I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA KHOA HC VT LIU
B MN VT LIU NANO & MNG MNG
--------------------------------



NGUYN TRUNG NGUYN




ti:
PHOTODETECTOR

SEMINAR L THUYT
Chuyn ngnh: Vt liu Nano v Mng mng


CN B HNG DN:
TH.S: Ng Hi ng






----------------------------------
TP H CH MINH 2013


1

I HC QUC GIA TP.H CH MINH
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA KHOA HC VT LIU
B MN VT LIU NANO V MNG MNG
--------------------------------





NGUYN TRUNG NGUYN
MSSV: 1019099


ti:

PHOTODETECTOR

SEMINAR L THUYT
Chuyn ngnh: Vt liu Nano v Mng mng


CN B HNG DN:
TH.S: Ng Hi ng





----------------------------------
TP H CH MINH 2013

2


LI CM T

Trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny ngoi vic hc thm nhiu kin thc mi, em cn
c cng c thm k nng trong trch lc kin thc t ti liu, cch thc trnh by mt
kha lun tt nghip, k nng ting Anh v nhiu kin thc b ch khc. y thc s l
mt kinh nghim cho chng em hm nay cng nh qu trnh lm kha lun tt nghip
sau ny.
Nhm chng em xin chn thnh gi li cm n n thy Ng Hi ng hng dn
v gip chng em trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny cng nh s dy d tn tnh
trong sut thi gian qua. Knh chc thy lun thnh cng, khe mnh v cng tc tt.
Em cng xin cm n tp th lp10MM gip trong thi gian va qua.
Chc cc bn hc tp tt.
TP.HCM, ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2013

Nguyn Trung Nguyn
3


DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1: Pht x quang in kim loi (a) v trong cht bn dn (b) ........................... 7
Hnh 1.2: a) Photodiode chn khng vi cathode hot ng trong ch phn x ........ 9
b) S bi ha electron trong ng photomultiplier vi cathode bn trong sut
hot ng trong ch truyn qua ................................................................................... 9
c) Mt ct ca 1 tm microchannel ................................................................... 9
d) S bi ha electron trong mao mch n ca tm microchannel ................. 9
Hnh 1.3: S to thnh electron v l trng nh photon trong cht bn dn ................. 10
Hnh 2.1: Hiu ng phn x b mt v hp th ko hon ton, hiu sut lng t ca
detector ........................................................................................................................... 12
Hnh 2.2: p ng v bc sng 0, vi tham s .............................................. 14
Hnh 3.1: a) cp in t l trng c sinh ra theo chiu x ........................................... 17
b) Dng electron v dng l trng v dng tng ........................................... 17
Hnh 3.2: dng l trng ih(t), dng electron ie(t), v dng tng i(t) ............................... 18



4

MC LC


LI CM T ...................................................................................................... 2
DANH MC HNH V ....................................................................................... 3
MC LC ........................................................................................................... 4
Li m u .......................................................................................................... 5
I. Hin tng phn cc trong v phn cc ngoi: .............................................. 6
1. S pht x photoelectron: ........................................................................... 6
2. Quang dn .................................................................................................. 9
II. Cc thuc tnh chung ................................................................................ 11
1. Hiu sut lng t: ................................................................................... 11
2. hi p: ............................................................................................... 13
3. Thi gian hi p: ....................................................................................... 15
3.1. Transit-time spread. .............................................................................. 15
3.2. nh lut Ohm: ..................................................................................... 18
3.3. Thi gian lin tc RC ............................................................................ 19
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................. 20


5

Li m u

Chng ta u bit cc loi bng n l thit b chuyn i nng lng dng in thnh
nh sng, v photodetector hay cn gi l b thu quang, l nhng thit b c chc nng
ngc li, chng chuyn i nh sng thnh cc tn hiu in.
chng ny chng ta s tm hiu v cch hot ng ca cc loi photodetector. Cch
thc chng chuyn i nh sng thnh dng in, phn loi t ta tm cch ng dng
kt hp chng vo cc thit b my mc khc nhau.
6


PHOTODETECTOR

I. Hin tng quang in trong v quang in ngoi:
1. S pht x photoelectron:
Khi ta chiu nh sng ti b mt vt liu, nu nng lng ca photo ln,
cc electron c th thot khi ro th trn b mt vt liu v thot ra ngoi v
tr thnh cc electron t do. Qu trnh ny c gi l s pht x electron,
hnh 1 minh ha cho qu trnh ny kim loi. Mt photon ngu nhin c
nng lng gii phng 1 electron t do t vng dn. Theo nh lut bo
ton nng lng, th electron pht x t di mc Fermi s c ng nng cc
i l:

= (1.1)
Trong cng thot W l s chnh lch nng lng gia mc Fermi v
mc chn khng ca kim loi. Cng thc (1.1) c gi l cng thc quang
pht x Einstein. Ch cc electron nm st mc Fermi mi c ng nng
cc i nh trong cng thc (1.1); cc electron su hn cn tn mt khong
nng lng di chuyn ti mc Fermi, cho nn ng nng khi c gii
phng ra gim. Cng thot nh nht cho kim loi (Cs) l khong 2eV, v vy
cc quang detector da trn hiu ng quang in ngoi t ci kim loi tinh
khit c s dng trong ph nhn thy v UV.
7


(a) Kim loi (b) Bn dn
Hnh 1.1: Pht x quang in kim loi (a) v trong cht bn dn (b)
Trong : Eg l nng lng vng cm, : i lc in t, W l cng thot.

Hiu ng quang in bn trong cht bn dn c m t trn hnh 1b, cc
quang electron ch yu c gii phng t vng ha tr. Tng t ta cng c
cng thc nh cng thc (1.1) :

= = (

+ ) (1.2)
Tng nng lng

+ c th nh c 1.4eV i vi mt vi loi vt liu

nht nh, v vy cc detector quang in bn dn c th hot ng gn ph
hng ngoi v hot ng tt vng nhn thy v UV.
Hn na, hu ht ci vt liu, i lc in t m c hnh thnh t bin
vng dn nm trn mc chn khng, v vy, ch cn ln hn

l
xy ra s pht x (mt lp mng bn dn loi n, hay lp kim loi ph trn bn
dn loi p, hay b mt vt liu b un cong c th l nguyn nhn lm cho y
vng dn nm di mc chn khng). NEA detector, v d nh GaAs c
ph Cs, p ng tt nh sng c bc sng gn vng hng ngoi, v cng c
thin tt hiu sut lng t v gim i dng ti ( dng r). Cc photocathode
8

c lm t cc vt li v nh hnh hay oxit, c th c s dng gn
vng hng ngoi nh ch n bc sng gn 1 m.
dng n gin nht, cc photodetector da vo hiu ng quang in di
dng cc ng chn khng cn c gi l cc photodiode chn khng hay
phototubes. Cc electron c pht ra t b mt ca vt liu quang in gi l
photocathode n in cc c in th cao hn l anode. Photocathode c th
b c v hot ng ch phn x (hnh 1.2a), hay bn trong sut v hot
ng trong ch truyn qua (hnh 1.2b). Kt qu l electron dch chuyn
gia cathode v anode, xut hin dng in trong mch t l vi quang thng.
Hiu ng quang in cng c th to ra thc l in t qua qu trnh pht x
th cp. Pht x th cp xy ra khi cc quang electron tc ng ln bn dn
c bit hay b mt cesiated-oxide trong ng, c gi l dynode, c duy
tr cc mc in th cao hn. V kt qu l cc dng quang in c
khuch i ln c 10
8
. Thit b ny c gi l photomultiplier tube (PMT).
PMT c th pht hin v m cc photon ring bit trong phm vi rng, tuy
nhin n kh cng knh v yu cu in th cao.
Mt thit b s dng nguyn tc ny l tm micro channel, n bao gm hang
triu tm xp dng mao mch ( ng knh trong 10 m) c to trong
mt tm thy tinh c dy c 1mm. C 2 mt ca tm c ph mt lp
mng kim loi ng vai tr nh cc in cc (hnh 1.2c). Bn trong vch ca
mi mao mch c ph lp vt liu pht ra in t th cp, v vy n hot
ng nh 1 dynode lin tc, ti cc v tr s xy ra s bi ha dng quang
in (hnh 1.2d). Tn hiu quang thng yu c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang
in r rng hn, do c th o trc tip. Hn na, cc tn hiu in thng
c th c chuyn li thnh cc tn hiu quang hnh (c khuch i) bng
cch ph lp phosphor ng vai tr nh in cc sau to ra nh sng thng
qua cathodoluminescence. S kt hp ny gi l s khuch i tn hiu.
9


Hnh 1.2: a) Photodiode chn khng vi cathode hot ng trong ch
phn x
b) S bi ha electron trong ng photomultiplier vi cathode
bn trong sut hot ng trong ch truyn qua
c) Mt ct ca 1 tm microchannel
d) S bi ha electron trong mao mch n ca tm
microchannel

2. Quang dn
Cc photodetector hin i nht hot ng da v hiu ng quang in trong,
trong cc ht b photon kch thch (electron v l trng) vn cn trong
mu. Cc detector quang dn nhn nh sng trc tip lm tng tnh dn in
ca vt liu. Trong bn dn, cc electron nhn nng lng t photon v dch
chuyn t vng ha tr ln vng dn (hnh 1.3). ng thi li l trng
vng ha tr. Khi p in trng vo, s c s dch chuyn ca electron v l
trng, dn n to thnh dng in trong mch.
10


Hnh 1.3: S to thnh electron v l trng nh photon trong cht bn dn
Photodiode l mt detector bn dn, vi lp tip xc p-n, hot ng da trn
hin tng quang in trong. Photon c hp th ti vng ngho to nn
electron v l trng. Di tc dng ca in trng ni, 2 ht mang in ny
s dch chuyn v 2 hng i din v gy ra dng in mch ngoi.
Mt vi photodetector kt hp vi cc b khuch i nn d pht hin ra tn
hiu hn. Nu in trng lp ngho trong photodiode ln, do in p
phn cc ngc ln, cc electron v l trng c gia tc va chm v kt
hp vi electron v l trng khc lm y nhanh qu trnh ion ha. Thit b
s dng s khuch i ni ti ny c gi l avalanche photodiodes (diode
quang thc) ( APDs). APD c s dng lun phin hay kt hp trong cc
thit b khuch i laser, trong cc tn hiu quang c khuch i trc
khi c pht hin. Mi c ch khuch i u c cch khuch i ring, tuy
nhin, vi cc detector bn dn tng dng quang in ln da vo 3 qu
trnh c bn:
S sn sinh: Hp th photon v sinh ra cc ht mang in t do.
S dch chuyn: p in trng vo lm di chuyn cc ht mang in
to ra dng in trong mch.
11

S gia tng: trong diode quang thc, cc ht mang in c gia tc bi
in trng mnh, va chm vo cc in t l trng khc lm cho qu
trnh ion ha xy ra nhanh hn.
II. Cc thuc tnh chung
1. Hiu sut lng t:
Hiu sut lng t (0 < < 1) ca photodetector l xc sut 1 photon ngu
nhin p vo v to ra ht mang in. Khng phi tt c cc photon p vo
u sinh ra in t v l trng bi v khng phi tt c chng u c hp
th. V d nh trong hnh 4, mt vi photon bj phn x khi ti b mt detector
do ko c hp th bi v vt liu khng su. Hn na, mt vi cp
electron trng sinh ra gn b mt nhanh chng ti hp bi v c qu nhiu
tm ti hp trn b mt. Hiu sut lng t do c th c biu din:

= (1 ) [1 exp()] (2.1)

Vi l h s phn x b mt, l phn trm cp electron l trng ng gp
vo dng quang in. l h s hp th ca vt liu (cm
-1
), d l su ca
detector. Cng thc (2.1) c to thnh t 3 yu t:
Yu t u tin: (1 ) c trng cho s phn x ti b mt, c th
gim s phn x bng cch ph mng chng phn x. Mt vi nh
ngha v hiu sut lng t b qua s phn x b mt v xem xt
ring.
Yu t th 2 l : phn trm ci cp in t l trng khng b ti hp
ti b mt vt liu v ng gp vo qu trnh quang in. C th gim
s ti hp ny bng cch cn thn trong x l vt liu.
12

Yu t th 3:

0
[1 exp()] c trng
cho t l photon c hp th. Bng cch tng d ta c th c c gi
tr cc i ca yu t ny.
V tt nhin s gim hiu sut nu nh nh sng khng tp trung vo v tr
ca detector.
S ph thuc ca hiu sut lng t vo bc sng: Hiu sut lng t ph
thuc bc sng, bi v h s hp th ph thuc vo bc sng. Nu bc
sng 0 c gi tr qu ln th nh, bi v s hp ph khng th xy ra khi 0
g = hc0/Eg (nng lng ca photo do nh hn nng lng vng cm v nh
sng s truyn qua). Bc sng vng cm g c trng cho vt liu bn dn. Nu
0 qu nh th cng gim do hu ht cc photon ny c hp th gn b
mt thit b, khi gn b mt, thi gian ti t hp qu ngn, s lm cho cc ht
mang in ti hp trc khi i vo dng in.


Hnh 2.1: Hiu ng phn x b mt v hp th ko hon ton, hiu sut lng t
ca detector
13

Khoang cng hng: c th tng hiu sut lng t iu chnh cu trc ca
detector, lm sao cho nh sng c th tng tc vi vt liu cm quang nhiu
ln. iu ny tng ng vi vic lm tng rng vng nhy quang d, v vy
l tng hp ph v gim lng photon truyn qua. C th lm iu ny bng
cch t photodetector vo trong bung cng hng, by nh sng v lm
tng hiu sut lng t.

2. hi p:
hi p ca photodectector lin quan n dng in ip trong mch v nng
lng quang tc dng ln n. Nu mi photon ti v u to ra cp in t l
trng, th qang thng s bng in thng. Ta c:

= , nng lng quang:

= ()v tn s s lm pht sinh dng

= /
Tuy nhin, ch mt phn cc photon ti v sinh ra dng in, cho nn:

= =

(2.2)
i lng c trng cho s lin quan ca dng in v nng lng quang
c gi l hi p ca photodetector.

=

=

1.24
(2.3)

Cn phi phn bit hi p ca photodetector v hi p ca diode pht
quang.
hi p l mt hm tuyn tnh ca hiu sut quang in v bc sng trong
khng gian 0 c biu hin cng thc (2.3) v hnh 2.2.
14


Hnh 2.2: hi p v bc sng 0, vi tham s
= 1, th = 1 v 0 = 1.24
S d c s t l ca vi 0 b v, hi p c nh ngha da trn nng
lng quang, trong khi hu ht cc photodetector to ra dng t l vi quang
thng .
=

=

0

0

Tch
0
l c nh, cho nn mun tng P ta phi gim
0
. Trong mt s
detector nhit p ng li nng lng quang hn l quang thng, cho nn p
ng khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
Trn th ta c th thy, do hiu sut lng t ln nht l 1, nn bc sng b
gi hn d c tng hi p. Nn hi p c th b gim nu nh nng
lng quang qu ln. Khi , detector b bo ha, nn c mt phm vi hot ng
cho detector, trong phm vi , detector t l vi nng lng quang mt cch
tuyn tnh.
li: Cc cng thc trn c xc nh da trn gi thit rng mi cp
quang in to ra 1 in tch e trong mch ca photodetector, tuy nhin, thc t
15

li c nhiu thit b to ra in tch q khc vi e. Ta ni nhng thit b nh vy
c li. li G c nh ngha bng s electron trung bnh trong mch to
ra mi cp quang in:
/ (2.4)
Do c s xut hin ca li, nn cc cng thc (2.2) v (2.3) s thnh:

= =

(2.5)


=

=

1.24
(2.6)

3. Thi gian hi p:
3.1. Transit-time spread.
Khi p 1 in trng u E ln bn dn hoc kim loi s lm tng tc ca
cc ht mang in t do. Khi tc ca cc ht mang in tng, s lm tng s
va chm vi cc ion ti cc nt mng, lm mt trng thi cn bng do chuyn
ng nhit. N cng gn nh s khim khuyt do pha v nguyn t tp cht.
Nhng va chm ny cng lm hng ch chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in.
Kt qu l chng s di chuyn mt tc trung bnh vi gia tc khng i.
V vy ta c vn tc ca cc ht mang in: = .

, vi = / l gia
tc,

l thi gian gia 2 ln va chm. Cc ht mang in s tri theo hng

ca t trng vi vn tc tri: v =

/, thng thng c vit di

dng:
v = (3.1)
Trong : =

/ l linh ng ca ht ti.
16

S dch chuyn ca cc ht mang in trong photodetector to ra dng in
mch ngoi. xc nh ln ca dng i(t), ta xt cp in t-l trng c
sinh ra theo hng x ty trong vt liu bn dn c chiu di w, p vo in
th V ( hnh 6a). Nu ht mang in mang in tch Q, dch chuyn mt on
dx trong khong thi gian dt, di in trng c ln E=V/w, ta c:
-QEdx = -Q(V/w)dx
Nng lng ny cung cp cho mch ngoi, nng lng mch ngoi l i(t)Vdt
do vy ta c:
i(t)Vdt = -Q(V/w)dx
i(t) = -(Q/w)(dx/dt) = -(Q/w)v(t)
Ht mang in di chuyn vi vn tc tri v(t) theo hng x to ra dng in
trong mch ngoi c xc nh bi nh l Ramo:

() =

() (3.2)

Gi s l trng di chuyn vi vn tc v
h
, v electron di chuyn vi vn tc v
e
,
t cng thc (1.1-10) ta c dng l trng i
h
= -e(-v
h
)/w, v dng electron i
e
= -
ev
e
/w (hnh 3.1b). Mi ht mang in gp phn lm cho dng in chuyn
ng lu hn. Nu cc ht mang in tip tc dic huyn cho ti bin ca vt
liu, th l trng s mt khong thi gian l x/v
h
v electron s mt khong thi
gian (w-x)/v
e
(hnh 3.1a). Trong cc cht bn dn, v
e
thng ln hn v
h
nn
i ht b rng cn khong thi gian x/v
h
, khong thi gian ny c gi l
thi gian lan truyn. y l yu t quan trong gii hn tc hot ng ca
cc detector bn dn.
Ngi ta c khuynh hng cho rng in tch to ra mch ngoi l 2e, do 1
photo gii phng cp in t l trng, cho nn c 2 in tch. Nhng s tht th
17

in tch c to ra l e, c tnh bng tng in tch q mch ngoi bao
gm c hai dng electron v l trng:
=

= (

) = (3.3)


Hnh 3.1: a) cp in t l trng c sinh ra theo chiu x
b) Dng electron v dng l trng v dng tng
Kt qu ny c lp vi mi v tr in t l trng c sinh ra trn phng x
Thi gian lan truyn cn quan trng khi in t v l trng c to ra ng
nht trong sut vt liu ( hnh 3.2). Vi v
h
< v
e
, trong ton b chiu rng, thi
gian lan truyn w/v
h
ln hn x/v
h
. iu ny x ra bi v s chiu sng ng
u s to ra ht mang in mi v tr, k c ti x=w, l ni m qung c
dch chuyn ca l trng xa nht trc khi c ti hp ti x = 0.
18


Hnh 3.2: dng l trng ih(t), dng electron ie(t), v dng tng i(t)
Tm li, nh l Ramo chng minh rng, cc in tch c gii phng v i ra
mch ngoi khng phi ngay lp tc, nhng cng khng mt nhiu thi gian.
Cc in tch di chuyn trong dy dn dng nh b ko chm li mt bn v
y chm mt bn nn phi mt mt t thi gian ra mch ngoi.

3.2. nh lut Ohm:
Thay v xt mt in tch im Q, ta xt mt in tch u , tng in tch
trong photodetector l Aw, vi A l din tch mt ct ngang (hnh 3.1a), t
nh l Ramo (1-10), ta c: i(t) = -( Aw/w)v(t) = - Av(t), nn mt dng
theo trc x l: J(t) = -i(t)/A = v(t),dng vector ca cng thc ny l:

= (3.4)

Kt hp (1-12) v (1-9), ta c: J = E, vi l dn in trung bnh:
= =
col
/ =
2

col
/ (3.5)
Vi N l s ht mang in trn mt n v din tch. Tng qut hn, l nh
lut Ohm:
= (3.6)
19


Vi vt liu dn in ng nht c thit din A v chiu di w, J = E c th
c vit nh sau:
= (/) = (/) = = /
Vi G v R l dn v in tr ca vt liu, t y nh lut Ohm c th vit
li di dng quen thuc:
V=iR (3.7)

3.3. Thi gian lin tc RC
in tr R v in dung C ca photodetector v cc yu t trong mch lm
pht sinh ra thi gian lin tc RC,

= . S kt hp ca in tr v
in dung tch hp vi dng output ca detector, v vy lm ko di kh
nng p ng xung. Kh nng p ng xung c biu din thng qua thi
gian lin tc v thi gian vn chuyn, c xc nh bi dng cun i(t)
(hnh 3.2) vi hm m: (1/RC)exp(-t/RC).
Photodetector bao gm nhiu loi khc nhau v cng c nhng hn ch v
tc p ng, v vy chng ta cn xt xt mi loi trong tng trng hp
c th. V cui cng, chng ta quan tm n vt liu cng nh cu trc ca
photodetector iu chnh c c li v bng thng. Tng cc kt qu
c li v ngc li gim bng thng. Cn cn bng gia nhy v thi
gian p ng l cn thit tng hiu qu ca photodetector.

20

Ti liu tham kho

[1] SalehB.E.A.,TeichM.C.FundamentalsofPhotonics(Wiley,2ed,2007)
(ISBN9780471358329)(K)(T)(600dpi)(1201s)
[2] Wikipedia.org