]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

? ? J ?
K ?

KKK

J
K

KKKKKK


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K
K
K

--

Energy ConversionJ

W K
KEF

W K

Primary Energy Resources

J J

(Fossil Energy Resources)

(Renewable Energy sources)

(Nuclear Energy sources)

EF

EF

EF

Fossil Energy Sources

J J J

--

(Petroleum Oil)

EIF

(Natural Gas) EIIF

(Coal) EIIIF

W
EF

EJ F

--

Nuclear Energy J J J
EF

K(Radioactive Material)

J
K

EfissionF

(Fusion)
K

E
FE
F

K
Renewable Energy J J J

K
--

EIF

EIIF

F(Wind Energy)
KE

(Water falls)

KEF

(Sea waves)
K

(Geophysics)

EIIIF
EIVF
EVF

KEF

(Ocean Energy)

EVIF

KEF(Solar Lakes) EVIIF

EVIIIF
K(Bio gas)

K
K

--

Generation of Electrical EnergyJ

K
K

W
Hydro- Power J J

Station
E F

KEJ F

--

EJ F

F
KE

E F
KEJ F

EJ F
--

EF

F
E

KEFE

EJ F
Thermal Power Station J J

--

EJ FK

EF

EJ F

F
E

EJ F K

--

EJ F
Gas Turbine J J

Power Station

EF

KEJ F

EJ F

- -

Diesel Power J J
Station

WEJ F

EJ F

W J J

EJ J J J J F
J FE F

K E

- -

EJ F

EJ F

- -

EJ F

- -

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

K K
K K

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
K
K

K
K

- -

IntroductionJ

K
Magnetic Effects of Electrical Current J

Generation & Concentration of Magnetic FieldJ J

F(Magnetic Field)

EE
F
KEJ F
I

KEJ F

FK
E
FE

KEJ F
- -

KEJ F

W

EF

F () ()
E

KEJ F

EF

K
EF
K

J F EF
KE

KEJ F

EF

- -

E
F

KEJ F

E
F

EF()

KEJ F

KEJ F

KEJ F

<<

K
- -

Faraday's LawJ J

FEEJ F

N
E = N

d
dt

WEJ F
(-)
= f(t)

E = - N d/dt

KEJ F
Basic Concepts of Electrical GeneratorJ

EJ F

KEJ F
N

S
KEJ F
- -

W
E = N

d
dt

(-)
WB

=B
A

(-)
W

= BA

(-)

d = BdA

(-)

W
E

W d = dx

d = BdA

(-)

dA = ldx

(-)

d = Bldx

(-)
WN=WEJ F

E = Bl

dx
= Bl
dt

(-)
W

EFZB
Z l

KZ

- -

EWFE

Generation of Sine WaveJ J

EJ F

KEF
N
B
C

A
x

KEJ F

EJ F

WADCBA

EF

EF

E
F
KEJ F

- -

KC

EF

()

E
F

K

L

KEJ F
1
05
0
05
1

90

180

270

360

KEJ F

Mathematical Analysis of Sine WaveJ J

KW(V)

W()

radians

KW(f)
d
d =2 D 2

(2 D 2)
=2
(D 2)

WD
(-)
W
(-)

- -

Vf

W
(-)
W

V = (2 D 2 ) f
= 2 f

(-)
WV

V = (D 2)

(-)
Wt

d=Vt

(-)
W

= t

(-)

WEJ FV

S
EJ F
= V sin

(-)

WK

E = B l = B l V sin = B l V sin (t )

- -

(-)

E = B l V sin (t ) = E max sin (t )

(-)
(-)

Q E max = B l V = B l (D 2 )
Bl D
E =
sin (t )
2

(-)
K
Evaluation of Sine WaveJ J

90

180

270

360

EJ F
EJ F

W

K
Average value of sine waveJ J J

(T)

T/KZ
T/
- -

EJ F

T/W
K

I av = I m sin d = I m [cos ( ) cos(0)] = 2I m

(-)

I av =

2
Im

(-)

Z
I av = (

1
) I m sin = I m [cos(0) cos(2)] = 0
2

(-)

Im
1
0.75

Iav

0.5
0.25
0
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

EJ F

Effective value of sine waveJ J J

root r.m.s K

- -

mean square
W i = I m sin W

(square) i 2 = (I m sin ) 2 W
KEJ F

EF

I 2m

Im

EJ F
EF
:(mean)

I 2m
1 2
2
I m sin =

(1 cos 2) I 2m

2
2

(-)
W(root) EF

I eff

I eff =

I 2m I m
=
=
2
2

(-)
W(rms)(root mean square)

I m sin

(-)

- -

Phase angleJ J

EJ F

EJ F
K

KEJ F

& W
WEJ F

= t

C
A

EJ F
- -

WA
eA = Em sin t

(-)

WB

eB = Em sin (t+)

(-)

WC J
eC = Em sin (t - )

(-)

A
KEJ FC
B A C

KEJ F

K(reference)

CBA
W
- -

e A = E m sin(t + 0)
e B = E m sin(t + )
e C = E m sin(t )

WZA
(-)
W
(-)
W
(-)

Representation of Sine WaveJ J

Em

KEJ F

0.5

-0.5

-1

KEJ F
Mathematical Representation of VectorsJ J J

K J

K J

K J

K J
- -

W
W

EF

A = a 1 + ja 2

(-)
Wj

1 ZWj
W

KEJ F

to -

to

KEJ F

jX
X j j = X

EEFF
j

K j

KEJ F

- -

j
a

KEJ F
A = (a 12 + a 22 )

a
= tan 1 2
a1

(-)

(-)
W

EF

a 1 = A cos

(-)
(-)
W A = a 1 + ja 2 W

a 2 = A sin

A = A cos + jA sin = A(cos + jsin )

(-)
W

EF

e j = cos + j sin

(-)
W A = A (cos + j sin ) W

= A e

(-)
W

EF

A = A

(-)
- -

Basic Calculations of VectorsJ J J

EF

W D C A, B
A = a 1 + ja 2

(-)
(-)

B = b1 + jb 2

C = c1 + jc 2

d2 = a 2 b2

(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)

C = [(a 1 + b1 ) 2 + (a 2 + b 2 ) 2 ]

(-)

D = d 1 + jd 2
C=A+B
D=AB
c1 + jc 2 = a 1 + ja 2 + b1 + jb 2 = (a 1 + b1 ) + j(a 2 + b 2 )

d1 + jd 2 = (a 1 + ja 2 ) (b1 + jb 2 ) = (a 1 b1 ) + j(a 2 b 2 )
c1 = a 1 + b 1

c2 = a 2 + b2
d 1 = a 1 b1

C = tan 1

(a 2 + b 2 )
(a 1 + b1 )

(-)

D = [(a 1 b1 ) 2 + (a 2 b 2 ) 2 ]

d = tan 1

(-)

(a 2 b 2 )
(a 1 b1 )

(-)

- -

EF

: B A C

C = A B = (a 1 + ja 2 ) (b1 + jb 2 )

(-)
(-)

= (a 1 b1 a 2 b 2 ) + j(a 1 b 2 + a 2 b1 )

C = [(a 1 b1 a 2 b 2 )2 + (a 1 b 2 + a 2 b1 )2 ]

C = tan 1

(a 1 b 2 + a 2 b1 )
(a 1 b1 a 2 b 2 )

(-)
W

C = A B = A A B B = C C
C=AB

C = a + b
C = A e j a B e j b = A B e j( a + b ) = C e j c

D=
D=

(-)

A
B
A

(-)
(-)
(-)
W
(-)
W
(-)

(-)
(-)

d = a b

- -

WW

EF

E
F

E
F
E
F

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

WW

W K
EF
A = 6 j 8, B = 8 j 6
EF
E
F
A = 6 j 8, B = 8 + j 6
E
F
A = 6 + j 8, B = 8 j 6
A = 6 + j 8, B = 8 + j 6
E
F
K = 6 j 8, L = 8 + j 6
EF
K = 6 j 8, L = 8 + j 6
EF
K = 6 j 8, L = 8 j 6
EF
EF
K = 8 + j 6, L = 8 + j 6
EF
K = 6 j 8, L = 8 + j 6

- -

W A B K
A = 6 j 8, B = 8 j 6
EF
E
F
A = 6 j 8, B = 8 + j 6
A = 6 + j 8, B = 8 j 6
E
F
E
F
A = 6 + j 8, B = 8 + j 6

A = 6 j 8, B = 8 + j 6

A = 6 j 8, B = 8 + j 6
A = 6 j 8, B = 8 j 6
A = 8 + j 6, B = 8 + j 6
A = 6 j 8, B = 8 + j 6

EF
EF
EF
EF
EF

W K
A = 6 j8
E
F
E
F
B =8+ j6
B = 8 j6 A = 6+ j8
E
F
EF
A = 6 j8
B = 8 j6
EF
EF
A = 8+ j6
EF
A = 6 + j 8,
W K
A = 10 30
EF
E
F
A = 10 30
A = 10 60
E
F
E
F
A = 10 60
EF
A = 10 36.87
EF
A = 10 36.87
A = 10 53.13
EF
EF
A = 10 53.13
W K
A = 10 30, B = 10 30
EF
E
F
A = 10 30, B = 10 60
E
F
A = 10 30, B = 10 0
A = 10 0, B = 10 0
E
F
A = 10 120, B = 10 60
EF
- -

A
K
B
EF
A = 10 30, B = 10 30
E
F
A = 10 30, B = 10 60
A = 10 30, B = 10 0
E
F

A = 10 0, B = 10 0
A = 10 120, B = 10 60

E
F
EF

B
K
A
EF
A = 10 30, B = 10 30

A = 10 30, B = 10 60
A = 10 30, B = 10 0

A = 10 0, B = 10 0

A = 10 120, B = 10 60

- -

E
F
E
F
E
F
EF


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

- -

W
K

K
K

K
K
K

Kj
K

K
K

- -

IntroductionJ

K
Basic Elements of A.C Circuits J
The ResistanceJ J

KEJ F
EJ F

E = E m sin t

(-)
W

E = E m sin t = i R

(-)

E
i = m sin t = I m sin t
R
i = I m sin t

(-)
(-)
EJ FEJ F
K

- -

The Inductive ReactanceJ J

EJ F

WiN

KEJ F
N i
N = Li

(-)
(-)
K(Henry)L
W

d
dt
Q N = Li
E = N

(-)
(-)

d
di
=L
dt
dt
d
di
= L
E = N
dt
dt
N

E=L

(-)
(-)
i = I m sin(t ) W

d
(I sin (t ))
dt m

E = L I m cos ( t

E = Im L sin (t + 90 ) = Em sin (t + 90 )

- -

(-)
(-)
(-)

Em
= L
Im

(-)
E F

()(Inductive Reactance)L
L = 2 f L W

iE

W
(-)

L = 2f L

The Capacitive ReactanceJ J

EJ F
QV
Q = CV

WK

(-)
(-)
C

K Farad

++++ Q

----

KEJ F

- -

J J J

RC

EJ F

WK
R

ER

EC

EJ F
EJ F
W

dV
dQ
=C C =I
dt
dt

(-)
EJ F
VC = E I R = E C
VC + RC

dV
dVC
R = E RC C
dt
dt

(-)

dVC
=E
dt

(-)
EJ F
W
- -

VC = E 1 e RC

IC =

(E VC )

R
E t
I C = e
R

(-)
WEJ F

E E 1 e RC

=
R

(-)
(-)
W

WI C

WRC=

J J J

EJ F

K
K
R

ER

EC

EJ F

- -

VC + I d R = 0

(-)
WId

Id = C

dVC
dt

VC RC

dVC
=0
dt

(-)
WEJ F

(-)
EJ F
t
VC = VCi e RC

(-)
VCi

WIdEJ F
V
V
I d = C = Ci
R
R

t RC

(-)
K

FEJ F

KEFE

EJ F
EJ F

V F

K msecW k
- -

K msec

= R C = 0.1 sec

W msec

t
0.020

0.1 = 2.175 V
VC = E 1 e RC = 12 V 1 e

E t
I C = e
R

W msec

12 V 0.020 0.1
=
e
= 4.91 mA

2000

W msec

t
0.010 0.1
= 1.97 V
VC = VCi e RC = 2.175 V e

V
I d = Ci
R

t RC
2.175 V 0.010 0.1

= 0.98 mA
e
= 2000 e

J J J

i=

dQ
dV
=C
dt
dt

(-)
v = Vm sin t W

dv
d
(sin t )
= C Vm
dt
dt
i = C Vm cos t = C Vm sin (t + 90 )
i =C

- -

(-)
(-)

i = I m sin (t + 90)

(-)
W

I m = Vm C

(-)
W

Vm
1
=
I m C

(-)

1
1
=
C 2 f C

1
E F
C
W()(Capacitive Reactance)

(-)
K
J

j Operator in Electrical Circuits jJ J

LRi

KEJ FC

R
ER
E

EL

C
EC

i
K C LREJ F
W
K(volt) E r = i R WR

(volt) E L = i L WL
- -

(volt) E C =

i
WC
C

E L = i(L) W E F
jEJ Fi
W

EL

ER

EC

KEJ F
E L = jL i

(-)
iELjLi
KEC

j/C

W
R + j L

j
1

= R + j L

C
C

(-)
Z
KRX

Z = R + jX

(-)
WZ

Z = (R 2 + X 2 )
Z = tan 1

(-)

X
R

(-)

- -

J J

J J J
EJ F

WXL

E L1

E L2

EJ F
X L = j L = j L 1 + j L 2 = j ( L 1 + L 2 )

L = (L1 + L 2 )

(-)
(-)

K
EJ F

mH

K mH

WEJ F
L = (L1 + L 2 ) = 5 mH + 7 mH = 12 mH

J J J

EJ F

WXC
- -

E
i

E C2

E C1

EJ F
1
1
1
+ j
XC = j
= j
C C 1 C 2

1
=
C

1
1
= j
+

C 1 C 2

1
1

+
C1 C 2

C C
C = 1 2
C1 + C 2

(-)
W
(-)

(-)
KEJ F
EJ F
F

K F

WEJ F
C C
C = 1 2
C1 + C 2

100 F 25 F
=
= 20 F
100 F + 25 F

- -

RL Series Circuit

J J J

EJ F
WZ
R

ER

EL

KEJ F

Z = R + jL

(-)

Z = (R 2 + (L) 2 )
Z = tan 1

(-)

L
R

(-)
W i K Z EJ F
i=

i=

E E E
=
= i i
Z Z Z
E
Z

(-)
W

(R 2 + 2 L2 ) ,
i = E Z
E = E 0

(-)
(-)
WEF
(-)
W

i = 0 Z = Z =

(-)

- -

F
K E

KEJ F

E = i Z

E L = i j L

i=

ER = i R

KEJ F
W

E = ER + EL
E = i R + i jL = i (R + jL ) = i Z

(-)
(-)
EJ F

L = { Henry

Kf = HzW e = 200 volts W

EF

EF

= 2f

WWEF

= 2 3.14 50 = 314 rad / sec

WXL

XL = L

X L = 314 0.01 = 3.14

- -

Z =

WZ

5 2 + (3.14 )2 = 5.9

3.14
Z = tan 1
= 32.13
5

i=

Wi

e
Z

EF
i =

200 V0
= 33.9 A 32.13
5.9 32.13

K {
W

EF

E R = i R = 33.9 A 32.13 5 = 169.5 V 32.13

E L = i X L = 33.9 A 32.13 3.14 90 = 106.45 V 57.87

RC series Circuit

J J J

WEJ F

- -

EC

ER

KEJ F
Z=R j

1
C

(-)

1
Z = R +

C
2

1
Z = tan 1

CR

(-)

(-)
W i

i=

i=

E E
E E E
=
=
= i i
2
Z Z Z
R 2 + 1

(E )

R2 + 1

i = E Z

i = 0 Z =

(-)
W

(-)
(-)
W EF
(-)
- -

K Z

KEJ F
ER

EC

KEJ F

E = ER + EC

(-)

ER = i R

(-)

j
EC = i (
)
C

(-)

j
)
C
1

E = i R j
=iZ
C

E = i R i (

(-)
(-)

E =iZ

(-)

2 1 2
E = i R +

2
2 2
2 1

E =
i R + i
=

(-)
ER

+ EC

(-)

- -

EJ F
Hz volts
{ Amp.EJ F
{ Watt

P = 96.8 Watts

volts
Hz

2 .2 A

P = i2R
P
i2

96.8
2 .2 2

= 20

E R = iR = 2.2 20 = 44 volts
EC =

E 2 E 2R =

(125)2 (44)2

= 117 volts

EC = i XC
XC =

117
= 53.2
2 .2

X C = 53.2 =

KEJ FEJ F

R =

1
1
1
=
=
C 2f C 2 3.14 50 C

C = 60 10 6 Farad

- -

KEJ F
E R = 44 volts

E C = 117 volts

E = 125 volts

KEJ FEJ F
J J J

RLC Series Circuit

R

C
L

EFiEJ F

FE F
W Z KE
L

ER

EL

EC

K C LREJ F
1
1

Z = R + jL j
= R + j L

C
C

Z=

(R )2 + L

(-)

(-)
- -

2
LC 1

1
1
Z = tan
= tan

R
CR

(-)
W

i=

E 0
E
=
Z
Z Z Z

(-)

2 LC 1

tan 1

2
CR

+ L

i=

(R )2

(-)

W
ER =

E R

(R )2 + L

tan

2 LC 1

CR

(-)

E L = i jL = i X L

(-)

LC 1

90 tan 1

2
CR

+ L

E L

EL =

(R )2
E C = i j

1
= i X C
C

(-)

(E C )

EC =

(R )2

(-)

LC 1

90 tan 1

2
CR

+ L

- -

(-)

(XC < XL) (XL < XC)EJ F

EL

EL

ER

ER

E C

i
EC

(XC < XL) WEJ J F

(XL < XC)WEJ J F

EJ F

KEJ F L = 0.05 H
K volts Hz

0.05 H

20

200 V

100 F

50 Hz

KEJ FEJ F

= 2f = 2 3.14 50 = 314 rad / sec

X L = L = 314 0.05 = 15.7

XC =

1
1
=
= 31.84
6
C
314 100 10

- -

Z = 20 + j(15.7 31.84 ) = 20 j16.14

Z =

(20)2 + (16.14)2

= 25.7

16.14
Z = tan 1
= 38.9
20

i =

200 V0
E
=
= 7.78 38.9 Amp.
Z
25.7 38.9

E R = i R = 7.78 A 38.9 20 = 155.6 V 38.9

E L = i X L = 7.78 A 38.9 15.7 90 = 122.146 V 128.9

E C = i X C = 7.78 A 38.9 31.84 90 = 247.72 V 51.1

EJ F

iXL= V

iR = V

i = A

iXC=

E = V

EJ FEJ F

- -

Parallel Circuits J J
J J J

EJ F

WXL

L
L

E
i

i1

i2

EJ F
W
i=

E
j L

i = i1 + i 2 =

(-)
W
E
E
+
=E
j L 1 j L 2

1
1

+
j L 1 j L 2

(-)

W
E
= jL
i
E
E
XL = =
i
1
1
+
E
j L 1 j L 2

XL =

(-)

1
1
1

+
j L 1 j L 2

(-)

- -

W
1 1
1
=
+
L L1 L 2
L = (

(-)

L1 L 2
)
L1 + L 2

(-)

EJ F
mH

K mH

WEJ F
L = (

L1 L 2
5 mH 7 mH
)=
= 2.92 mH
L1 + L 2
5 mH + 7 mH
J J J

EJ F

WXC

E
i

i1

i2

EJ F
- -

W
i=

E
= E j C
(1 jC)

i = i1 + i 2 =

(-)
W

E
E
+
= E j C 1 + E j C 2
(1 jC1 ) (1 jC 2 )

(-)
W

i = E j C 1 + E j C 2 = E j C

(-)
W j E

C = C1 + C 2

(-)
KEJ F
EJ F

F
K F

WEJ F
C eq = C1 + C 2 = 100 F + 25 F = 125 F

RL Parallel CircuitJ J J

EJ F

WZ
iL

iR
V

iT

EJ F
- -

WZ

R j L
R jL (R j L )
R 2 L2 + j R 2 L
=
=
Z=
R + j L (R + j L ) (R j L )
R 2 + 2 L2
Z =

Z =

(R L )
2 2

(R

(R

+j

) (R + L )
( R L )
(R L )

+
(R + L )
(R + L )

+ 2 L2

2 2

R L
Z = tan 1
2 2
R L
2

E 0 E
= 0
R 0 R

iL =

E 0
E
=
90
L 90 L

2 2

(-)
(-)
W
(-)
(-)

E
E
0 +
90
R
L
E
E
(0 j1) = E j E = E 1 j 1
i T = (1 + j 0 ) +
R
L
R
L
L
R
iT = iR + iL =

iT

(-)
(-)

= tan 1 R

iR =

2 2

2 2

1 2 1 2
= E +

R
L

(-)
(-)
(-)

R
i = tan 1

(-)
KEJ F

- -

iR

iT

iL

KEJ F

EJ F

EJ F

Kf = HzW e = 200 volts WL = { Henry

K

E = 200 V

iL

iR

R =5

L = 0.01 H

f = 50 Hz
iT

KEJ FEJ F

iR =

E 0 E
200 V 0
= 0 =
= 40 A 0
R 0 R
5 0

iL =

E
E
90 =
90
L
2f L

iL =

200 V
2 50 1 10 2

90 = 63.7 A 90

- -

iT

1 2 1 2
= E +
= 200
R

1 2 1 2
+
= 75.2 A
5
3
.
14

5
R
1
i = tan 1
= tan
= 57.9
L
3.14

RC Parallel Circuit J J J

EJ F
WZ

iC

iR
V

iT

KEJ F
1
R j

C
Z=
=

1
R j

C

(RC j)

- )

(
Z=

jR
j R (RC + j)
=
(RC j) (RC j) (RC + j)

- )

(
(

)
)

j R (RC + j)
R jR 2 C
Z =
=
(RC j) (RC + j) R 2 2 C 2 + 1

- -

(-)

Z=

(R

R
2

) (R

2 C 2 + 1

R
Z= 2 2 2
R C +1

R 2 C
2

(-)

2 C 2 + 1

R 2 C
+
R 2 2 C 2 + 1

(
) (
)
( R C (R C + 1)) = tan R C
=

R
(R (R C + 1))

( -)

(-)

W
iR =
iC =

E 0 E
= 0
R 0 R
E 0
1
90
C

iT = iR + iC =

EJ F

= EC 90 EJ F

E
0 + EC 90
R

EJ F

i T = + j 0 + (0 + j EC ) = + j EC EJ F
R

iT

E
= + (EC )2 EJ F
R

E
i = tan 1 EC = tan 1 (CR )
R

EJ F

KEJ F

- -

iT

iC

iR

KEJ F

EJ F

C = { F

KEJ Ff = HzW e = 200 volts W

K

iC

iR
E = 200 V

R =5

C = 0.01 F

f = 50 Hz

iT

KEJ FEJ F

iR =

200 V 0
E 0 E
= 0 =
= 40 A 0
5 0
R 0 R

i C = EC 90 = 200 2 50 0.01 10 6 90 = 62.8 10 3 A 90

2

iT

E
1
1
= + (EC )2 = E + (C )2 = 200 + 3.14 10 6
R
R
5

- -

iT

1
= 200 + 3.14 10 6
5

= 40 A

i = tan 1 (CR ) = tan 1 2 50 0.01 10 6 5 = 0

J J J
RLC Parallel Circuit
L
R

J FEC
KE

iT
iL

iC
C

iR

KEJ F
(iL)H(iR)Wi

K(iC)H

(-)

i = i R + i L + iC

E
EZF
i =

E
E
E
+
+
j
R jL

(-)
- -

1
1
C
1
1

= E + j C
i = E +

L
j

R
R j L
2

1
1

i = E + C

L
R

(-)

(-)

2 LC 1
1 1

i = tan 1 C
=
tan
R

L
R
L

(-)

EJ F
iC

iC
E

iR

iL

i
iL

KEJ F

- -

EJ F
KEJ F

iT

iL

iC

E = V
f = kHz

C= f

L = H

iR
R =

KEJ FEJ F
iR =

50 V 0
= 0.5 A 0
100 0

iL =

50 V 0
= 3.145 mA 90
(2 1000 2.53) 90

iC =

50 V 0

(1 2 1000 0.01 10 ) 90
6

= 3.145 mA 90

i T = i R + i L + i C = 0.5 A 0 + 3.145 mA 90 + 3.145 mA 90

i T = 0.5 A 0

- -

EJ F
W
EJ F
K(f = Hz) E = 100 volts Z1 = 6 + j 8 & Z 2 = 8 - j 6

K

i

i
V

KEJ FEJ F
Z1 = 6 + j 8 = 10 51.3
Z 2 = 8 j 6 = 10 36.9

E = 100 V 0
i1 =

1000
= 10 A 51.3
1051.3

i2 =

1000
= 10 A 36.9
10 36.9

Zt =

Z1 Z 2
(6 + j8)(8 j6)
=
(6 + j8)(8 j6)
Z1 + Z 2

Zt =

i =

96 + j28
10016.26
=
= 7.1 8.13
14 + j2
14.148.13

E
1000
=
= 14.1 A 8.13
Zt
7.18.13
- -

Power in A.C Circuits J

Power TriangleJ J

(Voltage lead)

(Current lead)
(in phase)

KEJ F

KEJ F

I cos =W I
KEJ F I sin =

I cos

I sin

KEJ F

- -

KEJ F

P = V I cos

S=VI

Q = V I sin

EJ F
W

WApparent PowerW(S)EF
(-)
WActive PowerW(P)EF

S=VI
P = V I cos

(-)
WReactive PowerW(Q)EF

Q = V I sin

(-)
Power FactorJ J

cos
cos () =

P
S

(-)

- -

Power Factor CorrectionJ J

EJ F(Current lag.)
KPS

PSQ
K

cos

KPSK

I1

V

I1

KEJ F

EJ F

KP.F = cos
E F
KEJ F

- -

IC

I1

IC

I2

IC

I1

KEJ F
EJ F
EJ F
K

I1

I2

I1

IC
V = 380 V0

ZL = 6 + j 8

ZL

KEJ FEJ F

ZL =

(6)2 + (8)2

ZL = tan 1

WZL
= 10

WZL

8
= 51.3
6
- -

W I1
I1 =

380 0
= 38 A 51.3
1051.3

WK
I C = I1 sin 1 = 38 sin (51.3) = 29.66 A

W C = 90
I C = 29.66 A 90

W
IC =
C=

V 0
V 0
=
= VC 90
j (1 C) (1 C) 90

29.66
= 248.42 F
380 2 50

KEJ F

I1 cos 1 = I 2 cos 2 = I 2
1

IC

I
1

I1 sin 1

KEJ F
- -

WW
K K
K K
K K
.XL K
.XC K

K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K
K

WW
( mH)() K
K

(f)
() K
K

( mH)
() K
K(f)
- -

( mH)() K
K

(f)
() K
K
( mH)
() K
K(f)
K
K mH mH

K
K mH mH
F K
K F
F K
K F

W K
K(f = Hz) E = 200 V Z1 = 8 + j 6 & Z 2 = 6 - j 8

K
i

i
i

- -

K
K

I1

I2

I1

IC
V = 380 V0

ZL = 6 + j 8

ZL

V F K
W
k

Kmsec
k
K msec

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

- -

W
K

K
K

K
K
K

K
K

K
K

- -

IntroductionJ

K
Basic Theorems of A.C Circuits J

Ohm's Law J J

ZIV
EF

V
,
Z
(b) V = i Z ,
V
,
(c) Z =
i
(a) i =

V V
Z Z
V V = i i Z Z
V V
Z Z =
i i

(-)

i i =

(-)
(-)
EJ F
W
K Z EF
K i EF

V
Hz

Z = 6 + j8

KEJ FEJ F

- -

W Z

EF

K 6 W

L = 8 EFW
L=

8 8
8
=
=
= 25.465 m H

2 f 100
R =6

L = 25.465 m H

KEJ F Z EJ F
W Z i EF
Z=

i=

6 2 + 8 2 tan 1

8
= 10 53.13
6

W i

100 V 0
V
=
= 10 A 53.13
Z 10 53.13

EJ F
W

EF

EF

i = 20 A 30

KEJ FEJ F
- -

V
i

Z=

100 V0
= 5 30
20 A30

Z Z =

EF

EF

V V
i i

Z=

W Z

Z = 5 {cos (30) + j sin (30)}

Z = 5 (0.866 j 0.5) = 4.33 j 2.4

W
W Z
4.33 {W

1
= 2.4 EFW
C

W
C=

1
1
=
= 1.326 mF
2.4 2.4 100

C = 1.326 mF

R = 4.33

KEJ F Z EJ F

- -

Kirchhoff's Laws J J
Kirchhoff's Current Law

J J J

k =n

ik = 0

(-)

k =1

KEJ FK

in

i1

i2

i3

EJ F
EJ F
KITEJ F
IT

Z
I= A

Z
I= A

KEJ FEJ F
- -

WBA IT
WA

EITF=

EF

EI + IF=

E
F
W

(IT) = (I + I)

WB

EI + IF=

EF

EITF=

E
F

(I + I) =(IT)

KBA

I T = (I1 + I 2 ) = 10 A30 + 20 A 20 =

I T = (8.66 + j 5) + (18.8 j 6.84) = 27.46 j1.84 = 27.5 A 3.84

EJ F

WZ, ZEJ F
E= V, f=HZ
IT

E= V
f = HZ

Z
I= A

Z
I= A-

B
- -

KEJ FEJ F

WW
Z1 =

110 V0
= 11 30
10 A30

Z2 =

110 V0
= 5.5 20
20 A 20

W
Z1 = 11 30 = 11 cos ( 30) + j 11 sin ( 30) = 9.52 j 5.5

R= { {
WCXC= {

XC =
C1 =

1
C

1
1
=
= 482.28 F
X C 2 60 5.5

W
Z 2 = 5.5 20 = 5.5 cos (20) + j 5.5 sin (20) = 5.17 + j 1.88

R= { {
WLXL= {
XL = L2
L2 =

X L 1.88
=
= 4.98 mH

2 60

- -

C1 = 482.28 F

R 1 = 9.52

L 2 = 4.98 mH

R 2 = 5.17

KEJ F Z1 , Z 2 EJ F

EJ F
KIEJ F

IT = A

Z
I= A

KEJ FEJ F

WAI
WA

EI + IF=EITF

(I T ) = (I1 + I 2 )

(I1 ) = (I T I 2 )
I1 = (I T I 2 ) = 20 A20 1030 = 18.8 + j 6.84 (8.66 + j 5)

I1 = 10.14 + j 1.84 = 10.3 A 10.28

- -

K
Parallel Connection

J J J J

Z, ZEJ FEJ F

EJ F

KK V

WEJ F

IT

IT

Z
I

(I T ) = (I1 + I 2 )

EJ F

IT

V = I1 Z1 = I 2 Z 2 = I T Z

W
(-)
W

(-)
WEFI

V
V V

+
=
Z
Z
Z
1
2

(-)
WZ

1
1 1

+
=
Z Z1 Z 2

(-)
- -

1 Z1 + Z 2
=
Z Z1 Z 2

(Z ) =

Z1 Z 2
Z1 + Z 2

(-)

(-)

K
EJ F
KZ & ZEJ F
IT

IT

Z =

Z = -

IT

EJ FEJ F

WEJ FZ & Z
Z1 = 11 30
Z 2 = 5.5 20

WEJ FZ

(Z ) =

Z1 Z 2
Z1 + Z 2

11 30 5.5 20
11 5.5 30 + 20
=
=
11 30 + 5.5 20 (9.52 j 5.5) + (5.17 + j 1.88)
- -

60.5 10
60.5 2 10
(Z ) =
=
(14.69 j 3.62) 15.13 13.84
60.5 2
(Z ) =
( 10 + 13.84) = 4 3.84
15.13

J FF

WEE

IT =

110 V0
= 27.5 A 3.84
4 3.84

KEJ F
J J J J

Current Divider

KI, IITEJ F
IT

Z1
I

Z2

Z1 , Z 2 EJ F

WI, IIT

Q (I T ) = (I1 + I 2 )

(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)

(I 2 ) = (I T I1 )

Q V = I1 Z1 = I 2 Z 2 = I T Z
V = I1 Z1 = (I T I1 ) Z 2
I1 Z1 + I1 Z 2 = I T Z 2

I1 (Z1 + Z 2 ) = I T Z 2

- -

I1 = I T

Z2
(Z1 + Z 2 )

I2 = IT

Z1
(Z1 + Z 2 )

(-)
W

(-)

K
EJ F

K i1 , i 2 EJ F
i T = A -

Z1 = -

i1

Z1 =
i2

EJ FEJ F

I, IEJ FEJ F

W
i1 = i T

Z2

5.5 20

= (27.5 A 3.84)
(Z1 + Z 2 )
11 30 + 5.5 20

5.5 20

i1 = (27.5 A 3.84)
(9.53 j 5.5) + (5.17 + j 1.88)
5.5 20
i1 = (27.5 A 3.84)
14.7 j 3.62
- -

5.5 20

i1 = (27.5 A 3.84)
15.14 13.84
i1 = (27.5 A 3.84) (0.363 33.84) = 10 A 30
i2 = iT

Z1

11 30

= (27.5 A 3.84 )
(Z1 + Z 2 )
11

30

+
5
.
5

20

11 30
= 20 A 20
i 2 = (27.5 A 3.84 )
15
.
14
13
.
84

EJ F
K
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

J J J

W
k =n

k =1

(-)

vk = 0

K
KEJ FK

- -

V1

Z1

Z2

V2

Z3

V3

EJ F

(-)

E V1 V2 V3 = 0

(-)

E = V1 + V2 + V3

- -

EJ F
KA, BEJ F
Z1 = 5 20

i = 10 A 30

Z 2 = 7 10

Z 3 = 8 15

EJ FEJ F

W
VAB = V1 + V2 + V3

W
V1 = i Z1 = (10 A 30) (5 20) = 50 V 50
V2 = i Z 2 = (10 A 30) (7 10) = 70 V 40
V3 = i Z 3 = (10 A 30) (8 15) = 80 V 15

WVAB
VA B = V1 + V2 + V3 = 50 V 50 + 70 V 40 + 80 V 15
VAB = (32.14 j38.3) + (53.62 j45) + (77.27 j20.7 ) =

VAB = 163 j104 = 193.4 V 32.54

- -

Series Connection

J J J J

Z1 , Z 2 , Z 3 EJ FEJ F

Z1 EJ F

Z 3 Z 2 Z 2
i

K
Z

WEJ F

V1
A

Z1

V3
B

V2

Z2

Z3

EJ F
W V
V = V1 + V2 + V3

WA, B

(-)

V = i Z1 + i Z 2 + i Z 3 = i Z

W i
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 = Z

(-)

- -

EJ F
KEJ F
A
i

Z1 = 5 20
Z 2 = 7 10

Z 3 = 8 15

EJ FEJ F

ZZEJ F
ZZ
Ki

W
Z eq = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 = 5 20 + 7 10 + 8 15

Z eq = (4.7 j 1.71) + (6.9 j 1.22) + (7.7 + j 2.1)

Z eq = (19.3 j 0.83) = 19.32 2.46

Potential Divider

J J J J

Z, Z& ZEJ F

VE
W

- -

V1
A

Z1

Z2

V3
B

V2

Z3

EJ F
W
V1 = i Z1

(-)

V2 = i Z 2

(-)

V3 = i Z 3

(-)
W

E = V1 + V2 + V3 = i (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )

(-)
W E V1

V1
Z1
=
E (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )

(-)
W E

Z1

V1 = E
(Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )

(-)

- -

W E V2
V2
Z2
=
E (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )

(-)
W E

Z2

V2 = E
(
)
+
+
Z
Z
Z
2
3
1

(-)
W E V3

V3
Z3
=
E (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )

(-)
W E

Z3

V3 = E
(
)
+
+
Z
Z
Z
2
3
1

(-)
W

Z
Vx = E x
(Z T

EJ F
EJ F

- -

Z1 = 5 20

A
E= V
f = Hz

Z 2 = 7 10

Z 3 = 8 15

EJ FEJ F

KEF

W

Z1

V1 = E
(Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )

5 20

V1 = (110 V0)
((5 20) + (7 10) + (8 15))

5 20

V1 = (110 V0)
((5 20) + (7 10) + (8 15))

5 20

V1 = (110 V0)
((4.7 j 1.71) + (6.9 j 1.22) + (7.7 + j 2.1) )

5 20
= 28.47 V 17.54
V1 = (110 V0)
( 19.32 2.46)

Z2

7 10
= (110 V0)

V2 = E
(
)
(
)
Z
+
Z
+
Z
19
.
32

2
.
46

2
3
1
V2 = 39.86 V 7.54

- -

Z3

8 15
= (110 V0)

V3 = E
( 19.32 2.46)
(Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 )
V3 = 45.55 V 17.46

WV, V, V
E = V1 + V2 + V3 = 28.47 17.54 + 39.86 7.54 + 45.55 17.46
E = (27.1 j 8.5) V + (39.5 j 5.2 ) + (43.4 + j 13.7 ) = (110 j 0 ) = 110 V 0

Compound Circuits J J

EJ F
FZ, Z

FZ, ZE

KE

Z1

Z2
B

Z4

i3

i2

i1
V

Z3

EJ F
Simplification Method

J J J

- -

EJ F
K i1 , i 2 & i 3 WEJ F
i1

Z1 = 5 10

Z 2 = 5 10

f = 60 Hz

Z 4 = 10 10

i3

i2

E = 110 V

E
Z 3 = 10 10

EJ FEJ F
W

K
W

i1 = i 2 + i 3

WC

WACDB

E = i1 Z1 + i 2 Z 2 + i1 Z 4 = i1 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + i 2 Z 2
E = i1 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + (i1 i 3 ) Z 2

WCEFD
i 2 Z 2 = i3 Z 3

EF
W i 3

i3 =

i2 Z2
Z3
- -

i1 = i 2 +

Z 3 + Z2
i2 Z2
= i2
Z3
Z3

W i 2
i 2 = i1

Z3

(Z 3 + Z 2 )
W

Z 3Z 2
E = i1 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + i1
Z 3 + Z2

Z 3Z 2
= i1 Z1 + Z 4 +

Z 3 + Z2

W i
i1 =

Z 3Z 2
Z1 + Z 4 +

Z 3 + Z2

i1 =

i1 =

i1 =

i1 =

110 V 0

(10 10) (5 10)

5 10 + 10 10 +
(10 10) + (5 10)

110 V 0

50 2 0
5 10 + 10 10 +

(
)
(
)
9
.
85
j
1
.
74
4
.
92
j
0
.
87

+
+

110 V 0

50 2 0
5 10 + 10 10 +

(14.77 j 0.87 )

110 V 0

50 2 0
5 10 + 10 10 +

(14.8 3.37

- -

i1 =

110 V 0
(5 10 + 10 10 + 3.38 3.37)

i1 =

110 V 0
((4.92 + j 0.87 ) + (9.85 j 1.74) + (3.37 + j 0.2) )

i1 =

110 V 0
110 V 0
=
= 6.05 A 2.12
(18.14 j 0.67 ) 18.15 2.12

W i 2
i 2 = i1

Z3

(Z 3 + Z 2 )

(10 10)

= (6.05 A 2.12)
(
(
)
(
)
)
10
10
5
10

(10 10)
=
i 2 = (6.05 A 2.12)
(
(
)
(
)
)
9
.
85

j
1
.
74

+
4
.
92
+
j
0
.
87

(10 10)
=
i2 = (6.05 A 2.12)
(14.77 j 0.87 )
10 10
= 4.09 A 4.5
i 2 = (6.05 A 2.12)
14.8 3.4

W i 3
i3 =

i2 Z2
(4.09 A 4.5) (5 10)
=
= 2.05 A 15.5
Z3
10 10

- -

W
A

i1

Z1

i3

Z2

Z3

Z4

i2

E = 110 V
f = 60 Hz

i1

E, f
B

EJ F
EJ F

Z, Z Z, Z
WZ
Z = Z1 + Z 4 +

Z 2 Z3
Z 2 + Z3

W i1
i1 =

Z 3Z 2
Z1 + Z 4 +

Z 3 + Z2

i1

W i1

i1 = 6.05 A 2.12

W i 2
i 2 = i1

Z3

(Z 3 + Z 2 )
- -

i 2
W i 2
i 2 = 4.09 A 4.5

W i 3
W
i 3 = i1

(Z

Z
2

+ Z3

i 3 = (6 . 05 A 2 . 12 )

5 10
= 2 . 05 A 15 . 5
(14 . 8 3 . 4 )

Z 2 + Z 3
W
Q i1 = i 2 + i 3

i 3 = i1 i 2
i 3 = ( 6.05 A 2.12 ) (4.09 A 4.5 ) =
i3 = (6.05 + j0.22 ) (4.08 j 0.32) = 1.97 + j0.54 = 2.05 A 15.5

W
i3 Z 3 = i 2 Z 2

W Z 3
i3 =

i2 Z 2
Z3

W
i3 = 2.05 A 15.5

- -

K i 2
Star-Delta, Delta-Star ConversionJ J

J J J

EJ F

K K

iT

i1

E, f

Z1

i2
i5

b
i3

Z3
d

Z5
i4

Z2

Z4

EJ F

J J

A, B, EJ FK

()K
C
K(Y)
K

- -

A
ZA

O
ZB

ZCA

ZAB

ZC

ZBC

EJ F

KK

A, BEJ F

A, B

WKYA, B
A

ZA
ZAB

ZCA

O
ZB
B

ZC
C

ZBC

A, BEJ F

(Z A + Z B ) = Z AB (Z BC + Z CA )
Z AB + (Z BC + Z CA )

- -

(-)

(Z A + Z B ) = Z AB (Z BC + Z CA ) = Z AB Z BC + Z AB Z CA
Z AB + (Z BC + Z CA ) (Z AB + Z BC + Z CA )

(-)

B, C EJ F

B, C

WKYB, C

(Z B + Z C ) = Z BC (Z AB + Z CA )
Z BC + (Z AB + Z CA )

(-)

(Z B + Z C ) = Z BC (Z AB + Z CA ) = Z BC Z AB + Z BC Z CA
Z BC + (Z AB + Z CA ) (Z AB + Z BC + Z CA )

(-)

ZA
ZAB

ZCA

O
ZB
B

ZC
C

ZBC

B, CEJ F
A, EJ F

A, CC

WKYA, C

- -

ZA

O
ZB

ZAB

ZCA

ZC

ZBC

C, AEJ F

(Z C + Z A ) = Z CA (Z AB + Z BC )
Z CA + (Z AB + Z BC )
(Z C + Z A ) = Z CA Z AB + Z CA Z BC
Z CA + Z AB + Z BC

(-)

(-)

WEJ FEJ FEJ F

Z CA Z AB
Z A =
Z CA + Z AB + Z BC

(-)

Z BC Z AB
Z B =
Z AB + Z BC + Z CA

(-)

Z CA Z AB
Z C =
Z CA + Z AB + Z BC

(-)
W

Z AB = Z A + Z B +

ZA ZB
ZC

(-)

Z BC = Z B + Z C +

ZB ZC
ZA

(-)
- -

Z CA = Z C + Z A +

ZC ZA
ZB

(-)
EJ F

EJ F
K(Y-)(-Y)

a
i1
iT
E= V
f= Hz

Z1 = 10 53.13

i5

i2
Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z 5 = 20 0

Z 3 = 10 53.13

i4

i3

Z 4 = 10 36.87

EJ FEJ F

a,

b, c, db, c

bYa, c, d

KcYa, b, d
K

KYa, b, c

EJ FEJ F

Z1 Z 2

(10 53.13) (10 36.87)

=

Z A =

Z
+
Z
+
Z
10
53
.
13
10
36
.
87
20
0

2
5
1
- -

a
Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z1 = 10 53.13
b

ZA
o

Z 5 = 20 0

ZB

ZC

EJ F

10 0 2 16.26
10 0 2 16.26
=
ZA =
(6 j 8) + (8 + j 6 ) + (20 + j 0 )
(34 j2)

ZA

(10 0
=

16.26
= 2.94 12.86
(34 3.4)

Z1 Z 5
(10 53.13) (20 0)
=
Z B =
(34 3.4)
Z
+
Z
+
Z
2
5
1

ZB

(200
=

53.13
= 5.88 49.73
(34 3.4)

(10 36.87) (20 0)

Z 2 Z5
=
Z C =
(34 3.4)
Z
+
Z
+
Z
2
5
1
ZC =

200 36.87
= 5.88 40.27
34 3.4

KEJ F

- -

Z A = 2.94 12.86
iT
E= V
f= Hz

o
Z B = 5.88 49.73

Z C = 5.88 40.27

i b

Z 3 = 10 53.13

ic

Z 4 = 10 36.87

EJ F
Z, ZB
EJ F

Z, ZC

KZA
WZeq

(Z + Z B ) (Z 4 + Z C )
+ Z A
Z eq = 3
(Z 3 + Z B ) + (Z 4 + Z C )

(Z 3 + Z B ) = ((10 53.13) + (5.88 49.73)) = (6 + j 8) + (3.8 j 4.5)

(Z 3 + Z B ) = 9.8 + j 3.5 = 10.41 19.65

(Z 4 + Z C ) = ((10 36.87) + (5.88 40.27)) = (8 j 6) + (4.5 + j 3.8)

(Z 4 + Z C ) = 12.5 j 2.2 = 12.7 10

(Z 3 + Z B ) + (Z 4 + Z C ) = (9.8 + j 3.5) + (12.5 j 2.2)
(Z 3 + Z B ) + (Z 4 + Z C ) = 22.3 + j 1.3 = 22.34 3.34
(10.41 19.65) (12.7 10)
+ (2.94 12.86)
Z eq =
(22.34 3.34 )

- -

Z eq = (5.92 6.31) + (2.94 12.86)

Z eq = (5.88 + j 0.65) + (2.87 j 0.65) = (8.75 + j 0 ) = 8.75 0

Zeq
WK
iT =

220 V 0
= 25.1 A 0
8.75 0

EJ F
K(Y-)(-Y) i 5 EJ F

b, c i 5 EJ F
K i 5 Z 5 Vbc

b, cVbcEJ F

WEJ Fobc

Vob + Vbc + Vco = 0

o, bobc

Vbc
VcoVobo, c
WVob
Vbc Vco + Vob = 0

W
Vbc = Vco Vob
Vbc = i c Z C i b Z B

- -

iT

Z B = 5.88 49.73
b

Z C = 5.88 40.27
ic

ib

Z 4 = 10 36.87

Z 3 = 10 53.13

EJ F

W i b , i c

(Z C + Z 4 )

i b = i T
(Z C + Z 4 ) + (Z B + Z 3 )
(12.7 10)
= 14.29 A 13.34
i b = (25.14 A 0)
(22.34 3.34)

(Z B + Z 3 )

i c = i T
(
)
(
)
Z
Z
Z
Z
+
+
+
4
B
3
C
(10.41 19.65)
= 11.72 A 16.31
i c = (25.14 A 0)
(22.34 3.34)

W Vbc
Vbc = i c Z C i b Z B
Vbc = (11.72A16.31) (5.88 40.27) (14.29A 13.34) (5.88 49.73)
- -

Vbc = (68.91 V 56.58) (84.03 V 63.1)

Vbc = (38 + j 57.5) V (38 j 75) V = 0 + j 132.5 V = 132.5 V 90
i5 =

Vbc 132.5 V 90
=
= 6.63 A 90
Z5
20 0

Thevinen's Theorem

J J J

F Z X

i X EEJ F
Z eq V1
KEF

Z1

Z eq

iX
Z2

V1

ZX

V1

i X

ZX

EJ F

WK

EJ J F
.EJ J F

.EJ J F VTh (a, b)

F
EJ J FE
- -

(a, b)
K Z Th

EJ J F i X

Z Th VTh Z X
W

iX =

VTh
(Z Th + Z X )

(-)

Z1

Z1

Z2

ZX

VTh

EF
Z Th
VTh

ZX

Z2

iX

iX

Z1

EF
a

ZX

Z2

EF

EF

Z Th

EJ F
EJ F

r
K i5 EJ F

r
W i5 EJ F

- -

i5 W
KEJ F

i T1

Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z1 = 10 53.13
i11

E= V
f= Hz

Z 3 = 10 53.13

i 21
VTh

Z 4 = 10 36.87

EJ F
EJ F VTh W
W

Vab + VTh + Vca = 0

Vab = i11 Z1
Vca = i 21 Z 2

VTh + i11 Z1 i 21 Z 2 = 0
VTh = i 21 Z 2 i11 Z1

- -

W i11 , i 21
i11 =

220 V 0
E
=
(Z1 + Z 3 ) (10 53.13) + (10 53.13)

i11 =

220 V 0
220 V 0 220 V 0
=
=
= 18.33 A 0
(6 j 8) + (6 + j 8) (12 + j 0) 12 0

i 21 =

220 V 0
E
=
(Z 2 + Z 4 ) (10 36.87) + (10 36.87)

i 21 =

220 V 0
220 V 0 220 V 0
=
=
= 13.75 A 0
(8 + j 6) + (8 j 6) (16 + j 0) 16 0

VTh = (13.75 A 0) (10 36.87) (18.33 A 0) (10 53.13)

VTh = (137.5 V 36.87) (183.3 V 53.13)

VTh = (110 + j 82.5) V (110 j 146.64 ) V
VTh = (0 + j 229.14 ) V = 229.14 V 90

Z Th
b, cEF
EJ FEJ FKEJ F

Z1 , Z 3 a, d
Z 2 , Z 4

- -

Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z1 = 10 53.13

i 21

i11

Z 4 = 10 36.87

Z 3 = 10 53.13

d
a

EJ F

Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z1 = 10 53.13

i 21

i11
b

Z 4 = 10 36.87

Z 3 = 10 53.13

EJ F

- -

Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z1 = 10 53.13

i 21

i11
b

Z 4 = 10 36.87

Z 3 = 10 53.13
d

EJ F

W Z Th
Z Z Z Z
Z Th = 1 3 + 2 4
Z1 + Z 3 Z 2 + Z 4

(10 53.13) (10 53.13) (10 36.87) (10 36.87)

+

Z Th =
(10 53.13) + (10 53.13) (10 36.87) + (10 36.87)

100 2 0
100 2 0
+

Z Th =
(6 j 8) + (6 + j 8) (8 + j 6 ) + (8 j 6 )

100 2 0 100 2 0 100 2 0 100 2 0

+
=
+

Z Th =
(12 j 0 ) (16 + j 0 ) (12 0) (16 0)

Z Th = (8.33 0) + (6.25 0)
Z Th = (8.33 + j 0 ) + (6.25 + j 0 ) = 14.583 0

W i5
i5 =

VTh
229.14 V 90
229.14 V 90
=
=
Z Th + Z 5 (14.583 0) + (20 0) (14.583 + j 0 ) + (20 + j 0 )
- -

i5 =

229.14 V 90 229.14 V 90
=
= 6.63 A 90
(34.583 + j 0) 34.583 0

i5

K(Y-)(-Y)

Closed Loop (Mesh) method EF

J J J

Z1

E, f

i1

Z2

Z4

EJ F

i2

Z3

Fabc i1 EJ F

KEFbdec i 2 E
Z 3 i1 Z1 , Z 4

W i1 i 2 Z 2 i 2
WEFabc
E = i1 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + (i1 i 2 ) Z 2

(-)

E = i1 (Z1 + Z 4 + Z 2 ) i 2 Z 2

(-)
WEFbdec

0 = i 2 Z 3 (i1 i 2 ) Z 2

(-)
- -

0 = i 1 Z 2 + i 2 (Z 2 + Z 3

(-)

W
(Z1 + Z 4 + Z 2 )

Z2

Z 2 i1 E
=
(Z 2 + Z 3 ) i 2 0

(-)
W

K
[i ] [Z] [V ][Z]= [E ]

K [V ]

[i ] K
Kk

K
K
(k k)

Z kk KKKK Z 22 Z11
EJ FkKKKKKKK

W
Z11 = (Z1 + Z 4 + Z 2 )

(-)

Z 22 = (Z 2 + Z 3 )

(-)
Kk =

Z mn
Z nm = Z mn nm

mn
Knm

Vx = V1 , V2 ,....Vk [V ] K
V1 Wx Vx

V2
- -

Vx Kk Vk
K i x

[i ] = [Z]

[V ]W

K [Z] [Z]
1

[Z]

WK

= Z [Z]

Z x [Z] x
K [V ] x

Wx

ix =

(-)

EJ F
KEFabEJ F

iT

E = 110 V
f = 60 Hz

Z1 = 10 30

Z 2 = 20 20
i2

i1
Z 3 = 20 0

- -

EJ F

KEJ F i & i
K

W()

[Z]

(Z + Z 3 )
= 1
( Z1 )

( Z1 )

(Z1 + Z 2 )

(Z1 + Z3 ) = (10 30) + (20 0) = 28.66 + j 5 = 29.09 9.9

(Z1 + Z 2 ) = (10 30) + 20 20 = 27.45 j 1.84 = 27.51 3.84

10 30
29.09 9.9

Z =
27.51 3.84
10 30

[i ]

[V ]

i
=
i

110 0
=

0 0

W
10 30
29.09 9.9
i 110 0
10 30
= 0 0
27
.
51
3
.
84

- -

W
10 30
i 29.09 9.9

=
27.51 3.84
i 10 30

110 0
0 0

W
Z=

29.09 9.9
10 30
10 30
27.51 3.84

= ((29.09 9.9) (27.51 3.84)) (( 10 30) ( 10 30))

= 800.27 6.06 100 60 = 745.8 j 2.12 = 745.8 0.2

W
Z1 =

110 0

10 30

0 0

27.51 3.84

= (110 0) (27.51 3.84) 0 0

= 3026.1 3.84
29.09 9.9 110 0
= (110 0) ( 10 30) 00 = 1100 30
10 30
0 0

Z2 =

W
i =

i =

Z
Z
Z

3026.1 3.84
= 4.06 A 4.04
745.8 0.2

1100 30
= 1.475 A 29.8
745.8 0.2

W i1
i1 = (i i ) = (4.06 A 4.04) (1.475 A 29.8)
= 2.77 j 1.02 = 2.95 A 20.2

- -

EJ F

r
KEF i5 EJ F

KEJ F i , i , i
K

i2

i1
iT
E= V
f= Hz

Z1 = 10 53.13

i5

Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z 5 = 20 0

Z 3 = 10 53.13

i4

i3

Z 4 = 10 36.87

EJ F

W
i T = i W

i1 = i i W

i 2 = i W

i 3 = i i W
i 4 = i W

i 5 = i i W

K
k = ( )
W

Z11 = Z1 + Z 3 = (12 0)
- -

Z 22 = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 5 = (34 3.4)
Z 33 = Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 5 = (10 53.13) + (10 36.87) + (20 0)
Z 33 = (34 + j 2 ) = 34.06 3.8

[Z]

[i ]

[V ]

12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13

20 0
= 10 53.13 34.06 3.4

10 53.13
20 0
34.06 3.4

i

= i
i

220 0
= 0 0

0 0

W
12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13

10 53.13 34.06 3.4

20 0

10 53.13
34.06 3.4
20 0

i

i =
i

220 0
0 0

0 0

- -

i
12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13

20 0
i = 10 53.13 34.06 3.4

i 10 53.13

20
0
34
.
06
3
.
4

220 0
0 0

0 0

W
220 0 10 53.13 10 53.13

0
0
34
.
06
3
.
4
20
0

0 0
34.06 3.4
20 0

i =

12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13

20 0
10 53.13 34.06 3.4
10 53.13
34.06 3.4
20 0

12 0
220 0 10 53.13

10 53.13 0 0
20 0

0 0
34.06 3.4
10 53.13

i =

12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13

10
53
.
13
34
.
06
3
.
4
20
0

10 53.13

20
0
34
.
06
3
.
4

12 0
10 53.13 220 0

0 0
10 53.13 34.06 3.4

0 0
10 53.13
20 0

12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13

20 0
10 53.13 34.06 3.4
10 53.13
34.06 3.4
20 0

W
W Ki
12 0
10 53.13 10 53.13
Z = 10 53.13 34.06 3.4
20 0
34.06 3.4
10 53.13
20 0
- -

Z = (12 0) ((34.06 3.4)(34.06 3.4) ( 20 0) ( 20 0))

+ (10 53.13) (( 10 53.13) (34.06 3.4) (10 53.13) (20 0))
+ ( 10 53.13) ((10 53.13) (20 0) + (10 53.13)(34.06 3.4))
Z = (12 0) ((1160 0) (400 0))
+ (10 53.13) (( 340.6 49.73) (200 53.13))
(10 53.13) ((200 53.13) + (340.6 49.73))

= (12 0) (760 + j 0) + (10 53.13) ( 340.16 + j 99.88)

(10 53.13) (340.16 + j 99.88)
= (120) (7600 ) + (10 53.13) (354.52163.63)
(1053.13) (354.516.4)

= (9120 0) + (3545.2 110.5) (3545 69.53) = 6638.7 j 0.5

= 6638.7 0

W Kii
220 0 10 53.13 10 53.13
Z = 0 0
34.06 3.4
20 0
1
0 0
34.06 3.4
20 0

W
Z = (220 0) ((34.06 3.4) (34.06 3.4) ( 20 0) ( 20 0))
1

= (220 0) ((1160 0) (400 0)) = (220 0) (760 + j 0)

= (220 0) (760 0) = 167200 0

W Kiii
12 0
220 0 10 53.13
Z = 10 53.13 0 0
20 0
2
0 0
34.06 3.4
10 53.13

W
- -

Z = ( 220 0) (( 10 53.13) (34.06 3.4) ( 10 53.13) ( 20 0))

2

= ( 220 0) (( 340.6 49.73) (200 53.13))

= ( 220 0) ( 340.16 + j 99.88) = ( 220 0) (340.16 j 99.88)

= ( 220 0) (354.52 163.64) = 77994.53 163.64 = 77994.53 163.64

W Kiv
12 0
10 53.13 220 0
Z = 10 53.13 34.06 3.4
0 0
3
0 0
10 53.13
20 0

W
Z = (220 0) (( 10 53.13) ( 20 0) ( 10 53.13) (34.06 3.4))
3

= (220 0) ((200 53.13) + (340.6 49.73)) = (220 0) (340.16 + j 99.88)

= (220 0) (354.5 16.36) = 77994.55 16.36

W
i =

i =

i =

Z1
Z
Z2
Z

Z3
Z

167200 0
= 25.16 A 0
6638.7 0

77994.53 163.64
= 11.75 A 163.64
6638.7 0

77994.55 16.4
= 11.75 A 16.4
6638.7 0

W
i T = i = 25.16 A 0

i1 = i i = (25.16 0) (11.75 163.64) = 13.89 + j 3.31 = 14.3 A 13.4

i 2 = i = 11.75 A 163.64
i 3 = i i = 25.16 A 0 11.75 A 16.4 = 13.89 j 3.32 = 14.3 A 13.4
- -

i 4 = i = 11.75 A 16.4
i 5 = i i = 11.75 A 16.4 (11.75 A 163.64)

i 5 = 11.75 A 16.4 + 11.75 A 163.64 = 0 + j 6.63 = 6.63 A 90

EJ F i T
KEJ FEJ F i 5
Superposition Theorem

J J J

EJ F
E1 , E 2 i1 , i 2 , i 3 E1 , E 2

KEJ FEJ F

- -

i1

Z1

E, f

Z2

i3

i2

d
E , f

Z3

E1 , E 2 EJ F
a

i11

Z1

E, f

b
i 31

Z2

i 21

Z3

E1 EJ F
a

i12

Z1

i32

Z3

Z2

i 22

d
E , f

c
E 2 EJ F
W
i1 = i11 i12

(-)

i 2 = i 22 i 21

(-)

i 3 = i 31 + i 32

(-)
- -

EJ F
KEJ F
a

i1

Z1 = 10 30 b

Z 2 = 10 30

i2

Z 3 = 15 60

E = V

i3

E= V
c

EJ FEJ F

EJ F

EJ FEJ F
W
i11 =

E1 (Z 2 + Z 3 )
E1
=
(Z1 Z 2 + Z1 Z 3 + Z 2 Z 3 )
Z Z
Z1 + 2 3
Z 2 + Z3
a

i11

Z1 = 10 30 b

Z 2 = 10 30

Z 3 = 15 60

E = V

i 31
c

EEJ F

- -

i 21

i12

Z1 = 10 30 b Z 2 = 10 30

Z 3 = 15 60

i 22

E= V

i 32

EEJ F

i11 =

220 V 0 (10 30 + 15 60)

(10 30 10 30 + 10 30 15 60 + 10 30 15 60)

i11 =

(100

i11 =

220 V 0 (23.15 + j 18)

2

0 + 150 2 30 + 150 2 90

220 V 0 29.32 37.85

321.75 2 44.4

220 V 0 29.32 37.85

230 + j 225

= 20.05 A 6.55

W
i 21 = i11

Z2
10 30
= (20.05 A 6.55)
= 8.84 A 14.4
Z 2 + Z3
29.32 37.85

i31 = i11

15 60
Z3
= 10.26 A 15.6
= (20.05 A 6.55)
29.32 37.85
Z2 + Z3

i 22 =

i2 2 =
i2 2 =

E 2 (Z1 + Z 3 )
E2
=
(Z1 Z 2 + Z1 Z 3 + Z 2 Z 3 )
Z Z
Z2 + 1 3
Z1 + Z 3

220 V 30 (10 30 + 15 60)

321.75 2 44.4

(220 V 30) (18.03 26.31)

321.75 2 44.4

220 V 30 (16.16 + j 8)
321.75 2 44.4

= 12.33 A 12

- -

i12 = i 22

Z3
(12.33 A 12) (15 60)
=
= 10.25 A 45.6
Z1 + Z 3
18.03 26.31

i 32 = i 22

Z1
(12.33 A 12) (10 30)
=
= 6.84 A 44.4
Z1 + Z 3
18.03 26.31

W
i1 = i11 i12 = (20.05 A 6.55) (10.25 A 45.6) = 12.75 j 9.6
i1 = 15.97 A 37
i 2 = i 22 i 21 = (12.33 A 12) (8.84 A 14.4) = 2.18 j 0.217

i 2 = 2.2 A 5.7
i 3 = i 31 + i 32 = (10.26 A 15.6) + (6.84 A 44.4) = 14.77 j 2.03
i 3 = 14.9 A 7.8

- -

K Z

V
Hz

Z =8 j6

K Hz E = 110 V 0
R =6

L = 25.465 m H

K Z
A 30
i = 20

- -

K Hz E = 110 V 0

C = 1.326 mF

R = 4.33

KIT
IT

Z
I= A-

I= A

WZ, Z

E= V, f=HZ

IT

E= V
f = HZ

Z
I= A

Z
I= A

B
- -

KI
IT = A -

I = A -

B
K
IT

Z = -

Z = -

I
B

KEF

KI, IEJ F K
IT = A -

Z = I

I
B

- -

Z =

KA, B K
Z1 = 7 30

i = 8 A 30

Z 2 = 8 10

Z 3 = 15 15

A
V
Hz

K
Z1 = 15 30

Z 2 = 17 10

Z 3 = 8 15

K i1 , i 2 & i 3 K
A

i1

Z1 = 10 10

Z 2 = 5 10

f = 60 Hz
B

Z 4 = 10 10

i3

i2

E = 110 V

Z 3 = 10 10

- -

K i 2 EF K

EJ F K
K(Y-)(-Y)

i2

i1

Z 2 = 10 36.87

Z1 = 20 53.13

iT

i5

E= V
f= Hz

i4

i3
Z 3 = 10 53.13

Z 4 = 20 36.87

K i 5 EF K
K i 5 EF K
K K
a

i1

Z1 = 20 60 b

Z 2 = 20 60

i2

Z 3 = 10 0
E = V

Z 5 = 20 0

i3
c

E= V

K(-Y)iEF K
- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

K
K

K
K

- -

IntroductionJ

K
Magnetic Induction J

Self Inductance of a Coil J J

(L)

J J J

Factors that Affect the Self Inductance

NF K
KEN

KEF K
K K

--

Calculation of Self Inductance

J J J

EJ F

Li
W
E = N

di
d
= L
dt
dt

di

dt

(-)
WL

L=

E
(di dt )

(-)

d
di

(-)

L=N

W
(L)

E
F

KEL.F(Henry)

EJ F

K
--

J J J
Effect of Self Inductance on the Relation between induced emf & Current

EJ F

EEJ F

Mutual Inductance J J
EF

EF

KEJ F
K

--

I1

I2

EJ F

Mutual Inductance Coefficient J J J

I
I 1

t
t

(-)

I 1
t

2 = M

(-)
WEJ FEJ F

I 1
t

(-)
WEJ F
(-)
--

KEJ FM

K

WMEJ F
M=

2
t
= 2
I1
I1

(-)

K

KEFEJ F

KEL.F(Henry)
EJ F

mA/sec
{ V

WEJ F

M=

2
0 .5 V
=
= 100 V sec/ A
I1 5 10 3 A / sec

--

Transformer J
Function of Transformer J J
KK
Transformer Applications J J
K

E
F
K

Construction of Transformer J J
EJ F

E1
KEJ F E 2

E 2

E1

EJ F

--

Transformer Operation J J
W

K
K

K
emf Relationship

J J

W
.N =N = K

K
W E 2
E2 = N2

(-)

W
E1 = N 1

(-)

WEJ FEJ F K

--

N
E2 2
=
E1
N1

(-)

E2
N
= 2
E1
N1

(-)

EJ F K
W
E 2 = E1

N2
N1

(-)

K
K

Currents Relationship J J

P1 = P2

(-)
W

E1 i1 = E 2 i 2

(-)
W

i1 E 2
=
i 2 E1

(-)
WEJ F

i1 E 2
N
=
= 2
N1
i 2 E1

(-)
W
--

i 2 = i1

N1
N2

(-)

K
EJ F

20

K A

WEJ F
E 2 = E1

N2
= 50 V (20 ) = 1000 V
N1

WEJ F
i 2 = i1

N1
1
= 1 A = 0.05 A = 50 mA
N2
20

Transformer Efficiency J J

W
=

V2 i 2
V1 i1

(-)
--

L1

R1

L2

R2

i1

i2

V1

E1

E2

V2

EJ F

KEJ F

RLosses LossesT

WKRLosses
Losses1 = i12 R 1

(-)

Losses 2 = i 22 R 2

(-)

Losses T = Losses1 + Losses 2 = i12 R 1 + i 22 R 2

(-)

Transformers in Power Networks J J

E F
K

KEJ F

--

EJ F

EJ F
kV

N1
kV V
N2

E= kV

E= kV

E= V

EJ FEJ F

--

WEJ F

N1

N2

E2
N
66000
= 12 =
= 22
E1
N 11
3000

N 11
1
=

N 12 22

W
E3
N
220 V
1
= 22 =
=
E2
N 12 66000 V 300

--

N1

N2

K K

K K

K(L) K
K K

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K
K K

K K
mA/sec K
K{ V

mA/sec K
K{ V

1
200 K

K A V

200 K

K A V
20 K

K{ A V

--

kV K
kV V
K N 2 N 1

kV K

kV V
K N 2 N 1

--

(References)

[] Thomas L. Floyed, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Prentice, Inc, sixth

edition, .
[] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, " Electrical Technology", published by Ninja
Construction development Co. Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, , .
[] M. A. PAI, "Introduction to Electric Circuits and Machines", Affiliated east west
presses private limited, .

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EF

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS