lecture 4 - Carnot cycle

in an irreversible process
S >
Q
T
(1)
2nd law - Clausius
- in a cyclic transformation S = 0

i
Q
i
T
i
=

Q
T
0 (2)
cyclic Carnot engine - eciency
dU = Q+W (3)
0 = Q
h
+Q
c
+W (4)
0 = |Q
h
| |Q
c
| |W| (5)
=
|W|
|Q
h
|
=
|Q
h
| |Q
c
|
|Q
h
|
= 1
|Q
c
|
|Q
h
|
(6)
Q
h
T
h
+
Q
c
T
c
=
|Q
h
|
T
h

|Q
c
|
T
c
0 (7)
1
T
c
T
h
(8)
Carnot theorem - for reversible engine
= 1
Tc
T
h
cyclic Carnot refrigerator - eciency

dU = = Q+W (9)
0 = = Q
h
+Q
c
+W (10)
0 = |Q
h
| + |Q
c
| + |W| (11)

=
|Q
c
|
|W|
=
|Q
c
|
|Q
h
| |Q
c
|
(12)
1

=
|Q
h
|
|Q
c
|
1 (13)
1
Q
h
T
h
+
Q
c
T
c
=
|Q
h
|
T
h
+
|Q
c
|
T
c
0 (14)

T
c
T
h
T
c
(15)
reversible Carnot cycle
(1) isothermal expansion Q
1
= Nk
B
ln(
V
b
Va
)
(2) adiabatic expansion T
1
V
1
b
= T
2
V
1
c
(3) isothermal compression Q
2
= Nk
B
ln(
Vc
V
d
)
(4) adiabatic compression T
2
V
1
d
= T
1
V
1
a
Q
1
T
1
+
Q
2
T
2
= 0 (16)
entropy point of view
2