1

I HC QUC GIA TP.H CH MINH

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA KHOA HC VT LIU
B MN VT LIU NANO & MNG MNG
--------------------------------


ti:
DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL

ng



CN B HNG DN:
Th.S Ng H
SINH VIN THC HIN:
La Trung Tn
T Nc H
Nguyn Minh Thy Trang



----------------------------------
TP H CH MINH 2013

2


I HC QUC GIA TP.H CH MINH
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA KHOA HC VT LIU
B MN VT LIU V LINH KIN MNG MNG
--------------------------------



ti:
DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL

Chu gh: Vt iu Mg ng



CN B HNG DN:
Th.S Ng H
SINH VIN THC HIN:
La Trung Tn
ih Thi Ngc H
Nguyn Minh Thy Trang

----------------------------------
TP H CH MINH 2013

3

MC LC

Mc lc .................................................................................................................. 3
Danh mc hnh nh ................................................................................................ 5
Li m u ............................................................................................................ 7
1. Lch s pht trin ............................................................................................... 8
2. Cu to ............................................................................................................. 12
2.1. Cu to chung ............................................................................................ 12
2.2. in cc ................................................................................................ 13
2.3. in cc catod ( in cc i) ................................................................... 14
2.4. in cc aod ( in cc lm vic ) .......................................................... 14
2.5. Cht nhy quang (dye) ............................................................................... 16
2.5.1. h gha ........................................................................................ 16
2.5.2. Phn loi ........................................................................................... 17
2.5.3. Cu to v tnh cht ca mt s cht nhy quang ............................ 18
2.5.3.1. Cu to ......................................................................................... 18
2.5.3.1.1 Cht mu cha kim loi ......................................................... 18
2.5.3.1.2 Cht mu hu c .................................................................... 19
2.5.3.2. Tnh cht ca mt s cht nhy quang ........................................ 20
2.5.3.2.1 Cc cht nhy quang ph bin ............................................... 20
2.5.3.2.2 Tnh cht ................................................................................. 25
2.5.4. Yu cu i vi cht nhy quang ..................................................... 29
2.6. H in ly ................................................................................................ 29
2.7. Vt liu gn kt hai in cc................................................................... 33
3.Ti u ha kh g hot ng ca DSC ........................................................ 33
3.1. X l b mt TiO
2
trc khi cho hp ph cht nhy quang ................... 33
3.2. Hn ch dng ti .................................................................................... 34
4

3.3. Ci ti i qua n dye ...................................................................... 35
4. Cc thng s quag i ha h gi kh g hot ng ca pin .............. 36
4.1 Dng ngn mch I
sc
................................................................................. 36

4.2 Th mch h V
oc
.................................................................................... 36
4.3 H s in y FF (fill factor) v hiu sut ca pin ................................ 37
4.4 Hiu sut chuy i dng photon ti (incident photon to current
conversion efficiency- IPCE) .................................................................. 38
5. Nguyn tc hot ng ca DSC ...................................................................... 38
6. Phg php ch to ....................................................................................... 41
7. ng dng ......................................................................................................... 42
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................. 46
5

DANH MC HNH NH

Hnh 1.1 : Tng hp thnh tu pht trin pin mt tri n nay ............................. 11
Hnh 2.1: Cu to ca pin mt tri nano oxit tm cht nhy quang ...................... 12
Hh 2.2: truyn qua ca in cc thy tinh d trc v sau khi ph lp TiO
2

cu trc nano ......................................................................................................... 13
Hnh 2.3: Cu trc mng tinh th TiO
2
dng anatase, rutile, brookite. .................. 15
Hnh 2.4: Minh ha cho s h hng ca nhit nung kt n s tch t in tch
v thu nhn nh sng . ............................................................................................ 16
Hnh 2.5: Mt s cht mu nhy quang thng dng ............................................. 18
Hnh 2.6: Cu trc phn t ca mt s cht nhy quang Ruthenium ................... 20
Hnh 2.7: cu trc phn t ca mt s cht nhy quang ca cc kim loi khc (Fe,
Os, Pt) .................................................................................................................... 20
Hnh 2.8: Lin kt gia cht mu nhy quang v mng mng TiO
2
qua nhm
carboxylic ............................................................................................................... 21
Hnh 2.9: Lin kt gia cht mu nhy quang v mng mng TiO
2
qua nhm
carboxylic ............................................................................................................... 22
Hnh2.10: Cu trc phn t ca mt s dye nhy quang mi ............................... 24
Hnh 2.11: Ph hp thu ca cht mu nhy quang N-719 v Z-907 (theo catologue
ca Sigma) ............................................................................................................. 26
Hnh 2.12: hp th nh sng A ca de N3, de e v hiu sut thu nh
sng 1-T ca 2 dye ny khi bm trn

. .......................................................... 27
Hnh 2.13: Kh g hp thu nh sng ca de N3, de e v cc quag in cc
TiO2 c nhu de N3 v de e .................................................................. 28
Hnh 4.1 : a) Dng ngn mch Jsc b) Th h mch

....................................... 36
Hnh 4.2 : c trg IV v cc thg s hot ng ca pin ................................. 37
6

Hnh 5.1: s cc qu trnh chuy i trg thi g ng trong DSC ........ 39
Hnh 7.1: Ngi nh mt tri ................................................................................. 42
Hnh 7.2: Ngu i n vng su, vng xa ....................................................... 43
Hnh 7.3: Ngu in mt tri Trng Sa ......................................................... 43
Hnh 7.4: B sc g ng mt tri di ng v ba l mt tri .......................... 44
Hh 7.5: o g ng mt tri ......................................................................... 44
Hh 7.6: Nh in mt tri ........................................................................... 45
7

Li m u
Trong th gii hi a, g ng v nhin liu ag tr thnh mt v
cp bch v g t vai tr rt quan trng. Lng tiu th g ng trn th
gii c s tg hah do hu cu pht trin kinh t. Theo nhng bo co mi nht
ca t chc EIA ( eerg Iforatio Adiistratio), g g ng tiu th
2015 s tg g 20% v 2030 tg 44% so vi 2006 ( 4.98 x 10
20

Wh). N 2006, 86% gun cung cp g ng c sn sinh ra CO
2
, chim 80%
ng CO
2
sinh ra trn ton cu v qu trh t nhin liu sn sinh ra cc cht gy
nhi i trg khc h NOx, SOx, , iu ny tr thnh v nguy hi
i vi i trng sng v l nguyn nhn chnh ca hi tng nng ln ton cu.
Mt khc, ngu g ng ha thch ag cn kit dn do nhu cu s dng v s
pht trin rt nhanh trn ton cu trog khi tri t phi mt hng triu ti
to li chng. Theo co co ca tp o BP 2009, tr ng du th gii
khai thc 42 , kh thi hi 60 v tha 200 . Ngu g ng
ti sinh ( gi, mt tri, th in, thy triu, g ng sinh hc) l nhng ngun
thay th cho g ng ha thch trog tg i. N 2006, g ng sch
g gp 8% vo gun cung cp g ng trn ton cu v con s ny tip tc
tg d g a v trog tg i. Vi do cc c trn th
gii u t vo ghin cu khai thc ngu g g trog g ng
mt tri chim mt v tr rt quan trng.
Mt tri l ngun cung cp g ng v tn vi g g ng khng l
chiu xung mt t hg a tg g 1.10
18
kWh mt ngu g ng rt
ln. Nm vng g xch o, t 23 8 v bc, Vit Nam c ngu g
ng mt tri di do v nh. min Nam v min Trung, bc x mt tri vo
khong t 4.0 n 5.9 kWh/m
2
/ngy trong sut c . min Bc, bc x mt tri
vo khong t 2.4 n 5.6 kWh/m
2
/ngy. Bc x mt tri h quah c
s rt tt pht tri g ng mt tri. V th, cc nghin cu pht trin cc
loi pin mt tri g cg c quan tm.
8

1. Lch s pht trin
T rt lu ri, oi gi chg ta bit s dg g ng mt tri phc
v cho cuc sg v dg g ng mt tri khng phi l v mi. Nhg
vic chuyn nh sng mt tri thh i g s dng thc s l mi. Pin mt
tri l mt thit b chuyn ha cc photon vi cc bc sg c trg thh in
g. Sau khi h vt gi php Alexandre Edmond Becquerel tm ra Hiu ng
quag in vo 1839, khi g ag ghi cu v tc ng ca nh sng ln
in cc kim loi ngm trong cht in ly. Cc cuc nghin cu c tip tc v
nhiu kt qu c cng b, trog cg trh cg b quag in hon chh u
tin ca Charles Fritts vi hiu sut pi t 1% v sau c s dg h cm
bi h sg. Abert Eistei to ra mt cuc cch mng tht s trong khoa hc
khi g a ra thut ng t nh sng. Thuyt ny gii thch c tnh d in
ca nguyn t bn dn v n chnh l l thuyt vng chc cho vic pht trin pin
quag i sau . N 1953, pi quag i tr c s bn d Siic c ch
to v pht tri t hiu sut chuy i quag g thh i g 11% hg
gi thnh ca mi kWh i g to ra l 1000$. Vo 2007, i hc Delaware
ca Hoa K ch to thnh cng pin trn bn dn Silic vi con s cc k tng
42.8% . Tu t hiu sut tt hg do gi thnh qu cao v vy vic h gi thnh
pin mt tri l mt ti nghin cu hin nay. Da vo s pht trin pin mt tri t
n nay, ta c th chia pin mt tri lm 3 th h:
Th h th nht: Cc t bo g ng mt tri truyn thg c lm t
Silic, hin l nhng pin mt tri hiu qu nht c s dng trong dn dng v
chim khong 80 85% th trng pin mt tri trn ton th gii. Cc pin mt tri
da trn Si th c hiu sut v bn cao h so vi nhng pin khng da trn Si.
C 4 loi pin mt tri c ch to trn nn Si: Pin mt tri Silic n tinh th, Pin
mt tri Silic a tinh th, Pin mt tri Silic v nh hnh, Pin mt tri Silic lai.

9

Th h th hai: l th h pin mt tri mng mng bi v cc pin mt tri
c lm t cc lp vt liu bn dn dy vi micromet. Vic s dng cng ngh
mng mng ny lm vic ch to pin mt tri t hao tn vt liu h v gi thh
ca pi cg c gim so vi pin th h th nht. Nhg hiu sut ca pin mt tri
ny vn thp h kh hiu so vi th h th nht. Trong th cg c pht
trin trn 3 loi nn vt liu khc nhau gm: Silic v nh hnh, Cadmium telluride
(CdTe) v vt liu ng Indium Galium Selenium(CIGS). Cc pin th h th hai ch
to trn 3 n chi c 16,8% th trng pin mt tri 2009.


Th h th ba: trong th h ag c hng nghin cu rt mnh m v
c cp n. Pin th h mt tri ny gm kh nhiu dg h: pin mt tri tm
cht nhy quang (DSC), pin mt tri tm chm lng t nhy quang (QDSC), pin
mt tri hu c, pin mt tri quang in ha, pin mt tri lai v c hu c. Hin
nay th pin mt tri th h th ba v ag c pht trin ch yu trong cc phng
th nghim v phn l cha c thg i ha.

Pin bn dn DSC
truyn qua M, c Truyn qua
Quy trnh Phc tp gin
Gi thnh Cao Thp
Hiu sut chuyn ha Cao Trung bnh
Mu sc Hn ch a dng
Bng 1.1 : So snh gia pin mt tri bn dn v pin mt tri nhy tm cht
nhy quang
10

S tng hp cc phn t de tr cc in cc bng cc bn dn c vng cm
rng chnh l cha kha trong vic pht trin ngnh cng nghip pin mt tri.
Michae Gratze v cc ng nghip ca ng l u ti sn xut thnh cng pin
mt tri nano oxit tm cht nhy quang (DSC) m phng theo qu trnh quang hp
t nhin ca thc vt chuyn ha nh sng mt tri thh g ng bng lp
TiO
2
c cu trc nano. DSC t hiu sut cao nht 11% c ch to ti Th S
vo 1996. Ng a, pi t tri cht nhy quang v ag c nghin cu
v tip tc pht trin nhiu c trn th gii h Nht Bn, Hoa K, Trung Quc,
EU, Austraia,
11


Hnh 1.1 : Tng hp thnh tu pht trin pin mt tr n nay

12

2. Cu to
2.1.Cu to chung
Pin DSC gm c 4 ph c bn:
in cc dn trong sut v in cc i.
Lp bn dn vng cm rng c cu trc nano.
Phn t cht nhy quang Dye.
DD in ly.


Hnh 2.1: Cu to ca pin mt tri nano oxit tm cht nhy quang

13

2.2. n cc
in cc th tih c s dng ph bin v gi thnh r, c sn v
truyn qua cao trong vng nh sng kh kin v vng hng ngoi gn ca ph
in t. c ph 1 lp dn oxit cho truyn qua (TCO). Lp d c in tr b
nh khong 10 20 ti nhit phng. Gi tr in tr t ph thuc vo nhit
nhit khi ch to DSC vo khong 500
o
C. Trn lp ny s c ph mt lp oxit
bn dn cu trc nano. Sau khi ph lp oxit, truyn qua trong vng nh sng kh
kin v vng hng ngoi gn ca in cc dn s gim.

Hnh 2.2: truyn qua ca in cc thy tinh d trc v sau khi ph lp
TiO
2
cu trc nano



14

2.3. n cc caod ( n cc i)
Lp oxit d thg c s dng l oxit thic c thm Indium ( Indium
doped tin oxit ITO). ITO tu c bn nhit thp, song li c in tr thp nhit
thng. Lp oxit dn trong DSC thng l oxit thic c thm Fluorine (FTO) c
lp Pt lm xc tc hoc c th l vt liu Carbon.
2.4. n cc anod ( n cc lm vic )
in cc anod trong pin s c ph mt lp quang dn, nhim v ca lp ny
l hp th cht nhy quang ln trn b mt. Nn cc gi ta s dng cc vt liu
nhm III
A
VI
A
h Si, GaAs, IP v CdS u c th m nhn vai tr ny trong
th h trc. Tuy nhin hu ht tt c u s b h hi trong qu trnh chiu sng khi
ngm trong dung dch in ly v b quag hc. Vic s dng vt liu oxit
bn dn c g g kch thch in t t vng ha tr ln vng dn h TiO
2

(>3eV) hay ZnO
2
(~3.37eV) ci thin kh g chg quag hc tt,
nhg TiO
2
c s dng ph bi h. Vi rng vng cm ln nn TiO
2
dng
anatase khng hp thu nh sng vng kh ki, th vo i tg thch sih
hc, khg c hi, di do v khg t tin. Mt lp TiO
2
loi ny dy 10 m,
tn ti di dng cc khi a tih th c ng knh ht 10 30, c nung kt
tg kh g dn din. Lp mng TiO
2
che ph mt din tch l 1cm
2
c din
tch b mt n 1000cm
2
ng cht nhy quang hp ph aode cng
tg theo g k, iu ny rt quan trng v cn thit cho vic chuy ha g
ng ca pin. Ngoi ra lp mng TiO
2
ny c th cha thm mt ng nh cc ht
TiO
2
l c ng knh 250 300nm ( gi l H TiO
2
) c s dng trong vic ch
to anode v kh g t x cc photon nh sng hiu qu, lm cho hiu sut hp
th nh sng ca cht nh quag tr aode tg. xp ca mng oxit rt quan
trng, chnh nh cc l xp m ion oxi ha kh trong dung dch mi c th len qua
cc ht TiO
2
c th tip xc tt vi cc cht nhy quang.
15


Hnh 2.3: Cu trc mng tinh th TiO
2
dng anatase (a), rutile (b), brookite(c).
TiO
2
c cc dng th hnh chnh l rutile, anatase v brookite ( Hnh2.4.1),
trog dng anatase cho kt qu tt h khi to pin. Nguyn nhn ca kt qu ny
l do din tch b mt anatase l h, kh g hp ph cht nhy quang nhiu
h, goi ra g ng vng cm ca dng anatase l h 3.2eV so vi 3.0eV
ca rutile, kh g hp th nh sng vng kh kin ca rutie cao h aatase, pi
to ra t dng anatase b h di dng tc dng ca nh sng kh kin. Mt khc,
g ng trng thi kch thch ca nhiu loi cht nh quag cao h g
ng vng dn E
CB
ca anatase, to iu kin cho nhiu in t trng thi kch
thch ca cht nhy quang chuyn qua to dg in mng ngoi. Brooktie khng
c hot tnh quang hc.
16


Hnh 2.4: Minh ha cho s h hng ca nhit nung kt n s tch t in tch
v thu nhn nh sng.
Tuy cc oxit kim loi bn dn bn trong dung dch in ly ngay c khi b chiu
sg, hg do c g ng vng cm cao nn khng hp th nh sng kh kin
c v vy nn ta cn tm cht nhy quang dye mi c th hp th c nh sng
ln trn cc oxit bn dn.

2.5 .Cht nhy quang (dye):
2.5.1 . a
Cht nhy quang l cht c hp ph ln trn lp

quang dn bi lin kt
ha hc, chng l thnh phn quan trng nht ca DSC c chc g hp thu nh
sng mt tri (ngun photon) chiu xuyn qua lp thy tinh v chuy i chng
thh in t bng cch chuyn cc phn t cht nhy quang t trg thi c bn
ln trg thi kch thch c g g cao h v ti in t kch thch vo vng
dn (CB) ca mng bn d c khe g ng ln ti i c hp th v cc
in t kt qu t qu trh in t c vn chuyn vo dung dch in phn
lng bi phn ng ca cation cht mu vi tc nhn kh ca cp oxi ha kh trong
dung dch in phn, lm phc hi trg thi trug ha in ca cht nhy quang
17

bi cp oxi ha kh (OXH-K) trong dung dch in phn. Cp oxi ha nhy quang
thng dng l

.
Cht mu nhy quang s dng cho DSC c la chn da trn s ph hp v
mc g ng vi c oxit kim loi v cp OXH-K. Th oxi ha trng thi kch
thch th hi thg qua g ng LUMO ca cht mu , phi cao h (tc m
h) rah gii vng dn ca cht bn d in t c th c nh vo vng dn
ca bn dn hiu qu. Trog khi , ti cng mt thi im, th oxi ha trng thi
c b c th hi thg qua g ng HOMO phi dg, tc thp h th
kh ca cp oxi ha kh trong dung dch i i c th oxi ha cht kh ca
dung dch i i (thng l

). Thc nghim cho thy mc th OXH-K ca cht

mu nhy quang l h 0.6V so vi NHE cho pin DSC hiu sut tt nht .
2.5.2 . Phn loi :
Cc cht mu nhy quang hin nay c th phn lm 2 loi :
- Cht mu cha kim loi.
- Cht mu khng cha kim loi (cht mu hu c) .
Mt s cht mu nhy quang cha kim loi t hiu sut chuy i cao
h cht mu cha Ruthenium : N719 c hiu sut 11.2%, N3 c hiu sut 8.2%.
Tu hi theo xu hng pht trin vt liu thn thin vi i trng, cc nh
nghin cu ag lc tm kim cht mu hu c khg cha kim loi thay th cho
cht mu cha kim loi. Bn cnh nhng thun li v li ch i trng, cu trc
phong ph, qu trnh tng hp gin nn gi thnh r, cc cht mu hu c cg
c nhng hn ch h vg ph hp thu tg i hp, c khuh hng kt t cao
v bn thp.

18

2.5.3 . Cu to v tnh cht ca mt s cht nhy quang :
2.5.3.1 . Cu to:
2.5.3.1.1. Cht mu cha kim loi:
L cc phc cht c ki a phi t vi cc phi t d vg h pridie ha
popridie 2 cg, 3 cg, a cg ca kim loi chuyn tip Ru, Os, Fe, v mt s
cht mu nhy quang t hi h porphri. Cc phc cht polypyridine ca Ru v
Os c cng thc chung

c s dng ph bin v c bn v c hiu sut

chuy i quag g cao, trog L 2,2- bipyridine - 4,4 dicarboxic axit,
M l Ru hoc Os v X c th l mt halogenua, cyanide, thiocyanate (

), acetyl
acetonate hoc thiacarbamate .
Khi c hp ph ln b mt

, cc phn t cht nhy quang lin kt vi

cc ht

(bm vo b mt oxit kim loi) bng cc cng cha nhm carboxylate,

phosphonate (cc nhm neo), cc nhm ny cn c tc dng chuy in tch t
cht nhy quang sang vng dn ca

. Trog , t ht mt nhm th R,

, R,

c h thng lin kt lin hp, ni di thm h lin hp

chnh ca vg pridie, gip gia tg hp th nh sng.

Hnh 2.5 : Mt s cht mu nhy quang thng dng

19

2.5.3.1.2 Cht mu h c:
Cu trc ca cht mu hu c thg dng cho pin DSC c dng D--A, trong
ph t c xy dng gm c ph cho in tch D, phn lin hp v phn
nh in t A.
Phn lin hp c th l dy cc mt ni metan hay hp cht vg h
thiophene. Phn nh in t c s dng thng dng nht l 2-cyanoacrylic axit
gip kt hp tnh cht rt in t ca nhm chc cyano vi nhm chc axit
carboxic, c c cc h phosphoric, siao v hdroxaate cg c s
dg gn cht b mt cht bn dn.
Mt yu t quan trng ca cu trc D--A l phn nh in t v b mt bn
dn cng ranh gii thng qua ni cng ha tr hay ni hdroge. iu ny cho
php cc in t b kch thch c vn chuyn trong thi gian cc ng n vng
dn ca bn d v a n s phn tch hiu qu in t - l trng v cui cng
sih in tch.
Mt s cht mu hu c c s dg cho pi h idoie, peree,
couarie v carbazoe,
Cc tnh cht ca cht mu hu c c th c tha i bi s kt hp nhiu
nhm chc khc nhau vo phn t cht mu. Vi thit k g ,cht mu c th
c iu chh tg di bc sng hp thu, t h s tt cao (high
extinction coefficient) v dch chuyn cc mc g g tg hiu sut
ca pin mt tri.
Th oxi ha trng thi kch thch ca cht mu th hi thg qua g ng
LUMO ca cht mu, phi cao h (tc h) rah gii vng dn ca cht
bn d nh ti in t hiu qu. cng mt thi im th oxi ha trng thi
c b c th hi thg qua g ng HOMO ca cht mu cn phi thp h
th kh ca cp oxi ha kh trong dung dch i ph t hiu qu ti sinh ca
cht mu b oxi ha.

20

2.5.3.2 Tnh cht ca mt s cht nhy quang :
2.5.3.2.1. Cc cht nhy quang ph bin:
Cc cht mu nhy quang ph bin nht hin nay l phc cht ng tnh
Rutheiu biprid RuLL

vi: L: 4,4-dicarboxy-2,2-bipridie v L:
2,2-bipyridine th bi 1 hoc 2 dy alkyl di. Nhm carboxylate trn phn t cht
mu nh quag g vai tr kt dnh vi mng oxit bng lin kt 2 cng (bidentate)
trong khi nhm chc thiocianate () tg kh g hp th nh sng kh
kin.

Hnh 2.6: Lin kt gia cht mu nhy quang v mng mng TiO
2
qua nhm
carboxylic

Hnh 2.7: Cu trc phn t ca mt s cht nhy quang ca cc kim loi khc (Fe, Os, Pt)

21

Mt s cht mu nh quag c bit v s dng nhiu h N3, N719, N749, Z907.



Hnh 2.8 : Cu trc phn t ca mt s cht nhy quang Ruthenium
22











Hnh 2.9: Cu trc phn t ca mt s cht nhy quang Ruthenium
23

K hiu Danh php ha hc Cng thc cu to
N535 cis-bis(isothiocato)bis(2,2-
bipyridyl-4,4-dicarboxylato)-
ruthenium(II)

N505 cis-bis(cido)bis(2,2-bipyridyl-4,4-
dicarboxylato)-
ruthenium(II),

( L= 2,2-bipyridyl-4,4-dicarboxylic
acid )

N749 tris(isothiocynato)-ruthenium(II)-
2,2:6,2-terpyridine-4,4,4-
tricarboxylic acid, tris-
tetrabutylammonium salt

D520 cis-bis(isothiocato)(2,2-bipyridyl-
4,4-dicarboxato)(2,2-bipyridyl-
4,4-di-nonyl) ruthenium(II)

Bng: Danh php cc cht nhy quang
24


Hnh2.10: Cu trc phn t ca mt s dye nhy quang mi

2.5.3.2.2. Tnh cht:
Cc cht nhy quang Ruthenium bipyridine:
- Nhm carboxylate trn phn t cht nh quag g vai tr kt dnh vi
mng oxit bng lin kt 2 cng (bidentate) trong khi nhm chc thiocianate ()
tg kh g hp th nh sng kh kin.
- Thi gian sng ca trng thi kch thch di, dng oxi ha Ru(III) bn.
N3 c 2 nhm bipyridine v 2 nhm NCS, vng hp thu ca N3 c th ln
n 800nm v lin kt km cht ch ca h NCS. c bit l d dng ngn mch

ca pin to nn t cht mu nh quag N3 kh cao hg th mch h

ca
pin khng cao.(suy ra tt v V=0 th I ln nht , J l mt dng nghi l xt dng I
trn mt v din tch)
25

N719 c cu trc gn ging vi N3 ch khc nhm tetrabutylammonium
(

thay th cho

ti 2 nhm carboxyl trn tng s 4 nhm. Vic thay th

proton trong N3 lm cho th mch h (

) ca pi N719 cao h so vi pin s

dng N3. Th mch h (

) ca pin to nn t 2 loi cht mu nhy quang ny

khc nhau l do s khc nhau v ng proton .Mi phn t N3 c th cho ra ti
a 4 proto, cc proto c hp ph vo v tr c tnh bazo trn b mt

,
kt qu g ng vng dn (

) ca

dch chuyn v pha dg. De N719

t ra u im t in tr cho n kh g bn nhit.
Mt cht mu nh quag khc c bc sng hp thu trn 920nm l N749
(cht mu nh quag e), di sng hp thu rg hg t dg thu c

khi ch to pin khng cao. Mt khc, kh g hp th ca N749 ln lp

thp
h so vi N3 v N719, do p

trn anode phi d h tg ng

N749 hp ph. iu ny h hng khng tt n vic truyn ti in v th mch
h ca pi thu c c gha

s gi khi dy ca lp

tg .

ca pin s dng N749 thp h ca pin s dng cht mu nhy quang N719,
do hiu sut thu c khg cao h so vi N719.
Cht nhy quang D520 (hay) Z907 c s khc bit hon ton so vi cc cht
nhy quang trn. Cc pin s dng cht nhy quang N3 hay N719 b xung cp
trong qu trnh hot ng do cc phn t c len li vo trong pin, chnh cc phn
t c tc ng lm gii hp cht nhy quang ra khi b mt

. i vi
cht nhy quang D520 c 2 nhm alkyl di k c gn vi phi t bipyridine c
tc dng khng cho cc phn t c tip xc vi cht nhy quang. Ph hp thu nh
sng ca cht mu nhy quang N719 v Z907 (hay D520) cho thy quang ph hp
thu dch chuyn mt t v pha hng ngoi gn nh c 2 nhm alkyl di. Thc
nghi chg ih c bn ca cc pin s dng cht nhy quang D520
hiu sut vn gi c 94% so vi ba u sau khi x l nhit

C trong 1000 gi
v sau khi phi sg c tia t ngoi

C trong 1000 gi pin vn hot ng tt.

Dye Z907 hay cn gi Ru520 cg ag c nghin cu v pht tri v gi
ta cho rg c b cao h vi mt dy alkyl di gn vo ligand bipyridine.
26



Hnh 2.11: Ph hp thu ca cht mu nhy quang N-719 v Z-907 (theo
catologue ca Sigma)

Bn cnh cht nhy quang ruthenium, mt s cht nhy quang ca cc kim
loi khc cg c tng hp v nghin cu h Fe, Os, Pt. Tu hi kt qu
khng kh qua. Trog iu kin chiu nh sng nhn to cg I, i vi cht
nhy quang ca Pt, hiu sut t 3% (

= 7.00mA.

= 0.60V , ff = 0.77).
Cht nhy quang ca Os c vg bc sng hp thu rng (400nm 1100 nm), mt
dng (

= 18.5mA.

) ca pi cao h so vi pin to t phc ca Pt, tuy

nhin

cho kt qu kh nh 0.25V. Tt c cc pin dng cht nhy quang ca

phc Fe, Os, Pt c hiu sut, th mch h, dng ngn mch nh h rt nhiu so vi
pin dng cht nh quag rutheiu, iu ny c th gii thch do mc g ng
chuyn t HOMO ln LUMO trong phc ruthenium kh ph hp vi mc g
ng vng dn (

) ca

v th kh ca iodine.
S d cc cht nh quag Rutheiu biprid c s dng nhiu v:
- Trng thi kch thch ca cht nhy quang c th tn ti lu v trung tm oxi
ha Ru(III) c bn ha hc cao.
27

- Hp th c trong vng kh kin v hng ngoi gn, ng vi s chuyn ca
in t t HOMO (c xy dng t cc orbital d ca Ru) sang LUMO (l orbital
* ca phi t). Cht nhy quang N3 hp th c h sg trog vg 400 n
700 nm, cht nhy quang e hp th c bc sng trong vng hng ngoi
gn 900nm.

Hnh 2.12: hp th nh sng A ca de N3, de e v hiu sut thu nh
sng 1-T ca 2 dye ny khi bm trn

.
- Nh carbox eo vo b mt

c tg tc in t mnh vi vng
dn ca

, d n s ti in t hiu qu t phc Ru vo

.
- Phi t

lm mc g ng HOMO cao ln, d n s dch chuyn

trong ph hp th ca cht nh quag; ng thi l tc nhn nh in t t

.
- Cht nh quag c s dg di dng mui h dg axit. iu ny
gip g chn s gim th mch h trong pin gy ra bi s hp ph proton ln lp
mng oxt.
- Hnh 2.11 cho thy kh g hp thu quang ca de N3 (de ) v de e
hai trng hp : trng hp th nht ch l dung dch de v trng hp th hai l
de c nhum ln mng mng

. Dye N3 hp thu mt vng rng nh sng c

28

bc sng t 400 ti 800. De e th hp thu vg h sg IR cho n vng
900nm. S hp thu nh sng ca nhng dye ny nm trong vng nh sng kh kin
v vng g IR do qu trh in t t kim loi trung tm vo ligand, HOMO th
nh in t t orbital d ca kim loi Ru cn LUMO th nh in t t orbital *
ca ligand. Nhng dye ruthenium ny c mt nhm carboxyl c chc g to lin
kt ha hc vi b mt

. S kt ni cht ch gia dye v

gy ra mt vng
tg tc in rng gia ligand ca dye v vng dn ca TiO
2
, kt qu l d n
qu trh b in t t phc Ru sang TiO
2
.



Hnh 2.13: Kh g hp thu nh sng ca de N3, de e v cc quag in cc
TiO
2
c nhu de N3 v de e


29

2.5.4 Yu c i vi cht nhy quang :
Cht mu nh quag tng trong mt pi quag i kt ni dg
chuyn ha nh sng t hi thh in ng phi c cc c tnh sau :
C vng ph hp thu rng gn vng hng ngoi thu c cng nhiu photon
ti, phi hp thu c tt c h sg c bc sg di 900nm.
C cc nhm chc thc hin chc g gn kt vi cht n h carboxate
hay phosphoate c th gn kt cht ch vi b mt ca oxit bn dn kch
thc ao v b c mt ng l in t vo lp d in.
Cc mc g ng HOMO v LUMO phi ph hp vi vng dn ca bn dn.
Ng ng LUMO phi cao h gng vng dn ca

ti -4.0eV. Ng
ng HOMO phi thp h th oxi ha kh ca

-4.8eV.
Th oxi ha kh ca cht nhy quang phi l n c th c ti sinh li
mt cch nhanh chng bi in t do dung dch in li cung cp hoc l trng
ca cht d in.
b c th tri qua khong

vng oxy ha kh lp di lp li di tc
dng ca nh sng mt tri t nhin c th n khog 20 .
Quy trnh tng hp cht mu hu c gi p dng sn xut quy m ln
trog tg ai .
t c v c kh ng ti ch .

2.6 H n ly:
H in ly thg thng cha cp oxi ha kh

s dng trong DSC ti

sinh phn t nhy quang (dye) b oxi ha v do ho thh t vg in khp
kn bg cch iu chnh electron gia 2 in cc anod v catod. H in ly cn
cha cp oxi ha kh (gi l mediator) gip chuy in tch gia anod v catod.
H in ly l thnh phn thit yu, g vai tr qua trng trong DSC. Mt h
in ly tt c p ng nhng yu cu sau:
30

Chuy in tch nhanh chng gia anod v catod, kh cht nhy quang
dng oxi ha (S
+
) v trg thi c bn mt cch tc thi. Do vic la chn h
in ly cn ch th oxi ha kh v s ti sinh ca cht nhy quang.
To tip xc tt vi in cc catod v lp nano tinh th xp trn anod.
C nh cao, bao g nh ha hc, nhit, quag, in ha hc
v nh mt tip xc pha hg khg g ra s gii hp hoc s gim cp
cht nhy quang.
Khng hp thu qu nhiu bc x h sg. i vi h in ly cha cp oxi
ha kh

, do ion

c mu v hp thu nh sang nn ng ca ion ny trong

h in ly phi ti u ha.
Mt trong s dung dch in ly ph hp cho DSC l h oxi ha kh gm hn
hp ca t nht mt mui hot g in ha v t nht mt cht to thnh h oxi
ha kh vi anion hoc cation ca mui trn. Dung dch i c im nng
chy thp h hit i trng. Cc dch in ly dg ge cg c dng bn
cnh dung dch lng . DSC hin nay s dng ch yu cc h in ly cha cp oxi
ha kh

v cho pin c hiu sut cao v nh. Cp oxi ha kh trong h in

ly lm nhim v ti sinh cht nhy quang v vn chuy in t gia cc in cc
anod v catod. Thnh phn ph bin ca mt h i thg thng gm I
2
v hn
hp ion it h :NaI, LiI v R
4
NI (tetraalkylammonium iodide) ,ngoi ra cn c
cht ph gia h TBP, guaidiiu thiocaate (GuNCS) c bit thg
ha tan trong dung dch khg proto h acetoitrie, propee carboate v
propioitrie lm dung dch i . nht ca dug i cg h hg n
dn ca ion v do cg h hg n kh g hot ng ca pi. Nh vy,
dung dch vi nht thp c tt h: acetoitrie (ACN) c nht thp h
3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN) nn pin s dng ACN c kh g hot ng tt
h. H th na, cation ca mui It h Na
+
,Li
+
v R
4
N
+
, g vai tr qua
trng trong hot ng ca pin: h hg dn ion ca dung dch in ly, hp
ph ln TiO
2
lm mc cn bng ca TiO2 dch chuy, gip in t chuy ng d
dng trong mng TiO
2
( khi dung dch in ly cha mt ng ln cation th cc
31

cation ny hp ph ln b mt, hnh thnh cp vi in t tim vo trong mng, lm
trug ha i tch trog g, gip in t chuyn vn trong mng d dg).
tg hiu sut DSC mt vi ph gia c thm vo h i h: ak aio
pyridin, alkyl pyridin, imidazol. Gratzel v cc cng s cho bit vic thm ph gia
4- tert-butylpyridin (4-TBP) vo in mi oxi ha kh ci thi c tnh ca pin,
chg tg th mch h V
oc
, h s lp y (ff) v hiu sut chu ha g
g hg khg tha i mt dg on mch. Qu trnh ti kt hp l
yu t chnh lm gim th mch h c thc hi do in t hy vo vng dn
TiO
2
. Cp oxi ha kh

s dng trong DSC v ha hn kt qu t c

V
oc
v I
sc
tg khi cp oxi ha kh tha i t

sang

.
in cc oxi ha kh cn chn sao cho gim ion

bi s tim electron nhanh

v hiu qu. S pht sinh t thc t ny l s ph thuc vo c hai s chuyn l
trng v hiu sut gom trn s kh dye-cation v hiu sut oxi ha kh

trn
in cc i. Cc cp oxi ha kh c tnh cht ha hc tg t

, v

cg c nghin cu th nghim trong h

in ly ca DSC. Tuy nhin, do cc mc g ng ca cc cp oxi ha ny v
cht nh quag cha tg thch, hoc do h s khuch tn thp trong dung dch
in ly, hoc tc ca qu trnh kt hp gia in t trong vng dn ca TiO2 vi
cc tiu phn oxi ha trong h in ly qu nhanh ( phn ng to dng ti) nn h
in ly cha cc cp oxi ha kh ny cho hiu sut chuy i quag g thp h
so vi h in ly cha cp oxi ha kh

. n nay

cho hiu sut pin cao

nht v tc kt hp vi in t trong TiO
2
l chm nht. Hiu sut chuy i
quag g 10,4% c th t c iu kin chiu sng 100mW/cm
2
AM 1,5 vi
dung dch in ly lng cha cp

.
Ta c mt s dung dch in ly: dung dch in ly dng lng, dung dch in ly
polyme, dung dch in ly dng rn.
32

Dung dch in ly dng lng: c nhiu u im ph hp vi DSC h dn
ion ln, ca s th rng, dung dch khg ba hi khg ch v th bn nhit
cao.
Nguyn nhn khc bit trong hiu sut ca DSC s dng cht lg io c
lit k h sau:
Qu trnh kt hp dng oxi ha ca cht nhy quang vi

ch h.
Qu trnh t ti kt hp ca cht nhy quang ln s chuyn dch nh v tr
di dn TiO
2
vi cht lng ion.
Th mch h thp h do qu trh ti in t nh h.
in tr ca qu trnh phn tn trong cht lng ion nh h h in ly lng.
nht cao ca cht lng ion lm gii hn tc vn chuyn

.
Mc d cho hiu sut chuy i quag g cao hg cc h in ly lng c
nhiu hn ch h r r, vt liu gn kt aod v catod, ki oi,
cc hn ch ny lm gim tui th ca DSC trong cc ng dng thc t. khc
phc iu ny, nhiu h i v ag c nghin cu th nghi h h in
ly dng rn v h in ly dng gel.
H in ly dng rn: tc gi Flores tng hp loi copolyme poly(ethylen oxide
co-epichlorohydrin) P(EO-EPI) v polyme(ethylenglycol)dibenzoat (PEG-diB) lm
h in ly c thnh phn bao gm P(EO-EPI) 84:16/PEG-diB +12,5% NaI +1,25%
I
2
cho DSC s dng TiO
2
nano tube lm anod. S dng h in ly rn cho hiu sut
pi tg 4%, c th thay th cho loi dung dch lng. N khc phc c cc hn
ch h d r r, d ba hi ca h in ly dng lng, tuy nhin cho hiu sut
chuy i quag g thp do to tip xc b mt khng tt vi cc in cc v c
dn thp.
H in ly dng gel: bt li chnh ca h in lng l tnh bn thp do s bay
hi, d r r dung mi hu c. Mt trong cc xu th hin nay l thay th h in ly
dng lng bng h in ly dng gel. H in ly dng gel c c cu to gm mt
polyma dg i cha y dung dch in ly lng. Nh vo cu trc mg i, h
33

in ly dng gel s hu ng thi cc i u vit h p sut hi thp, tnh bn
tt, tnh c kt ca dng rn, kh g tip xc tt vi in cc lm vic v dn
ion cao to b mt tip xc tt, ca dng lng. V th hin nay, h in ly dng
gel nh c nhiu s quan tm nghin cu, th nghim.
Cc copoe v pobed tr c s PEO ( po ethe oxide) thg c
s dng trong DSC. Tu hi xu hng tinh th ha ca poe cho dn
ion thp v hiu sut kh t c 4%.
Polyme c nhit thy tinh ha thp lm dung mi cho h in ly c hiu
sut tt h v khg hg cho d i io cao h, c cho tng tr
ca dung dch thp. Cho nn PMA ( poly methyl acrylat) l mt trong nhng
polyme ha hn thay th cho dung mi dng lng.
2.7 Vt liu gn k a n cc:
kt dh hai in cc v gi cho dung dch in ly gia hai in cc,
g chn s r r hay ba hi ca dung dch in ly cn dng vt liu kt dh.
bn quang ha v ha hc ca vt liu trc cc thnh phn trong dung dch
in ly rt quan trng. Cc t poe h Sur ha copoe ca polyethylene
v polyarylic acid l cht kt dnh tt. Ngoi ra gi ta cn ph thm cc keo
epoxy cc mi ni goi tg kn ca pi. g s r r ca dung dch
in ly th vt liu gn kt gia hai in cc cg kh qua trng, nu vt liu gn
kt tt ta s c th tg hiu sut v tui th ca pi h.

3. T a k o ng ca DSC :
3.1 X l b mt

rc khi cho hp ph cht nhy quang:

- X l b mt bng axit HCl: khi x l, s hp th proton ln

lm mc
CB ca lp oxit dn dch g k v pha dg, tg kh g ti in t t
de vo CB, o dg gn mch ca pi tg. Th mch h ca pin g h
khg i v s gim ca dng ti kt hp b tr cho s gim th gy ra bi s
34

dch chuyn ny. Kt qu tg ng dye hp ph, tg hp th nh sng
ca dye.
- X l b mt in cc bng

gip ci thin hiu sut ca pin do lm

tg dg gn mch quang sinh do c s chuyn dch g ng vng dn xung
v pha th

, dn n s ti in t hiu qu. Khi , in th b mt ca

dg h. Ngu h do t tinh th

khi x l

b khc i,
lm cho proton v cc cation khc lin kt vi b mt cht ch h. S dch chuyn
xung ca vng dn khng lm gim

v x l

lm gim mnh s ti kt
hp.
3.2 Hn ch dng ti :
Phg php ph bin l s dng cc hp cht ng tnh (c ph a c
carboxylic hay phosphonic lm nhm neo v phn k c) cng hp ph vi
dye ln

. Cc phn t ny cng vi dye to thnh lp ph t cht ch trn

b mt

, trog phn k c h t hng ro che chn b mt

khi
ion

, hn ch phn ng to dng ti, tg th mch h v nh b mt

. Cc cht ng hp ph c th l hexadecylmalonic acid, 4-guanidinobutyric

acid, cc dn xut ca pridie h 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-TBP), v N-methyl-
benzimidazole (NMB), cc mui guaidiiu cg c tc dg tg t.
4-TBP l ph gia c s dng rt ph bin, s c mt ca 4-TBP c tc dng
h sau :
Tha i in tch b mt

: gi ng proton v Li
+
hp ph trn b
mt

, d g ng vng dn ca

(v cc trg thi g ng
khc trn b mt

) dch v pha h, tg th mch h ca pi. i khi

c s gim ca dng ngn mch km theo.
Lm gim s ti kt hp, tg thi gian sng ca in t: 4-TBP s hp ph
ln phn b mt cn trng ca lp mng

, hn ch s tip cn ca

n b
mt

nh in t.
35

h hg n dung dch in ly: pyridine c th to phc bn vi

trong
dung dch in ly, s to phc ny th hi r h trog dug i 3-
metoxypropionitril (3-MPN) so vi acetonitril (ACN).
3.3 Ci ti qa n dye
Tg h ng dye hp ph bg cch tg b dy lp mng oxit quang
dn. Tuy nhin vic ny c th ko theo s tg tr khng khuch tn ca ion qua
cc l xp.
Cc loi dye mi cis

, ph bin l cc dye k hiu K19, K24,

K60, Z910 c hp th cc photon t ngoi ln khi cho hp ph cng vi cc dye
ph bin N719 hay D520 (c kh g hp th nh sng kh ki di 750 nm) ln

s to ra pin c kh g hp th c phn l cc bc sng ca nh sng

mt tri. Cc de c bit c li khi dng kt hp vi lp mng oxt trong sut,
khng c ht tn x, hoc/v vi dung dch i c nht cao, khi m lp mng
oxt cn mg gim thiu v khuch tn ca ion qua cc l xp ca mng
oxt.

4. Cc thng s qa a k o ng ca pin:
4.1 . Dng ngn mch I
SC
:
Dng ngn mch

dg in trong mch ca pin mt tri khi lm ngn

mch ngoi (chp cc cc ra ca pi). Lc hiu th mch ngoi ca pin V = 0,
gha tr g i ho to khg c in tr v khng c s tha i v th.
Khi ti goi c mc vo mt DSC chiu sg, cg dg thu c
mch ngoi I l tng cng ca hai thnh ph gc nhau:

Trog :

: cg dng do cc photon sinh ra t nh sng chiu vo

cht nhy quang

: cg dng ti kt hp (dng ti)

36

Khi lm ngn mch, cg dng qua mch l ln nht, dg c gi
l dng ngn mch, k hiu

. Nu xt trn mt v din tch,

tr thnh

gi l mt dng ngn mch.
Dng ngn mch

ph thuc rt ln vo s photo c hp th tc ph
thuc vo cg chiu sng min l khng c hiu ng bo ha xy ra. Dng
ny s t cc i khi tg kh g hp thu ca lp mu nhy quang. Dng thi n
cg ph thuc vo nhit , khi hit tg , tr khng ca qu trnh khuch
t tg n trong dung dch in li v h hg n qu trnh truy in t.
Nh vy iu ki bh thng, dng ngn mch Jsc ca pin mt tri t l
thun vi cg bc x chiu sng.
4.2 . Th mch h Voc :
Th h mch Voc l hiu in th tg ng vi khi mch ngoi ca pin mt
tri h (R = ). Khi dg ch goi I = 0, dg in sinh ra b gi on. Trn
thc t, th h mch

thng thp h thut, do s ti hp ca cc in tch

t do trong lp nhy quang. V vy nu gi n mc ti thiu s ti hp, th h
mch Voc c th gn vi l thuyt h. Tu hi, tr c s nhit ng ca s cn
bng gia pht quang v ti hp ca cc in tch, ta khng th g ga s ti
hp in tch mt cch ho to, do th mch h gim mt cch ti a.

]
Trog : k: hng s Boltzmann
T: nhit lp tip xc
q: i tch c bn
I
o
: dg i gc bo ha (c c khi p th gc vo 2 u bn dn, vi cc m ni vo bn dn n)

Hnh 4.1 : (a) Dng ngn mch Jsc (b) Th h mch

37


4.3 . H s n y FF (fill factor) v hiu sut ca pin:
i vi pin DSC, h s i y FF l h s miu t cht ng ca pin mt
tri cho bit khuh hng bi i ca dg quag in. H s i y (FF) cng
ln th hiu sut chuyn ha g g quag in cng cao. H s FF ph thuc
vo bn cht cu to ca vt liu nano v kh g hp th bc x mt tri ca t
hp cht nhy quang v cu trc vt liu, c xc h khi o in th v cng
ca DSC thi im cao nht.
H s i y l l t s gia cng sut cc i vi tch ca th mch h V
OC
v dng ngn mch

.Trong thc nghim, h s FF c xc nh bi cng thc:

Vi

l mt dng ni tt,

in th h mch,

l gi tr cng sut
cc i ca pi t c.

c xc nh t g c trg dg-
th hnh :

Hnh 4.2 : c trg IV v cc thg s hot ng ca pin
Hiu sut tng () ca pi khi c tnh theo cng thc:

[]

]

38

4.4 Hiu sut chuy i dng photon ti (incident photon to current
conversion efficiency- IPCE):
Hiu sut chuy i dng photon ti IPCE hay cn gi l hiu sut ng t
ngoi (external quantum efficiency : EQE) l mt thng s quan trng ca thit b.
Trong thc t, vic s dng cc thit b c cng cu trc vn c th so snh hiu
sut thu nh sng ca cht nh quag. N c h gha h s in t sinh ra
bi nh sng trong mch ngoi phn chia bi s photon ti h t hm song kch
thch h trog phg trh sau (Hagfet v Grtze, 1995):

Trog : + LHE l hiu sut thu nh sng ti bc sng
+

l hiu sut ng t khi ti in t t cht nhy quang b

kch thch vo vng dn ca TiO
2
.
+

l hiu sut thu thp in t.

5. Nguyn tc ho ng ca DSC:
Hnh m t nguyn l hot ng ca mt DSC. nh sng mt tri truyn qua
lp thy tinh d (ITO), cc photo h sg c cc phn t cht nhy quang hp
thu v cc phn t cht nhy quang chuyn ln trng thi kch thch D
*
, c in
t trn phn t cht nhy quang mc g ng HOMO s chuyn sang vng
dn ca bn dn TiO
2
do s chnh lch mc g ng E
CB
<E
LUMO
(Hnh 5.1a).
in t vng dn ca bn dn TiO
2
vt qua lp bn d n b mt ca thy tinh
dn v theo ti ngoi v anode (Hnh 5.1c). Phn t cht nhy quang b thiu in t
chuyn sang dng D
+
, dng ny b kh bi

trong dung dch i tr v

39

trg thi ba u D (Hnh 5.1d). Ti cathode,

b kh v trg thi ba u bng

in t dch chuyn mch goi. Nh vy khi c nh sng mt tri chiu vo
cht nh quag, dg i c sinh ra ti ngoi.
Cc phn t cht nhy quang hp th nh sng vng nhn th, in t t kim
loi trung tm ( HOMO) truyn ra phi t b goi bipridi (LUMO), cc in t
ny tip tc c ti vo h cacbox v n lp quang dn TiO
2
trn anode.
Qu trnh truy in t t kim loi trung tm ra ngoi xy ra cc k nhanh, c th
xe h in t truyn trc tip ra bn dn TiO
2
. Sau giai on ny, cht nhy
quag c ti to li nh qu trnh kh khi tip xc vi

. Qu trnh ny xy ra
thun li hay khng ph thuc vo s tg tc gia cht nhy quang vi dung dch
in ly v s chnh lch th gia g ng th kh ca

. Vi mc g ng
HOMO ca cht nhy quang.

Hnh 5.1: S cc qu trnh chuy i trg thi g ng trong DSC

40

Quy trnh hot ng v ti to trong DSC c thc hi trog 5 bc
Qu trnh 1: Khi nh sng mt tri chiu vo DSC, n s i xu qua p
, lp in cc, lp TiO
2
v b hp th bi cht mu nhy quang v gy hiu ng
quag in trong. Mt photo c g ng thch hp s kch thch mt electron
chuyn t vng HOMO (c bn) ln vng LUMO (kch thch) ca phn t cht
mu v lm phn t mu chuyn sang trng thi kch thch
S + h

Qu trnh 2: Do mc g ng thp nht ca vng LUMO ca phn t cht
mu nh quag cao h c g g vg dn ca TiO
2
nn cc electron
s chuyn t phn t cht mu nhy quang sang lp TiO
2
(gi l tim ht ti) v
nhanh chng khuch tn ra lp in cc, do t dg i c sinh ra:

Qu trnh 3,4 : Cc phn t cht mu nh quag sau khi ti ht ti vo
lp TiO
2
s d tha l trng vng HOMO, cc l trng ny nhanh chng ti hp
vi cc electron chuyn t lp i ph sau qu trh oxi ha v ti sih
cc phn t cht mu nhy quang, cc qu trnh ny din ra lin tc v gip cho lp
cht mu lun nh.

( n lp cht mu nhy quang)

Qu trnh 5: Dng electron ca DSC sau khi qua ti s c thu v cc gp
ri chuyn vo lp in ly ( cp oxi ha kh

) thc hin qu trnh oxi ha kh

b p ng electron m lp chun vo lp cht mu nhy quang, kt
thc mt qu trnh tun hon.

(n t g gp)

Cc in t trn di dn TiO
2
ngoi vic chuyn ra mch ngoi cn c th
tham gia ba qu trnh ti kt hp ( phn ng to dng ti)
Phn ng xy ra do s ti hp in t trong vng dn v l trng trong vng
ha tr ca TiO
2
:

41

Phn g do in t trn vng dn ca TiO
2
phn ng vi cht oxi ha

ca cht in ly:

Phn ng xy ra b mt thy tinh d khg c che ph bi oxit TiO
2
:

6. P pp c to:
Ta c in cc lm vic bao gm bn dn c vng dn rng hnh tr xp, vt
liu thng dng l TiO
2
. Lp kch thc ht nano dy khong 10 v c
nung kt tg kh g d in t, kch thc ht t 10-30nm cho hiu qu b
mt l h 1000 n so vi mt cht c, h TiO
2
c chng hn. tn ti 3 dng
th hnh ca TiO
2
: rutile, anatase v brookit. DSC s dng dng anatase ca TiO
2

l tt nht. Lp ITO sau ph mt lp TiO
2
cu trc nano ln b mt ca ITO,
sau e ug nhit cao.Tip theo ta a thah ITO ph TiO
2
vo i
cha dung dch de v qua mt , c cc ph t dye s bm dnh ln b
mt ca lp titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) vi lin kt ha hc. Chc g ca cht nhy
quang l hp th nh sng ti chuyn t trg thi c bn ln trng thi kch
thch v ti in t kch thch vo trong bn d v sau c phc hi bi cp
oxi ha kh trong dung dch in phn. Nh qu trh pi c gi l Dye
Sensitised Solar Cell (DSC). Khi in cc c a ra khi dung dch Dye lc ny
lp TiO
2
ph lp Dye s lm cho chng d hp th h sg h. Tip theo ta
s c mt ming thy tinh d khc c s dg in cc cn li ca DSC,
chng ta s khoan 2 l trn ming thy tinh d sau Pt s c phun trn b
mt gip in cc dn tt h v xc tc phn ng kh vi cht in li gip hi
phc hiu qu cp oxi ha.tip theo ta cho 2 lp in cc t ln nhau vi mt
ming nha do d nng chy hnh vung tip theo ta nng nhit ln lc ny lp
nha do s nng chy v dn 2 lp in cc vi nhau. Pin s c lp y bng
dung dch in ly bng cch tim vo trong pin nh l c trc ta khoan, trong
trng hp c bit, cht in ly lng c th thm vo mng xp TiO
2
, cp kh
42

iodide/triiodide (

) c s dng ph bin nht. Mt mig d t ln trn

nim phong hai l ta khoan trc g s r r ca dung dch in ly ra ngoi.
Pi ho thh v c th c s dng

7. ng dng:
Ngi nh mt tri: cc tm pin c nhiu mu m v mu sc khc nhau c
th t tng hoc mi nh mang tnh th cao. Ba g gi h tn
dng ti a h sg t tri, bui sg sg c iu chnh mc va
phi. h thg si hot ng da trn mt lot cc g g c chn trong sn
v tr h, c lm nng bg c nng. B c nng thc cht l mt b
cch nhit, thu c a v s dg g ng mt tri. cc t pi g ng
mt tri p vo tng thc cht nhm b sung ngu g ng cho ngi nh vo
a g.


Hnh 7.1: Ngi nh mt tri
43

Ngun in cho nhng ni cha c in li: h cc khu vc vng su,
vng xa hay bin gii i i in khng ti c. pin mt tri cn s dng
cc o Trng Sa, trn qu o hin nay c ti 4093 tm pin mt tri.

Hnh 7.2: Ngu i n vng su, vng xa


Hnh 7.3: Ngu in mt tri Trng Sa

44

Ngun in di ng: h b sc g ng mt tri, cp g g t
tri, o g ng mt tri, tr in mt tri di g dg cung cp in ti
bt c i u, c bit vng su, vng xa hoc trn bin.

Hnh 7.4: B sc g ng mt tri di ng v ba l mt tri

Hnh 7.5: o g ng mt tri

45

Nh my in mt tri: bng cch kt ni nhiu ngu in mt tri vi nhau
c th to ra c t t hp ngu in mt tri c kh g tha th mt nh
pht in.



Hnh 7.6: Nh in mt tri
Nh in mt tri c th dg cp in cho mt thnh ph, mt hn
o, hin ti s g h in mt tri trn th gii cn hn ch, tuy nhin
trog tg ai s ng ny s tg khi gia thh sn xut pin mt tri gim
xung.





46

Ti liu tham kho:
Ting Vit:
[1] Lm Th Xun Bnh (2011), nh hng ca mt s h in ly n tnh
nng quang in ha ca pin mt tri cht nhy quang, Trg H. Khoa Hc
T Nhin.
[2] Thanh Sinh (2011),Tng hp h keo in la titan dioxit ng dng vo
pin mt tri - cht mu nhy quang, Trg H. Khoa Hc T Nhin.
[3] Nguyn Thi Hong (2010), Cht mu nhy quang (DSC) v ng hc
cc qu trnh ha l xy ra trong pin, Trg H. Khoa Hc T Nhin.
[4] Trn Minh Hi (2010), Tc ng ca cc ph gia axit nicotinic v 4-
tertbutylpyridine n hot ng ca pin mt tri tinh th Nano TiO2 - cht nhy
quang, Trg H. Khoa Hc T Nhin.
[5] Hunh L Thy Trang (2011), Tng hp v nghin cu tnh cht quang
in ca pin mt tri chm lng t - Cht mu nhy quang (QDS - DSC),
Trg H. Khoa Hc T Nhin.
[6] Phm L Nhn (2010), Nghin cu ci tin k thut ch to pin quang
in ha nano dioxit titan - cht nhy quang N749, Trg H. Khoa Hc T
Nhin.
[7] Mai Th Hi H (2009), Kho st bn hot ng ca pin mt tri
tinh th nano oxit tm cht nhy quang v cc bin i trong pin khi phi nhit
trong ti 85 C, Trg H. Khoa Hc T Nhin.





47

Ting Anh:
[1]Wikipedia.org, Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell.
[2] Michael Grtzel(2003), Review Dye-sensitized solar cells, Laboratory
for Photonics and Interfaces, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
[3] Khalil Ebrahim Jasim, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Working
Principles, Challenges and Opportunities, Department of Physics, University of
Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain