THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

A. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
I think ones feelings waste
themselves in words; they ought all to
be distilled into actions which bring
results.
Florence Nightingale !"#$%
Florence Nightingale defined Nursing as the act
of
utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in
his recovery (1860/1969), that it involves the
nurse's
initiative to configure environmental settings
appropriate
for the gradual restoration of the patient's
health, and
that eternal factors associated !ith the patient's
surroundings affect life or "iologic and ph#siologic
processes, and his development$
En&iron'ental Factor( A))ecting Health
%efined in her environmental theor# are the follo!ing
factors present in the patient&s environment'
pure or fresh air
pure !ater
sufficient food supplies
efficient drainage
cleanliness
light (especiall# direct sunlight)
(de)uate ventilation has also "een regarded as a
factor contri"uting to changes of the patient&s process of
illness recover#$ (n# deficienc# in one or more of these
factors could lead to impaired functioning of life
processes or diminished health status$
*he also emphasi+ed in her environmental theor# is the
provision of a *+iet or noi(e,)ree and -ar' en&iron'ent,
attending to patient&s dietar# needs "# assessment,
documentation of time of food inta,e, and evaluating it&s
effects on the patient$
Nightingale "elieved that the environment !as the
ma-or component creating illness in a patient. she regarded
disease as /the reactions of ,indl# nature against the
conditions in !hich !e have placed ourselves$0 1er theor#
2ontains three ma-or relationships'
environment to patient
nurse to environment
nurse to patient
.. INTERACTIVE THEORIES
INTER/ERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY
The kind of person that the nurse
becomes makes a substantial difference in
what each patient will learn as he or she
receives nursing care.
Hil0egar0 /e1la+ !234%
*he defined Nursing as /an interpersonal process of
therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick
or in need of health services and a nurse especially
educated to recognize respond to the need for help.
%r$ 3eplau emphasi+ed the n+r(e,client relation(hi1 as
the foundation of nursing practice$ (t the time,
her
research and emphasis on the give4and4ta,e of
nurse4client
relationships !as seen "# man# as revolutionar#$ *he
descri"ed the nurse4patient relationship as a four4phase
phenomenon$ 5ach phase is uni)ue and has distinguished
contri"utions on the outcome of the nurse4patient
interaction$
/ha(e( O) N+r(e,/atient Relation(hi1
1$ 6rientation
7ndividual/famil# has a /felt need0
and see,s professional assistance from a
nurse (!ho is a stranger)$ 8his is the
pro"lem identification phase$
9$ 7dentification
:here the patient "egins to have
feelings of "elongingness and a capacit#
for dealing !ith the pro"lem, creating an
optimistic attitude from !hich inner
strength ensues$ 1ere happens the
selection of appropriate professional
assistance$
;$ 5ploitation
8he nurse uses communication tools
to offer services to the patient, !ho is
epected to ta,e advantage of all
services$
<$ =esolution
:here patient&s needs have alread#
"een met "# the colla"orative efforts
"et!een the patient and the nurse$
8herapeutic relationship is terminated
and the lin,s are dissolved, as patient
drifts a!a# from identif#ing !ith the
nurse as the helping person$
Nursing Roles
7n the course of the nurse4patient relationship, the
nurse assumes several roles !hich empo!er and e)uip her in
meeting the needs of the patient$
1$ Stranger Role' =eceives the client the same !a# one
meets a stranger in other life situations. provides
an accepting climate that "uilds trust$
9$ Re(o+rce Role' (ns!ers )uestions$ 7nterprets
clinical treatment data, gives information$
;$ Teaching Role' >ives instructions and provides
training. involves anal#sis and s#nthesis of the
learner&s eperience$
<$ Co+n(eling Role5 1elps client understand and
integrate the meaning of current life circumstances.
provides )uidance and encouragement to ma,e changes$
?$ S+rrogate Role5 1elps clients clarif# domains of
dependence, interdependence, and independence and
acts on clients "ehalf as advocate$
6$ Lea0er(hi1 Role5 1elps client assume maimum
responsi"ilit# for meeting treatment goals in a
mutuall# satisf#ing !a#$
Additional Roles include'
1$ 8echnical epert
9$ 2onsultant
;$ 1ealth teacher
<$ 8utor
?$ *ociali+ing agent
6$ *afet# agent
@$ Aanager of environment
8$ Aediator
9$ (dministrator
10$=ecorder o"server
11$=esearcher
De)inition o) the Uni*+e F+nction o) N+r(ing
The nurse is temporarily the
consciousness of the unconscious the
love of life for the suicidal the leg of
the amputee the eyes of the newly blind
a means of locomotion for the infant
knowledge and confidence for the mother
the mouthpiece for those too weak or
withdrawn to speak and so on.
Virginia Hen0er(on !233%
1enderson defined Nursing as /assisting the
individual sick or well in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery !or to
peaceful death" that an individual would perform unaided
if
he had the necessary strength will or knowledge.
*he conceptuali+ed the !6 F+n0a'ental Nee0( of
humans$
8hese needs are'
Breathing normall#
5ating and drin,ing ade)uatel#
5liminating "od# !astes
Aoving and maintaining desira"le position
*leeping and resting
*electing suita"le clothes
Aaintaining "od# temperature !ithin normal range
Ceeping the "od# clean and !ell4groomed
(voiding dangers in the environment
2ommunicating !ith others
:orshipping according to one&s faith
:or,ing in such a !a# that one feels a sense of
accomplishment
3la#ing/participating in various forms of recreation
Dearning, discovering or satisf#ing the curiosit# that
leads to normal development and health and using
availa"le health facilities$
The Nurse-Patient Relationship
1enderson stated that there are three levels
comprising the nurse4patient relationship'
1$ The n+r(e a( a (+7(tit+te )or the 1atient. 7n times
of illness, !hen the patient cannot function full#,
the nurse serves as the su"stitute as to !hat the
patient lac,s such, as ,no!ledge, !ill, and strength
in order to ma,e him complete, !hole and independent
once again$
9$ The n+r(e a( a hel1er to the 1atient. 7n situations
!here the patient cannot meet his "asic needs, the
nurse serves as a helper to accomplish them$
;$ The n+r(e a( a 1artner -ith the 1atient. (s partners,
the nurse and the patient formulate the care plan
together$ Both as an advocate and as a resource
person, the nurse can empo!er the patient to ma,e
effective decisions regarding his care plans$
D8na'ic N+r(e,/atient Relation(hi1
The role of the nurse is to find
out and meet the patient#s immediate
need for help. The patient#s presenting
behavior may be a plea for help
however the help needed may not be what
it appears to be.
I0a 9ean Orlan0o !2#!%
Orlando's theor# !as developed in the late 19?0s from
o"servations she recorded "et!een a nurse and patient$
%espite her efforts, she !as onl# a"le to categori+e the
records as EgoodE or E"adE nursing$ 7t then da!ned on her
that "oth the formulations for EgoodE and E"adE nursing
!ere contained in the records$ From these o"servations she
formulated the deli"erative nursing process$
8herefore, nurses need to use their perception,
thoughts a"out the perception, or the feeling engendered
from their thoughts to eplore !ith patients the meaning of
their "ehavior$ 8his process helps the nurse find out the
nature of the distress and !hat help the patient needs$
6rlando's theor# remains one the of the most effective
practice theories availa"le$ 8he use of her theor# ,eeps
the nurse's focus on the patient$ 8he strength of the
theor# is that it is clear, concise, and eas# to use$ :hile
providing the overall frame!or, for nursing, the use of her
theor# does not eclude nurses from using other theories
!hile caring for the patient$
:e8 Conce1t( o) Three Interloc;ing Circle( Theor8
(ccording to 1all, Nursing is
participation in care, core and c+re
aspects, !here CARE is the sole
function of nurses, !hereas the CORE
and CURE are shared !ith other
mem"ers of the health team
8he ma-or purpose of care is to
achieve an interpersonal
relationship !ith the individual
that !ill facilitate the development
of the core
L80ia Hall !2#!%
H+'an,to,H+'an Relation(hi1 Mo0el
$ nurse does not only seek to alleviate physical pain
or render physical care% she ministers to the whole person.
The e&istence of suffering whether physical mental or
spiritual is the proper concern of the nurse.
9o8ce Tra&el7ee !2##%
8ravel"ee's eperience in initial ps#ch nursing
practice at a 2atholic charit# hospital led her to "elieve
that the care given in these t#pe of institutions lac,ed
compassion$ *he felt nursing needed a Eh+'ani(tic
re&ol+tionE and a rene!ed focus on caring as central to
nursing44she !arned that if this didn't happen, consumers
might see, a 'new and different kind of health care
worker'$ 8ravel"ee's ideas have greatl# influenced the
hospice movement$
7n her human4to4human relationship model, the nurse
and the patient undergoes the follo!ing series of
interactional phases'
1$ Original Enco+nter4 this is descri"ed as the first
impression "# the nurse of the sic, person and viceversa
8he nurse and patient see each other in
stereot#ped or traditional roles$
9$ E'erging I0entitie(4 this phase is descri"ed "# the
nurse and patient perceiving each other as uni)ue
individual$ (t this time, the lin, of relationship
"egins to form$
;$ E'1ath84 this phase is descri"ed as the a"ilit# to
share in the person&s eperience$
<$ S8'1ath84 7t happens !hen the nurse !ants to lessen
the cause of the patient&s suffering$ 7t goes "e#ond
empath#$ 8he nurse at this time should use a
disciplined intellectual approach together !ith
therapeutic use of self to ma,e helpful nursing
actions$
?$ Ra11ort4 this is descri"ed as nursing interventions
that lessens the patient&s suffering$ 8he nurse and
the sic, person are relating as human "eing to human
"eing$ 8he sic, person sho!s trust and confidence in
the nurse$
C. SYSTEMS THEORIES
S8(te' Mo0el in N+r(ing /ractice
(ealth is a condition in which
all parts and subparts are in harmony
with the whole of the client
.ett8 Ne+'an !2<4%
1er theor# incorporated the concept of a !hole person
and an open s#stem approach$ 8he concept is aimed to!ards
the development of a person in a state of !ellness having
the capacit# to function optimall#$ 8he main role of the
nurse in her theor# is to help a person to adapt !ith
environmental stimuli causing illnesses "ac, to a state of
!ellness$
Terms Related to Neumans System Theory
Client Varia7le(
8he clients& varia"les can "e one or com"ination of
the follo!ing' ph#siological, sociocultural, developmental
and spiritual$ 8hese varia"les function to achieve
sta"ilit# in relation to the environmental stressors
eperienced "# the client$
Line( o) Re(i(tance
Dines of =esistance act !hen the Normal Dine of
%efense is invaded "# too much stressor, producing
alterations in the client&s health$
Nor'al Line o) De)en(e
8o achieve the sta"ilit# of the s#stem, the Normal
Dine of %efense must act in coordination !ith the normal
!ellness state$ 7t must reflect the actual range of
responses that is normall# acted "# clients in response to
an# stressors$ 7t is the "aseline in determining the level
of client !ithin the continuum of health$
Fle=i7le Line o) Di(ea(e
7t serves as a "oundar# for the Normal Dine of %efense
to ad-ust to situations that threaten the im"alance !ithin
the client&s sta"ilit#$
Stre((or(
8hese are forces that produce tensions, alterations or
potential pro"lems causing insta"ilit# !ithin the client&s
s#stem$
Reaction
8hese are the outcomes or produced results of certain
stressors and actions of the lines resistance of a client$
7t can "e positive or negative depending on the degree of
reaction the client produces to ad-ust and adapt !ith the
situation$ Neuman specified these reactions as negentropy
or entropy$ )egentropy is set to!ards sta"ilit# or !ellness
!hile *gentropy is set to!ards disorgani+ation of the
s#stem producing illness$
.eha&ioral S8(te' Mo0el
*ach individual has a predisposition
to act with reference to the goal in
certain ways rather than in other ways
Doroth8 9ohn(on !2<!%
Fohnson "elieves that each individual has a
focusing
and repeating !a#s of acting !hich covers a
"ehavioral
s#stem distinct to that individual$ 8hese
"ehaviors are
logical, fied, predicta"le and ade)uatel#
secure and
persistent to "e satisf#ing to depiction and clarification$
Seven Behavioral Subsystems
1$ The Attach'ent or A))iliati&e S+7(8(te' is !ell,no!n
as the earliest response s#stem to epand in
the individual$ 8he most favora"le functioning of
this su"s#stem allo!s social inclusion, closeness,
and the pattern and continuance of a strong pu"lic
"ond$
9$ The De1en0enc8 S+7(8(te' are actions that trigger
nurturing "ehaviors from other individuals in the
environment$ 8he product of dependenc# "ehavior is
consent, interest or appreciation, and ph#sical
support$
;$ The Inge(ti&e S+7(8(te' relates to the "ehaviors
surrounding the ingestion of food$ Behaviors related
to the ingestion of food ma# relate more to !hat is
sociall# satisfactor# in a specified culture, than
to the "iological necessities of the human "eing$
<$ The Eli'inati&e S+7(8(te' relates to "ehaviors
surrounding the secretion of !aste products from the
"od#$ 1uman cultures have defined different sociall#
accepta"le "ehaviors for ecretion of !aste, "ut the
continuation of such an outline remains from culture
to culture$
?$ The Se=+al S+7(8(te' imitates "ehaviors realted to
procreation or reproduction$
6$ The Aggre((i&e S+7(8(te' relates to "ehaviors
concerned !ith the defense and self4preservation$
@$ The Achie&e'ent S+7(8(te' contains "ehaviors that
attept to control the environment$ 7ntellectual,
ph#sical, imaginative, mechanical, and communl
s,ills are some of the areas that Fohnson
distinguishes$
Goal Attain'ent Theor8
If the students cant do the fundamentals how can
they use advanced knowledge.
I'ogene :ing !2<!%
Cing stated that Nursing is a process
of action, reaction, and interaction
!here"# nurse and client share information
a"out their perception in the nursing
situation$
Action
(ction is a means of "ehavior or activities
that are
to!ards the accomplishment of certain act$
7t is "oth
ph#sical and mental$
Reaction
7n Cing&s theor#, reaction is not specified "ut
someho! relates reaction as part of action$ (ccording to
her, reaction is a response to a stimuli$
Interaction
7nteraction, as defined "# Cing, is an# situation
!herein the nurse relates and deals !ith a clientele or
patient$
O1en S8(te'
7t is the a"sence of "oundar# eistence, !here a
d#namic interaction "et!een the internal and eternal
environment can echange information !ithout "arriers or
hindrances$
Cing proposed that the nurse interacts in the s#stem
simultaneousl# at three different levels$ 8hese levels are
independent and at the same time co4eist to influence
over4all nursing practice$
/er(onal4 ho! the nurse vie!s and integrates self
"ased from personal goals and "eliefs
Inter1er(onal4 ho! the nurse interrelates !ith a co!or,er
or patient, particularl# in a nurse4patient
relationship
Social4 ho! the nurse interacts !ith co4!or,ers,
superiors, su"ordinates and the client environment in
general
Sel),Care Theor8
Individuals families groups
and communities need to be taught
self%care.
Dorothea Ore' !2<!%
6rem defined Nursing as The act of assisting
others
in the provision and management of self%care to
maintain+improve human functioning at home level of
effectiveness.
8he theor# focuses on activities that adult
individuals perform on their o!n "ehalf to
maintain life,
health and !ell4"eing$ 7t has a strong
health promotion and
maintenance focus$
*he identified ; related concepts'
1$ Sel),care 4 activities an 7ndividual performs
independentl# throughout life to promote and
maintain personal !ell4"eing$
9$ Sel),care 0e)icit 4 results !hen self4care agenc#
(7ndividual&s a"ilit#) is not ade)uate to meet
the ,no!n self4care needs$
;$ N+r(ing S8(te' 4 nursing interventions needed
!hen 7ndividual is una"le to perform the
necessar# self4care activities'
1$ >holl8 co'1en(ator8 4 nurse provides entire
self4care for the client$
5ample' care of a ne! "orn, care of
client recovering from surger# in a
post4anesthesia care unit
9$ /artial co'1en(ator8 4 nurse and client
perform care, client can perform selected
self4care activities, "ut also accepts care
done "# the nurse for needs the client
cannot meet independentl#$
5ample' Nurse can assist post
operative client to am"ulate, Nurse can
"ring a meal tra# for client !ho can
feed himself
;$ S+11orti&e,e0+cati&e 4 nurse&s actions are
to help the client develop/learn their o!n
self4care a"ilities through ,no!ledge,
support and encouragement$
5ample' Nurse guides a mother ho! to
"reastfeed her "a"#, 2ounseling a
ps#chiatric client on more adaptive
coping strategies$
T-ent8,One N+r(ing /ro7le'(
I never wanted to be a medical
doctor because I could do all I wanted to
do in nursing which is a caring
profession.
Fa8e Glen A70ellah !2#$%
8he concept of Nursing in this theor# is generall#
grouped into t!ent#4one pro"lem areas for nurses to !or,
out their -udgment and appropriate care$ ("dellah considers
nursing to "e an all4inclusive service that is "ased on the
disciplines of art and science that serves individuals,
sic, or !ell !ith their health needs$
T81olog8 o) T-ent8,one N+r(ing /ro7le'(
1$ 8o maintain good h#giene$
9$ 8o promote optimal activit#. eercise, rest and sleep$
;$ 8o promote safet#$
<$ 8o maintain good "od# mechanics$
?$ 8o facilitate the maintenance of a suppl# of o#gen
6$ 8o facilitate maintenance of nutrition
@$ 8o facilitate maintenance of elimination
8$ 8o facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrol#te
"alance
9$ 8o recogni+e the ph#siologic response of the "od# to
disease conditions
10$8o facilitate the maintenance of regulator# mechanisms
and functions$
11$8o facilitate the maintenance of sensor# functions
19$8o identif# and accept positive and negative
epressions, feelings and reactions
1;$8o identif# and accept the interrelatedness of
emotions and illness$
1<$8o facilitate the maintenance of effective ver"al and
non4ver"al communication
1?$8o promote the development of productive interpersonal
relationship
16$8o facilitate progress to!ard achievement of personal
spiritual goals
1@$8o create and maintain a therapeutic environment
18$8o facilitate a!areness of self as an individual !ith
var#ing needs$
19$8o accept the optimum possi"le goals
90$8o use communit# resources as an aid in resolving
pro"lems arising from illness$
91$8o understand the role of social pro"lems as
influencing factors
Hel1ing Art o) Clinical N+r(ing
',y thesis is that nursing art is
not comprised of rational nor
reactionary actions but rather of
deliberative action.'
Erne(tine >ie0en7ach !2#6%
:ieden"ach conceptuali+es nursing as the
practice
identification of a patient&s need for help
through
o"servation of presenting "ehaviors and
s#mptoms,
eploration of the meaning of those s#mptoms
!ith the
patient, determining the cause(s) of discomfort, and
determining the patient&s a"ilit# to resolve the discomfort
or if the patient has a need for help from the nurse or
other healthcare professionals$
Nursing primaril# consists of identif#ing a patient&s
need for help$ 7f the need for help re)uires intervention,
the nurse facilitates the medical plan of care and also
creates and implements a nursing plan of care "ased on
needs and desires of the patient$ 7n providing care, a nurse
eercises sound -udgment through deli"erative, practiced,
and educated recognition of s#mptoms$ 8he patient&s
perception of the situation is an important consideration
to the nurse !hen providing competent care$
(ccording to :ieden"ach there are four elements to
clinical nursing' !% 1hilo(o1h8? 4% 1+r1o(e? @%
1ractice? an0 6% art.
8he nurses& philosoph# !as their attitude and
"elief a"out life and ho! that effected realit#
for them$ 3hilosoph# is !hat motivates the nurse
to act in a certain !a#$
:ieden"ach also "elieved that there !ere ;
essential components associated !ith a nursing
philosoph#'
G =everence for life
G =espect for the dignit#, !orth, autonom# and
individualit# of each human "eing
G =esolution to act on personall# and
professionall# held "eliefs
Nurses& purpose is that !hich the nurse !ants to
accomplish through !hat she does$ 7t is all of
the activities directed to!ards the overall good
of the patient$
3ractices are those o"serva"le nursing actions
that are affected "# "eliefs and feelings a"out
meeting the patient&s need for help$
8he (rt of nursing includes understanding
patient&s needs and concerns, developing goals
and actions intended to enhance patient&s a"ilit#
and directing the activities related to the
medical plan to improve the patient&s condition$
8he nurses also focuses on prevention of
complications related to reoccurrence or
development of ne! concerns$
The Con(er&ation Mo0el
'*thical behaviour is not the display of one#s moral
rectitude in times of crisis. It is the day%to%day
e&pression of one#s commitment to other persons and the
ways in which human beings relate to one another in their
daily interactions.
M8ra Le&ine !2<<%
*he defined nursing as supportive H therapeutic
interventions "ased on scientific or therapeutic ,no!ledge$
Nursing actions "ased on four principles'
conservation of energ#
structural integrit#
personal integrit#
social integrit#
D. DEVELO/MENTAL THEORIES
A0a1tation Mo0el
The model provides a way of thinking
about people and their environment that is
useful in any setting. It helps one
prioritize care and challenges the nurse
to move the patient from survival to
transformation.
Si(ter Calli(ta Ro8 !2<2%
*he vie!ed humans as "iops#chosocial "eings constantl#
interacting !ith a changing environment and !ho cope !ith
their environment through Biops#chosocial adaptation
mechanisms$ 8here are t!o categories of coping mechanisms
according to =o# namel# the regulator and the cognator
su"s#stems'
Reg+lator S+7(8(te' transpires through neutral,
chemical and endocrine processes li,e the increase in
vital signs4s#mpathetic response to stress$
Cognator S+7(8(te', on the other hand, occurs through
cognitive4emotive processes$ For instance, are the
effects of prolonged hospitali+ation for a four4#ear
old child$
8he degree of internal or eternal environmental
change and the person&s a"ilit# to cope !ith that change is
li,el# to determine the person&s health status$ Nursing
interventions are aimed at promoting ph#siologic,
ps#chologic, and social functioning or adaptation$
Tran(c+lt+ral Theor8
-are is the heart of nursing; -are
is power; -are is essential to healing;
-are is curing; and -are is the central
and dominant focus of nursing and
transcultural nursing decisions and
actions.
Ma0eleine Leininger !2"3%
*he stated that Nursing is a learned
humanistic and
scientific profession and discipline !hich is focused on
human care phenomena and activities in order to assist,
support, facilitate, or ena"le individuals or groups to
maintain or regain their !ell "eing (or health) in
culturall# meaningful and "eneficial !a#s, or to help
people face handicaps or death$
Tran(c+lt+ral n+r(ing as a learned su"field or "ranch
of nursing !hich focuses upon the comparative stud# and
anal#sis of cultures !ith respect to nursing and
healthillness
caring practices, "eliefs and values !ith the goal
to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services
to people according to their cultural values and
healthillness
contet$ 7t focuses on the fact that different
cultures have different caring "ehaviors and different
health and illness values, "eliefs, and patterns of
"ehaviors$ (!areness of the differences allo!s the nurse to
design culture4specific nursing interventions$
/hilo(o1h8 an0 Science o) Caring
-aring in nursing conveys physical
$cts but embraces the mind%body%spirit
as it reclaims the embodied spirit as
its focus attention.
Margaret 9ean >at(on !2<2%
:atson proposes (e&en a((+'1tion( a"out the science of
caring and ten 1ri'ar8 carati&e )actor( to form the
frame!or, of her theor#$ 8he "asic assumptions are'
2aring can "e effectivel# demonstrated and practiced
onl# interpersonall#.
5ffective caring promotes health and individual or
famil# gro!th.
2aring responses accept a person not onl# as he or she
is no! "ut as !hat he or she ma# "ecome.
( caring environment is one that offers the
development of potential !hile allo!ing the person to
choose the "est action for himself or herself at a
given point in time
2aring is more /healthogenic0 than is curing$ 8he
practice of caring integrates "ioph#sical
,no!ledge of human "ehavior to generate or promote
health and to provide care to those !ho are ill$ (
science of caring is therefore complementar# to the
science of curing$
8he practice of caring is central to nursing
Ten Carati&e Factor(
1$ 8he promotion of a humanistic4altruistic s#stem of
values
9$ 7nstillation of faith4hope
;$ 8he cultivation of sensitivit# to one&s self and others
<$ 8he development of a helping4trusting, human caring
relationship
?$ 3romotion and acceptance of the epression of positive
and negative feelings$
6$ 8he s#stemic use of the scientific pro"lem4solving
method for decision ma,ing
@$ 8he promotion of interpersonal teaching4learning
8$ 8he provision for supportive, protective and
corrective mental, ph#sical, socio4cultural and
spiritual environment
9$ (ssistance !ith the gratification of human needs
10$8he allo!ance for eistential phenomenological forces
The Science o) Unitar8 H+'an .eing(? an0 /rinci1le( o)
Ho'eo08na'ic(
)ursing is an art and science that is humanistic and
humanitarian. It is directed toward the
unitary human and is concerned with the
nature and direction of human development.
Martha Roger( !2<$%
Nursing interventions see, to promote
harmonious interaction "et!een persons and their
environment, strengthen the !holeness of the individual and
redirect human and environmental patterns or organi+ation
to achieve maimum health$ 8here are 3 .a(ic A((+'1tion('
1$ 8he human "eing is a unified !hole, possessing
individual integrit# and manifesting characteristics
that are more than and different from the sum of parts$
9$ 8he individual and the environment are
continuousl# echanging matter and energ# !ith each
other
;$ 8he life processes of human "eings evolve irreversi"l#
and unidirectionall# along a space4time continuum
<$ 3atterns identif# human "eing and reflect their
innovative !holeness
?$ 8he individual is characteri+ed "# the capacit# for
a"straction and imager#, language and thought,
sensation and emotion
Theor8 o) H+'an .eco'ing
)ursing is a scientific
discipline the practice of which is a
performing art.
Ro(e'arie RiAAo /ar(e !2"!%
Three a((+'1tion( a7o+t H+'an .eco'ing
1uman "ecoming is freel# choosing personal meaning
in situation in the inter4su"-ective process of
relating value priorities
1uman "ecoming is co4creating rh#thmic patterns or
relating in mutual process in the universe
1uman "ecoming is co4transcending multidimensionall#
!ith emerging possi"ilities$
Re)erence(5
6ctaviano, 5ufemia F$, =N, =A, AN, 5d%, Balita, 2arl 5$,
=N, =A, A(N, %r1um$ Theoretical .oundations of )ursing/
The 0hilippine 0erspective, 9008$
http'//nursingcri"$com
http'// http'//en$!i,ipedia$org/!i,i/