NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) H2S in acid medium H2S in alkaline medium or (NH4)2S Others reagen Al 3+ White precipitate soluble in excess. White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate, soluble in mineral acid and NaOH, insoluble in CH3COOH. White precipitate. (a) Aluminon reagent: red precipitate. (b) CH3COONa: no precipitate; white precipitate when boiled. (c) K2CrO4: orange yellow precipitate, dissolve in mineral asid. Ba 2+ White precipitate in concentrated solution White precipitate. White precipitate, soluble in HNO3 or HCl. (a) Dilute H2SO4 or CaSO4(aq): white precipitate. (b) (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate, dissolve in hot CH3COOH. (c) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate. Ca 2+ White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate in excess reagent. (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate, insoluble in CH3COOH. Cr 3+ Greyish green precipitate, soluble in excess to form green solution. Greyish green precipitate soluble in excess to form purple solution. Greyish green precipitate. Green precipitate, soluble in mineral acids. Greyish green precipitate. (a) Excess NaOH + H2O2: yellow solution. (b) Acidified solution + H2O2: blue solution blue precipitate yellow solution. Cu 2+ Blue precipitate, turns black when heated. Blue precipitate, soluble in excess to produce dark blue solution. Soluble in NH4Cl. Blue precipitate, turns black when heated. Redish brown precipitate soluble in excess NH3(aq) to produce blue solution. Blue precipitate. Black precipitate, soluble in hot HNO3. Black precipitate. (a) SCN : black precipitate. (b) KI: white precipitate in brown solution. Fe 2+
Dirty green precipitate. Dirty green precipitate, soluble in NH4Cl. Dirty green precipitate. Blue precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) K3Fe(CN)6(aq): dark blue precipitate. (b) KMnO4/H + : decolourisation at room temperature. Fe 3+ Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Dark blue precipitate. Yellowish white precipitate, soluble in mineral acids, insoluble in CH3COOH. Yellow precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) SCN : blood red solution. (b) K3Fe(CN)6: brown solutin. (c) KI: brown solution/yellow/black precipitate. (d) K2CrO4: orange brown precipitate. (e) CH3COONa: red solution, brown precipitate when heated.
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NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) H2S in acid medium H2S in alkaline medium or (NH4)2S Others reagent Mg 2+ White precipitate, soluble in NH4Cl. White precipitate, soluble in NH4Cl. White precipitate, soluble in NH4Cl. White precipitate, soluble in mineral acid. (a) Magneson reagent + NaOH: blue precipitate. (b) Na3PO4: white precipitate. Mn 2+ White precipitate, turns brown. White precipitate, turns brown, soluble in NH4Cl. Yellowish brown precipitate. Yellowish brown precipitate turns brown when heated. Yellowish brown precipitate. (a) Sodium bismutate + HNO3: violet solution. (b) PbO2 + HNO3 (conc): violet solution. (c) K2S2O8 + AgNO3: violet solution. (d) NaClO + NaO: dark brown precipirate. Ni 2+ Green precipitate.
Green precipitate, soluble in excess forms blue solution. Soluble in NH4Cl. Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dimetilglioksima reagent + NH3: red precipitate. (b) NaClO + NaOH: black precipitate. Pb 2+ White precipitate, soluble in excess. White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. Black precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dilute HCl: white precipitate, soluble when heated; reforms when cool. (b) Dilute H2SO4: White precipitate, soluble in (NH4)2C2O4. (c) KI: yellow precipitate, soluble when is heated, reforms when cool. (d) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate. (e) NaClO: dark brown precipitate. Zn 2+ White precipitate, soluble in excess. White precipitate, soluble in excess, soluble in NH4Cl. White precipitate. White precipitate, soluble in alkali, insoluble in mineral acid. White precipitate, soluble in NaOH, mineral acid or NH4Cl. White precipitate. K3Fe(CN)6: orange brown precipitate. NH4 + Pungent gas liberated when heated. Pungent gas liberated when heated. (a) Nessler reagent: brown precipitate. (b) Heated with NaOH, gases evolved tested with concentrated HCl: white fume. Cation Reagent
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Table of Anion Reactions
Dilute HCl or H2SO4 Concentrated H2SO4 BaCl2(aq) or Ba(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) atau Pb(CH3COO)2(aq) FeCl3(aq) Others reagent HCOO Choking gas is liberated. Gas burned with a blue flame is liberated. White precipitate turns black. Dark red solution; brown precipitate when heated. (a) KMnO4/H + : decolouration. (b) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4: fragrant smell CH COO 3
Gas smell of vinegar is released when heated. Gas of vinegar smell is released. White precipitate in concentrated solution, soluble in HNO3 or NH3(aq). Red solution; brown precipitate when heated. (a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4: fragrant smell. (b) Sodalime: gas burned with blue flame without soot. C H COO 6 5
White precipitate, soluble in hot water, white crystal formed upon cooling. White precipitate, soluble in hot water; white crystal formed upon cooling. White precipitate, soluble in hot water or NH3(aq). White precipitate. Yellowish-brown precipitate. (a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4: fragrant smell. (b) Sodalime: gas burned with yellow flame without soot. C O 2 4 2
Gas burned with blue flame and gas turned lime water chalky when heated. White precipitate, soluble in HCl, HNO3 or H2SO4. White precipitate, soluble in HNO3 or NH3(aq). White precipitate, soluble in HNO3. (a) KMnO4/H + : decolourised when heated. (b) CaCl2(aq): when precipitate. Cl White fume is formed. White precipitate, insoluble in HNO3 but soluble in NH3(aq). White precipitate, soluble in hot water; or concentrated HCl; white crystal formed upon cooling. MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): greenish-yellow gas is liberated. Br Redish-brown gas is liberated. Light yellow precipitate, insoluble in dulute HNO3 or NH3(aq). White precipitate, soluble in hot water, white crystal formed upon cooling. (a) MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): redish-brown gas is liberated. (b) Cl2 /NaOCl(aq) + CCl4: redish-brown colouration at the bottom layer. (c) Concentrated HNO3 and heated: redish- brown gas is liberated. I Brown fume is formed; purple fume formed when heated. Yellow precipitate, insoluble in dilute HNO3 or NH3(aq). Yellow precipitate, soluble in hot water; yellow crystal formed upon cooling. Redish brown solution. (a) Cl2 water/NaOCl(aq)/Br2 water + CCl4: redish violet colouration formed at the bottom layer. (b) NaNO2(aq) + dilute asid: brown solution and brown gas is liberated.
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Dilute HCl or H2SO4 Concentrated H2SO4 BaCl2(aq) or Ba(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) or Pb(CH3COO)2(aq) FeCl3(aq) Others reagent CO 3 2
Gas liberated can turn lime water chalky. Gas liberated can turn lime water chalky. White precipitate, soluble in HCl or dilute HNO3. White precipitate turned yellow in excess; become brown when heated. White precipitate, soluble in dilute HNO3. Brown precipitate; gas liberated which turn lime water chalky. MgSO4(aq)/MgCl2(aq): white precipitate. SO 3 2
Brimstone smell gas/ burnt sulphur, gas decolourise KMnO4/H + . Brimstone smell gas/ burnt sulphur, gas decolourise KMnO4/H + . White precipitate, soluble in HCl or HNO3. White precipitate, soluble in HNO3, NH3(aq), or SO3 2 in excess; turn black precipitate when heated. White precipitate, soluble in dilute HNO3. Red solution; brown precipitate when heated. (a) I2: decolourisation. (b) KMnO4/H + : decolourisation. (c) K2Cr2O7/H + : green solution. S O 2 3 2
Yellow precipitate; brimstone smell gas/ burnt sulphur, gas decolourise KMnO4/H + . Yellow precipitate; brimstone smell gas/ burnt sulphur, gas decolourise KMnO4/H + . White precipitate in concentrated solution. White precipitate turn to yellow and then brown and finally black; white precipitate soluble in excess S2O3 2 . White precipitate, soluble in excess S2O3 2 ; turn black precipitate when heated. Purplish solution decolourise. (a) I2: decolourisation. (b) KMnO4/H + : decolourisation. (c) K2Cr2O7/H + : green solution. (d) Ammonium molybdate + H2SO4: blue ring. S 2 A foul (rotten egg), smell was liberated, blackening Pb(CH3COO)2 paper. A foul (rotten egg) smell was liberated, blackening Pb(CH3COO)2 paper, yellow precipitate. Black precipitate, soluble in hot HNO3. Black precipitate. A yellow sediment in an acidic medium. A black sediment in an alkaline medium. (a) KMnO4/H + : decolourisation, yellow precipitate. (b) K2Cr2O7/H + : green solution, yellow precipitate. SO 4 2 White precipitate, insoluble in HCl or HNO3. White precipitate, soluble in aqueous ammonium ethanoate.
NO 2
Brown fume liberated. Brown fume liberated. White precipitate in concentrated solution, soluble in HNO3 or NH3. Redish brown precipitated/solution when heated. (a) KMnO4/H + : decolourisation. (b) K2Cr2O7/H + : green solution. (c) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring. (d) Devarda alloy: pungent gas. (e) KI + dilute acid: brown sol. NO 3 Brown fume liberated. (a) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring. (b) Devarda alloy: pungent gas. (c) Concentrated H2SO4 pekat + Cu: brown fume, blue solution. MnO 4
(a) C2O4 2 - /SO3 2 - /S2O3 2 - /NO2 - with H + : decolourisation. (b) S 2- : decolourisation, yellow precipitate. Anion Reagent