Appendix A

Table of Cations Reactions

NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq)
H2S in acid medium
H2S in alkaline
medium or (NH4)2S
Others reagen
Al
3+
White precipitate
soluble in excess.
White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate,
soluble in mineral
acid and NaOH,
insoluble in
CH3COOH.
White precipitate. (a) Aluminon reagent: red precipitate.
(b) CH3COONa: no precipitate; white
precipitate when boiled.
(c) K2CrO4: orange yellow precipitate,
dissolve in mineral asid.
Ba
2+
White precipitate in
concentrated
solution
White precipitate. White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3 or
HCl.
(a) Dilute H2SO4 or CaSO4(aq): white
precipitate.
(b) (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate,
dissolve in hot CH3COOH.
(c) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate.
Ca
2+
White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate in
excess reagent.
(NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate, insoluble
in CH3COOH.
Cr
3+
Greyish green
precipitate, soluble
in excess to form
green solution.
Greyish green
precipitate soluble in
excess to form purple
solution.
Greyish green
precipitate.
Green precipitate,
soluble in mineral
acids.
Greyish green
precipitate.
(a) Excess NaOH + H2O2: yellow
solution.
(b) Acidified solution + H2O2: blue
solution blue precipitate
yellow solution.
Cu
2+
Blue precipitate,
turns black when
heated.
Blue precipitate,
soluble in excess to
produce dark blue
solution. Soluble in
NH4Cl.
Blue precipitate,
turns black when
heated.
Redish brown
precipitate soluble
in excess NH3(aq)
to produce blue
solution.
Blue precipitate. Black precipitate,
soluble in hot
HNO3.
Black precipitate. (a) SCN : black precipitate.
(b) KI: white precipitate in brown
solution.
Fe
2+

Dirty green
precipitate.
Dirty green precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
Dirty green
precipitate.
Blue precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) K3Fe(CN)6(aq): dark blue precipitate.
(b) KMnO4/H
+
: decolourisation at room
temperature.
Fe
3+
Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Dark blue
precipitate.
Yellowish white
precipitate, soluble
in mineral acids,
insoluble in
CH3COOH.
Yellow precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) SCN : blood red solution.
(b) K3Fe(CN)6: brown solutin.
(c) KI: brown solution/yellow/black
precipitate.
(d) K2CrO4: orange brown precipitate.
(e) CH3COONa: red solution, brown
precipitate when heated.


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NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) H2S in acid medium
H2S in alkaline
medium or (NH4)2S
Others reagent
Mg
2+
White precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate,
soluble in mineral
acid.
(a) Magneson reagent + NaOH: blue
precipitate.
(b) Na3PO4: white precipitate.
Mn
2+
White precipitate,
turns brown.
White precipitate,
turns brown, soluble in
NH4Cl.
Yellowish brown
precipitate.
Yellowish brown
precipitate turns
brown when heated.
Yellowish brown
precipitate.
(a) Sodium bismutate + HNO3: violet
solution.
(b) PbO2 + HNO3 (conc): violet
solution.
(c) K2S2O8 + AgNO3: violet solution.
(d) NaClO + NaO: dark brown
precipirate.
Ni
2+
Green precipitate.

Green precipitate,
soluble in excess
forms blue solution.
Soluble in NH4Cl.
Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dimetilglioksima reagent + NH3:
red precipitate.
(b) NaClO + NaOH: black precipitate.
Pb
2+
White precipitate,
soluble in excess.
White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. Black precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dilute HCl: white precipitate,
soluble when heated; reforms when
cool.
(b) Dilute H2SO4: White precipitate,
soluble in (NH4)2C2O4.
(c) KI: yellow precipitate, soluble
when is heated, reforms when cool.
(d) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate.
(e) NaClO: dark brown precipitate.
Zn
2+
White precipitate,
soluble in excess.
White precipitate,
soluble in excess,
soluble in NH4Cl.
White precipitate. White precipitate,
soluble in alkali,
insoluble in
mineral acid.
White precipitate,
soluble in NaOH,
mineral acid or
NH4Cl.
White precipitate. K3Fe(CN)6: orange brown precipitate.
NH4
+
Pungent gas
liberated when
heated.
Pungent gas liberated
when heated.
(a) Nessler reagent: brown precipitate.
(b) Heated with NaOH, gases evolved
tested with concentrated HCl: white
fume.
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Appendix B


Table of Anion Reactions


Dilute HCl or
H2SO4
Concentrated H2SO4
BaCl2(aq) or
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) atau
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)
FeCl3(aq) Others reagent
HCOO
Choking gas is
liberated.
Gas burned with a blue
flame is liberated.
White precipitate turns
black.
Dark red solution; brown
precipitate when heated.
(a) KMnO4/H
+
: decolouration.
(b) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
fragrant smell
CH COO
3

Gas smell of vinegar is
released when heated.
Gas of vinegar smell is
released.
White precipitate in
concentrated solution,
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3(aq).
Red solution; brown
precipitate when heated.
(a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
fragrant smell.
(b) Sodalime: gas burned with blue flame
without soot.
C H COO
6 5

White precipitate,
soluble in hot water,
white crystal formed
upon cooling.
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water;
white crystal formed
upon cooling.
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate. Yellowish-brown
precipitate.
(a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
fragrant smell.
(b) Sodalime: gas burned with yellow flame
without soot.
C O
2 4
2

Gas burned with blue
flame and gas turned lime
water chalky when
heated.
White
precipitate,
soluble in HCl,
HNO3 or H2SO4.
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3.
(a) KMnO4/H
+
: decolourised when heated.
(b) CaCl2(aq): when precipitate.
Cl
White fume is formed. White precipitate,
insoluble in HNO3 but
soluble in NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water; or
concentrated HCl; white
crystal formed upon
cooling.
MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): greenish-yellow gas
is liberated.
Br
Redish-brown gas is
liberated.
Light yellow
precipitate, insoluble
in dulute HNO3 or
NH3(aq).
White precipitate,
soluble in hot water,
white crystal formed
upon cooling.
(a) MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): redish-brown gas
is liberated.
(b) Cl2 /NaOCl(aq) + CCl4: redish-brown
colouration at the bottom layer.
(c) Concentrated HNO3 and heated: redish-
brown gas is liberated.
I
Brown fume is formed;
purple fume formed when
heated.
Yellow precipitate,
insoluble in dilute
HNO3 or NH3(aq).
Yellow precipitate,
soluble in hot water;
yellow crystal formed
upon cooling.
Redish brown solution. (a) Cl2 water/NaOCl(aq)/Br2 water + CCl4:
redish violet colouration formed at the
bottom layer.
(b) NaNO2(aq) + dilute asid: brown solution
and brown gas is liberated.


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Dilute HCl or
H2SO4
Concentrated H2SO4
BaCl2(aq) or
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) or
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)
FeCl3(aq) Others reagent
CO
3
2

Gas liberated can turn
lime water chalky.
Gas liberated can turn
lime water chalky.
White
precipitate,
soluble in HCl
or dilute HNO3.
White precipitate
turned yellow in excess;
become brown when
heated.
White precipitate,
soluble in dilute HNO3.
Brown precipitate;
gas liberated which turn
lime water chalky.
MgSO4(aq)/MgCl2(aq): white precipitate.
SO
3
2

Brimstone smell gas/
burnt sulphur,
gas decolourise
KMnO4/H
+
.
Brimstone smell gas/
burnt sulphur, gas
decolourise KMnO4/H
+
.
White
precipitate,
soluble in HCl
or HNO3.
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3,
NH3(aq), or SO3
2
in
excess; turn black
precipitate when heated.
White precipitate,
soluble in dilute HNO3.
Red solution; brown
precipitate when heated.
(a) I2: decolourisation.
(b) KMnO4/H
+
: decolourisation.
(c) K2Cr2O7/H
+
: green solution.
S O
2 3
2

Yellow precipitate;
brimstone smell gas/
burnt sulphur, gas
decolourise KMnO4/H
+
.
Yellow precipitate;
brimstone smell gas/
burnt sulphur, gas
decolourise KMnO4/H
+
.
White
precipitate in
concentrated
solution.
White precipitate turn to
yellow and then brown
and finally black; white
precipitate soluble in
excess S2O3
2
.
White precipitate,
soluble in excess S2O3
2
;
turn black precipitate
when heated.
Purplish solution
decolourise.
(a) I2: decolourisation.
(b) KMnO4/H
+
: decolourisation.
(c) K2Cr2O7/H
+
: green solution.
(d) Ammonium molybdate + H2SO4:
blue ring.
S
2 A foul (rotten egg),
smell was liberated,
blackening
Pb(CH3COO)2 paper.
A foul (rotten egg)
smell was liberated,
blackening
Pb(CH3COO)2 paper,
yellow precipitate.
Black precipitate,
soluble in hot HNO3.
Black precipitate. A yellow sediment in an
acidic medium. A black
sediment in an alkaline
medium.
(a) KMnO4/H
+
: decolourisation,
yellow precipitate.
(b) K2Cr2O7/H
+
: green solution,
yellow precipitate.
SO
4
2
White
precipitate,
insoluble in
HCl or HNO3.
White precipitate,
soluble in aqueous
ammonium ethanoate.

NO
2

Brown fume liberated. Brown fume liberated. White precipitate in
concentrated solution,
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3.
Redish brown
precipitated/solution
when heated.
(a) KMnO4/H
+
: decolourisation.
(b) K2Cr2O7/H
+
: green solution.
(c) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring.
(d) Devarda alloy: pungent gas.
(e) KI + dilute acid: brown sol.
NO
3
Brown fume liberated. (a) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring.
(b) Devarda alloy: pungent gas.
(c) Concentrated H2SO4 pekat + Cu: brown
fume, blue solution.
MnO
4

(a) C2O4
2
-
/SO3
2
-
/S2O3
2
-
/NO2
-
with H
+
:
decolourisation.
(b) S
2-
: decolourisation, yellow precipitate.
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