) - (:

= w3

12

No. = 51 bars
l4=2.05+0.3-0.04+32db=2.694m
L4=2.694*51*2*2=549.576m
L4 D22 549.576 * 12 2
=
= 488.512 kg
162
162

( ) (:

12

(4
( ) (:

16

( ) (:

12

= w4

2.05
= spacing = 2.05 m , No .
+ 1 = 10 bars
0.25
l5 = 10 m , L5 = 10 * 10 * 2 * 2 = 400 m
L5 D22 400 * 12 2
=
= 355.56 kg
162
162

= w5

10
+ 1 = 68 bars
0.15
l6 = 3.6 2 * 0.04 + 32db = 3.904 m
= spacing = 10 m , No .

L6 = 3.904 * 68 * 2 = 530.944 m
L6 D12 530.944 * 16 2
=
= 839.02 kg
162
162

= w6

3
= spacing = 3m , No .
+ 1 = 13 bars
0.25
l7 = 10 m , L7 = 10 * 13 * 2 = 260 m
L7 D22 260 * 12 2
= w7
=
= 231.11kg
162
162

wT of 12 = 1513.57kg, wT of 16 = 1477.64kg, WT = 2991.21kg

(27 ) (
15
1:2:4 100.
:
1.5 0.15
=
L = 0.25 m
2.5
L
0.15 1.5
= tan
=
l = 0.2 m
l
2
x = L l = 0.05 m
1.5 1.35
= tan
=
a = 1.8 m
2
a
b = 4 2 x = 3.9 m
= sin

33

0.15
mm

0.15m
m
B

1.5m
mm

12 @250
mm

b
2m

B = 8 2 * L = 7.5 m

4m

4 + 8

3.9 + 7.5
3
Vol . =
* 1.5
* 1.35 * 100 = 130.5 m
2
2

16 @300
Cement = 39.15 ton , Sand =mm
65.25 m 3 ,Gravel = 130.5 m 3

15 .
* 5.
2
2
m = 9 = 4 + 2 * 1.5 + 2
m = 8.4 = 3.9 + 2 * 1.35 2 + 1.8 2
9 + 8.4
= 8.7 m
2

( ) (:

16

100
+ 1 = 335
0.3
l1 = 8.7 2 * 0.05 + 32db + 2 * 4 db = 9.24 m , L1 = 9.24 * 335 * 2 = 6190.8 m
= space = 100 m , No .

( ) (:

L1 D12 6190.8 * 16 2
=
= 9782.99 kg
162
162

= w1

12

100
8.6
= space = 8.7 2 * 0.05 = 8.6 m , No .of oerlaps
= = 8.3 = 8 , No .
+ 1 = 36 bars
12
0.25
l 2 = 100 + 8 * 0.3 = 102.4 m , L2 = 102.4 * 36 * 2 = 7372.8 m
200
mm

200

L D 2 7372.8 * 12 2
= w2 = 2 2
=mm
6553.6 kg
162
162
wt = 16336.59 kg

14m

12 @ 250
mm
Water Tank

12 @ 250
mm

4.5 m

:
(27 14*
@ 200
16 )

35
mm
16 @ 200

.1:2:416

@
( 300

15 m

16 @ 300
mm

.3m
400 mm

400 mm

0.3 m

25 @ 350
mm

mm

mm

34

:
3

Vol.=15*36*0.4+{(14.4*35.4)-(14*35)}*4.5=304.92m
Cement=91.476ton, Sand=152.46m3, Gravel=304.92m3

:
(1 :
( :
15
= 1.25 = 1
12
35.85
= l1 = 15 2 * 0.075 + 32 db + 1 * 0.3 = 15.95 m , No .
+ 1 = 104 bars
0.35
= space = 36 2 * 0.075 = 35.85 m , No .of overlaps

L1 D12 3317.6 * 25 2
=
= 12799.38 kg
162
162

= L1 = 15.95 * 104 * 2 = 3317.6 m , w1

( :
36
=3
12
14.85
= l 2 = 36 2 * 0.075 + 32db + 3 * 0.3 = 37.262 m , No .
+ 1 = 51bars
0.3
L D 2 3800.724 * 16 2
= L2 = 37.262 * 51 * 2 = 3800.724 m , w 2 = 2 2
= 6006.08 kg
162
162
= space = 15 2 * 0.075 = 14.85 m , No .of overlaps

( :

98.8
+ 1 = 495 bars
0 .2
l 3 = 56 db + H cov er = 56 * 0.016 + 0.4 0.075 = 1.221m
= space = 35 * 2 + 14.4 * 2 = 98.8 m , No .

L3 D22 1208.79 * 16 2
=
= 1910.19 kg
162
162

= L3 = 1.221 * 495 * 2 = 1208.79 m , w 3

(2 :
( ) (:

35

No . = 495 bars , l 4 = 4.5 0.04 + 16 db = 4.716 m

L4 D22 4668.84 * 16 2
=
= 7377.92 kg
162
162

= L4 = 4.716 * 495 * 2 = 4668.84 m , w4

( ) (:
98.8
98.8
= 8 .2 = 8
12
4.46
= l5 = 98.8 8 * 0.04 + 4 * 32db + 8 * 0.3 = 102.416 m , No .
+ 1 = 19bars
0.25
L D 2 3891.808 * 12 2
= L5 = 102.416 * 19 * 2 = 3891.808 m , w5 = 5 3
= 3459.38 kg
162
162
= space = 4.5 0.04 = 4.46 m , No .of overlaps

wt of 12=3459.38kg, wt of 16=15294.19kg, wt of 25=12799.38kg

WT = 31552.95kg

36

Canal Works
:

:
(1 ).(1
(2 ).(2
(3 ).(3

(28 :
)R.D. (m
0
500
1000
1500
)G.L. (m
241.4
241.3
241.1
240.9
Bed width=4m, side slope in cutting=1:1, and in filling=1:1.5, bank width=1.5m
both side, full supply depth (F.S.D)=60cm, free board (F.B)=45cm, bed
slope=1:5000, Proposed bed level (P.B.L)=240.8m.
:
=x .
1
x
=
x = 0 .1 m
5000 500

F.S.D+F.B=1.05m
)R.D (m) N.S.L (m) P.B.L (m
)Cut (m
0
241.4
240.8
0.6
500
241.3
240.7
0.6
1000
241.1
240.6
0.5
1500
240.9
240.5
0.4
y ) (Bank
@ R.D 0m

y = 1.05 0.6 = 0.45 m

Ac = 0.6 * 4 + 0.6 2 = 2.76 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.5 * 0.45 + 1.5 * 0.45 2 = 1.9575 m 2

@ R.D 500m

37

y = 1.05 0.6 = 0.45 m

Ac = 0.6 * 4 + 0.6 2 = 2.76 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.5 * 0.45 + 1.5 * 0.45 2 = 1.9575 m 2

@ R.D 1000m

y = 1.05 0.5 = 0.55 m

Ac = 0.5 * 4 + 0.5 2 = 2.25 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.5 * 0.55 + 1.5 * 0.55 2 = 2.5575 m 2

@ R.D 1500m

y = 1.05 0.4 = 0.65 m

Ac = 0.4 * 4 + 0.4 2 = 1.76 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.5 * 0.65 + 1.5 * 0.65 2 = 3.2175 m 2

2

R.D (m)

Ac (m )

Af (m )

Length (m)

Mean Ac (m2)

Mean Af (m2)

0
500
1000
1500

2.76
2.76
2.25
1.76

1.9575
1.9575
2.5575
3.2175

500
500
500

2.76
2.505
2.005

1.9575
2.2575
2.8875

Vc (m3)

Vf (m3)

1380
978.75
1252.5 1128.75
1002.5 1443.75
3635 3551.25

:( 29
R.D. (m)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
G.L. (m)
239
239.1
239.2
239.3
239.4
Bed width=4m, side slope in cutting=1:1, and in filling=1:1.5, bank width=2m both
side, full supply depth (F.S.D)=60cm, free board (F.B)=40cm, bed slope=1:5000,
Proposed bed level (P.B.L)=240m.
:
1
x
=
x = 0 .1 m
5000 500

.(2)

R.D (m)
0
500
1000
1500
2000

N.S.L (m)
239
239.1
239.2
239.3
239.4

P.B.L (m)
240
239.9
239.8
239.7
239.6

Fill (m)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

@ R.D 0m
A1(below bed)=(4+2*2+4*1.5*1)*1+1.5*12=15.5m2
A2(above bed)=2*(2*1+1.5*12)=7 m2 (banks)
Af =22.5m2

38

@ R.D 500m
A1(below bed)=(4+2*2+4*1.5*1)*0.8+1.5*0.82=12.16m2
A2(above bed)=2*(2*1+1.5*12)=7 m2 (banks)
Af =19.16m2
@ R.D 1000m
A1(below bed)=(4+2*2+4*1.5*1)*0.6+1.5*0.62=8.94m2
A2(above bed)=2*(2*1+1.5*12)=7 m2 (banks)
Af =15.94m2
@ R.D 1500m
A1(below bed)=(4+2*2+4*1.5*1)*0.4+1.5*0.42=5.84m2
A2(above bed)=2*(2*1+1.5*12)=7 m2 (banks)
Af =12.84m2
@ R.D 2000m
A1(below bed)=(4+2*2+4*1.5*1)*0.2+1.5*0.22=2.86m2
A2(above bed)=2*(2*1+1.5*12)=7 m2 (banks)
Af =9.86m2
:

22.5 + 9.86

Vol . = 500 *
+ 19.16 + 15.94 + 12.84 = 32060 m 3
2

:( 30
R.D. (m)
1000
2000
3000
4000
G.L. (m)
210.8
210.4
208.8
208.4
Bed width=3m, side slope in cutting=1:1, and in filling=1:1.5, bank width=1.6m
both side, full supply depth (F.S.D)=80cm, free board (F.B)=40cm, bed
slope=1:5000, Proposed bed level (P.B.L)=210m.
:
1
x
=
x = 0.2 m ,
5000 1000

R.D (m)
1000
2000
3000
4000

F.S.D+F.B=1.2m
N.S.L (m)
210.8
210.4
208.8
208.4

P.B.L (m)
210
209.8
209.6
209.4

Cut (m)
0.8
0.6
-----

Fill (m)
----0.8
1

39

@ R.D 1000m

y = 1 .2 0 .8 = 0 .4 m

Ac = 0.8 * 3 + 0.8 2 = 3.04 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.6 * 0.4 + 1.5 * 0.4 2 = 1.76 m 2

@ R.D 2000m

y = 1.2 0.6 = 0.6 m

Ac = 0.6 * 3 + 0.6 2 = 2.16 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.6 * 0.6 + 1.5 * 0.6 2 = 3 m 2

* R.D2000 R.D3000
N.S.L
P.B.L ) (F.S.D+F.B
Bank .
l
1000
=
l = 428.6 m
0. 6
1. 4

@ R.D 2428.6m

y = 1.2 0 = 1.2 m

Ac = 0 m 2

Af = 2 * 1.6 * 1.2 + 1.5 * 1.2 2 = 8.16 m 2

@ R.D 3000m
A1(below
bed)=(4+2*1.6+4*1.5*1.2)*0.8+1.5*0.82=11.68m2
)A2(above bed)=2*(1.6*1.2+1.5*1.22)=8.16 m2 (banks
Af =19.84m2
@ R.D 4000m
)A1(below bed)=13.4*1+1.5*12=14.9m2, A2(above bed)= 8.16 m2 (banks
Af =23.06m2
)Vf (m3

)Vc (m3

2600
2380
462.888 2391.588
0
7999.6
0
21450
3062.88 34221.188

)Length (m) Mean Ac (m2) Mean Af (m2

2.38
5.58
14
21.45

2.6
1.08
0
0
40

1000
428.6
571.4
1000

)Af (m2

)Ac (m2

)R.D (m

1.76
3
8.16
19.84
23.06

3.04
2.16
0
0
0

1000
2000
2428.6
3000
4000

8
(31 12 F.S.D=2.5m F.B=1.5m Bank 4
1:1 1:1.5
.
:
.
F.S.D+F.B=4m
y=4-h
Acut=12h+h2
Afill=2(4y+1.5y2), but y=4-h
2(4(4-h)+1.5(4-h)2)=3h2-32h+80
Acut= Afill h2-22h+40=0
or h=2m O.K h=20m

41