Bridge Engineering 1

Chapter 7
Refined Methods of Analysis
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a) Refined methods general
applications (5.9.1)
Grillage analogy methods*
Orthotropic plate theory methods
Finite element methods*
Finite strip methods*
Folded plate methods
Semi-continuummethods
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b) Refined methods specific
applications (5.9.2), influence surfaces
c) Model analysis 5.9.3
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Basic structural responses related to bridge types
1- Slab bridge
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
longitudinal shear
deformations
2-Slab on girder bridge
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
longitudinal shear
Deformations
In-plane forces, if structure is pre-stressed
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Basic structural responses related to bridge types
3- Voided slab
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
longitudinal shear
Deformations
In-plane forces, if structure is pre-stressed
4- Grillage
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
longitudinal shear
transverse shear
Deformations
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Basic structural responses related to bridge types
5- Shear connected beams
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
transverse shear
In-plane forces
Deformations
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Basic structural responses related to bridge types
6- Box-girder- single cell, multi-cell and multi-span
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
Longitudinal shear
transverse shear
In-plane forces
Deformations
Torsional warping, except concrete construction
Distortional warping, except concrete construction or
composite construction with adequate diaphragms and
cross frames
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Basic structural responses related to bridge types
7- Truss, arch and rigid frames
longitudinal moment
transverse moment
Longitudinal shear
transverse shear
Deformations
Truss, axial force
Arch, axial force and bending moment
Frame, bending moment
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Grillage method
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Grillage method
various deck shapes and support arrangements
difficult to come up with a method
summarize some general selection guidelines
a) Put grillage along line of strength (pre-stress,
beams, edge beams, etc.)
b) Consider howthe forces flow in the slab
c) Place edge grillage member closely to the
resultant of the vertical shear flowat edge of
the deck., i.e. for a solid slab, this is about 0.30
of depth from the edge.
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Grillage method
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Grillage method
d) Total no. of longitudinal beams between 4 (if
narrow like a beam ) and 20 (depending on geometry
and load)
e) The spacing of transverse, enough to model load
distribution on longitudinal beams accurately with
point loads
f) The spacing of transverse and longitudinal beams
should be similar to permit static distribution of loads
g) Simply supported, skew angle < 20, use right
supports. If more then 20, or if deck continuous, the
lines of grillage supports within 5of the skew
supports of the bridge
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Grillage method
Example
Analyze a simple
span bridge as
shown by grillage
method
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Grillage method
Use a fine grillage model, spacing 2 1/2 times
the depth
Edge longitudinal member 0.30 of depth from
edge to position the resultant of shear force
Since re-bars are of the same order of
magnitude in both direction, stiffness is equal
and the plate is isotropic
Calculate the inertia on the full concrete area
(i.e. without cracking), we obtain:
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Grillage method
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Grillage method
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References
Hambly, E.C. and Pannels, E., Grillage Analysis
Applied to Cellular Bridge Decks, The Structural
Engineer, J uly, 1975
Sawko, F. and Mosley, W.H. Grillage Analysis of
Composite Box Girder Bridge Decks, Civil
Engineering (London), Vol. 64, No. 759, October
1969
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Finite Element Method
A powerful and versatile analytical tool
Structures with complex geometry,
material properties and support conditions
Variety of loading conditions
Element types
One-dimensional
1- bar element
Beam element
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Finite Element Method
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Finite Element Method
Two-dimensional
a) In-plane (membrane) element
b) Bending (flexural) element
Both of above Triangular and rectangular elements
Flat shell element
Combine a) and b) above
Three-dimensional
a) solid elements
Tetrahedron and hexahedron elements
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Finite Element Method
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Finite Element Method
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Finite Element Method
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Finite Element Method
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Finite Element Method
Idealization of various bridge forms
Classified according to cross-sectional
configuration
Type of element depends on type of action within
bridge
Guidelines
1- use the right element type
2-element aspect ratio <1-4
3-high stress zone-> more elements
4-correct boundary conditions
5-correct interpretation of results
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Finite Element Method
Example
Analyze a simple
span bridge as
shown by Finite
Element method
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Finite Element Method
1- triangular or rectangular bending elements
2-use 106 element mesh (or 84), aspect ratio
is 2=1.97
3-High stress near mid-span, however very
simple structure, not worth non-uniformmesh
4-Boundary conditions at each end depend on
the type of bearings used
Pot bearing (rotational bearing) w=0,
free
5-stress variation within an element depends on
element type, linear, 2
nd
order, 3
rd
order etc.
y x
,
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References
J ategaonkar, R., J aeger, L.G. and Cheung,
M.S., Bridge Analysis Using Finite Elements,
Published by CSCE, 1985
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Finite Strip Method
Called extended finite element
Structure divided in one direction only, or
two direction for a 3 dimensional problem
To account for 2
nd
and 3
rd
direction, a
function series is used based on B.C.
Very advantageous for rectangular or
circularly curved bridges
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Finite Strip Method
Basic functions
A) simply supported (S.S.) at both ends
B) clamed one end, S.S. other end
C) clamped both ends
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Finite Strip Method
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Finite Strip Method
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Finite Strip Method
Strip Types
1) one-dimensional
A) Bending
B) Torsion
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Finite Strip Method
2) Two-dimensional
A) in-plane strip
B) bending strip
C) shell type strip (combine A and B above)
3) Three-dimensional
A) isoparametric triangular 3-D finite strip
B) quadrilateral 3-D finite strip
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Finite Strip Method
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Finite Strip Method
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Finite Strip Method
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Finite Strip Method
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Finite Strip Method
Idealization of various bridge forms
Guidelines
1- use the right type of strip
Type of force responses and pre-set B.C.s
2-high stress zone-> more strips
3-correct interpretation of results
4-use sufficient no. of series terms
U.D.L. 5/6 non-zero terms
Point load 20/25 non-zero terms
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Finite Strip Method
Example
Analyze a
simple span
bridge as
shown by Finite
Strip method
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Finite Strip Method
1) 2-D bending strip
2) use 6 strips with equal width
3) B.C. (strip type) depends on the type
of bearing used
4) series terms depend on type of
loading
5) stress could be calculated at any
points in the longitudinal direction
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References
Cheung, M.S., Li, W. and Chidiac, S.E. Finite Strip
Analysis of Bridges, Published by E & FN Spon, 1996,
London ; New York
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Beam Theory
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Simply supported slab deck
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Finite Strip Method - Model
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Finite Strip Method - Input
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Finite Strip Method - Results
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Finite Strip Method - Results
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Finite Element Method Model
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Finite Element Method Model
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Finite Element Method Input
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Finite Element Method Input
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Finite Element Method Input
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Finite Element Method Input
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Finite Element Method Result
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Finite Element Method Result
Mx
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Finite Element Method Result
My
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Finite Strip Method - Model
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Finite Strip Method - Model
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Finite Strip Method - Input
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Finite Strip Method - Input
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Finite Strip Method - Result
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Finite Strip Method - Result
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Finite Element Method Model - Shell Elements
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Finite Element Method Model Beam Elements
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Finite Element Method Equivalent Beam
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Finite Element Method Shell Section
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Finite Element Method Results
(deflection)
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Finite Element Method Results
(M
y
)