CH 02

CHAPTER 2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Fundamental Concepts
Electrons in Atoms
2.1 Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight.
Solution
Atomic mass is the mass o an in!i"i!ual atom# $he%eas atomic $ei&ht is the a"e%a&e '$ei&hte!( o the
atomic masses o an atom)s natu%all* occu%%in& isoto+es.
E,ce%+ts %om this $o%- ma* .e %e+%o!uce! .* inst%ucto%s o% !ist%i.ution on a not/o%/+%oit .asis o% testin& o% inst%uctional +u%+oses onl* to stu!ents
en%olle! in cou%ses o% $hich the te,t.oo- has .een a!o+te!. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections
107 or 108 of the 197 !nited States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
2.2 Chromium has four naturally"occurring isotopes# $.%$& of
'0
Cr( with an atomic weight of $9.9$0
amu( 8%.79& of
')
Cr( with an atomic weight of '1.9$0' amu( 9.'0& of
'%
Cr( with an atomic weight of ').9$07 amu(
and ).%7& of
'$
Cr( with an atomic weight of '%.9%89 amu. *n the basis of these data( confirm that the a+erage
atomic weight of Cr is '1.99% amu.
Solution
The a"e%a&e atomic $ei&ht o silicon

(A
Cr
) is com+ute! .* a!!in& %action/o/occu%%ence0atomic
$ei&ht +%o!ucts o% the th%ee isoto+es. Thus

=
50
50
+
52
52
+
53
53
+
54
54
= (0.0434)(49.9460 amu) + (0.8379)(51.9405amu) + (0.0950)(52.9407 amu) + (0.0237)(53.9389 amu) = 51.9963 amu

2.1 ,a- .ow many grams are there in one amu of a material/
,b- 0ole( in the conte1t of this book( is taken in units of gram"mole. *n this basis( how many atoms
are there in a pound"mole of a substance/
Solution
'a( In o%!e% to !ete%mine the num.e% o &%ams in one amu o mate%ial# a++%o+%iate mani+ulation o the
amu0atom# &0mol# an! atom0mol %elationshi+s is all that is necessa%*# as
# g/amu =
1 mol
6.022 10
23
atoms

1 g / mol
1 amu/ atom

2 1.33 14
/25
&0amu
'.( Since the%e a%e 561.3 &0l.
m
#
1 lb - mol = (453.6 g/lb

m
) (6.022 10
23
atoms/g - mol)
2 2.71 14
23
atoms0l./mol
2.5 ,a- Cite two important 2uantum"mechanical concepts associated with the 3ohr model of the atom.
,b- Cite two important additional refinements that resulted from the wa+e"mechanical atomic model.
Solution
'a( T$o im+o%tant 8uantum/mechanical conce+ts associate! $ith the Boh% mo!el o the atom a%e '1( that
elect%ons a%e +a%ticles mo"in& in !isc%ete o%.itals# an! '2( elect%on ene%&* is 8uanti9e! into shells.
'.( T$o im+o%tant %einements %esultin& %om the $a"e/mechanical atomic mo!el a%e '1( that elect%on
+osition is !esc%i.e! in te%ms o a +%o.a.ilit* !ist%i.ution# an! '2( elect%on ene%&* is 8uanti9e! into .oth shells an!
su.shells//each elect%on is cha%acte%i9e! .* ou% 8uantum num.e%s.
2.6 4elati+e to electrons and electron states( what does each of the four 2uantum numbers specify/
Solution
The n 8uantum num.e% !esi&nates the elect%on shell.
The l 8uantum num.e% !esi&nates the elect%on su.shell.
The m
l
8uantum num.e% !esi&nates the num.e% o elect%on states in each elect%on su.shell.
The m
s
8uantum num.e% !esi&nates the s+in moment on each elect%on.
2.3 Allowed +alues for the 2uantum numbers of electrons are as follows#
n 5 1( )( %( . . .
l 5 0( 1( )( %( . . . ( n 61
ml 5 0( 71( 7)( 7%( . . . ( 7l

=
1
2
8he relationships between n and the shell designations are noted in 8able ).1. 4elati+e to the subshells(
l 5 0 corresponds to an s subshell
l 5 1 corresponds to a p subshell
l 5 ) corresponds to a d subshell
l 5 % corresponds to an f subshell
9or the : shell( the four 2uantum numbers for each of the two electrons in the 1s state( in the order of nlmlms( are
100,
1
2
- and 100,
1
2
-. ;rite the four 2uantum numbers for all of the electrons in the < and 0 shells( and note
which correspond to the s( p( and d subshells.
Solution
:o% the < state# n 2 2# an! ei&ht elect%on states a%e +ossi.le. Possi.le l "alues a%e 4 an! 1# $hile +ossi.le
m
l
"alues a%e 4 an! ;1< an! +ossi.le m
s
"alues a%e
1
2
.
The%eo%e# o% the s states# the 8uantum num.e%s a%e

200(
1
2
) an!

200(
1
2
)
. :o% the p states# the 8uantum num.e%s a%e

210(
1
2
)#

210(
1
2
)
#

211(
1
2
) #

211(
1
2
)
#

21(1)(
1
2
)# an!

21(1)(
1
2
).
:o% the 0 state# n 2 1# an! 1= states a%e +ossi.le. Possi.le l "alues a%e 4# 1# an! 2< +ossi.le m
l
"alues a%e
4# ;1# an! ;2< an! +ossi.le m
s
"alues a%e

1
2
.
The%eo%e# o% the s states# the 8uantum num.e%s a%e

300(
1
2
)
#

300(
1
2
)# o% the p states the* a%e

310(
1
2
)#

310(
1
2
)#

311(
1
2
) #

311(
1
2
) #

31(1)(
1
2
)# an!

31(1)(
1
2
)< o% the d states the* a%e

320(
1
2
)#

320(
1
2
)
#

321(
1
2
) #

321(
1
2
)
#

32(1)(
1
2
) #

32(1) (
1
2
)#

322(
1
2
)#

322(
1
2
)
#

32 (2)(
1
2
)# an!

32(2) (
1
2
) .
2.7 =i+e the electron configurations for the following ions# 9e
)>
( Al
%>
( Cu
>
( 3a
)>
( 3r
"
( and *
)"
.
Solution
The elect%on coni&u%ations o% the ions a%e !ete%mine! usin& Ta.le 2.2 'an! :i&u%e 2.3(.
:e
2>
? :%om Ta.le 2.2# the elect%on coni&u%ation o% an atom o i%on is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
3
5s
2
. In o%!e%
to .ecome an ion $ith a +lus t$o cha%&e# it must lose t$o elect%ons@in this case the t$o 5s. Thus# the elect%on
coni&u%ation o% an :e
2>
ion is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
3
.
Al
1>
? :%om Ta.le 2.2# the elect%on coni&u%ation o% an atom o aluminum is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
1
. In o%!e% to
.ecome an ion $ith a +lus th%ee cha%&e# it must lose th%ee elect%ons@in this case t$o 1s an! the one 1p. Thus# the
elect%on coni&u%ation o% an Al
1>
ion is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
Cu
>
? :%om Ta.le 2.2# the elect%on coni&u%ation o% an atom o co++e% is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
14
5s
1
. In
o%!e% to .ecome an ion $ith a +lus one cha%&e# it must lose one elect%on@in this case the 5s. Thus# the elect%on
coni&u%ation o% a Cu
>
ion is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
14
.
Ba
2>
? The atomic num.e% o% .a%ium is 63 ':i&u%e 2.3(# an! inasmuch as it is not a t%ansition element the
elect%on coni&u%ation o% one o its atoms is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
14
5s
2
5p
3
5d
14
6s
2
6p
3
3s
2
. In o%!e% to .ecome an ion
$ith a +lus t$o cha%&e# it must lose t$o elect%ons@in this case t$o the 3s. Thus# the elect%on coni&u%ation o% a
Ba
2>
ion is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
14
5s
2
5p
3
5d
14
6s
2
6p
3
.
B%
/
? :%om Ta.le 2.2# the elect%on coni&u%ation o% an atom o .%omine is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
14
5s
2
5p
6
. In
o%!e% to .ecome an ion $ith a minus one cha%&e# it must ac8ui%e one elect%on@in this case anothe% 5p. Thus# the
elect%on coni&u%ation o% a B%
/
ion is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
14
5s
2
5p
3
.
O
2/
? :%om Ta.le 2.2# the elect%on coni&u%ation o% an atom o o,*&en is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
. In o%!e% to .ecome an
ion $ith a minus t$o cha%&e# it must ac8ui%e t$o elect%ons@in this case anothe% t$o 2p. Thus# the elect%on
coni&u%ation o% an O
2/
ion is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
2.= Sodium chloride ,?aCl- e1hibits predominantly ionic bonding. 8he ?a
>
and Cl
"
ions ha+e electron
structures that are identical to which two inert gases/
Solution
The Na
>
ion is Aust a so!ium atom that has lost one elect%on< the%eo%e# it has an elect%on coni&u%ation
the same as neon ':i&u%e 2.3(.
The Cl
/
ion is a chlo%ine atom that has ac8ui%e! one e,t%a elect%on< the%eo%e# it has an elect%on
coni&u%ation the same as a%&on.
The eriodic Ta!le
2.B ;ith regard to electron configuration( what do all the elements in =roup @AAA of the periodic table
ha+e in common/
Solution
Each o the elements in C%ou+ DIIA has i"e p elect%ons.
2.14 8o what group in the periodic table would an element with atomic number 11$ belong/
Solution
:%om the +e%io!ic ta.le ':i&u%e 2.3( the element ha"in& atomic num.e% 115 $oul! .elon& to &%ou+ IDA.
Acco%!in& to :i&u%e 2.3# Es# ha"in& an atomic num.e% o 114 lies .elo$ Pt in the +e%io!ic ta.le an! in the %i&ht/
most column o &%ou+ DIII. Mo"in& ou% columns to the %i&ht +uts element 115 un!e% P. an! in &%ou+ IDA.
2.11 ;ithout consulting 9igure ). or 8able ).)( determine whether each of the electron configurations
gi+en below is an inert gas( a halogen( an alkali metal( an alkaline earth metal( or a transition metal. Bustify your
choices.
,a) 1s
)
)s
)
)p
%s
)
%p
%d
7
$s
)
,b) 1s
)
)s
)
)p
%s
)
%p
,c- 1s
)
)s
)
)p
'
,d) 1s
)
)s
)
)p
%s
)
,e- 1s
)
)s
)
)p
%s
)
%p
%d
)
$s
)
,f- 1s
)
)s
)
)p
%s
)
%p
$s
1
Solution
'a( The 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
7
5s
2
elect%on coni&u%ation is that o a t%ansition metal .ecause o an incom+lete
d su.shell.
'.( The 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
elect%on coni&u%ation is that o an ine%t &as .ecause o ille! 1s an! 1p su.shells.
'c( The 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
elect%on coni&u%ation is that o a halo&en .ecause it is one elect%on !eicient %om
ha"in& a ille! < shell.
'!( The 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
elect%on coni&u%ation is that o an al-aline ea%th metal .ecause o t$o s elect%ons.
'e( The 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
1d
2
5s
2
elect%on coni&u%ation is that o a t%ansition metal .ecause o an incom+lete
d su.shell.
'( The 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
1s
2
1p
3
5s
1
elect%on coni&u%ation is that o an al-ali metal .ecause o a sin&le s elect%on.
2.12 ,a- ;hat electron subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements on the periodic table/
,b- ;hat electron subshell is being filled for the actinide series/
Solution
'a( The 5f su.shell is .ein& ille! o% the %a%e ea%th se%ies o elements.
'.( The 6f su.shell is .ein& ille! o% the actini!e se%ies o elements.
Bondin" Forces and Ener"ies
2.11 Calculate the force of attraction between a :
>
and an *
)"
ion the centers of which are separated by
a distance of 1.' nm.
Solution
The att%acti"e o%ce .et$een t$o ions 9
A

is Aust the !e%i"ati"e $ith %es+ect to the inte%atomic se+a%ation o
the att%acti"e ene%&* e,+%ession# E8uation 2.=# $hich is Aust

=
A
r
2
The constant A in this e,+%ession is !eine! in ootnote 1. Since the "alences o the F
>
an! O
2/
ions 'C
1
an! C
2
(
a%e >1 an! /2# %es+ecti"el*# C
1
2 1 an! C
2
2 2# then

=
(Z
1
e) (Z
2
e)
4
0
r
2
=
(1)(2)(1.602 10
19
C)
2
(4)() (8.85 10
12
F/m) (1.5 10
9
m)
2
2 2.46 14
/14
N
2.15 8he net potential energy between two adDacent ions( E?( may be represented by the sum of E2uations
).8 and ).9F that is(

=
A
r
+
B
r
n
Calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of the parameters A( 3( and n using the following procedure#
1. Gifferentiate E? with respect to r( and then set the resulting e1pression e2ual to Hero( since the cur+e of
E? +ersus r is a minimum at E0.
). Sol+e for r in terms of A( 3( and n( which yields r0( the e2uilibrium interionic spacing.
%. Getermine the e1pression for E0 by substitution of r0 into E2uation ).11.
Solution
'a( Eie%entiation o E8uation 2.11 *iel!s

=
d
A
r

dr
+
d
B
r
n

dr

=
A
r
(1 + 1)

nB
r
(n + 1)
= 0
'.( No$# sol"in& o% r '2 r
4
(

0
2
=
nB
r
0
(n + 1)
o%

0
=
A
nB

1/(1 - n)
'c( Su.stitution o% r
4
into E8uation 2.11 an! sol"in& o% E '2 E
4
(

0
=
A
r
0
+
B
r
0
n

=
A
A
nB

1/(1 - n)
+
B
A
nB

n/(1 - n)
2.16 9or a :
>
6Cl
6
ion pair( attracti+e and repulsi+e energies E
A
and E
4
( respecti+ely( depend on the
distance between the ions r( according to
E
A
=
1.436
r
E
R
=
5.8 10
6
r
9
9or these e1pressions( energies are e1pressed in electron +olts per :
>
6Cl
6
pair( and r is the distance in
nanometers. 8he net energy E? is Dust the sum of the two e1pressions abo+e.
,a- Superimpose on a single plot E?( E4( and EA +ersus r up to 1.0 nm.
,b- *n the basis of this plot( determine ,i- the e2uilibrium spacing r0 between the :
>
and Cl
6
ions( and ,ii-
the magnitude of the bonding energy E0 between the two ions.
,c- 0athematically determine the r0 and E0 +alues using the solutions to Iroblem ).1$ and compare these
with the graphical results from part ,b-.
Solution
'a( Cu%"es o E
A
# E
4
# an! E
?
a%e sho$n on the +lot .elo$.
'.( :%om this +lot
r
4
2 4.2= nm
E
4
2 G 5.3 eD
'c( :%om E8uation 2.11 o% E
?
A 2 1.513
3 2 6.=3 14
/3
n 2 B
Thus#

0
=
A
nB

1/(1 - n)
=
1.436
(8)(5.86 10
-6
)

1/(1 - 9)
= 0.279 nm
an!

E
0
=
A
A
nB

1/(1 - n)
+
B
A
nB

n/(1 - n)
=
1.436
1.436
(9)(5.86 10
6
)

1/(1 9)
+
5.86 10
6
1.436
(9)(5.86 10
6
)

9/(1 9)
2 G 5.67 eD
2.13 Consider a hypothetical J
>
"K
"
ion pair for which the e2uilibrium interionic spacing and bonding
energy +alues are 0.%' nm and ".1% e@( respecti+ely. Af it is known that n in E2uation ).11 has a +alue of 10(
using the results of Iroblem ).1$( determine e1plicit e1pressions for attracti+e and repulsi+e energies EA and E4 of
E2uations ).8 and ).9.
Solution
This +%o.lem &i"es us# o% a h*+othetical H
>
/I
/
ion +ai%# "alues o% r
4
'4.16 nm(# E
4
'G 3.11 eD(# an! n
'14(# an! as-s that $e !ete%mine e,+licit e,+%essions o% att%acti"e an! %e+ulsi"e ene%&ies o E8uations 2.= an! 2.B.
In essence# it is necessa%* to com+ute the "alues o A an! 3 in these e8uations. E,+%essions o% r
4
an! E
4
in te%ms
o n# A# an! 3 $e%e !ete%mine! in P%o.lem 2.15# $hich a%e as ollo$s?

0
=
A
nB

1/(1 - n)

0
=
A
A
nB

1/(1 - n)
+
B
A
nB

n/(1 - n)
Thus# $e ha"e t$o simultaneous e8uations $ith t$o un-no$ns '"i9. A an! 3(. U+on su.stitution o "alues o% r
4
an! E
4
in te%ms o n# these e8uations ta-e the o%ms

0.35 nm =
A
10 B

1/(1 - 10)
=
A
10 B

-1/9

an!

6.13 eV =
A
A
10 B

1/(1 10)
+
B
A
10B

10/(1 10)

=
A
A
10B

1/ 9
+
B
A
10B

10/ 9
Je no$ $ant to sol"e these t$o e8uations simultaneousl* o% "alues o A an! 3. :%om the i%st o these t$o
e8uations# sol"in& o% A0=3 lea!s to

10B
= (0.35 nm)
-9
:u%the%mo%e# %om the a.o"e e8uation the A is e8ual to

= 10B(0.35 nm)
-9
Jhen the a.o"e t$o e,+%essions o% A0143 an! A a%e su.stitute! into the a.o"e e,+%ession o% E
4
'/ 3.11 eD(# the
ollo$in& %esults

6.13 eV = =
A
A
10B

1/ 9
+
B
A
10B

10/ 9

=
10B(0.35 nm)
-9
(0.35 nm)
-9
[ ]
1/ 9
+
B
(0.35 nm)
-9
[ ]
10/ 9

=
10B(0.35 nm)
-9
0.35 nm
+
B
(0.35 nm)
10
O%

6.13 eV = =
10B
(0.35 nm)
10
+
B
(0.35 nm)
10
=
9B
(0.35 nm)
10
Sol"in& o% 3 %om this e8uation *iel!s

= 1.88 10
-5
eV- nm
10
:u%the%mo%e# the "alue o A is !ete%mine! %om one o the +%e"ious e8uations# as ollo$s?

= 10B(0.35 nm)
-9
= (10)(1.88 10
-5
eV- nm
10
)(0.35 nm)
-9
= 2.39 eV- nm
Thus# E8uations 2.= an! 2.B .ecome

=
2.39
r

=
1.88 10
5
r
10
O cou%se these e,+%essions a%e "ali! o% r an! E in units o nanomete%s an! elect%on "olts# %es+ecti"el*.
2.17 8he net potential energy E? between two adDacent ions is sometimes represented by the e1pression

+ Dexp
r

'2.12(
in which r is the interionic separation and C( G( and L are constants whose +alues depend on the specific material.
,a- Geri+e an e1pression for the bonding energy E0 in terms of the e2uilibrium interionic separation r0
and the constants G and L using the following procedure#
1. Gifferentiate E? with respect to r and set the resulting e1pression e2ual to Hero.
). Sol+e for C in terms of G( L( and r0.
%. Getermine the e1pression for E0 by substitution for C in E2uation ).1).
,b- Geri+e another e1pression for E0 in terms of r0( C( and L using a procedure analogous to the one
outlined in part ,a-.
Solution
'a( Eie%entiatin& E8uation 2.12 $ith %es+ect to r *iel!s

=
d
C
r

dr

d D exp
r

dr

=
C
r
2

De
r /
At r 2 r
4
# dEMdr 2 4# an!

0
2
=
De
(r
0
/)
'2.12.(
Sol"in& o% C an! su.stitution into E8uation 2.12 *iel!s an e,+%ession o% E
4
as

0
= De
(r
0
/)
1
r
0

'.( No$ sol"in& o% G %om E8uation 2.12. a.o"e *iel!s

=
C e
(r
0
/)
r
0
2
Su.stitution o this e,+%ession o% G into E8uation 2.12 *iel!s an e,+%ession o% E
4
as

0
=
C
r
0
r
0
1

rimar# Interatomic Bonds
2.1= ,a- 3riefly cite the main differences between ionic( co+alent( and metallic bonding.
,b- State the Iauli e1clusion principle.
Solution
'a( The main !ie%ences .et$een the "a%ious o%ms o +%ima%* .on!in& a%e?
Aonic//the%e is elect%ostatic att%action .et$een o++ositel* cha%&e! ions.
Co+alent//the%e is elect%on sha%in& .et$een t$o a!Aacent atoms such that each atom assumes a
sta.le elect%on coni&u%ation.
0etallic//the +ositi"el* cha%&e! ion co%es a%e shiel!e! %om one anothe%# an! also K&lue!K
to&ethe% .* the sea o "alence elect%ons.
'.( The Pauli e,clusion +%inci+le states that each elect%on state can hol! no mo%e than t$o elect%ons#
$hich must ha"e o++osite s+ins.
2.1B Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following compounds# 8i*)(
Cn8e( CsCl( AnSb( and 0gCl).
Solution
The +e%cent ionic cha%acte% is a unction o the elect%on ne&ati"ities o the ions J
A
an! J
B
acco%!in& to
E8uation 2.14. The elect%one&ati"ities o the elements a%e oun! in :i&u%e 2.7.
:o% TiO
2
# J
Ti
2 1.6 an! J
O
2 1.6# an! the%eo%e#

% = 1 e
(0.25)(3.51.5)
2

100 = 63.2%
:o% LnTe# J
Ln
2 1.3 an! J
Te

% = 1 e
(0.25) (2.11.6)
2

100 = 6.1%
:o% CsCl# J
Cs
2 4.7 an! J
Cl

% = 1 e
(0.25)(3.00.7)
2

100 = 73.4%
:o% InS.# J
In
2 1.7 an! J
S.
2 1.B# an! the%eo%e#

% = 1 e
(0.25)(1.91.7)
2

100 = 1.0%
:o% M&Cl
2
# J
M&
2 1.2 an! J
Cl

% = 1 e
(0.25)(3.01.2)
2

100 = 55.5%
2.24 0ake a plot of bonding energy +ersus melting temperature for the metals listed in 8able ).%. !sing
this plot( appro1imate the bonding energy for copper( which has a melting temperature of 108$C.
Solution
Belo$ is +lotte! the .on!in& ene%&* "e%sus meltin& tem+e%atu%e o% these ou% metals. :%om this +lot# the
.on!in& ene%&* o% co++e% 'meltin& tem+e%atu%e o 14=5C( shoul! .e a++%o,imatel* 1.3 eD. The e,+e%imental
"alue is 1.6 eD.
2.21 !sing 8able ).)( determine the number of co+alent bonds that are possible for atoms of the
following elements# germanium( phosphorus( selenium( and chlorine.
Solution
:o% &e%manium# ha"in& the "alence elect%on st%uctu%e 5s
2
5p
2
# ?N 2 5< thus# the%e a%e = G ?N 2 5 co"alent
.on!s +e% atom.
:o% +hos+ho%us# ha"in& the "alence elect%on st%uctu%e 1s
2
1p
1
# ?N 2 6< thus# the%e is = G ?N 2 1 co"alent
.on!s +e% atom.
:o% selenium# ha"in& the "alence elect%on st%uctu%e 5s
2
5p
5
# ?N 2 3< thus# the%e a%e = G ?N 2 2 co"alent
.on!s +e% atom.
:o% chlo%ine# ha"in& the "alence elect%on st%uctu%e 1s
2
1p
6
# ?N 2 7< thus# the%e a%e = G ?N 2 1 co"alent .on!
+e% atom.
2.22 ;hat type,s- of bonding would be e1pected for each of the following materials# brass ,a copper"
Hinc alloy-( rubber( barium sulfide ,3aS-( solid 1enon( bronHe( nylon( and aluminum phosphide ,AlI-/
Solution
:o% .%ass# the .on!in& is metallic since it is a metal allo*.
:o% %u..e%# the .on!in& is co"alent $ith some "an !e% Jaals. 'Ru..e% is com+ose! +%ima%il* o ca%.on
an! h*!%o&en atoms.(
:o% BaS# the .on!in& is +%e!ominantl* ionic '.ut $ith some co"alent cha%acte%( on the .asis o the
%elati"e +ositions o Ba an! S in the +e%io!ic ta.le.
:o% soli! ,enon# the .on!in& is "an !e% Jaals since ,enon is an ine%t &as.
:o% .%on9e# the .on!in& is metallic since it is a metal allo* 'com+ose! o co++e% an! tin(.
:o% n*lon# the .on!in& is co"alent $ith +e%ha+s some "an !e% Jaals. 'N*lon is com+ose! +%ima%il* o
ca%.on an! h*!%o&en.(
:o% AlP the .on!in& is +%e!ominantl* co"alent '.ut $ith some ionic cha%acte%( on the .asis o the %elati"e
+ositions o Al an! P in the +e%io!ic ta.le.
Secondar# Bondin" or $an der %aals Bondin"
2.21 E1plain why hydrogen fluoride ,.9- has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride
,.Cl- ,19.$ +s. 68'OC-( e+en though .9 has a lower molecular weight.
Solution
The inte%molecula% .on!in& o% H: is h*!%o&en# $he%eas o% HCl# the inte%molecula% .on!in& is "an !e%
Jaals. Since the h*!%o&en .on! is st%on&e% than "an !e% Jaals# H: $ill ha"e a hi&he% meltin& tem+e%atu%e.

CH 02

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CH 02

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CHAPTER 2

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING

= (0.0434)(49.9460 amu) + (0.8379)(51.9405amu) + (0.0950)(52.9407 amu) + (0.0237)(53.9389 amu) = 51.9963 amu

1 lb - mol = (453.6 g/lb

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