Lecture 7 - Flexure

June 16, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Doubly Reinforced beams
T Beams and L Beams
Pan Joist
Analysis of Flanged
Section
Floor systems with slabs and beams are placed
in monolithic pour.
Slab acts as a top flange to the beam; T-
beams, and Inverted L(Spandrel) Beams.
Analysis of Flanged
Sections
Positive and Negative Moment Regions in a T-beam
Analysis of Flanged Sections
If the neutral axis falls
within the slab depth
analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam,
otherwise as a T-beam.
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Effective Flange Width
Portions near the webs are more highly stressed than
areas away from the web.
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Effective width (b
eff
)
b
eff
is width that is stressed uniformly to give the same
compression force actually developed in compression
zone of width b
(actual)

ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating b
eff

From ACI 318, Section 8.10.2
T Beam Flange:


eff
f w
actual

4
16

L
b
h b
b
s
s +
s
ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating b
eff

From ACI 318, Section 8.10.3
Inverted L Shape Flange
( )
eff w
f w
actual w

12
6
0.5* clear distance to next web
L
b b
h b
b b
s +
s +
s = +
ACI Code Provisions for
Estimating b
eff

From ACI 318, Section 8.10
Isolated T-Beams


w eff
w
f
4
2
b b
b
h
s
>
Various Possible Geometries of
T-Beams
Single Tee

Twin Tee


Box
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1: Same as rectangular section
Steel is yielding
under reinforced
Check

f
h a s
f
h a s
y s y s
Assume f f = > c c
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1:
Equilibrium

f
h a s
s y
c eff
0.85
A f
T C a
f b
= =
'
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1:
Confirm


f
h a s
y cu s
1
y s
c c c
|
c c
>
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
>
c
c d
a
c
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 1:
Calculate M
n


f
h a s
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
y s n
a
d f A M
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: Assume steel yields





f
h a >
( )
y s
w c w
f w c f
85 . 0
85 . 0
f A T
a b f C
h b b f C
=
'
=

'
=
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: Assume steel yields





f
h a >
( )
c w f
sf
y
0.85 f b b h
A
f
'

=
The flanges are considered to be equivalent
compression steel.
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2: Equilibrium

f
h a >
( )
s sf y
f w
c w
0.85
A A f
T C C a
f b

= + =
'
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2:
Confirm

f
h a >
f
1
s cu
0.005
a h
a
c
d c
c
|
c c
>
=

| |
= >
|
\ .
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2:
Confirm

f
h a >
y
c
f f
1
1.18
or
f
f
d
h h a
=
=
|
=
'
s s
Analysis of T-Beam
Case 2:
Calculate nominal
moments

f
h a >
( )
n n1 n2
n1 s sf y
f
n2 sf y
2
2
M M M
a
M A A f d
h
M A f d
= +
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
Analysis of T-Beams
The definition of M
n1
and M
n2
for the T-Beam are given
as:
Analysis of T-Beams
The ultimate moment M
u
for the T-Beam are given as:
u n

M M
c
f
d
|
|
=
| |
=
|
\ .
For a T-Beam with the
tension steel yielded using a
function c/d
Limitations on Reinforcement
for Flange Beams
Lower Limits
Flange in compression
c
y
s
min
w
y
3
larger of
200
f
f
A
b d
f

'

= =

Limitations on Reinforcement
for Flange Beams
Lower Limits
Flange in tension

'
'
=
d b
f
d b
f
f
d b
f
f
A
eff
y
eff
y
c
w
y
c
s(min)
200
3
of larger
6
of smaller
Limitations on Reinforcement
for Flange Beams
Lower Limits
If A
s(provided)
4/3 A
s(reqd)
based on analysis

then A
s(min)
is not required (i.e.)

|M
n
4/3M
u
for A
s(provided)

See ACI 10.5.3
>
>
Example - T-Beam
Find M
n
and M
u
for T-Beam.
b
eff
= 54 in. h
f
= 3 in. b = 7 ft.
d = 16.5 in. A
s
= 8.5 in
2

f
y
= 50 ksi f
c
= 3 ksi
b
w
= 12 in L = 18 ft
Example of L-Beam
Confirm b
eff
( )
eff
f w
12 in.
18 ft
ft.
54 in.
4 4
16 16 3 in. 12 in.=60 in.
12 in.
7 ft. 84 in.
ft.
L
b
h b
b
| |
|
\ .
s = =
s + = +
| |
s = =
|
\ .
Example - T-Beam
( )( )
( )( )
2
s y
c eff
1
s
8.5 in 50 ksi
3.09 in.
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 54 in.
3.09 in
3.63 in.
0.85
16.5 in.
1 0.003 1 0.003 0.0106 0.005
3.63 in.
A f
a
f b
a
c
d
c
|
c
= = =
'
= = =
| | | |
= = = >
| |
\ . \ .
Compute the equivalent c value and check the strain
in the steel, c
s

Steel will yield in the tension zone.
Example - T-Beam
( )
( )( )
2
s
w
y
min min
c
y
8.5 in
0.0429
12 in. 16.5 in.
200 200
0.004
50000
0.004
3
3 3000
0.00329
50000
0.0429 0.004
A
b d
f
f
f

= = =

= =

= =

= =

>
Compute the reinforcement and check to make sure it
is greater than
min
Section works for minimum
reinforcement.
Example - T-Beam
( )( )
y
c
f
1
f
50 ksi
0.0429 0.7155
3 ksi
1.18 0.7155 16.5 in.
1.18
3 in. 16.388
0.85
3 in. 3.09 in.
f
f
d
h
h a
=
=
|
| |
= = =
|
'
\ .
s s =
s s
Compute e and check that the c value is greater than h
f
Analysis the beam as a T-beam.
Example - T-Beam
Compute e and check that the c value is greater than h
f
Compute a
( ) ( )( )( )
( )
c eff w f
sf
y
2
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 54 in. 12 in. 3 in.
50 ksi
6.426 in
f b b h
A
f
'

= =
=
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
s sf y
c w
8.5 in 6.426 in 50 ksi
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 12 in.
3.889 in.
A A f
a
f b

= =
'
=
Example - T-Beam
Compute nominal moment components

( )
( )
2
f
n2 sf y
3 in.
6.426 in 50 ksi 16.5 in.
2 2
4819.5 k-in.
h
M A f d
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
=
( )
( )
( )
n1 s sf y
2 2
2
3.889 in.
8.5 in 6.426 in 50 ksi 16.5 in.
2
1535.34 k-in.
a
M A A f d
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
Example - T-Beam
Compute nominal moment

( )
u n
0.9 529.57 k-ft.
416.6 k-ft.
M M | = =
=
n n1 n2
1535.34 k-in. 4819.5 k-in.
6354.84 k-in. 529.57 k-ft.
M M M = +
= +
=
Compute ultimate moment

Example of L-Beam
Determine the
effective b for the
spandrel beam and
do the analysis.
Use 4 #9 bars and
find the ultimate
moment capacity.
f
y
=50 ksi, f
c
= 3 ksi
Example of L-Beam
Compute b
eff
( )
eff w
f w
actual w

12
6
0.5* clear distance to next web
L
b b
h b
b b
s +
s +
s = +
Example of L-Beam
Compute b
eff

( )
( )
eff w
f w
actual w
12 in.
20 ft
ft
12 in. =32 in.
12 12
6 6 6 in. 12 in. = 48 in.
0.5* clear distance to next web
12 in.
12 in. + 0.5* 7 ft 54 i
ft
L
b b
h b
b b
| |
|
\ .
s + = +
s + = +
s = +
| |
| |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
n.
Example of L-Beam
The value b
eff
and A
s
( )
eff
2 2
s
= 32 in.
4 1.0 in 4.0 in
b
A = =
Example - L-Beam
( )
( )
( )( )
2
s y
c eff
1
s
4.0 in 50 ksi
2.45 in.
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 32 in.
2.45 in
2.88 in.
0.85
24 in.
1 0.003 1 0.003 0.0220 0.005
2.88 in.
A f
a
f b
a
c
d
c
|
c
= = =
'
= = =
| | | |
= = = >
| |
\ . \ .
Compute the equivalent c value and check the strain
in the steel, c
s

Steel will yield in the tension zone.
Example - L-Beam
( )
( )( )
2
s
w
y
min min
c
y
4.0 in
0.0139
12 in. 24 in.
200 200
0.004
50000
0.004
3
3 3000
0.00329
50000
0.0139 0.004
A
b d
f
f
f

= = =

= =

= =

= =

>
Compute the reinforcement and check to make sure it
is greater than
min
Section works for minimum
reinforcement.
Example - L-Beam
( )( )
y
c
f
1
f
50 ksi
0.0139 0.2315
3 ksi
1.18 0.2315 24 in.
1.18
6 in. 7.71 in.
0.85
6 in. 2.45 in.
f
f
d
h
h a
=
=
|
| |
= = =
|
'
\ .
s s =
s s
Compute e and check that the c value is greater than h
f
Analysis the beam as a Singly reinforced beam.
False!
Example - L-Beam
Compute a
( )
( )
( )( )
2
s y
c
4.0 in 50 ksi
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 32 in.
2.451 in.
A f
a
f b
= =
'
=
Example - L-Beam
Compute nominal moment

( )
( )
n s y
2
2
2.451 in.
4.0 in 50 ksi 24.0 in.
2
4554.9 k-in. 379.58 k-ft.
a
M A f d
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
Example - L-Beam
( )
u n
0.9 379.58 k-ft.
341.62 k-ft.
M M | = =
=
Compute ultimate moment

Pan Joist Floor Systems
View of Pan Joist Slab from Below
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor Systems
View of Double Skip Joist Slab from Below
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Placing Reinforcement
for a Pan Joist Slab
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor Systems
General framing layout of
the pan joist system.
Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Pouring a Pan Joist Slab
Walter P. Moore & Assoc.
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Definition: The type of slab is also called a
ribbed slab. It consists of a floor slab, usually
2-4 in. thick, supported by reinforced
concrete ribs. The ribs are usually tapered
and uniformly spaced at distances that do not
exceed 30 in. The ribs are supported on
girders that rest on columns. In some ribbed
slabs, the space between ribs may be filled
with permanent fillers to provide a horizontal
slab soffit.
One-Way Joist
Construction
MacGregor, Fig. 10-28

Definition: Pan joist floor
systems are series of closely
spaced cast-in-place T-beams
or joists used for long-span
floors with relatively light
loads. Typically removable
metal forms (fillers or pans)
are used to form joists.
One-Way Joist Construction
Details of ribbed floor
with removable steel
pans.
Ribbed-floor cross
sections.
One-Way Joist
Construction
The design of a ribbed floor
with steel pan forms and
average weight of the floor.
One-Way Joist Construction
The design of a ribbed floor with steel pan forms and
average weight of the floor.
One-Way Joist Construction
Joist Details
Pan Joist Floor Systems
ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(Sec. 8.11, ACI 318-02)
Slabs and ribs must be cast monolithically.
Ribs must be spaced consistently
Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in width
Pan Joist Floor Systems
ACI Requirements for Joist Construction (cont.)
(Sec. 8.11.2, ACI 318-02)
Depth of ribs may not be more than 3.5
times the minimum rib width
Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed
30 inches.
** Ribbed slabs not meeting these
requirements are designed as slabs and
beams. **
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Slab Thickness
(ACI Sec. 8.11.6.1)

t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in. wide
pans

t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in. wide
pans (1/12 distance)
>
>
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Slab Thickness (cont.)
Building codes give minimum fire resistance
rating:

1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5 slab
thickness

2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab
thickness
Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Standard
Removable Form
Dimensions

Note the shapes

Pan Joist Floor Systems
Standard Removable Form Dimensions

Standard Widths: 20 in. & 30 in.
(measured at bottom of ribs)

Standard Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or
20 in.

Pan Joist Floor Systems
Standard Removable Form Dimensions
(cont.)

End Forms: one end is closed (built-in) to
form the supporting beam

Tapered End Forms: provide additional shear
capacity at ends of joists by tapering ends to
increase rib width.
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions

Ref. CECO Concrete
Construction Catalog
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions

Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Laying Out Pan Joist Floors

Rib/slab thickness
Governed by strength, fire rating,
available space

Overall depth and rib thickness
Governed by deflections and shear
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Laying Out Pan Joist Floors (cont.)

Typically no stirrups are used in joists

Reducing Forming Costs:
Use constant joist depth for entire floor
Use same depth for joists and beams
(not always possible)
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Distribution Ribs
Placed perpendicular to joists*
Spans < 20 ft.: None
Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan
Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points
At least one continuous #4 bar is provided at top
and bottom of distribution rib.
*Note: not required by ACI Code, but typically used
in construction

Member Depth
ACI provides minimum member depth and
slab thickness requirements that can be used
without a deflection calculation (Sec. 9.5 ACI
318)

Useful for selecting preliminary member
sizes

Member Depth
ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:

Min. thickness, h (for beams or ribbed one-way
slab)
For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
L is span length in inches

Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for
design, but should be checked as a minimum.

Member
Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
Member Depth
Rule of Thumb:
h
b
(in.) ~ L (ft.)
Ex.) 30 ft. span -> h
b
~ 30 in.
May be a little large, but okay as a start to
calc. DL
Another Rule of Thumb:
w
DL
(web below slab) ~ 15% (w
SDL
+ w
LL
)
Note: For design, start with maximum
moment for beam to finalize depth.
Select b as a function of d
b ~ (0.45 to 0.65) (d)