Machine-Time Slide Rules: A Comparison of Scale Systems With Calculation Examples

Machine-time Slide Rules
A comparison of scale systems with calculation examples

by Jrn Ltjens
(IM 2006 Greifswald 29-09-2006)
Jrn Ltjens: Macine-ti!e slide r"les
2
Contents
Some historical aspects
Basic settings at a lathe #"ttin$ !%ti%ns and f%rces in cylindrical t"rnin$
Some German machine-time
slide rules
&e!%nstrati%n wit 'le((e) and *# +++,-.
Example of calculation
cutting depth !a"
/e ("r(%se %f !acine-ti!e slide r"les
0ist%rical bac)$r%"nd
*rederic) /ayl%r
1"esti%ns fr%! te w%r)s%(
/ayl%r2s list %f 3ariables
/e slide r"le de3el%(ed by /ayl%r and 4art
*aber #astell 5-.6 +,-.-5-.6 +,-. "nd +++,-.
#%!(aris%n %f te scale e7tensi%ns
8estler 26 and 0260
Mantissa Mascinen$r"nd9eit (fr%! f%r!er G&:)
;<* =0+ "nd I<; >: =0+M
/ecnical slide r"le ?>yste! 'le((e)@
#
/e ("r(%se %f !acine-ti!e slide r"les
A real w%r)in$ ti!e
A need %f (%wer
A c"ttin$ ca(acity
A ci( 3%l"!e (er ti!e
$irst of all for a most efficient and
economical utilisation of the machine tools
%
0ist%rical bac)$r%"nd
Starting point Ind"strialisati%n d"rin$
te 2nd alf %f te +9t cent"ry6
es(ecially steel (r%d"cti%n and fast
de3el%(!ent in ci( !a)in$ !acine
t%%ls and (r%(erties %f !aterialsB
4"t effecti3e and ec%n%!ical
"tilisati%n %f !acine t%%ls and
w%r)in$ (lannin$ a3e n%t been
s(readB
&
*rederic) /ayl%r (+.C6 D +9+C)
A 0e was te first scientist %n
syste!atically ci( !a)in$ (r%cesses
"nder f%c"s %f tecnical and
ec%n%!ical c%nditi%nsB
A *r%! +..0 %n is 2C years researc
incl"ded
D ab%"t 506000 t% C06000 e7(eri!ents
D -006000 )$ steel a3e been c"t and
D te t%tal a!%"nt %f c%sts was
esti!ated between E+C06000 t%
E2006000B
'
1"esti%ns fr%! te w%r)s%(
A <at is te a((r%(riate c"ttin$ s(eed f%r steelF
A <ic n"!ber %f re3%l"ti%ns6 wic feed and wic c"ttin$
de(t s%"ld be set f%r te s%rtest w%r)in$ ti!e by %(ti!al
"tilisati%n %f !aterial (r%(ertiesF
(hese )uestions seem to *e simple *ut they include a lot
of complicate mathematical pro*lems with +2 ,aria*les--
.
/ayl%r2s list %f 3ariables tat affect
c"ttin$ s(eeds
+B 0ardness and G"ality %f te !aterial bein$ w%r)ed witB
2B #e!ical c%!(%siti%n and eat treat!ent %f te t%%lB
5B &"rability %f te c"ttin$ ed$e (t%%l !aterial)B
-B >a(e %r c%nt%"r %f te c"ttin$ ed$e t%$eter wit its clearance and
li( an$lesB
CB ;bs%l"te de(t %f c"t %r !etal t% be re!%3ed (er (assB
6B &e(t c"t relati3e t% te dia!eter %f te w%r)(ieceB
=B #%%lin$ fl"ids f%r te t%%lB
.B /%%l life (%w l%n$ te t%%l can witstand te i$est c"ttin$ s(eed)B
9B Hlasticity %f te w%r)(iece and te t%%lB
+0B &ia!eter %f te w%r)(ieceB
++B Iress"re %f te ci( %r sa3in$ %n te t%%lB
+2B I"llin$ %r feedin$ (%wer %f te late at 3ari%"s s(eedsB
/
/e slide r"le de3el%(ed by /ayl%r and 4art (+90-)
>%"rce: J%"rnal %f te J"$tred >%ciety6 (9) fall 20006 8%B 26 (a$e 5-
it as 6 slidesK
0
4asic settin$s at a late
re3%l"ti%ns
feed
c"ttin$ de(t
t%%l
adj"st!ent
(ca. 1920)
+1
#"ttin$ !%ti%ns and f%rces in cylindrical t"rnin$
feed !%ti%n
c"ttin$ !%ti%n
%ri9%ntal !%ti%n
++
>%!e %f Ger!an !acine-ti!e slide r"les
LH4 Mantissa
*aber-#astell
8estler
'le((e)
;<*
+2
*aber-#astell !Maschinen2eit"6 >yste! &rB <in)el
ty(e #%/
(fr%! +92.)
+-%/3#%/
(fr%! +95.)
+-%/
(fr%!+9C.)
+++-%/
(fr%! +96=)
!any
tan)s t%
&ieter
#%/-Engl4
(fr%! +950)
+#
#%!(aris%n %f te scale e7tensi%ns
li)e a5 power of machine tools:
(dri3in$ tecn%l%$y6 ran$e %f re3%l"ti%ns6 c"ttin$ s(eeds6 t%%l life) and
/e series (MB-.) are different in scale ran$es beca"se %f te ra(id
de3el%(!ent in !etal and !acinin$ tecn%l%$y
/e f%ll%win$ slides s%w te len$tened scales %f te left and ri$t ends %f
te *aber-#astell slide r"lesB
and *5 material
(i!(r%3e!ent %f c"ttin$ (r%(erties)B
+%
*aber-#astell 5-. (fr%! +92.)
cutting speed
and feed
rev. or strokes per min.
hours
working diameter or
stroke and feed path
+&
*aber-#astell 5-. (Hn$lis 3ersi%n6 ab%"t +950)
+'
+0 years later: *aber-#astell +--.,5-. (fr%! +95.)
+.
20 years later: *aber-#astell +--. (fr%! +9C.)
dis(lace!ent %f %ne decade
+/
*aber-#astell 5-. (fr%! +92. -ri$t)
hours
working diameter or stroke and feed path
cutting speed
rev. or strokes per min.
min. per rev. or stroke
feed
+0
+0 years later: *aber-#astell +--.,5-. (ri$t)
cutting speed and feed
21
20 years later: *aber-#astell +--. (fr%! +9C.)
2+
/w% 8estler slide r"les
8estler !Betrie*srechensta*" Mecanica 0260 (fr%! +9CC t% +9=5)
8estler 26 !Betrie*sschie*er" (fr%! +920 t% +950)
22
8estler 26
/is slide r"le d%esn2t a3e any scales f%r !acine (%wer and s(ecific c"ttin$
f%rce6 s% tere are any !acine (%wer related calc"lati%ns i!(%ssibleB
stroke, diameter, feed path,
cutting speed, feed
turning, milling,
drilling, grinding
planing, shaping: return stroke
2#
8estler 0260 Mecanica (Italian 3ersi%n)
cutting resistance turning
return stroke
planing
2%
LH4 Mantissa ?Mascinen$r"nd9eit@ (a((r%7B +9=0)
Ir%bably an "na"t%-
ri9ed c%(y %f te
*aberD#astell +++,-.
wit s%!e e7tended
scalesB
2&
;*< =0+ and I<; >: =0+M
(approx.1930) (approx. 190)
2'
;<* =0+ (left and ri$t)
feed
time
diameter
length of
stro6e
cutting speed
num*er of dou*le stro6es
length
planing path
2.
/ecncal slide r"le ?>yste! 'le((e)@ (+960)
2/
'le((e) (left and ri$t6 side II)
20
'le((e) (left and ri$t6 side I)
#1
H7a!(le f%r calc"lati%n %f te c"ttin$ de(t ?a@
Some parameters and their relationships ha,e to
*e assumed *efore starting the calculation7
namely
feed s N +B2 !!,re3B
!acine (%wer is $i3en by - '<
<it an efficiency c%efficient N 0B=C te real
(%wer at te t%%l is 5 '< (N - I>) %nly
ti!e related ci(-3%l"!e 1 N 9= c!
5
,!in
s(ecific c"ttin$ f%rce ) N +.C )$,!!
2
w%r)(iece !aterial: >teel >t 60 wit tensile
stren$t :
!
N C9BBB== )$,!!
2
c"ttin$ s(eed 3 N 20 !,!in
#+
Mate!atical (r%ced"re by "sin$ f%r!"las %nly
ci( secti%n ; N a O s
ti!e related ci(-3%l"!e 1 N ; O 3 N a O s O 3
c"ttin$ (%wer I N * O 3 N 1 O )
I N a O s O 3 O )
-000 < O 06=C O 60
+B2 !! O 20 !,!in O +.C )$,!!
2
____________________
a N
a 8 %41& mm
eG"ati%n transf%r! t% a NBBB
aN
I
s O 3 O )
________
#2
#alc"lati%n wit slide r"les
'le((e)
*# +++,-.
##
0%w t% d% it wit a 'le((e)
c"ttin$ s(eed
20 !,!in
(%wer 5 '<
feed +B2 !!,re3B
s(ecific c"ttin$ f%rce
+.C )$,!!
2
result cutting depth
a 8 %4+ mm
"((er slide
l%wer slide
#%
0%w t% d% it wit a *# +++,-. (settin$ +)
- I> (N (%wer at
c"ttin$ ed$e)
>(ecific c"ttin$ f%rce
+.C )$,!!
2
ti!e related ci( 3%l"!e
9=c!
5
,!in
9ow the
cursor is to set
on 0.
#&
*# +++,-. (settin$ 2)
/e c"rs%r is set %n 9=
/en te slide as t% be !%3ed
t% te left "ntil c"ttin$ s(eed
20 fits te c"rs%rB
#'
*# +++,-. (settin$ 5)
4eca"se %f te j"st !%3ed slide wit te
3al"e 20 "nder te c"rs%r6 n%w te red
mar6ing ) %n te slide s%ws te 3al"e
f%r ?ci( secti%n@ N %4/& mm
2
%n te
stat%rB
#.
*# +++,-. (settin$ -)
<en ci( secti%n is ; N a O s
te c"ttin$ de(t is a N ;,s
M%3e te slide a bit t% te left6
s% te 3al"e f%r feed N +B2 is
"nder te c"rs%rB
/is was te settin$ %f te
di3isi%n %f -B.C,+B2
/e res"lt a 8 %41& mm
we2ll find at te (%siti%n %f
te red !ar)in$ GB
c"rs%r %n -6.C
#/
And here you see the result of a successful calculation
with a machine-time slide rule:
a ea( %f BBB
#0
P Ir%fB &rB Jrn Ltjens6 ;rensb"r$ (Ger!any)B L%%) at te slide r"le %nline-!"se"!: wwwBj%ernl"etjensBde
/an) y%" f%r y%"r attenti%nK

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A comparison of scale systems with calculation examples

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