Ulabyismch02

25
Chapter 2: Transmission Lines

Lesson #4
Chapter Section: 2-1, 2-2
Topics: Lumped-element model
Highlights:
TEM lines
General properties of transmission lines
L, C, R, G
26
Lesson #5
Topics: Transmission-line equations, wave propagation
Highlights:
Wave equation
Characteristic impedance
General solution
Special Illustrations:
Example 2-1
27
Lesson #6
Chapter Section: 2-5
Topics: Lossless line
Highlights:
General wave propagation properties

Reflection coefficient
Standing waves
Maxima and minima
Example 2-2
Example 2-5
28
Lesson #7
Topics: Input impedance
Highlights:
Thvenin equivalent
Solution for V and I at any location
Example 2-6
CD-ROM Modules 2.1-2.4, Configurations A-C
CD-ROM Demos 2.1-2.4, Configurations A-C
29
Lessons #8 and 9
Topics: Special cases, power flow
Highlights:
Sorted line
Open line
Matched line
Quarter-wave transformer
Power flow
Example 2-8
CD-ROM Modules 2.1-2.4, Configurations D and E
CD-ROM Demos 2.1-2.4, Configurations D and E
30
Lessons #10 and 11

Topics: Smith chart
Highlights:
Structure of Smith chart

Calculating impedances, admittances, transformations
Locations of maxima and minima
Example 2-10
Example 2-11
31
Lesson #12
Topics: Matching
Highlights:
Matching network
Double-stub tuning
Example 2-12
Technology Brief on Microwave Oven (CD-ROM)
Microwave Ovens
Percy Spencer, while working for Raytheon in the 1940s on the design and construction of
magnetrons for radar, observed that a chocolate bar that had unintentionally been exposed to
microwaves had melted in his pocket. The process of cooking by microwave was patented in
1946, and by the 1970s microwave ovens had become standard household items.
32
Lesson #13
Topics: Transients
Highlights:
Step function
Bounce diagram
CD-ROM Modules 2.5-2.9

CD-ROM Demos 2.5-2.13
Demo 2.13
CHAPTER 2
33
Chapter 2
Sections 2-1 to 2-4: Transmission-Line Model
Problem 2.1 A transmission line of length l connects a load to a sinusoidal voltage
source with an oscillation frequency f . Assuming the velocity of wave propagation
on the line is c, for which of the following situations is it reasonable to ignore the
presence of the transmission line in the solution of the circuit:
(a) l 20 cm, f 20 kHz,
(b) l 50 km, f 60 Hz,
(c) l 20 cm, f 600 MHz,
(d) l 1 mm, f 100 GHz.
0 01.
5
(negligible).
0 40 (nonnegligible)
0 33 (nonnegligible)
0 01 (borderline)
10
1 33
Solution: A transmission line is negligible when l

lf
20 10 2 m
20 103 Hz
l
(a)
up
3 108 m/s
l
lf
50 103 m
60 100 Hz
(b)
8 m/s
up
3 10
l
lf
20 10 2 m
600 106 Hz
(c)
up
3 108 m/s
3 m
lf
1 10
100 109 Hz
l
(d)
up
3 108 m/s
Problem 2.2 Calculate the line parameters R , L , G , and C for a coaxial line with
an inner conductor diameter of 0 5 cm and an outer conductor diameter of 1 cm,
lled with an insulating material where 0 , r 4 5, and 10 3 S/m. The
conductors are made of copper with c 0 and c 5 8 107 S/m. The operating
frequency is 1 GHz.

Solution: Given
10
0 50
10

1 0 2 cm
0 25
0 5 2 cm
combining Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) gives
0 50
1
10
1
10
0 25
1 109 Hz 4 10 7 H/m
2
5 8 107 S/m
0 788 /m
1
b
1
a
f c
c
1
2

CHAPTER 2
34
From Eq. (2.7),
139 nH/m
10 7 H/m
ln 2
2
b
ln
2
a
L
From Eq. (2.8),
10 3 S/m
ln 2
45
9 1 mS/m
2
ln b a
G
From Eq. (2.9),
12
F/m
362 pF/m
10
8 854
ln 2

2r 0
ln b a
2
ln b a
Problem 2.3 A 1-GHz parallel-plate transmission line consists of 1.2-cm-wide

copper strips separated by a 0.15-cm-thick layer of polystyrene. Appendix B gives
c 0 4 10 7 (H/m) and c 5 8 107 (S/m) for copper, and r 2 6 for
polystyrene. Use Table 2-1 to determine the line parameters of the transmission line.
Assume 0 and 0 for polystyrene.

10
1 84
10
(F/m)
(/m)
10
10

12
15

26

10 9
36
1 38
w
d
0 r
w
d
1 2
2Rs
2 f c
2
109 4 10 7
w
w
c
1 2 10 2
5 8 107
7
3
d 4 10
1 5 10
1 57 10 7 (H/m)
w
1 2 10 2
0
because 0
Solution:
Problem 2.4 Show that the transmission line model shown in Fig. 2-37 (P2.4)
yields the same telegraphers equations given by Eqs. (2.14) and (2.16).
Solution: The voltage at the central upper node is the same whether it is calculated
from the left port or the right port:
izt
t
1
2L
z t
iz
t
z i z
z t
1
2R
1
2L
z i z t
z t
vz
1
2R
vzt
1
2 z
vz
CHAPTER 2
35
R'z
2
i(z, t)
L'z
2
v(z, t)
R'z
2
G'z
L'z
2 i(z+z, t)
C'z
v(z+z, t)
Figure P2.4: Transmission line model.
i z z t (from
Recognizing that the current through the G C branch is i z t

Kirchhoffs current law), we can conclude that
v z 1 z t
2
t
From both of these equations, the proof is completed by following the steps outlined
in the text, ie. rearranging terms, dividing by z, and taking the limit as z 0.
C z
1
2 z
G z v z
z t
iz
izt
Find up , and Z0 for the coaxial line of Problem 2.2.
Problem 2.5
Solution: From Eq. (2.22),
362
10
44 5 rad/m.
F/m
108 m/s
1 41

2 109
44 5

up
j0 030
19 6

0 788 /m
j 2 109 s 1 139 10 9 H/m
9 1 10 3 S/m
j 2 109 s 1 362 10 12 F/m

0 109 Np/m and
12
From Eq. (2.33),
jL
jC
R
G
Thus, from Eqs. (2.25a) and (2.25b),

From Eq. (2.29),
Z0
H/m
109 s
10
j44 5 m
139
j 2
S/m
109 s
j 2
10
10
jC
109
91
0 788 /m
jL
CHAPTER 2
36
Section 2-5: The Lossless Line

Problem 2.6 In addition to not dissipating power, a lossless line has two important
features: (1) it is dispertionless (p is independent of frequency) and (2) its
characteristic impedance Z0 is purely real. Sometimes, it is not possible to design
a transmission line such that R
L and G
C , but it is possible to choose the
dimensions of the line and its material properties so as to satisfy the condition
(distortionless line)
LG
RC
Such a line is called a distortionless line because despite the fact that it is not lossless,
it does nonetheless possess the previously mentioned features of the loss line. Show
that for a distortionless line,
Z0
LC
L
C
RG
C
L
Solution: Using the distortionless condition in Eq. (2.22) gives
j L C
C
L
R
L
R
L
LC
R
L
G
C
LC
jC
R
L
LC
jL
Hence,
Problem 2.7 For a distortionless line with Z 0

50 ,
up 2 5 108 (m/s), nd the line parameters and at 100 MHz.
L
C
j
j
R L
G C
L
C
jL
jC
R
G
Z0
Similarly, using the distortionless condition in Eq. (2.29) gives
1
LC
up
LC
C
L
20 (mNp/m),

CHAPTER 2
37
Solution: The product of the expressions for and Z 0 given in Problem 2.6 gives
10
50
2 5 108
(H/m)
200
(nH/m)
80
Z0
up

and taking the ratio of the expression for Z 0 to that for up
(pF/m)
L C gives
(/m)
50
10

20
Z0
With L known, we use the expression for Z 0 to nd C :
10
10
50 2
11
(F/m)
L
2
Z0
The distortionless condition given in Problem 2.6 is then used to nd G .
12
10
80 10
2 10 7
(S/m)
400
RC
L
(S/m)
and the wavelength is obtained by applying the relation

Problem 2.8 Find and Z0 of a distortionless line whose R

G 2 10 4 S/m.
25m
2 /m and
2 5 108
100 106
p
f
Solution: From the equations given in Problem 2.6,

4
(Np/m)
100
Problem 2.9 A transmission line operating at 125 MHz has Z 0 40 ,

(Np/m), and 0 75 rad/m. Find the line parameters R , L , G , and C .
1 2
0 02
10
2
10
4 1 2
R
G
10
L
C
Z0
RG
Solution: Given an arbitrary transmission line, f

125 MHz, Z 0
40 ,
0 02 Np/m, and 0 75 rad/m. Since Z 0 is real and 0, the line is
distortionless. From Problem 2.6, L C and Z0
L C , therefore,
38 2 nH/m
0 75 40
125 106
Z0
CHAPTER 2
38
L C,
23 9 pF/m
LG,
0 02 Np/m
40
0 6 /m
0 5 mS/m
0 02 Np/m
0 8 /m
Z0
2
R
L
C
RG
R
G
and
R G and R C
RG
38 2 nH/m
402
From
L
2
Z0
Then, from Z0
Problem 2.10 Using a slotted line, the voltage on a lossless transmission line was
found to have a maximum magnitude of 1.5 V and a minimum magnitude of 0.6 V.
Find the magnitude of the loads reection coefcient.
Solution: From the denition of the Standing Wave Ratio given by Eq. (2.59),
min
15
06
25
max

Solving for the magnitude of the reection coefcient in terms of S, as in

Example 2-4,
1
1
25
25
0 43
1
1
S
S
Problem 2.11 Polyethylene with r 2 25 is used as the insulating material in a

lossless coaxial line with characteristic impedance of 50 . The radius of the inner
conductor is 1.2 mm.
(a) What is the radius of the outer conductor?
(b) What is the phase velocity of the line?
Solution: Given a lossless coaxial line, Z 0 50 , r 2 25, a 1 2 mm:

(a) From Table 2-2, Z0
60 r ln b a which can be rearranged to give
4 2 mm
2 25 60
1 2 mm e50
r 60
aeZ0
CHAPTER 2
39
(b) Also from Table 2-2,

108 m/s
2 25
108 m/s
20

c
r
up
Problem 2.12 A 50- lossless transmission line is terminated in a load with

impedance ZL
30 j50 . The wavelength is 8 cm. Find:
(a) the reection coefcient at the load,
(b) the standing-wave ratio on the line,
(c) the position of the voltage maximum nearest the load,
(d) the position of the current maximum nearest the load.
Solution:
(a) From Eq. (2.49a),
3 65
0 57
0 57
0 57e
j79 8

79 8 8 cm rad n 8 cm
4
180
2
0 89 cm 4 0 cm 3 11 cm

n
2
r
4
lmax
(c) From Eq. (2.56)
1
1
50
50
1
1
j50
j50
30
30
(b) From Eq. (2.59),
Z0
Z0
ZL
ZL
(d) A current maximum occurs at a voltage minimum, and from Eq. (2.58),
3 11 cm
8 cm 4
1 11 cm
lmax
lmin
Problem 2.13 On a 150- lossless transmission line, the following observations

were noted: distance of rst voltage minimum from the load 3 cm; distance of rst
voltage maximum from the load 9 cm; S 3. Find Z L .
6 cm
3 cm
9 cm
4. Hence,
Solution: Distance between a minimum and an adjacent maximum
CHAPTER 2
8.
j120
90
j0 5
j0 5
05
1
1
150
2
4
1
1
Z0
j0 5.
1
1
j 2
S
S

ZL
3
3
Hence, 0 5 e
Finally,
1
1
2.
3 cm
which gives r
min
or 24 cm. Accordingly, the rst voltage minimum is at

Application of Eq. (2.57) with n 0 gives
40
Problem 2.14 Using a slotted line, the following results were obtained: distance of
rst minimum from the load 4 cm; distance of second minimum from the load
14 cm, voltage standing-wave ratio 1 5. If the line is lossless and Z 0 50 , nd
the load impedance.
10 rad/m
2 rad/cycle
20 cm/cycle
20 cm
lmin 0
lmin 1
and
From this we obtain
1
1
02

15
15

1
1
S
S
0 2 rad
0 04 m
36 0

10 rad/m
Also,
1 rad
2n
2lmin n
rad
or
lmin 0
50 , S
1 5,
lmin 1
Solution: Following Example 2.5: Given a lossless line with Z 0

lmin 0
4 cm, lmin 1
14 cm. Then
CHAPTER 2
41
So
j36 0
j16 4
67 0
0 2e

j36 0
0 2e
50

1
1
Z0
ZL
Problem 2.15 A load with impedance Z L

25 j50 is to be connected to a
lossless transmission line with characteristic impedance Z 0 , with Z0 chosen such that
the standing-wave ratio is the smallest possible. What should Z 0 be?
Solution: Since S is monotonic with (i.e., a plot of S vs. is always increasing),

the value of Z0 which gives the minimum possible S also gives the minimum possible
, and, for that matter, the minimum possible 2 . A necessary condition for a
minimum is that its derivative be equal to zero:
2
XL
2
XL
55 9
Z0
50
RL
R2
L
2
XL
252
2
4RL Z0
2
XL

ZL
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
2
XL or
R2
L
jXL
Z0
RL
Z0 RL
jXL
2
Therefore, Z0
RL
Z0 RL
2
Z0
A mathematically precise solution will also demonstrate that this point is a

minimum (by calculating the second derivative, for example). Since the endpoints
of the range may be local minima or maxima without the derivative being zero there,
the endpoints (namely Z0 0 and Z0 ) should be checked also.
Problem 2.16 A 50- lossless line terminated in a purely resistive load has a
voltage standing wave ratio of 3. Find all possible values of Z L .
150
15
05
05
05
05
1
1
1
1
50
50
ZL
0 5 and
1
1
For r
Z0
ZL
For a purely resistive load, r
S 1 3 1
05
S 1 3 1
0 or . For r 0,

Solution:
CHAPTER 2
42
Section 2-6: Input Impedance

Problem 2.17 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz, a lossless 50- air-spaced
transmission line 2.5 m in length is terminated with an impedance Z L
40 j20 .
Find the input impedance.
Solution: Given a lossless transmission line, Z 0 50 , f 300 MHz, l 2 5 m,

40 j20 . Since the line is air lled, up c and therefore, from Eq.
and ZL
(2.38),
2 rad/m
300 106
3 108
up
Since the line is lossless, Eq. (2.69) is valid:

j50 tan 2 rad/m 2 5 m
j20 tan 2 rad/m 2 5 m
j50 0
40 j20
j20 0

40 j20
50 j 40
40 j20
50
50 j 40
50
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
ZL
Z0
Z0
Zin
Problem 2.18 A lossless transmission line of electrical length l

0 35 is
terminated in a load impedance as shown in Fig. 2-38 (P2.18). Find , S, and Z in .
Z0 = 100
Zin
ZL = (60 + j30)
Figure P2.18: Loaded transmission line.
Solution: From Eq. (2.49a),
1 89

0 307
0 307
0 307e j132 5
1
1
100
100
1
1
j30
j30
60
60
Z0
Z0
From Eq. (2.59),
ZL
ZL
l = 0.35
CHAPTER 2
43
From Eq. (2.63)
j38 3
64 8
35
j30 tan
35
j 60
2 rad
0
2 rad
0
100
j100 tan
j30
60
100
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
ZL
Z0
Z0
Zin
Problem 2.19 Show that the input impedance of a quarter-wavelength long lossless
line terminated in a short circuit appears as an open circuit.
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
0, we have
j
jZ0 tan 2
Z0
(open circuit)
Z0
With ZL
Zin
2.
4,
ZL
Z0
For l
Z0

Zin
Solution:
Problem 2.20 Show that at the position where the magnitude of the voltage on the
line is a maximum the input impedance is purely real.
e jr e
e jr e
j2lmax
1
1
Z0
j r 2n
j r 2n

which is real, provided Z0 is real.
e jr e
e jr e
j2lmax
1
1
Z0
1
1
Z0
2n 2, so from Eq. (2.61), using polar
lmax
Zin
Solution: From Eq. (2.56), lmax

representation for ,
Problem 2.21 A voltage generator with vg t

5 cos 2 109 t V and internal
impedance Zg
50 is connected to a 50- lossless air-spaced transmission
line. The line length is 5 cm and it is terminated in a load with impedance
ZL
100 j100 . Find
(a) at the load.
(b) Zin at the input to the transmission line.
(c) the input voltage Vi and input current Ii .
CHAPTER 2
44
Solution:
(a) From Eq. (2.49a),
0 62e
50
50
j100
j100
j29 7
100
100
Z0
Z0
ZL
ZL
(b) All formulae for Zin require knowledge of up . Since the line is an air line,
up c, and from the expression for vg t we conclude 2 109 rad/s. Therefore
j12 7
12 5
rad
rad
5 cm
rad/m
100 j100
j50 tan
50 j 100 j100 tan
5 cm
j100 tan
j 100
rad/m
20
3
20
3
j50 tan
50
50
j100
100
50
20
rad/m
3
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
ZL
Z0
Z0
Zin
109 rad/s
108 m/s
Then, using Eq. (2.63),
2
3
An alternative solution to this part involves the solution to part (a) and Eq. (2.61).
(c) In phasor domain, Vg 5 V e j0 . From Eq. (2.64),
(V)
(mA)
78 4e j11 5

A 6-m section of 150- lossless line is driven by a source with

(V)
and Zg 150 . If the line, which has a relative permittivity r

in a load ZL
150 j50 nd
(a) on the line,
(b) the reection coefcient at the load,
(c) the input impedance,
30
2 25, is terminated
107 t
5 cos 8
vg t
Problem 2.22
1 4e j34 0
12 5 j12 7
Vi
Zin
j34 0
Ii
1 40e
and also from Eq. (2.64),
12 5 j12 7
12 5 j12 7
5
50

Vg Zin
Zg Zin
Vi
CHAPTER 2
45
(d) the input voltage Vi ,

(e) the time-domain input voltage vi t .
30
~
Vg
5e
j30
107 t
Vg
~
150 I
i
Zg
5 cos 8
vg t
Solution:
Transmission line
+
~
Vi Zin
IL
ZL (150-j50)
~
VL
Z0 = 150
Generator
Load
l=6m
z = -l
Zg
~
Vg
~
Ii
z=0
+
~
Vi
Zin
Figure P2.22: Circuit for Problem 2.22.

(a)
(rad)
2 4
0 4
108
2 108 (m/s)
2 25
2up 2 2 108
5 m
8 107
8 107
0 4 (rad/m)
2 108
3
up
f
up
c
r
up
CHAPTER 2

j22 56
(V)

2 2e
0 44 e j7 44
j30
5e
5e j30 115 7 j27 42

150 115 7 j27 42
115 7 j27 42
5e j30
265 7 j27 42
j27 42
115 70
Vg Zin
Zg Zin
Vi
(d)
ZL jZ0 tan l
Z0 jZL tan l
150 j50
j150 tan 0 4
150
150 j 150 j50 tan 0 4
Z0
Zin
0 4
Since this exceeds 2 (rad), we can subtract 2, which leaves a remainder l

(rad).
ZL Z0 150 j50 150
j50
0 16 e j80 54 .
(b)
ZL Z0 150 j50 150 300 j50
(c)
46
(e)
2 2 cos 8
107t
22 56
e jt
j22 56
2 2e
Vi e jt
vi t
Problem 2.23 Two half-wave dipole antennas, each with impedance of 75 , are
connected in parallel through a pair of transmission lines, and the combination is
connected to a feed transmission line, as shown in Fig. 2.39 (P2.23(a)). All lines are
50 and lossless.
(a) Calculate Zin1 , the input impedance of the antenna-terminated line, at the
parallel juncture.
(b) Combine Zin1 and Zin2 in parallel to obtain ZL , the effective load impedance of
the feedline.
(c) Calculate Zin of the feedline.
35 20
j8 62
ZL1 jZ0 tan l1

Z0 jZL1 tan l1
75 j50 tan 2 0 2
50
50 j75 tan 2 0 2

Z0
Zin1
Solution:
(a)
CHAPTER 2
47
75
(Antenna)
0.2
0.3
Zin1
Zin2
Zin
0.2
75
(Antenna)
Figure P2.23: (a) Circuit for Problem 2.23.
j4 31
17 60
(c)
35 20 j8 62 2
2 35 20 j8 62
Zin1 Zin2
Zin1 Zin2
ZL
(b)
l = 0.3
'
ZL
Zin
107 57
j56 7

17 60 j4 31
j50 tan 2 0 3
50 j 17 60 j4 31 tan 2 0 3
50
Zin
Figure P2.23: (b) Equivalent circuit.
CHAPTER 2
48
Section 2-7: Special Cases

Problem 2.24 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz, it is desired to use a section
of a lossless 50- transmission line terminated in a short circuit to construct an
equivalent load with reactance X 40 . If the phase velocity of the line is 0 75c,
what is the shortest possible line length that would exhibit the desired reactance at its
input?
Solution:
8 38 rad/m
300 106 cycle/s

3 108 m/s
2 rad/cycle
0 75
up
On a lossless short-circuited transmission line, the input impedance is always purely

sc
sc
imaginary; i.e., Zin
jXin . Solving Eq. (2.68) for the line length,
for which the smallest positive solution is 8 05 cm (with n
0 675 n rad
8 38 rad/m
40
50
1
tan
8 38 rad/m
sc
Xin
Z0
1
tan
0).
Problem 2.25 A lossless transmission line is terminated in a short circuit. How

long (in wavelengths) should the line be in order for it to appear as an open circuit at
its input terminals?
j .
n
2
This is evident from Figure 2.15(d).
sc
n , then Zin

2 2
jZ0 tan l. If l
sc
Solution: From Eq. (2.68), Zin
Hence,
Problem 2.26 The input impedance of a 31-cm-long lossless transmission line of

unknown characteristic impedance was measured at 1 MHz. With the line terminated
in a short circuit, the measurement yielded an input impedance equivalent to an
inductor with inductance of 0.064 H, and when the line was open circuited, the
measurement yielded an input impedance equivalent to a capacitor with capacitance
of 40 pF. Find Z0 of the line, the phase velocity, and the relative permittivity of the
insulating material.
0 064
106
10
j2
106 rad/s, so
j0 4
jL
6 28
sc
Zin
2 f
Solution: Now
CHAPTER 2
49
j4000 .
j0 4
j4000
12
40 Using

j4000
j0 4
1 95 106
m/s
0 01 n
0 31
106

6 28
sc
oc
Zin Zin

tan
tan
10
up
106 40
sc oc
Zin Zin

oc
and Zin 1 jC 1 j2
From Eq. (2.74), Z0
Eq. (2.75),
where n
0 for the plus sign and n
1 for the minus sign. For n
0,
up 1 94 108 m/s 0 65c and r
c up 2 1 0 652 2 4. For other values
of n, up is very slow and r is unreasonably high.

Problem 2.27 A 75- resistive load is preceded by a 4 section of a 50- lossless

line, which itself is preceded by another 4 section of a 100- line. What is the input
impedance?
Solution: The input impedance of the 4 section of line closest to the load is found
from Eq. (2.77):
33 33
502
75
2
Z0
ZL
Zin
The input impedance of the line section closest to the load can be considered as the
load impedance of the next section of the line. By reapplying Eq. (2.77), the next
section of 4 line is taken into account:
1002
33 33
2
Z0
ZL
300
Zin
Problem 2.28 A 100-MHz FM broadcast station uses a 300- transmission line

between the transmitter and a tower-mounted half-wave dipole antenna. The antenna
impedance is 73 . You are asked to design a quarter-wave transformer to match the
antenna to the line.
(a) Determine the electrical length and characteristic impedance of the quarterwave section.
(b) If the quarter-wave section is a two-wire line with d 2 5 cm, and the spacing
between the wires is made of polystyrene with r 2 6, determine the physical
length of the quarter-wave section and the radius of the two wire conductors.
CHAPTER 2
50
Solution:
(a) For a match condition, the input impedance of a load must match that of the
transmission line attached to the generator. A line of electrical length 4 can be
used. From Eq. (2.77), the impedance of such a line should be
148
0 465 m
3 108
4 2 6 100 106

and, from Table 2-2,
c
4 r f
up
4f
73
300
(b)
Zin ZL
Z0
d
2a
Hence,
d
2a
120
ln
Z0
148 2 6
120
1 99
d
2a
d
2a
ln
which leads to
3 36 mm.
25 cm 7 44
7 31

d 7 44
d
2a

and whose solution is a
d
2a
Problem 2.29 A 50-MHz generator with Z g

50 is connected to a load
ZL
50 j25 . The time-average power transferred from the generator into the
load is maximum when Zg ZL where ZL is the complex conjugate of ZL . To achieve
this condition without changing Z g , the effective load impedance can be modied by
adding an open-circuited line in series with Z L , as shown in Fig. 2-40 (P2.29). If the
lines Z0 100 , determine the shortest length of line (in wavelengths) necessary
for satisfying the maximum-power-transfer condition.
Solution: Since the real part of Z L is equal to Zg , our task is to nd l such that the
input impedance of the line is Z in
j25 , thereby cancelling the imaginary part
of ZL (once ZL and the input impedance the line are added in series). Hence, using
Eq. (2.73),
j100 cot l j25
CHAPTER 2
51
Z 0 = 100
50
+
~
Vg
Z L (50-j25)
Figure P2.29: Transmission-line arrangement for Problem 2.29.
0 25
1 326 or 1 816
which leads to
25
100
cot l
or
Since l cannot be negative, the rst solution is discarded. The second solution leads
to
1 816
1 816
l
0 29
Problem 2.30 A 50- lossless line of length l 0 375 connects a 300-MHz

generator with Vg 300 V and Zg 50 to a load ZL . Determine the time-domain
current through the load for:
(a) ZL
50 j50
(b) ZL 50 ,
(c) ZL 0 (short circuit).
j50
100
j50 tan 135

j50 tan 135
j63 43
50 j50
50 j 50
50
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
ZL
Z0
Z0
0 45 e
Zin
j50
100 j50
Application of Eq. (2.63) gives:
50
50
j50
j50
135 .
50
50
2 36 (rad)
Z0
Z0
0 375
ZL
ZL
j50 , l
50
Solution:
(a) ZL
CHAPTER 2
52
50
~
Vg
Transmission line
ZL (50-j50)
Z0 = 50
Zin
-
l = 0.375
Generator
Load
z = -l
~
Vg
~
Ii
Zg
z=0
~
Vi
Zin
Figure P2.30: Circuit for Problem 2.30(a).

Using Eq. (2.66) gives
(A)
108 44
2 68 e
j108 44
108 t
j63 43
108t
0 45 e
j135
(A)
2 68 cos 6
e j6
j108 44
2 68 e
150 e j135
1
50
j63 43
(V)
1
0 45 e
e j135
V0
1
Z0
IL e jt
j135
jl
150 e
1
e
e jl
Vg Zin
Zg Zin
300 100 j50

50 100 j50
IL
iL t
V0
CHAPTER 2
53
(b)
(A)
jZ0 tan 135

jZ0 tan 135
j50 ()
Z0 0
300 j50
1
150 e j135 (V)
j135
50 j50
e
e j135
V0
150 e j135
1
1 1 6e j135 (A)
Z0
50
6 cos 6 108 t 135
(A)
135
108 t
IL
3 cos 6
Z0
V0
Zin
108 t
(A)
(V)
ZL
(c)
j135
3e
j135
e j6
j135
150 e
3e
iL t
iL t
300 50
1
50 50 e j135
V0
150 j135
e
Z0
50
50
IL
V0
Z0
Zin
50
ZL
Section 2-8: Power Flow on Lossless Line
Problem 2.31 A generator with Vg 300 V and Zg 50 is connected to a load

ZL 75 through a 50- lossless line of length l 0 15.
(a) Compute Zin , the input impedance of the line at the generator end.
(b) Compute Ii and Vi .
(c) Compute the time-average power delivered to the line, Pin 1
Vi Ii .
2
(d) Compute VL , IL , and the time-average power delivered to the load,
PL 1
VL IL . How does Pin compare to PL ? Explain.
2
(e) Compute the time average power delivered by the generator, Pg , and the time
average power dissipated in Zg . Is conservation of power satised?
Solution:
CHAPTER 2
54
50
~
Vg
Transmission line
75
Z0 = 50
Zin
-
l = 0.15
Generator
Load
z = -l
~
Ii
Zg
~
Vg
z=0
~
Vi
Zin
Figure P2.31: Circuit for Problem 2.31.
(V)
j11 46
143 6 e
(A)
3 24 e j10 16
j16 35
j16 35
41 25
3 24 e j10 16 41 25
50
300
41 25 j16 35
Ii Zin
Zin
j50 tan 54
j75 tan 54
Vi
Zg
75
50
Vg
Ii
50
(b)
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
ZL
Z0
Z0
54
Zin
0 15
(a)
CHAPTER 2
55
(c)
1
143 6 e j11 46 3 24 e j10 16
2
143 6 3 24
cos 21 62
216 (W)
2

Vi Ii
1
2
Pin
(d)
(V)
(V)
150e j54
1 02
2 4 e j54 (A)
50
1
180e j54 2 4 e j54
216 (W)
2
j54
180e
j54
02
j54
150e
150e
V0
1
Z0
1
VL IL
2
143 6 e j11 46
e j54 0 2 e j54
PL
jl
02
IL
e jl
V0 1
VL
1
e
50
50
Vi
75
75
V0
Z0
Z0
ZL
ZL
PL Pin , which is as expected because the line is lossless; power input to the line
ends up in the load.
(e)
Power delivered by generator:
486 cos 10 16
3 24 e j10 16
300
1
2
Vg Ii
478 4
(W)
50
262 4
(W)
1
2
Pg
Power dissipated in Zg :
478 4 W.
1
3 24
2
Pin
1 2
Ii Zg
2
PZg
Ii Ii Zg
Note 1: Pg
1
2
IiVZg
1
2
PZg
Problem 2.32 If the two-antenna conguration shown in Fig. 2-41 (P2.32) is

connected to a generator with Vg 250 V and Zg 50 , how much average power
is delivered to each antenna?
Solution: Since line 2 is 2 in length, the input impedance is the same as

ZL1 75 . The same is true for line 3. At junction CD, we now have two 75-
impedances in parallel, whose combination is 75 2 37 5 . Line 1 is 2 long.
Hence at AC, input impedance of line 1 is 37.5 , and
2 86
(A)
Zin
Zg
250
50 37 5
Vg
Ii
CHAPTER 2
56
ZL1 = 75
(Antenna 1)
/2
50
2
ne
Li
/2
A
C
Line 1
Z in
250 V
-
Generator
/2
Li
ne
3
ZL 2 = 75
(Antenna 2)
Figure P2.32: Antenna conguration for Problem 2.32.

2
37 5
153 37
(W)
2 86

Ii Ii Zin
1
2
IiVi
1
2
Pin
This is divided equally between the two antennas. Hence, each antenna receives
153 37
76 68 (W).
2
Problem 2.33 For the circuit shown in Fig. 2-42 (P2.33), calculate the average
incident power, the average reected power, and the average power transmitted into
the innite 100- line. The 2 line is lossless and the innitely long line is
slightly lossy. (Hint: The input impedance of an innitely long line is equal to its
characteristic impedance so long as 0.)
Solution: Considering the semi-innite transmission line as equivalent to a load

(since all power sent down the line is lost to the rest of the circuit), Z L Z1 100 .
Since the feed line is 2 in length, Eq. (2.76) gives Z in
ZL
100 and
jl
l
2 2
, so e
1. From Eq. (2.49a),
50
50
1
3
100
100
Z0
Z0
ZL
ZL
CHAPTER 2
57
50
/2
+
Z0 = 50
2V
Z1 = 100
t
Pav
i
Pav
r
Pav
Figure P2.33: Line terminated in an innite line.
8 9 mW
1 1 mW
10 0 mW
1 1 mW
10 mW
1
3
r
Pav
i
Pav
Pav
10 0 mW
t
Pav
i
2 Pav
1e j180 2
2 50
1
3
r
Pav
V0
2Z0
1 (V)
From Eqs. (2.84), (2.85), and (2.86),

i
Pav
1e j180
2 100
50 100
jl
1
e
e jl
Vg Zin
Zg Zin
V0
2e j0 (V). Plugging all these
Also, converting the generator to a phasor gives Vg

results into Eq. (2.66),
Problem 2.34 An antenna with a load impedance Z L

75 j25 is connected to
a transmitter through a 50- lossless transmission line. If under matched conditions
(50- load), the transmitter can deliver 20 W to the load, how much power does it
deliver to the antenna? Assume Z g Z0 .
CHAPTER 2
58
Solution: From Eqs. (2.66) and (2.61),

0 277e j33 6
20 W.
18 46 W.
0 2772
50
50
20 W 1
75
75
20 W 1
j25
j25
Z0
Z0
so Pav
ZL
ZL
8Z0
Under the matched condition, 0 and PL 20 W, so Vg

75 j25 , from Eq. (2.49a),
When ZL

Vg 2
1
8Z0
jl
1
2 Vg e
2Z0
1
jl 2
2 Vg e
j2l
j2l
jl
j2l
V0 2
1
2Z0
Vg e
j2l
e jl
1 e j2l
jl
Vg e
jl
Vg Z0 1 e j2l 1 e j2l
Z0 Z0 1 e j2l 1 e j2l
Thus, in Eq. (2.86),

Pav
1
e
e jl
Vg Zin
Zg Zin
V0
Section 2-9: Smith Chart

Problem 2.35 Use the Smith chart to nd the reection coefcient corresponding
to a load impedance:
(a) ZL 3Z0 ,
(b) ZL
2 2 j Z0 ,
(c) ZL
2 jZ0 ,
(d) ZL 0 (short circuit).
0 5e0
0 62e 29 7
1 0e 53 1
1 0e180 0

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.35.

(a) Point A is zL 3 j0.
(b) Point B is zL 2 j2.
(c) Point C is zL 0 j2.
(d) Point D is zL 0 j0.
CHAPTER 2
59
1.0
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.35
80
0.1
1.8
31
0.
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
0.15
0.35
1.2
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
0.2
1.8
.43
0.3
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.6
0.
06
0.15
0.36
90
0.5
.07
0.
44
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.2
0.0
110
0.8
.41
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.4
0.39
Figure P2.35: Solution of Problem 2.35.
Problem 2.36 Use the Smith chart to nd the normalized load impedance
corresponding to a reection coefcient:
(a) 0 5,
(b) 0 5 60 ,
(c)
1,
(d) 0 3 30 ,
(e) 0,
(f) j.
CHAPTER 2
60
0.35
80
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.15
0.36
0.1
70
0.3
1.4
0.7
0.1
31
0.
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
50
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
1.2
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
0.2
1.8
.43
1.8
0.6
0.3
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.5
.07
0.
06
90
0.8
0.0
0.
44
110
.41
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.11
-100
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.4
0.39

0 5 at zL 3 j0.
0 5e j60 at zL 1 j1 15.
1 at zL 0 j0.
0 3e j30 at zL 1 60 j0 53.
0 at zL 1 j0.
j at zL 0 j1.

(a) Point A is
(b) Point B is
(c) Point C is
(d) Point D is
(e) Point E is
(f) Point F is
Problem 2.37 On a lossless transmission line terminated in a load Z L 100 ,

the standing-wave ratio was measured to be 2.5. Use the Smith chart to nd the two
possible values of Z0 .
CHAPTER 2
61
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.37. S 2 5 is at point L1 and the constant SWR

circle is shown. zL is real at only two places on the SWR circle, at L1, where
zL S 2 5, and L2, where zL 1 S 0 4. so Z01 ZL zL1 100 2 5 40
and Z02 ZL zL2 100 0 4 250 .
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.8
1.2

0.1
3
2.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
4.0
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
50
20
10
L1
5.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
L2
4.0
0.
0.1
0.4
20
3.0
0.2
20
10
2.0
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
4
1.4
-70
0.15
0.35
1.2
0.3
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.1
1.0
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CA
-12 0.08
PAC
0
ITI
VE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
E
30
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.5
31
0.
-5
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
31
R
,O
o)
0.3
1.8
0.6
1.6
60
0.2
1.8
0.
06
1.0
120
0.1
70
0.
44
0.35
80
19
0.
0.
3
0.4
0
13
0.0
0.15
0.36
90
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
US
S
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
2
0.4
110
0.4
0.14
0.37
0.38

0.0
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.4
0.39
Problem 2.38 A lossless 50- transmission line is terminated in a load with

ZL
50 j25 . Use the Smith chart to nd the following:
(a) the reection coefcient ,
(b) the standing-wave ratio,
(c) the input impedance at 0 35 from the load,
CHAPTER 2
62
(d) the input admittance at 0 35 from the load,

(e) the shortest line length for which the input impedance is purely resistive,
(f) the position of the rst voltage maximum from the load.
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
0.1
3
50
0.4
0.106
3.0
0.6
0.2
0.3
9
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
Z-LOAD
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
SWR
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
Z-IN
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
1.2
0.1
0.3
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.9
1.0
0.1
3
-90
0.12
0.13
0.11
-100
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.8
0.350
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
2.0
0.2
40
R
,O
o)
0.3
1.8
0.6
1.6
60
0.5
120
0.35
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
31
0.
0.
44
13
80
19
0.
0.
06
0.15
0.36
90
1.8
.43
0.14
0.37
0.38
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
US
ES
V
TI
CI
PA
CA
2
0.4
0.8
.07
110
.41
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.4
0.39

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.38. The normalized impedance
1
j0 5
j25
50
50
zL
is at point Z-LOAD.
(a) 0 24e j76 0 The angle of the reection coefcient is read of that scale at
the point r .
CHAPTER 2
63
(b) At the point SW R: S 1 64.

(c) Zin is 0 350 from the load, which is at 0 144 on the wavelengths to generator
scale. So point Z-IN is at 0 144 0 350 0 494 on the WTG scale. At point
Z-IN:
32 7
j1 17 mS
1 64 j0 06
50
yin
Z0
(d) At the point on the SWR circle opposite Z-IN,
Yin
j1 09
30 5
50
j0 022
0 61
zin Z0
Zin
(e) Traveling from the point Z-LOAD in the direction of the generator (clockwise),
the SWR circle crosses the xL 0 line rst at the point SWR. To travel from Z-LOAD
to SWR one must travel 0 250 0 144 0 106. (Readings are on the wavelengths
to generator scale.) So the shortest line length would be 0 106.
(f) The voltage max occurs at point SWR. From the previous part, this occurs at
0 106.
z
Problem 2.39 A lossless 50- transmission line is terminated in a short circuit.

Use the Smith chart to nd
(a) the input impedance at a distance 2 3 from the load,
(b) the distance from the load at which the input admittance is Yin
j0 04 S.

(a) For a short, zin 0 j0. This is point Z-SHORT and is at 0 000 on the WTG
scale. Since a lossless line repeats every 2, traveling 2 3 toward the generator is
equivalent to traveling 0 3 toward the generator. This point is at A : Z-IN, and
j154
50

j3 08
zin Z0
Zin
(b) The admittance of a short is at point Y -SHORT and is at 0 250 on the WTG
scale:
50
j2
j0 04 S
Yin Z0
yin
which is point B : Y -IN and is at 0 324 on the WTG scale. Therefore, the line length
is 0 324 0 250 0 074. Any integer half wavelengths farther is also valid.
CHAPTER 2
64
1.0
0.9
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.1
1.6
1.8
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Z-SHORT
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
Y-SHORT
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
8
0.1
0
-5
1.8
2.0
0.5
31
0.
B:Y-IN
0.2
1.4
1.2
0.15
0.35
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
-70
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.8
1.6
-60
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.074
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
A:Z-IN
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
0.2
1.8
.43
0.3
60
0.6
0.
06
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.5
.07
0.
44
0.15
0.35
80
1.2
0.0
110
0.36
90
0.8
.41
0.300
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.11
-100
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.4
0.39
15
j0 7.
j0 7. The reciprocal of
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.40. The point Z represents 1 5

point Z is at point Y , which is at 0 55 j0 26.
Use the Smith chart to nd yL if zL
Problem 2.40
CHAPTER 2
65
1.0
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.35
80
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
3.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
10
0.1
0.6
-20
8
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
1.2
-70
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
-90
0.12
0.13
0.11
-100
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
2.0
0.2
1.8
.43
0.3
1.8
0.6
0.
06
0.15
0.36
90
0.5
.07
0.
44
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.2
0.0
110
0.8
.41
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.4
0.39
Problem 2.41 A lossless 100- transmission line 3 8 in length is terminated in

an unknown impedance. If the input impedance is Z in
j2 5 ,
(a) use the Smith chart to nd ZL .
(b) What length of open-circuit line could be used to replace Z L ?
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.41. zin Zin Z0

j2 5 100 0 0 j0 025 which
is at point Z-IN and is at 0 004 on the wavelengths to load scale.
(a) Point Z-LOAD is 0 375 toward the load from the end of the line. Thus, on the
wavelength to load scale, it is at 0 004 0 375 0 379.
j95
100
j0 95
zL Z0
ZL
CHAPTER 2
66
1.0
0.9
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.1
1.6
1.8
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
Z-OPEN
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.4
0.15
1.2
-70
0.14
-80
0.35
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
1.6
-60
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.375
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
0.1
0.3
2.0
13
0.3
60
0.2
1.8
.43
0
0.
06
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.6
Z-IN
0.15
0.35
80
0.5
.07
0.
44
Z-LOAD
1.2
0.0
110
0.36
90
0.8
.41
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.11
-100
-90
0.13
0.12
0.37
0.4
0.39
0.38
0.246

(b) An open circuit is located at point Z-OPEN, which is at 0 250 on the
j0 025 must
wavelength to load scale. Therefore, an open circuited line with Z in
have a length of 0 250 0 004 0 246.
0 29
1
1
1 8 at point
S
S
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.42. The SWR circle must pass through S
SWR. A circle of this radius has
60 , use the
1 8 and r
Problem 2.42 A 75- lossless line is 0 6 long. If S

Smith chart to nd , ZL , and Zin .
CHAPTER 2
67
1.0
0.9
0.35
80
1.2
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.0
0.15
0.36
90
0.8
110
.41
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.1
2.0
0.4
0.2
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
SWR
4.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
Z-IN
10
0.1
Z-LOAD
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
1.2
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.11
-100
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
3.0
0.
06
40
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
31
0.
R
,O
o)
19
0.
0.
44
13
2.0
0.2
1.8
.43
1.8
0.6
0.5
.07
0.3
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.4
0.39
0.100

60 . The angle of the reection
The load must have a reection coefcient with r
coefcient is read off that scale at the point r . The intersection of the circle of
constant and the line of constant r is at the load, point Z-LOAD, which has a
value zL 1 15 j0 62. Thus,
86 5
75
j46 6
j0 62
1 15
zL Z0
ZL
A 0 6 line is equivalent to a 0 1 line. On the WTG scale, Z-LOAD is at 0 333,

so Z-IN is at 0 333 0 100 0 433 and has a value
j0 29
0 63
zin
CHAPTER 2
68
j21 8 .
47 0
75
j0 29
0 63
zin Z0
Therefore Zin
Problem 2.43 Using a slotted line on a 50- air-spaced lossless line, the following
measurements were obtained: S 1 6, V max occurred only at 10 cm and 24 cm from
the load. Use the Smith chart to nd Z L .
1.2
1.4
0.9
0.8
0.1
1.6
60
1.8
0.5
0.
50
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
SWR
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
1.8
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
10
0.1
Z-LOAD
.6
0
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
CAP
-1
AC
20 .08
ITI
VE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
0.15
0.35
1.2
-70
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
2.0
0.2
31
R
,O
o)
0.3
0.
44
19
0.
0.3
0.
06
3
0.4
0
13
0.1
70
0.6
7
0.0
0.35
80
Yo)
0
jB/
120
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
.42
0.15
0.36
90
0.7
0.0
110
1
0.4
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.0
0.4
0.0
0.357
0.39
100
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.4
0.39

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.43. The point SWR denotes the fact that S 1 6.
This point is also the location of a voltage maximum. From the knowledge of the
locations of adjacent maxima we can determine that 2 24 cm 10 cm
28 cm.
10 cm
Therefore, the load is 28 cm 0 357 from the rst voltage maximum, which is at
0 250 on the WTL scale. Traveling this far on the SWR circle we nd point Z-LOAD
CHAPTER 2
41 0
50
j0 39
j19 5 .
0 82
j0 39
zL Z0
0 82
zL
Therefore ZL
0 107 on the WTL scale, and here
0 500
0 357
at 0 250
69
Problem 2.44 At an operating frequency of 5 GHz, a 50- lossless coaxial line

with insulating material having a relative permittivity r 2 25 is terminated in an
antenna with an impedance ZL 150 . Use the Smith chart to nd Z in . The line
length is 30 cm.
Solution: To use the Smith chart the line length must be converted into wavelengths.
Since 2 and up ,
108 m/s
5 109 Hz
3
2 25
0 04 m
7 5. Since this is an integral number of half wavelengths,

ZL
150
Zin
0 30 m
0 04 m
c
r f
2up
Hence, l
Section 2-10: Impedance Matching

Problem 2.45 A 50- lossless line 0 6 long is terminated in a load with
ZL
50 j25 . At 0 3 from the load, a resistor with resistance R 30 is
connected as shown in Fig. 2-43 (P2.45(a)). Use the Smith chart to nd Z in .
Z0 = 50
0.3
Zin
30
Z0 = 50
ZL
0.3
ZL = (50 + j25)
CHAPTER 2
70
1.0
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.35
80
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
Y-IN
0.6
Z-LOAD
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
50
4.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
3.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
10
0.1
Y-LOAD
0.6
Z-IN
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
1.8
2.0
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
1.2
-70
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.11
-100
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.3
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
2.0
0.2
1.8
.43
0.3
1.8
0.6
0.
06
0.15
0.36
90
0.5
.07
0.
44
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.2
0.300 0.08
110
0.8
.41
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.4
0.39
0.300
Figure P2.45: (b) Solution of Problem 2.45.

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.45(b). Since the 30- resistor is in parallel with the input
impedance at that point, it is advantageous to convert all quantities to admittances.
1
j25
50
j0 5
50
ZL
Z0
zL
and is located at point Z-LOAD. The corresponding normalized load admittance is

at point Y -LOAD, which is at 0 394 on the WTG scale. The input admittance of
the load only at the shunt conductor is at 0 394 0 300 0 500 0 194 and is
denoted by point A. It has a value of
j0 45
1 37
yinA
CHAPTER 2
71
The shunt conductance has a normalized conductance

1 67
50
30
The normalized admittance of the shunt conductance in parallel with the input
admittance of the load is the sum of their admittances:
1 37
j0 45
3 04
1 67
j0 45
yinA
yinB
and is located at point B. On the WTG scale, point B is at 0 242. The input
admittance of the entire circuit is at 0 242 0 300 0 500 0 042 and is
denoted by point Y -IN. The corresponding normalized input impedance is at Z-IN
and has a value of
j1 4

j70
95
50
j1 4
19

A 50- lossless line is to be matched to an antenna with
j20
75
ZL
Problem 2.46
zin Z0
Zin
Thus,
19
zin
using a shorted stub. Use the Smith chart to determine the stub length and the distance
between the antenna and the stub.
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.46(a) and Fig. P2.46(b), which represent two different
solutions.
15
j0 4
j20
50
75
ZL
Z0
zL
and is located at point Z-LOAD in both gures. Since it is advantageous to work in

admittance coordinates, yL is plotted as point Y -LOAD in both gures. Y -LOAD is at
0 041 on the WTG scale.
For the rst solution in Fig. P2.46(a), point Y -LOAD-IN-1 represents the point
at which g 1 on the SWR circle of the load. Y -LOAD-IN-1 is at 0 145 on the
WTG scale, so the stub should be located at 0 145 0 041 0 104 from the
load (or some multiple of a half wavelength further). At Y -LOAD-IN-1, b 0 52,
so a stub with an input admittance of ystub 0 j0 52 is required. This point is
Y -STUB-IN-1 and is at 0 423 on the WTG scale. The short circuit admittance
CHAPTER 2
72
1.0
0.1
70
0.3
1.4
0.7
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
Y-LOAD-IN-1
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
Y-LOAD
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
Y-SHT
50
0.2
20
Z-LOAD
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
1.2
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.9
-70
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.173
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.8
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
2
Y-STUB-IN-1
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
0.2
1.8
.43
0.3
1.8
0.6
0.
06
0.35
80
0.5
.07
0.
44
0.15
0.36
90
1.2
0.0
110
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.9
.41
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.104
0.11
-100
0.4
0.39
Figure P2.46: (a) First solution to Problem 2.46.

is denoted by point Y -SHT, located at 0 250. Therefore, the short stub must be
0 423 0 250 0 173 long (or some multiple of a half wavelength longer).
For the second solution in Fig. P2.46(b), point Y -LOAD-IN-2 represents the point
WTG scale, so the stub should be located at 0 355 0 041 0 314 from the
load (or some multiple of a half wavelength further). At Y -LOAD-IN-2, b
0 52,
so a stub with an input admittance of ystub 0 j0 52 is required. This point is
Y -STUB-IN-2 and is at 0 077 on the WTG scale. The short circuit admittance
0 077 0 250 0 500 0 327 long (or some multiple of a half wavelength
CHAPTER 2
73
1.0
0.1
70
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.35
80
0.1
31
0.
0.4
0.314
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
Y-LOAD
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
Y-SHT
50
0.2
20
Z-LOAD
0.4
10
0.1
Y-LOAD-IN-2
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.4
1.2
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.15
0.35
1.0
-70
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
1.6
-60
0.1
0.3
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
2
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.4
0.327
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
0.1
0.3
2.0
13
1.8
0.2
Y-STUB-IN-2
1.8
.43
0.3
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.6
0.
06
0.15
0.36
90
0.5
.07
0.
44
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.2
110
0.8
.41
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
0.39
Figure P2.46: (b) Second solution to Problem 2.46.

longer).
100
Repeat Problem 2.46 for a load with Z L
j50 .
Problem 2.47
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.47(a) and Fig. P2.47(b), which represent two different
solutions.
ZL 100 j50
zL
2 j1
Z0
50
and is located at point Z-LOAD in both gures. Since it is advantageous to work in

admittance coordinates, yL is plotted as point Y -LOAD in both gures. Y -LOAD is at
0 463 on the WTG scale.
CHAPTER 2
74
1.0
0.3
1.4
0.9
0.1
70
0.7
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.2
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
1.0
0.28
5.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
Z-LOAD
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
1.8
0.
0.3
Y-LOAD-IN-1
Y-SHT
50
0.2
20
0.1
0.4
Y-LOAD
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.4
19
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
0.15
1.2
-70
0.14
-80
0.35
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
0.1
3
0.7
0.125
0.3
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
2
Y-STUB-IN-1
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
0.1
0.3
2.0
13
0.3
1.8
.43
0.
06
0.35
80
0.6
0.
44
0.15
0.36
90
0.5
.07
0.199
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.2
110
0.8
.41
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.4
0.39
Figure P2.47: (a) First solution to Problem 2.47.

For the rst solution in Fig. P2.47(a), point Y -LOAD-IN-1 represents the point
WTG scale, so the stub should be located at 0 162 0 463 0 500 0 199
from the load (or some multiple of a half wavelength further). At Y -LOAD-IN-1,
b 1, so a stub with an input admittance of ystub 0 j1 is required. This point
is Y -STUB-IN-1 and is at 0 375 on the WTG scale. The short circuit admittance
0 375 0 250 0 125 long (or some multiple of a half wavelength longer).
For the second solution in Fig. P2.47(b), point Y -LOAD-IN-2 represents the point
CHAPTER 2
75
1.0
0.3
1.4
0.9
0.1
70
0.7
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
31
0.
0.4
0.2
40
0.3
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
Z-LOAD
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
Y-SHT
50
0.2
20
0.1
0.4
Y-LOAD
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
1.2
-70
0.15
0.35
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.4
19
0.
0.
44
0.3
-4
0.
0.2
0.2
0.375
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
Y-LOAD-IN-2
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
2.0
13
0.2
1.8
.43
0.3
1.8
0.6
0.
06
0.15
0.36
80
Y-STUB-IN-2 0.35
0.5
.07
0.
44
90
0.375
0.14
0.37
0.38
1.2
110
0.8
.41
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.4
0.39
Figure P2.47: (b) Second solution to Problem 2.47.

WTG scale, so the stub should be located at 0 338 0 463 0 500 0 375
from the load (or some multiple of a half wavelength further). At Y -LOAD-IN-2,
b
1, so a stub with an input admittance of ystub 0 j1 is required. This point
is Y -STUB-IN-2 and is at 0 125 on the WTG scale. The short circuit admittance
0 125 0 250 0 500 0 375 long (or some multiple of a half wavelength
longer).
Problem 2.48 Use the Smith chart to nd Z in of the feed line shown in Fig. 2-44
(P2.48(a)). All lines are lossless with Z 0 50 .
CHAPTER 2
76
Z1 = (50 + j50)
Z1
0.3
0.3
Zin
0.7
Z2
Z2 = (50 - j50)
Figure P2.48: (a) Circuit of Problem 2.48.
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.48(b).
Z2
Z0
j50
50
50
j1
Z1
Z0
z1
and is at point Z-LOAD-1.
50
j50
50
j1
z2
and is at point Z-LOAD-2. Since at the junction the lines are in parallel, it is
advantageous to solve the problem using admittances. y 1 is point Y -LOAD-1, which
is at 0 412 on the WTG scale. y2 is point Y -LOAD-2, which is at 0 088 on the
WTG scale. Traveling 0 300 from Y -LOAD-1 toward the generator one obtains the
input admittance for the upper feed line, point Y -IN-1, with a value of 1 97 j1 02.
Since traveling 0 700 is equivalent to traveling 0 200 on any transmission line,
the input admittance for the lower line feed is found at point Y -IN-2, which has a
value of 1 97 j1 02. The admittance of the two lines together is the sum of their
admittances: 1 97 j1 02 1 97 j1 02 3 94 j0 and is denoted Y -JU NCT .
0 300 from Y -JU NCT toward the generator is the input admittance of the entire
feed line, point Y -IN, from which Z-IN is found.
j89 5
82 5
50
j1 79
1 65
zin Z0
Zin
CHAPTER 2
77
1.2
1.0
0.3
1.4
0.9
0.1
70
0.7
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
1.8
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.200
0.2
0.6
Y-IN-1
10
0.1
0.4
20
Y-JUNCT
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
1.8
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
Y-IN-2
10
0.1
0.6
8
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
0.15
1.2
0.14
-80
0.35
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.11
-100
-90
0.13
0.12
0.37
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.3
0.5
31
0.
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.4
19
0.
0.
0.39
0.38
0.4
0.300
0.3
-4
44
0.2
0.
0.2
0.2
-30
0.3
0.28
0.47
Z-IN
Z-LOAD-2
0.22
Y-LOAD-1
-20
1.0
0.
0.2
0.
0.22
Z-LOAD-1
4.0
1.0
Y-IN
0.2
30
0.8
Y-LOAD-2
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
31
0.
R
,O
o)
0.3
2.0
13
0.2
1.6
0.
06
0.35
80
19
0.
0.
44
0.15
0.36
90
0.6
.43
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.300
7
110
.41
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
9
0.0
Figure P2.48: (b) Solution of Problem 2.48.
Problem 2.49 Repeat Problem 2.48 for the case where all three transmission lines
are 4 in length.
Solution: Since the transmission lines are in parallel, it is advantageous to express

loads in terms of admittances. In the upper branch, which is a quarter wave line,
Y02
Y1
Z1
2
Z0
Y1 in
CHAPTER 2
78
and similarly for the lower branch,
Z2
2
Z0
Y02
Y2
Y2 in
Thus, the total load at the junction is
Z1
Y2 in
Z2
Y1 in
2
Z0
YJCT
Therefore, since the common transmission line is also quarter-wave,

j50
50
j50
50
Z2
Z1
2
Z0 YJCT
2
Z0 ZJCT
100
Zin
Section 2-11: Transients on Transmission Lines
Problem 2.50 Generate a bounce diagram for the voltage V z t for a 1-m long
lossless line characterized by Z 0 50 and up 2c 3 (where c is the velocity of
light) if the line is fed by a step voltage applied at t 0 by a generator circuit with
Vg 60 V and Rg 100 . The line is terminated in a load Z L 25 . Use the
bounce diagram to plot V t at a point midway along the length of the line from t 0
to t 25 ns.
Solution:
5 ns
20 V
3
3 108
1
3
l
2c 3
1
3
l
up
60 50
100 50
50
150
25
75
Also,
Vg Z0
Rg Z0
V1
100 50
100 50
25 50
25 50
From Eq. (2.124b),
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
Rg
Rg
ZL
ZL
The bounce diagram is shown in Fig. P2.50(a) and the plot of V t in Fig. P2.50(b).
CHAPTER 2
79
Voltage
= g = 1
3
z=0
= L = - 1
3
z = 0.5 m
z=1m
V1+ = 20V
5 ns
-6.67 V
10 ns
-2.22 V
15 ns
0.74 V
20 ns
0.25 V
25 ns
-0.08 V
Figure P2.50: (a) Bounce diagram for Problem 2.50.
V(0.5 m, t)
20 V
20 V
13.34 V
10
11.12 V
11.86 V
12.10 V
15
20
25
Figure P2.50: (b) Time response of voltage.
t (ns)
CHAPTER 2
80
Problem 2.51
Repeat Problem 2.50 for the current I on the line.
Solution:
04A
60
100 50
Z0
1
3
1
3
Rg
Vg
I1
100 50
100 50
25 50
25 50
From Eq. (2.124a),
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
Rg
Rg
ZL
ZL
The bounce diagram is shown in Fig. P2.51(a) and I t in Fig. P2.51(b).

Current
z = 0.5 m
= -g = - 1
3
z=0
= -L = 1
3
z=1m
I1+ = 0.4 A
5 ns
0.133 A
10 ns
-0.044 A
15 ns
-0.015 A
20 ns
5 10-3 A
25 ns
Figure P2.51: (a) Bounce diagram for Problem 2.51.
CHAPTER 2
81
I(0.5 m, t)
0.533 A
0.489 A
0.474 A
0.479 A
15
20
25
0.4 A
10
t (ns)
Figure P2.51: (b) Time response of current.
Problem 2.52 In response to a step voltage, the voltage waveform shown in Fig.
2-45 (P2.52) was observed at the sending end of a lossless transmission line with
Rg 50 , Z0 50 , and r 2 25. Determine (a) the generator voltage, (b) the
length of the line, and (c) the load impedance.
V(0, t)
5V
3V
z
6 s
Figure P2.52: Observed voltage at sending end.
10 V.
Vg Z0
Z0 Z0
2V1
which gives Vg
Vg Z0
Rg Z0
V1
Vg
2
5 V. Applying Eq. (2.124b),
Solution:
(a) From the gure, V1
CHAPTER 2
82
c
3 108
2 108 m/s. The rst change in the waveform occurs
r
2 25
6 s. But t 2l up . Hence,
108
600 m
0 and the change in level from 5 V down

2
5
04
V1
V1
or L
LV1

(c) Since Rg Z0 , g 0. Hence V2

to 3 V is due to V1
2 V. But
V1
10
2
tp
2
at t
(b) up
From
1
1
04
04

50
21 43
L
L
1
1
Z0
ZL
Problem 2.53 In response to a step voltage, the voltage waveform shown in Fig.
2.46 (P2.53) was observed at the sending end of a shorted line with Z 0 50 and
r 4. Determine Vg , Rg , and the line length.
V(0, t)
12 V
3V
0.75 V
7 s
14 s
108 m/s
15
2l
15
108

525 m.
Hence, l
7 s
108
4
2l
10 6 s
up
c
r

up
Solution:
CHAPTER 2
83
Vg
30
30
50
50
12
or
0 25
0 25
1
1
19 2 V.
Vg Z0
Rg Z0
50
which gives Vg
V1
g
g
(because L
0 25. From Eq. (2.128),
Also,
1
1
Z0
gV1
12 V, or g
Rg
g LV1
LV1
Hence, 3 V
V1
7s
0t
7s, the voltage at the sending end
is
V z
12 V. At t
From the voltage waveform, V1
Problem 2.54 Suppose the voltage waveform shown in Fig. 2-45 was observed at
the sending end of a 50- transmission line in response to a step voltage introduced
by a generator with Vg 15 V and an unknown series resistance R g . The line is 1 km
in length, its velocity of propagation is 1 10 8 m/s, and it is terminated in a load
ZL 100 .
(a) Determine Rg .
(b) Explain why the drop in level of V 0 t at t 6 s cannot be due to reection
from the load.
(c) Determine the shunt resistance R f and the location of the fault responsible for
the observed waveform.
Solution:
V(0, t)
5V
3V
6 s
CHAPTER 2
84
(a)
5 V. Hence,
50
50
15
Rg
From Fig. 2-45, V1
Vg Z0
Rg Z0
V1
which gives Rg 100 and g 1 3.

(b) Roundtrip time delay of pulse return from the load is
2
1
103
108
20 s

2l
up
2T
which is much longer than 6 s, the instance at which V 0 t drops in level.

(c) The new level of 3 V is equal to V1 plus V1 plus V2 ,
(V)
03
26 92 . Since ZLf is equal to Rf and Z0 in parallel, Rf
58 33 .
Z0
Z0
ZLf
ZLf
5f g
5f
which gives ZLf
0 3. But
which yields f
V2
V1
V1
Problem 2.55 A generator circuit with Vg 200 V and Rg 25 was used to

excite a 75- lossless line with a rectangular pulse of duration 0 4 s. The line
is 200 m long, its up 2 108 m/s, and it is terminated in a load Z L 125 .
(a) Synthesize the voltage pulse exciting the line as the sum of two step functions,
Vg1 t and Vg2 t .
(b) For each voltage step function, generate a bounce diagram for the voltage on
the line.
(c) Use the bounce diagrams to plot the total voltage at the sending end of the line.
0 4 s
200U t
(V)
(V)
Vg2 t
200U t
Vg1 t
with
Vg2 t
Vg1 t
Vg t
0 4 s.
Solution:
(a) pulse length
CHAPTER 2
85
25
t=0
+
Z0 = 75
200 V
125
200 m

V(t)
Vg (t)
1
200 V
t
0.4 s
-200 V
Vg (t)
2
Figure P2.55: (b) Solution of part (a).
(b)
1 s
200
108
l
up
We will divide the problem into two parts, one for Vg1 t and another for Vg2 t and
then we will use superposition to determine the solution for the sum. The solution
for Vg2 t will mimic the solution for Vg1 t , except for a reversal in sign and a delay
by 0 4 s.
05
0 25
25 75
25 75
125 75
125 75
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
Rg
Rg
ZL
ZL
200U t :
For Vg1 t
CHAPTER 2
86
200 75
150 V
25 75
200 125
166 67 V
25 125
Vg (t)
= g = - 1
2
z=0
t=0
= L = 1
4
z = 200 m
V1+ = 150V
1 s
37.5V
2 s
-18.75V
3 s
-4.69V
4 s
2.34V
5 s
0.56V
6 s
-0.28V
t
Figure P2.55: (c) Bounce diagram for voltage in reaction to Vg1 t .
(i) V1 0 t at sending end due to Vg1 t :
V1 Z0
Rg Z0
Vg ZL
Rg ZL
V1
CHAPTER 2
87
(ii) V2 0 t at sending end due to Vg2 t :
Vg (t)
= g = - 1
2
z=0
t = 0.4 s
= L = 1
4
z = 200 m
V1+ = -150V
1.4 s
-37.5V
2.4 s
18.75V
3.4 s
4.69V
4.4 s
-2.34V
5.4 s
-0.56V
6.4 s
0.28V
t
Figure P2.55: (d) Bounce diagram for voltage in reaction to Vg2 t .
CHAPTER 2
88
(b)
(i) V1 0 t at sending end due to Vg1 t :
V1 ( 0, t )
168.75
167.58
166.41
166.67
150V
t (s)
2
Figure P2.55: (e) V1 0 t .
(ii) V2 0 t at sending end:
V2 ( 0, t )
0.4
2.4
4.4
6.4
t (s)
-150V
-166.41
-167.58
-168.75
Figure P2.55: (f) V2 0 t .
-166.67
CHAPTER 2
89
V2 0 t :
V1 0 t
(iii) Net voltage V 0 t
V ( 0, t )
150V
18.75
0.28
4 4.4
0.4
2 2.4
t (s)
6 6.4
-2.34
Figure P2.55: (g) Net voltage V 0 t .
Problem 2.56 For the circuit of Problem 2.55, generate a bounce diagram for the
current and plot its time history at the middle of the line.
Solution: Using the values for g and L calculated in Problem 2.55, we reverse
their signs when using them to construct a bounce diagram for the current.
1 33 A
I2
150
2A
75
150
2A
75
V1
Z0
V2
Z0
V
ZL
I1
CHAPTER 2
90
I 1 (t)
= -g = 1
2
z=0
t=0
1
4
z = 200 m
= -L = -
2A
1 s
-0.5A
2 s
-0.25A
3 s
62.5mA
4 s
31.25mA
5 s
-7.79mA
6 s
-3.90mA
t
Figure P2.56: (a) Bounce diagram for I1 t in reaction to Vg1 t .
CHAPTER 2
91
I 2 (t)
= -g = 1
2
z=0
t = 0.4 s
1
4
z = 200 m
= -L = -
-2A
1.4 s
0.5A
2.4 s
0.25A
3.4 s
-62.5mA
4.4 s
-31.25mA
5.4 s
7.79mA
6.4 s
3.90mA
t
Figure P2.56: (b) Bounce diagram for current I2 t in reaction to Vg2 t .
CHAPTER 2
92
(i) I1 l 2 t due to Vg1 t :
I 1 ( 100, t )
2A
1.5
1.3125
1.25
1.3333
t (s)
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Figure P2.56: (c) I1 l 2 t .
(ii) I2 l 2 t due to Vg2 t :
I 2 ( 100, t )
0.9
1.9
2.9
-1.5
3.9
-1.25
-2A
Figure P2.56: (d) I2 l 2 t .
t (s)
-1.3125
-1.3333
CHAPTER 2
93
I1 l 2 t
I2 l 2 t :
(iii) Net current I l 2 t

I ( 0, t )
2A
1.5
0.5
1.9
2.5
0.9
.0625
2.5
t (s)
0.5
-0.25
0.5
-0.5
Figure P2.56: (e) Total I l 2 t .
Problem 2.57 For the parallel-plate transmission line of Problem 2.3, the line
parameters are given by:
172
(nH/m)
(pF/m)
Find , , up , and Z0 at 1 GHz.
167
L
C
1 (/m)
CHAPTER 2
94
0 016
31
j0 01
1 2
1 2
108 m/s
Problem 2.58
R = 600
Z0 = 300
L = 0.02 mH
1049e j89 95
1 1e j90
1 85
1 2
j0 05
j34
109
34
jL
jC
j0 025
j34 sin 89 97
R
G
31e
2 f
954e
e j90
12 1 2
Z0
10
up
34 rad/m
34 cos 89 97
0 016 Np/m
1 1e j90
1 2
Hence,
34e j89 97
1 2
172
1154e j179 95
109
1 2
1 1049
1 1e j90
j2
1049e j89 95
e j tan
1049
1 2
10
j1049 j1 1
167
j2
1
1
10
jC
G
9
jL
109 rad/s. Application of (2.22) gives:
2 f
Solution: At 1 GHz,
CHAPTER 2
95
A 300- lossless air transmission line is connected to a complex load composed of

a resistor in series with an inductor, as shown in the gure. At 5 MHz, determine:
(a) , (b) S, (c) location of voltage maximum nearest to the load, and (d) location of
current maximum nearest to the load.
Solution:
(a)
10
j628
600
300
300
108
106

3
5
60 m
1 67
0 63
0 63
1
1
r
for r
4
29 6 60
180
4
2 46 m
1
1
(c)
0 63e j29 6
lmax
(b)
ZL Z0
ZL Z0
600 j628
600 j628
300 j628
900 j628
106
j2
600
jL
ZL
(d) The locations of current maxima correspond to voltage minima and vice versa.
Hence, the location of current maximum nearest the load is the same as location of
voltage minimum nearest the load. Thus
17 46 m
lmax
15 m
Problem 2.59
4
2 46 15
lmax
lmin
CHAPTER 2
96
RL = 75
Z0 = 50
C=?
A 50- lossless transmission line is connected to a load composed of a 75- resistor

in series with a capacitor of unknown capacitance. If at 10 MHz the voltage standing
wave ratio on the line was measured to be 3, determine the capacitance C.
Solution:
2
XC
2Z0 RL
2Z0 RL
2Z0 RL
50 , and then solving for XC ,
10
10
2 41
241 pF
66 1
66 1
jXC
1
107
R2
L
RL
2
Z0
2
Z0
2
XC
2
XC
jXC

jXC
ZL
ZL
75 , and Z0
XC
1
XC
R2
L
R2
L
0 5, RL
Z0 ZL
Z0 ZL
jXC RL
Z0 RL
ZL
Z0
Z0
Hence
2
Z0
2
Z0
ZL
ZL
Upon substituting L
we have
Z0
Z0
1
C
Z0 ZL
RL
where XC
ZL ZL
Noting that:
ZL ZL
ZL ZL
05
ZL
ZL
2
4
Z0
Z0
ZL
ZL
jXC
1
1
RL
3
3
ZL
1
1
S
S
Problem 2.60 A 50- lossless line is terminated in a load impedance

ZL
30 j20 .
CHAPTER 2
97
ZL = (30 - j 20)
Z0 = 50
(a) Calculate and S.

(b) It has been proposed that by placing an appropriately selected resistor across the
line at a distance lmax from the load (as shown in the gure below), where l max is the
distance from the load of a voltage maximum, then it is possible to render Z i Z0 ,
thereby eliminating reections back to the sending end. Show that the proposed
approach is valid and nd the value of the shunt resistance.
lmax
A
Z0 = 50
ZL = (30 - j 20)
R
Zi
Solution:
(a)
0 34e
20 j20
80 j20
j121
20 j20
80 j20
30 j20 50
30 j20 50
1 0 34
2
1 0 34
ZL Z0
ZL Z0
1
1
(b) We start by nding lmax , the distance of the voltage maximum nearest to the
load. Using (2.56) with n 1,
0 33
2 07 radians,
0 33, for which l
0 33
lmax
Applying (2.63) at l
2
121
180
r
4
lmax
CHAPTER 2
98
the value of Zin before adding the shunt resistance is:
ZL jZ0 tan l
Z0 jZL tan l
30 j20
j50 tan 2 07
50
50 j 30 j20 tan 2 07
102
j0

Z0
Zin
Thus, at the location A (at a distance lmax from the load), the input impedance is
purely real. If we add a shunt resistor R in parallel such that the combination is equal
to Z0 , then the new Zin at any point to the left of that location will be equal to Z 0 .
Hence, we need to select R such that
98 .
or R
1
102
1
50
1
R
Problem 2.61 For the lossless transmission line circuit shown in the gure,
determine the equivalent series lumped-element circuit at 400 MHz at the input to
the line. The line has a characteristic impedance of 50 and the insulating layer has
r 2 25.
Zin
75
Z0 = 50
1.2 m
0 8 rad
Subtracting multiples of 2, the remainder is:
up
c
3 108
f
f r 4 108 2 25
2
2
l
1 2 4 8
05
05m
Solution: At 400 MHz,
CHAPTER 2
99
Using (2.63),
jZ0 tan l
jZL tan l
j50 tan 0 8
j75 tan 0 8
j20 75
52 38

ZL
Z0
75
50
50
Z0
Zin
Zin is equivalent to a series RL circuit with

R
Zin
L
52 38
20 75
2 f L
or
10
83

20 75
2 4 108
which is a very small inductor.
Problem 2.62
Rg
+
~
Vg
Z0 = 100
-
ZL = (50 + j 100)
The circuit shown in the gure consists of a 100- lossless transmission line
terminated in a load with ZL
50 j100 . If the peak value of the load voltage
was measured to be VL
12 V, determine:
(a) the time-average power dissipated in the load,

(b) the time-average power incident on the line, and
(c) the time-average power reected by the load.
CHAPTER 2
100
Solution:
(a)
50
150
1 2
IL RL
2
1 VL 2
RL
2 ZL 2
RL
0 18 W
0 47
0 62
0 47 W
i
2 Pav
0 29
0 622
r
Pav
Pav
2
(c)
i
Pav 1
0 29 W
50
1002
502
i
Pav
Hence,
Pav
122
(b)
1
2
Pav
1 VL
2 ZL
0 62e j82 9
The time average power dissipated in the load is:
j100
j100
100
100
j100
j100
50
50
Z0
Z0
ZL
ZL
Problem 2.63
C
Zin
l1 = 3/8
B
Bl Br
Z01 = 100
l2 = 5/8
Z02 = 50
ZL = (75 - j 50)
Use the Smith chart to determine the input impedance Z in of the two-line
conguration shown in the gure.
CHAPTER 2
101
0.625
1.2
0.3
1.4
0.8
0.1
70
0.1
60
1.6
)
2
/Yo
0.4
120
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
31
0.
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
4.0
1.0
1.0
0.28
5.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
1.8
0.
0.3
0.8
SWR Circle
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
Br
A
8
-20
0.
1.0
5.0
0.47
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
1.2
0.1
0.3
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.36
1.0
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.8
0.7
0.308
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
31
0.
-5
06
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0
.42
CAP
-12 0.08
A
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
19
0.
0.
0.3
44
0.2
0.2
-4
0.
0.28
0.2
1
-30
0.3
0.11
-100
-90
0.13
0.12
0.37
0.433
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
R
-170
EN
0.47
VEL
>
WA
0.0
160
60
4
.46
<
0
-1
0.4
4
6
0.0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
jB/Y
0
IVE
5
0
E (15
0.4
RE
NC
0.4
5
AC
TA
5
TA
0.0
EP
0.1
NC
SC
SU
EC
VE
OM
I
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
(+
,O
jX
o)
Z
/Z
0.2
X/
50
19
0.
R
,O
o)
0.1
0.3
2.0
0.2
0.5
3
0.4
0
13
0.3
1.8
0.6
7
0.0
0.
06
0.15
0.35
80
0.7
8
0.0
0.
44
110
1
0.4
0.36
90
0.9
0.0
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
1.0
0.1
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.4
0.39
0.38
Smith Chart 1
Solution: Starting at point A, namely at the load, we normalize Z L with respect
to Z02 :
ZL
75 j50
zL
1 5 j1
(point A on Smith chart 1)
Z02
50
From point A on the Smith chart, we move on the SWR circle a distance of 5 8 to
point Br , which is just to the right of point B (see gure). At B r , the normalized input
impedance of line 2 is:
j0 36
0 48
24
50
j18
Z02 zin2
(point Br on Smith chart)
Zin2
Next, we unnormalize zin2 :
j0 36
0 48
zin2
CHAPTER 2
102
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.7
1.4
0.1
1.6
60
2.0
0.5
0.4
SWR Circle
0.3
3.0
0.6
0.2
40
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
50
2.0
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
Bl
0.6
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
C
APA
-12 0.08
0
CIT
IVE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
1.2
0.1
0.3
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.5
31
0.
0.3
06
0.3
19
0.
0.
3.0
0.2
44
4.0
-4
4
0.
0.
5.0
0.2
1
-30
0.2
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.470
0.22
1.0
0.2
30
0.8
0.2
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
ERA
OWAR
0.48
180
HS T
TO
170
0
NGT
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
4
6
0.0
IND
)
UCT
0.0
/Yo
5
15
0
(-jB
IVE
5
0
0.4
-15
CE
RE
0.4
AN
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
O
(+
),
jX
Zo
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
31
0.
R
,O
o)
0.3
1.8
0.2
1.8
0.
06
0.3
19
0.
0.
44
3
0.4
0
13
0.1
70
0.6
0.0
120
0.375
0.35
80
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
US
S
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.4
0.15
0.36
90
0.8
0.4
0.0
110
0.14
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
0.0
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
0.11
-100
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.345
0.4
0.39
Smith Chart 2
To move along line 1, we need to normalize with respect to Z 01 . We shall call this zL1 :
0 24
j18
100
j0 18
24
(point B on Smith chart 2)
Zin2
Z01
zL1
After drawing the SWR circle through point B , we move 3 8 towards the generator,
ending up at point C on Smith chart 2. The normalized input impedance of line 1 is:
66
j125
which upon unnormalizing becomes:
Zin
j1 25
0 66
zin
CHAPTER 2
103
Problem 2.64
l =?
B
Z0 = 75
ZL = 25
Z=?
A 25- antenna is connected to a 75- lossless transmission line. Reections back

toward the generator can be eliminated by placing a shunt impedance Z at a distance l
from the load. Determine the values of Z and l.
Solution:
0.250
1.2
1.0
1.4
0.7
0.1
1.6
1.8
0.6
0.2
0.
0.4
3.0
0.6
4.0
0.2
20
0.
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
COEFFICIENT IN
0.27
REFLECTION
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
10
0.1
0.4
20
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1.8
0.
0.3
1.0
0.28
5.0
50
0.2
20
0.4
0.1
10
0.6
8
-20
0.
1.0
0.47
5.0
1.0
4.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
0
0.4
19
0.
31
0.
2.0
1.8
0.2
1.6
-60
1.4
-70
0.15
0.35
1.2
0.14
-80
0.36
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
8
0.1
0
-5
0.3
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0
.42
CAP
-12 0.08
AC
0
ITI
VE
0.4
RE
3
AC
0.0
TA
7
NC
-1
EC
30
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.5
0.3
-4
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.39
0.4
06
0.
0.2
44
0.
0.2
0.2
1
-30
0.3
0.28
0.22
0.2
0.
0.22
1.0
0.2
0.8
0.2
30
SWR Circle
0.2
0.3
0.0 > WAVELEN

0.49
GTHS
TOW
ARD
0.48
AD < 0.0
0.49
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
S TOW
180
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
ELE
0.47
>
AV
W
0.0
6
160
4
<
0.4
-160
0.4
.04
6
0
IND
o)
UCT
0.0
5
15
B/Y
j
0
IVE
5
0
E (0.4
-15
RE
NC
0.4
A
5
AC
5
PT
TA
0.0
CE
0.1
NC
US
EC
ES
OM
IV
14
40
0
CT
PO
-1
DU
N
EN
IN
R
T
(+
,O
jX
o)
Z
/Z
0.2
X/
0.1
0.3
50
40
R
,O
o)
0.3
60
31
44
0.
0.500
0.3
19
0.
120
0.1
70
2.0
13
0.35
0.
06
.43
0.15
0.36
80
0.5
0.14
0.37
90
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
US
ES
V
TI
CI
PA
CA
2
0.4
.07
110
0.8
0.4
0.0
0.39
100
0.4
0.38
0.9
0.1
9
0.0
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.750
CHAPTER 2
104
The normalized load impedance is:
25
75
0 33
(point A on Smith chart)
zL
The Smith chart shows A and the SWR circle. The goal is to have an equivalent
impedance of 75 to the left of B. That equivalent impedance is the parallel
combination of Zin at B (to the right of the shunt impedance Z) and the shunt
element Z. Since we need for this to be purely real, its best to choose l such that
Zin is purely real, thereby choosing Z to be simply a resistor. Adding two resistors in
parallel generates a sum smaller in magnitude than either one of them. So we need
for Zin to be larger than Z0 , not smaller. On the Smith chart, that point is B, at a
distance l 4 from the load. At that point:
zin
which corresponds to
0 33
yin
Hence, we need y, the normalized admittance corresponding to the shunt

impedance Z, to have a value that satises:
1
1 yin 1 0 33 0 66
1
1
15
y 0 66
75 1 5 112 5
yin
In summary,
4
112 5
Problem 2.65 In response to a step voltage, the voltage waveform shown in the
gure below was observed at the midpoint of a lossless transmission line with
Z0 50 and up 2 108 m/s. Determine: (a) the length of the line, (b) Z L ,
(c) Rg , and (d) Vg .
CHAPTER 2
105
V (l/2 , t)
12 V
t (s)
21
15
9
3
-3 V
Solution:
(a) Since it takes 3 s to reach the middle of the line, the line length must be
2
10
up

10
108
23
1200 m
(b) From the voltage waveform shown in the gure, the duration of the rst
rectangle is 6 s, representing the time it takes the incident voltage V1 to travel
from the midpoint of the line to the load and back. The fact that the voltage drops to
zero at t 9 s implies that the reected wave is exactly equal to V1 in magnitude,
but opposite in polarity. That is,
1, which means that the load is a short circuit:

ZL
This in turn implies that L
V1
V1
(c) After V1 arrives at the generator end, it encounters a reection coefcient g .

The voltage at 15 s is composed of:
L g V1
1
4
1 4. Hence,
3 12
From the gure, V V1
V2
V
V1
V1
V1
CHAPTER 2
106
12 83 3 50
50
83 3
32 V
0 25
50
0 25
Vg
Vg Z0
Rg Z0
12 Rg Z0
Z0
12
1
1
V1
g
Z0
g
(d)
1
1
Rg
which means that

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25

Chapter 2: Transmission Lines

General wave propagation properties

Lessons #10 and 11

Structure of Smith chart

CD-ROM Modules 2.5-2.9

Solution: A transmission line is negligible when l

combining Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) gives

Problem 2.3 A 1-GHz parallel-plate transmission line consists of 1.2-cm-wide

Figure P2.4: Transmission line model.

Recognizing that the current through the G C branch is i z t

Find up , and Z0 for the coaxial line of Problem 2.2.

Solution: From Eq. (2.22),

0 109 Np/m and

From Eq. (2.33),

Thus, from Eqs. (2.25a) and (2.25b),

Section 2-5: The Lossless Line

Solution: Using the distortionless condition in Eq. (2.22) gives

Problem 2.7 For a distortionless line with Z 0

Similarly, using the distortionless condition in Eq. (2.29) gives

and taking the ratio of the expression for Z 0 to that for up

With L known, we use the expression for Z 0 to nd C :

The distortionless condition given in Problem 2.6 is then used to nd G .

and the wavelength is obtained by applying the relation

Problem 2.8 Find and Z0 of a distortionless line whose R

Solution: From the equations given in Problem 2.6,

Problem 2.9 A transmission line operating at 125 MHz has Z 0 40 ,

Solution: Given an arbitrary transmission line, f

Solving for the magnitude of the reection coefcient in terms of S, as in

Problem 2.11 Polyethylene with r 2 25 is used as the insulating material in a

Solution: Given a lossless coaxial line, Z 0 50 , r 2 25, a 1 2 mm:

(b) Also from Table 2-2,

Problem 2.12 A 50- lossless transmission line is terminated in a load with

(c) From Eq. (2.56)

(b) From Eq. (2.59),

Problem 2.13 On a 150- lossless transmission line, the following observations

Solution: Distance between a minimum and an adjacent maximum

or 24 cm. Accordingly, the rst voltage minimum is at

From this we obtain

Solution: Following Example 2.5: Given a lossless line with Z 0

Problem 2.15 A load with impedance Z L

Solution: Since S is monotonic with (i.e., a plot of S vs. is always increasing),

A mathematically precise solution will also demonstrate that this point is a

For a purely resistive load, r

Section 2-6: Input Impedance

Solution: Given a lossless transmission line, Z 0 50 , f 300 MHz, l 2 5 m,

Since the line is lossless, Eq. (2.69) is valid:

Problem 2.18 A lossless transmission line of electrical length l

Figure P2.18: Loaded transmission line.

Solution: From Eq. (2.49a),

From Eq. (2.59),

From Eq. (2.63)

which is real, provided Z0 is real.

2n 2, so from Eq. (2.61), using polar

Solution: From Eq. (2.56), lmax

Problem 2.21 A voltage generator with vg t

(c) the input voltage Vi and input current Ii .

Then, using Eq. (2.63),