Opt i mum Desi gn of St eel Pi pe Racks

SURESH C. ARYA, EDWARD G. E!G A!D GEORGE P"!CUS#$e a%ai l a&i l i t' of use()
o(i ente* compute( p(og(ams $as $a*g(eat i mpact on engi nee(i ng anal 'si s an* *esi gn
of st(uctu(al s'stems. #$i s computati onal tool can &e useful not onl ' too&tai n fast an*
accu(ate %al ues of fo(ces an* *i spl acementsi n st(uctu(al s'stems, &ut i ts useful ness
$as &een e+ten*e* tot$e economical ,minimum -eig$t. *esign of st(uctu(al steelmem&e(s an*
f(ames. #$e *esi gn p$ase can &e ma*e %e('effi ci ent &' fol l o-i ng an opti mi /ati on
p(ocess -$en sui ta&l ecompute( p(og(ams a(e a%ai l a&l e. #$e opti mi /ati on p(ocessma'
i ncl u*e a num&e( of *esi gn const(ai nts, suc$ as0 ,a. attainment of o%e(all minimum -eig$t, ,&.
limiting t$esel ecti on p(ocess to a gi %en (ange of mem&e( si /es, an* ,c.l i mi ti ng
*i spl acements to ce(tai n tol e(a&l e %al ues.Cu((ent engi nee(i ng p(acti ce often uti l i /es t$e
capa&i l i t'of t$e compute( fo( t$e anal 'si s p$ase onl ', an* consi *e(s t$esu&se1uent
*esi gn p(ocess a p(ofessi onal a(t to &e l eft to t$e*i sc(eti on of t$e 2Desi gn Engi nee(.2
#$e(e a(e (easons fo(t$i s *i sti ncti on &et-een anal 'si s an* *esi gn. o( e+ampl e,t$e
appl i cati on of a *esi gn co*e (e1ui (es e+pe(i ence an*3 u*gement, t$e sel ecti on of
mem&e( si /es s$oul * &e p(acti cal , an* t$e(e is usuall' a matc$ among t$e selecte*
mem&e(si /es. Ho-e%e(, some compute( p(og(ams a%ai l a&l e to*a' a(eso %e(sati l e t$at
t$e' not onl ' i ncl u*e co*e *esi gn c(i te(i a as&ui l t)i n al go(i t$ms, &ut i n a**i ti on t$e i nput
p(oce*u(e i s(el ati %el ' si mpl e an* eas' to l ea(n an* appl '. "n fact, man'engi nee(s a(e
a&l e to un*e(stan* t$e compute( co*e i n t$ei (fi (st encounte( -i t$ a co*e* p(o&l em e%en
i f l acki ng i n p(i o(compute( e+pe(ience. One use()*esigne* compute( p(og(am-$i c$ $as
ac$i e%e* t$i s capa&i l i t' i s t$e 4"#)*e%el ope*"nteg(ate* Ci %i l Engi nee(i ng S'stem,
St(uctu(al Desi gn5anguage ,"CES, S#RUD5""..
6,7
#$i s p(og(am i s a%ai l a&l e tot$e p(ofessi onal an* i s ma(kete* &' man'
comme(ci al compute( se(%i ce &u(eaus.#$i s pape( *esc(i &es t$e use of t$e S#RUD5 ""
compute(p(og(am fo( t$e opti mum *esi gn of a steel pi pe (ack st(uctu(ecommonl' use* in
pet(oc$emical plants. #$e
Su(es$ C. A('a i s P(i nci pal Desi gn Engi nee(, CE 5ummus Compan', Houst on,
#e+. E*-a(* G. eng i s Seni o( Desi gn Engi nee(, CE 5ummus Compan', Houst on,
#e+. Geo(ge Pi ncus i s P(ofesso( an* C$ai (man, Depa(tment of Ci %i l Engi nee(i ng,
Uni %e(si t' of Houston, Houston, #e+.
p(oce*u(e l ea*s to su&stanti al -ei g$t ,an* cost. sa%i ngs i nmost si tuati ons. Consi *e(i ng
t$e tonnage of steel use* i npet(oc$emi cal pl ant pi pe (acks, t$e sa%i ngs potenti al ma'
&et(ul ' (ema(ka&l e.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMPIPE RACK
A two-dimensional frame representing a pipe ra! str"t"reis s#own in $ig% &%
E'en t#o"g# t#e e(ample presented #ere istwo-dimensional) most designers
will onsider t#ree-dimensional ation d"e to fores ating perpendi"lar to
t#eplane of t#e pipe ra! *temperat"re e(pansion andontration or
longit"dinal wind and+or eart#,"a!e-% $orsimpliit.) t#e e(ample onsiders
plane frame ation% Man.t.pial ra!s will not inl"de all t#e s"pport
onditions s#own in t#is e(ample and will) t#erefore) /e m"# simpler
todesign% T#e frame inl"des t#ree le'els of /eams) and ea#/eam #as a
antile'er o'er#ang at one end% 0ne ol"mn ise(tended "pwards to f"ntion
as a 1tee1 s"pport for pipes at a#ig#er ele'ation% T#e lower le'el /eam #as its
ends fi(ed*moment onnetion- to t#e ol"mns% T#e intermediate le'el/eam #as one
end #inged and t#e ot#er end is allowed to slide#ori2ontall. to pro'ide for
possi/le e(pansion *onnetion tot#e ol"mn is t#ro"g# slotted #oles-% T#e
"pper le'el /eam isontin"o"s o'er t#e ol"mn and /eomes a antile'ero'er#ang
on one end) and is allowed to slide at t#e ot#er end%T#e /ases of t#e ol"mns
are onsidered fi(ed% T#e frame #asa 33-ft span and an o'erall #eig#t of 43
ft% T#e frames arespaed at 35 ft and are onneted to ad6aent frames
/.#ori2ontal longit"dinal /eams at ea# ross-/eam le'el%T#ese frames are
restrained in t#e longit"dinal diretion /.'ertial ross-/raing w#i# is
"s"all. plaed at a spaing of a/o"t &77 ft or at ea# fo"rt# /a.% 0nl. t#e in-
plane designof t#e pipe ra! is onsidered #ere) alt#o"g# t#ree- dimensional
ation an /e inl"ded wit# minimal additionaleffort%T#e loads t#at at on t#e frame
are s#own in $ig% 3%T#ree independent loadings are onsidered for design
p"rposes%

$ig% &% T.pial pipe ra! steel frame*omp"ter model inp"t -
T#e loadings orresponding to permanent loads)wind) and temperat"re
#anges are s#own in $igs% 3a t#ro"g#3% Temperat"re #ange is onl.
onsidered on t#e lower le'el/eam) sine t#e "pper le'el /eams are free to
e(pand orontrat longit"dinall.% 8esign loading om/inations areindiated in
$igs% 4a t#ro"g# 4d% 0"t-of-plane loadings) s"#as longit"dinal e(pansion and
ontration fores andlongit"dinal wind+eart#,"a!e loads) o"ld /e
onsidered asadditional loading onditions% Initial si2es for t#e mem/ersare
seleted t#ro"g# man"al anal.tial proed"res or t#esi2es mig#t /e ass"med%
T#ese mem/er si2es are t#en "sed asinitial trial si2es in t#e design
optimi2ation proess and areindiated in $ig% &% T#e seletion of mem/er
si2es an also /ear/itrar.) as noted a/o'e% Regardless of w#at initial si2es
are"sed) s"/se,"ent program iterations will on'erge to t#e same
final design seletion% 9owe'er) t#e e(at n"m/er of iterations will 'ar.)
depending on #ow lose t#e initial trialsi2es are to t#e final omp"ter-
designed si2es%
$i g% 3% :asi l oadi ng ondi t i ons
$i g% 3% :asi l oadi ng ondi t i ons
8ESI;< PR0CE8URE
Anal.sis and design optimi2ation are aomplis#ed /. t#eomp"ter program
d"ring t#e following steps *see $ig% = forprogram flow #art->&% Anal.sis of t#e
frame for t#e gi'en loadingonditions) and om/ining t#e res"lts for t#e
designp#ase%3% Trial mem/ers are #e!ed against t#e pro'isions of t#e AISC
Speifiation for strengt# ade,"a. for allloading onditions%4% Mem/er si2es
are seleted /. t#e omp"ter programalgorit#m wit#o"t appl.ing an.
onstraint ondition%T#e AISC Speifiation is "sed%=% T#e mem/er si2es
seleted in step 4 are "sed toperform a new stiffness anal.sis) and again
mem/ersi2es are seleted /. t#e omp"ter programalgorit#m% T#is step
ser'es t#e p"rpose of optimi2ation wit#o"t appl.ing an. onstraintondition)
i%e%) t#e differene of weig#ts /etween step4 and step = will /e negligi/le%5%
Si2e of mem/ers w#i# are ontin"o"s are madee,"al for pratial reasons?
for e(ample) a ol"mn isa ontin"o"s mem/er of "niform si2e%@% Constraint
onditions regarding a gi'en range of mem/er dimensions are applied) and a
new set of mem/er si2es is o/tained "sing t#e AISCSpeifiation for all design
loading onditions%S"/se,"entl.) step 5 is repeated to arri'e at
pratialmem/er si2es%A% Using t#e new mem/er si2es seleted in step @)
t#eframe is reanal.2ed for all loading onditions% Usingt#ese new design
fores) t#e mem/er si2es are againseleted s"# t#at t#e limiting defletion
onstraintondition *w#i# is applied at speifi ontrollingpoints of t#e
frame- is satisfied% T#is defletiononstraint ondition is in addition to t#e
pre'io"sonstraint ondition listed "nder step @% Step 5 isagain repeated to
arri'e at pratial mem/er si2es%B% T#e mem/er si2es o/tained from t#e
pre'io"s stepare "sed one more to reanal.2e t#e frame and as a
$i g% 4% Loadi ng om/i nat i ons
B@E<;I<EERI<; C0UR<AL + AMERICA< I<STITUTE 0$ STEEL C0<STRUCTI0<
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
final AISC Speifiation #e!% T#is step ass"rest#at t#e mem/er fores
o/tained from t#e lateststiffness anal.sis #a'e not #anged
signifiantl.)w#i# wo"ld re,"ire a f"rt#er #ange in mem/er si 2es% E% $inall.)
t#e mem/er fore) t#e reations at t#es"pports) and t#e defletion of t#e
frame areta/"lated for s"/se,"ent design% T#ese res"lts arenormall. re,"ired
for t#e design of t#e onnetions)inl"ding t#e ol"mn /ase details and
t#efo"ndations) and also to f"rt#er ass"re t#at t#ere,"ired defletion
limitations #a'e /een a#ie'ed% S"mmari2ing t#e pre'io"s nine steps for t#e
optim"m designproess>Steps &-5 aomplis# minim"m weig#t design%Step @
aomplis#es minim"m weig#t design wit# aonstraint ondition on desira/le
dimensions *widt# anddept#s- of mem/ers% Step A aomplis#es minim"m weig#t
design wit#onstraint onditions on mem/er dimensions
and
limitingdefletion riteria%Steps B-E do"ment t#e res"lts of steps &-3%
C0MPUTER M08ELI<;
Comp"ter modeling is a te#ni,"e of frame ideali2ation s"#t#at omp"ter
oding ma. /e on'enientl. applied% T#efollowing steps are followed in oding a
steel pipe ra! forSTRU8L-II omp"ter proessing>&% T#e frame is desri/ed
/. a single line diagrams#owing t#e proper end onditions) as gi'en in $ig%
&%3% T#e loation of t#e 6oints is seleted% T#e 6oints areloated at> *a- t#e
s"pport points) */- t#e free end of mem/ers) *- t#e intersetion of /eams
and ol"mns)and *d- t#e mid-points of /eams% Coints ma. also /e
$ig% =% Comp"ter program inp"t+o"tp"t flow #art%
*
<ote> :ro!en lines indiate optional flow pat#
-
BAT9IR8 FUARTER + &EAE
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
esta/lis#ed at an. ot#er points w#ere !nowledge of displaements and fores
is desired% An. 6oint*"s"all. t#e left /ottom s"pport- is seleted as t#eorigin
and
G
*#ori2ontal- and
Y
*'ertial- glo/al a(esare indiated as s#own in $ig% &% T#e glo/al
H
- a(i s i sperpendi"lar to t#e frame% T#e oordinates of ea#6oint from t#e
origin are t#en omp"ted% Coints aren"m/ered in asending order s"# t#at
t#e differenein n"m/ering /etween 6oints at t#e two ends of amem/er is as
small as possi/le% $or pipe ra!s) t#e6oint n"m/ering s#eme is not as ritial
as in astr"t"re wit# man. 6oints and) t#erefore) ma. /ear /i t r ar .% 4% A
mem/er alwa.s e(ists /etween two 6oints% T#esemem/ers are n"m/ered in
se,"ential order and areindiated wit#in a irle in $ig% & in order to
reatedifferentiation /etween 6oint and mem/er n"m/ers%=% T#e loading
onditions are s#own in $ig% 3% Loadsw#i# ma. at independentl. are indiated
onseparate s!et#es) e%g%) as s#own in $igs% 3a t#ro"g#3% Com/ined loadings
formed from t#e fatored s"mof independent loadings are s#own in $igs%
4at#ro"g# 4d%
I<PUT T0 C0MPUTER PR0;RAMEGAMPLE
Inp"t data is ta!en from $igs% & t#ro"g# 4% T#e data isentered in gro"ps in
ertain se,"ential logial order% T#isproed"re is desri/ed /elow "sing t#e
e(ample pro/lem%A t.pial pipe ra! frame w#i# is "sed in t#epetro#emial
ind"str. is s#own in $ig% &) and t#e /asi anddesign loadings are s#own in
$igs% 3 and 4) respeti'el.% Aonstraint ondition on defletion is seleted)
i%e%) t#ema(im"m 'ertial defletion in t#e /eams at 6oints =) E) and&5 s#o"ld
not e(eed &%7 in% and t#e lateral displaement of t#e frame at 6oint 4 is
limited to 7%A5 in% T#e inp"t data isoded on B7 ol"mn s#eets) and a free
format proed"re ma./e followed) i%e%) data ma. /e oded in an. ol"mn and
e(traspaes /etween data are ignored% Ea# ommand statement orline of
data s#o"ld o"p. a single line% T#ere are nine setsof data) A t#ro"g# I)
w#i# are re,"ired to ode and sol'et#is pro/lem) and t#ese are ill"strated in
Ta/les &-E% T#esedata sets m"st /e preeded /. a ommand STRU8L) w#i#ati'ates
t#e omp"ter program stored in t#e s.stem% T#eommand statements and t#e
inp"t data w#i# are !e.p"n#ed on omp"ter ards are s#own on t#e left side of Ta/les
& t#ro"g# E in apital letters% E(planation for ea#ommand is gi'en on t#e rig#t
Ta/le &% Coordinates of $rame ;eometr.
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I A I
E ( p l a n a t i o n U < I T $ E E T
I n d i a t e s l e n g t #
" n i t s T Y P E P L A < E $ R A M E
I n d i a t e s s t r " t " r e t . p e C 0I <T
C00R8I <ATES&37%33%7%7%S U P P 0R T S UP P 0R T 8esr i /es t #e geomet r . of
t #ef r ame and poi nt s w#er e desi gni nf or mat i on i s desi r ed% 4
7 % & B % = & & % & B % 5 3 3 %
& B % @ 3 A % 5 & B A J = % 7 3 3 % B
7 % 3 3 % E & & % 3 3 % & 7 3 3 %
3 3 % & & J 5 % 5 3 @ % & 3 7 % 3 @ % & 4
& & % 3 @ % & = 3 3 % 3 @ % & 5 3 3 %
4 3 % Y- oor di nat e * H- oor di nat e a"t omat i al l . set t o 2er o- G-
oor di nat eC oi nt <"m/er
BBE<;I<EERI<; C0UR<AL + AMERICA< I<STITUTE 0$ STEEL C0<STRUCTI0<
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le 3% Conneti'it. of Str"t"re Topolog.
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I : I
E ( p l a n a t i o n M E M : E R
I < C I 8 E < C E S I n d i a t e s
o n n e t i o n o f m e m / e r /et ween 6 oi nt s & &
43 4 B4 B & 3 = 3 55 5
& 7 @ & 7 & = A & = & 5 B 4
=E = 5& 7 5 @ & & A
B & 3 B E & 4 E
& 7 & = & & & 3 & 5 & 3 & 4 & @
& 4 & = End 6 oi nt n"m/er * End 6 oi nt i s al wa.s f "r t #er
awa.f r om or i gi n t #an st ar t 6 oi nt - St ar t 6 oi nt n"m/er Mem/er n"m/er
Ta/le 4% Mem/er Releases) Properties and Elasti Constants
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I C I
E ( p l a n a t i o n M E M : E R
R E L E A S E S R e l e a s e t # e e n d s o f
m e m / e r t o m o d e l t # e d e s i r e d
/ o " n d a r . ondi t i ons% 4 & 4 & @ E < 8 M 0 M E < T
H M a ! e s t # e f a r e n d o f m e m / e r s 4 )
& 4 a n d & @ # i n g e d % & 3 S T A R T
M 0 M E < T H M a ! e s t # e n e a r e n d
o f m e m / e r & 3 # i n g e d % & 4 & @ E < 8
$ 0 R C E G M a ! e s t # e f a r e n d o f
m e m / e r s & 4 a n d & @ f r e e t o
m o ' e #or i 2ont al l . * sl ot t ed- % U <I T K I P S I <C 9E S M E M : E R
P R 0 P E R T I E S T # e s e t i o n p r o p e r t i e s
o f m e m / e r s f o l l o w % & T 0 A T A : L E
I S T E E L K I I K B G 3 B I S t r " t " r a l s # a p e s a s s " m e d
f o r m e m / e r s a s n o t e d ) e % g % ) & t # r o " g # A a r e
KB G 3 B % B E & 3 & 4 & = & 5 & @ T A : L E I S T E E L KI I K& 7 G 3 E I & 7 & &
T A : L E I S T E E L K I I K B G & 5 I C 0 < S T A < T S E
3 E 7 7 7 % A L L M a t e r i a l m o d " l " s o f
e l a s t i i t . % C T E % 7 7 7 7 7 @ 5 A L L
C o e f f i i e n t o f t # e r m a l
e ( p a n s i o n % : E T A 7 % A L L
0 r i e n t a t i o n o f m e m / e r s e t i o n )
i % e % ) l o a l m e m / e r s t r o n g a(i s i s
par al l el t o t #e gl o/al H- a(i s% U <I T S I <
P 0U <8S C 0< S T A < T 8 E < S I T Y % 3 B = A L L
K e i g # t d e n s i t . o f m a t e r i a l %
BET9IR8 FUARTER + &EAE
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le =% :asi Loadings and Com/inations
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t
I 8 I
E ( p l a n a t i o n U<I T S K I P S $ E E T
$ A 9 R E <9 E I T L 0A 8I <; I 8E 8LL I M E I I P E R MA <E <T L 0A 8S
* 8E A 8LMA G L I M E - I 8e s r i / e s l o a d i n g o n d i t i o n d " e t o
p e r ma n e n t l o a d s % 8 E A 8 L 0 A 8 K I T 9 M 0 M E < T S Y
- & % 7 M e m / e r d e a d l o a d i n l " d i n g f i ( e d
e n d m o m e n t s % C 0I < T L 0A 8S & 4 $ 0 R C E Y
- 4 % C o n e n t r a t e d l o a d s a n d
m o m e n t s a t i n g a t 6 o i n t s )
e % g % ) a f or e of 4 !i ps at 6 oi nt &4 at i ng down% & 5 $ 0R C E Y
- 3 % M0ME < T H = % M E M : E R L 0 A 8 S
L o a d s a t i n g o ' e r t # e
l e n g t # o f t # e m e m / e r % B E
$ 0 R Y U < I $ 0 R M K - % A 5 U n i f o r m
l o a d o ' e r f " l l l e n g t # o f m e m / e r s
B a n d E o f i nt ensi t . 7% A5 !i ps+ f t % & & $ 0 R Y
U < I $ 0 R M K - % = L A 7 % L : 4 % 7 U n i f o r m l o a d
o ' e r p a r t i a l l e n g t # i % e % ) f r o m s t a r t t o 4
f e e t f r om st ar t % & = $ 0 R Y L I < E A R K A - % 3 K : 7 % @
L A 7 % L : = % 5 L i n e a r l . ' a r . i n g l o a d o ' e r
p a r t i a l l e n g t # w i t # i n i t i a l i nt ensi t . % 3 !i ps+ f t % at st ar t
t o % @ !i ps+ f t % =% 5 f t % f r om st ar t at i ng downwar d * negat i 'e .-
di r et i on- % & 7 $ 0 R Y C 0 < C E < T R A T E 8 P - 3 % 7 L
= % 7 C o n e n t r a t e d l o a d a p p l i e d a t a
d i s t a n e f r o m s t a r t ) e % g % ) 3 !i ps on mem/er &7) at
= f t % f r om st ar t at i ng down* negat i 'e .- di r et i on- % & 3 & 4 $ 0R Y C 0<
P - 5 % 7 L 5 % 5 & @ $ 0R Y C 0< P - = % 7 L 5 % 7 & @ $ 0R Y C 0< P - 3 % 7 L
E % 7 L 0 A 8 I < ; I K I < 8 I I K I < 8 L 0 A 8 L A T E R A L 8 I R E C T I 0 < I
8 e s r i / e s a n o t # e r l o a d i n g o n d i t i o n d " e t o
w i n d % C 0 I < T L 0 A 8 S L o a d s
a p p l i e d a t t # e
6 o i n t s % & 5 $ 0 R N 7 % @ A
f o r e o f 7 % @ ! i p s i s a t i n g
i n # o r i 2 o n t a l d i r e t i o n %
o n 6 o i n t & 5 % 4 B & 3 $ 0R N 3 % & L 0 A 8 I < ; I T E M P O 5 7 $ I I T E M P
M A R I A T I 0 < R I S E 5 7 $ I 8 e s r i / e s a n o t # e r l o a d i n g
o n d i t i o n d " e t o t e m p e r a t " r e % M E M : E R B E
T E M P A G I A L 5 7 A ( i a l t e m p e r a t " r e
# a n g e o f 5 7 d e g r e e s $ a p p l i e d
t o / e a ms B a n d E % L 0 A 8 I < ; C 0 M : I A I I P E R M A < E < T
L 0 A 8 S L K I < 8 I - C o m / i n e s t w o / a s i l o a d i n g
o n d i t i o n s f o r d e s i g n o f mem/er ) i % e% ) 7% A5 N I 8E8LLI MEI
pl "s 7% A5 N I KI <8I % * t #e end das# i ndi at es ont i n"ed on ne(t
ar d- % C 0M: I < E I 8E 8LL I M E I 7 % A 5 I KI < 8I % 7 A 5 L 0A 8I <; C 0M: I : I
I P E R MA <E <T L 0A 8S LT E MP R I S E L5 7 $ I - C o m/ i n e s t # e / a s i
l o a d i n g o n d i t i o n wi t # t e mp e r a t " r e e(pansi on of 57 degr ees
$% C 0M: I < E I 8E 8LL I M E I & % 7 I T E MP O 5 7 $ I & % 7 L 0A 8I < ; C 0M: I C I
I P E R MA <E <T L 0A 8S LT E MP $ A L L J 5 7 $ I - C o m/ i n e s t # e / a s i
l o a d i n g o n d i t i o n wi t # t e mp e r a t " r e ont r at i on of 57 degr ees
$% C0M:I <E I 8E8LLI MEI &% 7 I TEMPO57$I - &% 7 L 0 A 8 I < ; C 0 M : I A A I
I $ U L L P E R M A < E < T L 0 A 8 S L K I < 8 I - C o m / i n e s t w o / a s i
l o a d i n g o n d i t i o n s f o r l i m i t i n g def l et i on onst r ai nt ondi t i on)
i % e% ) &% 7 N I 8E8LLI MEI p l " s & % 7 N I KI <8I % C 0M: I < E I 8E 8LL I M E I & % 7
I KI <8I & % 7
E7E<;I<EERI<; C0UR<AL + AMERICA< I<STITUTE 0$ STEEL C0<STRUCTI0<
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le 5% Stiffness Anal.sis and 0"tp"t Res"lts
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I E I
E ( p l a n a t i o n P R I < T 8A T A A L L P r i n t s
o " t i n p " t d a t a % S T I $ $ < E S S A < A L Y S I S T # i s o m m a n d
p e r f o r m s s t r " t " r a l a n a l . s i s o f t # e f r a m e % PL0T PLA<E
St r "t "r e geomet r . i s pr i nt ed o"t as a #e! on t #e i n p " t % U< I T S
K I P S I < C 9 E S 0U T P UT : Y C 0I < T LI ST 8I SPLACEME<TS ALL Res"l t s ar e
pr i nt ed o"t f or def l et i ons and r ot at i ons of 6 oi nt s% 0U T P UT : Y
L 0A 8S LI ST $0RCES REACTI 0<S ALL Res"l t s ar e pr i nt ed o"t f or
f or es) moment s at 6 oi nt s) and r eat i ons at s"ppor t s% 0UT P U T : Y
ME M: E R S S E C T I 0< $ R A C T I 0< < S 3 7 % & % LI ST $0RCE E<MEL0PE ALL
MEM:ERS Ma(i m"m f or es and moment s i n ea# mem/er ar epr i nt ed
o"t % Consi der s al l l oadi ng ondi t i ons) and t woset i ons on ea#
mem/er ) t #e st ar t and t #e end% LI ST STRESS E<MEL0PE ALL MEM:ERS
Ma(i m"m st r esses i n ea# mem/er i s pr i nt ed o"t si mi l ar t o a/o'e%
side of ea# ta/le% Ea# ta/le ontains t#e followinginformation *apital
letters are at"al ommands->
8at a Set I AI and I :I
*
Ta/l es & and 3
-Information ista!en from $ig% & and inl"des a desription of t#e
framegeometr. and topolog.% <ote t#at for t#ree-dimensional ation) TYPE
PLA<E $RAME) wo"ld /eome TYPESPACE $RAME and t#ree sets of oordinates *
() .) 2)
-wo"ld /e listed for ea# 6oint%
8at a Set I CI
*
Ta/le 4
-Information on mem/er releases*program ass"mes all mem/er ends f"ll.
fi(ed) "nlessmodified /. t#is ommand- and mem/er properties areta!en from $ig% &%
T#e parameters "nder t#e ommandC0<STA<TS are for steel material% T#e 'al"e
of :ETAis ta!en as 2ero) sine t#e we/ of t#e setions is in t#eplane of paper
*mem/ers are oriented s"# t#at /endingis a/o"t t#eir strong a(is-% :ETA
/eomes E7 degreesw#en t#e we/ of a mem/er is perpendi"lar to t#e
planeGY%
8at a Set I 8I
*
Ta/le =
-Information for loadingonditions is as s#own on $ig% 3% T#ree
loadingom/inations IAI) I:I) ICI are performed following "rrentdesign
pratie) and om/ination IAAI is form"lated to#e! for t#e limiting
defletion riteria% Information onloading om/inations is o/tained from $ig%
4%
8at a Set I EI
*
Ta/le 5
-T#is data set inl"des ommandsfor t#e listing of t#e stiffness anal.sis
res"lts% T#e res"ltsinl"de t#e fores in t#e mem/ers) displaements of t#efree
6oints) and reations at t#e s"pports for all /asi andom/ined loading
onditions% Ma(im"m stress en'eloperes"lts are also printed o"t for design
p"rposes%
8at a Set I $I
*
Ta/le @
-T#is data set defines t#eparameters t#at are re,"ired for t#e design of
steelmem/ers% Effeti'e and "n/raed lengt#s for ol"mns aredefined) /"t
/eam and antile'er mem/ers are onsideredto /e totall. /raed along t#eir
ompression flange) sinet#e. are atta#ed to pipes perpendi"lar to t#eir
lengt#s% A ode #e! on t#e ass"med mem/er si2es is performedfor strengt#
ade,"a.% S"/se,"entl.) mem/er si2es areseleted /. t#e omp"ter program
for t#e foresgenerated /. t#e stiffness anal.sis of data set IEI%Anot#er .le
of stiffness anal.sis is performed "sing t#enew si2es as inp"t for mem/er
properties% T#en) res"ltsof t#e stiffness anal.sis are "sed to selet new
mem/ersi2es%T#e preeding steps aomplis# minim"m weig#toptimi2ation "sing t#e
omp"ter program wit#o"tappl.ing an. onstraint ondition% E&T9IR8 FUARTER +
&EAE
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le @% Presri/ed 8esign Parameters) AISC Speifiation C#e! andComp"ter 8esign
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I $ -
& I E ( p l a n a t i o n L 0 A 8 I < ;
L I S T I A I I : I I C I I 8 E 8 L L I M E I 8 e s i g n l o a d i n g
o n d i t i o n s a r e
o n s i d e r e d % P A R A M E T E R S 8 e s i g n
p a r a m e t e r s a r e
p r e s r i / e d % I C 0 8 E I
I S P @ E I A L L A I S C - C o d e
i s " s e d % I U < L C $ I @ @ % 7 B E & 3 & 4
& 5 & @ U n / r a e d l e n g t # o f m e m / e r
o m p r e s s i o n f l a n g e ) i % e% ) @@ i n#es f or mem/er s B)
E) &3) &4) &5 and &@% I $ L Y 8 I 4 @ % A L L
Y i e l d s t r e n g t # o f
m a t e r i a l % I S E C < 8 A R Y I & A L L
I n d i a t e s t # a t a l l m e m / e r s a r e
p r i m a r . m e m / e r s % I P R I 8 T A I &
A L L < o d i a g n o s t i
o " t p " t i s d e s i r e d % I K H I & % 3
M E M & = E f f e t i ' e l e n g t # f a t o r
f o r o l " m n s i n l o a l H - a ( i s ) i % e% )
t #e pl ane of t #e f r ame% I K H I 3 % 7 ME M 3 4 5 @ A I K Y I 7 % B 7
M E M 4 @ A E f f e t i ' e l e n g t #
f a t o r f o r o l " m n s i n l o a l Y -
a ( i s ) i % e% ) per pendi "l ar t o t #e f r ame% I K Y I 7 % @ 5 ME M & 3 =
5 I L H I 3 = 7 % 7 M E M & = U n / r a e d
l e n g t # a g a i n s t / " ! l i n g i n
l o a l H - a ( i s ) i % e% ) i n t #e pl ane of t #e f r ame% I L H I E @ % 7
ME M A I np"t 8at a Set I $- 3I C 9 E C K C 0 8 E $ 0 R M E M : E R S
& t o & @ A I S C - C o d e # e ! i s p e r f o r m e d o n
a l l m e m / e r s % I np"t 8at a Set I $- 4I S E C T I 0 < $ R < S 3
7 % & % M E M & t o & @ S e t i o n s a r e s e l e t e d
f o r m e m / e r d e s i g n o n s i d e r i n g moment s and a(i al
f or es at /ot # ends% S E L E C T M E M & t o & @ K I T 9
I C 0 M : I < E 8 I A I S C - C o d e a ( i a l a n d / e n d i n g
f o r e s i n t e r a t i ' e f or m"l ae * a(i al l oad and moment - ar e
"sed%
8at a Set I ;I * Ta/l e A-
T#e onstraint ondition on mem/erdimensions are gi'en in t#is ta/le% A
stiffness anal.sis isperformed on t#e mem/er si2es seleted in t#e pre'io"s
step%Mem/er si2es are reseleted for t#e new mem/er fores)ta!ing into
ao"nt t#e onstraint onditions% Segments of ontin"o"s mem/ers ma. /e
seleted /. t#e omp"terprogram wit# different si2es% T#"s) segments ommon to
asingle or ontin"o"s mem/er are made e,"al) /ased on t#elargest re,"ired
moment of inertia for an. one segment) sinefle("ral stresses ontrol t#e
design proess%
8at a Set I 9I * Ta/l e B-
T#e ommands in t#is data set appl.an additional onstraint ondition on
ma(im"m permissi/ledefletions at ertain 6oints *in t#e 'ertial diretion at
mid-span of t#e /eams and in t#e #ori2ontal diretion at t#eintersetion of
t#e first-le'el /eam and ol"mn-% $irst) t#estiffness anal.sis is performed on
t#e frame "sing t#emem/er si2es o/tained in t#e preeding ta/le% Redesign
of t#ose mem/ers w#i# are affeted /. t#e onstraint onditionis performed
/. appl.ing t#e onstraint ondition of limitingdefletion% Contin"o"s mem/er si2es
are rationali2ed andsetion properties are printed%
8at a Set I I I * Ta/l e E-
T#e ommands in t#is ta/lereanal.2e t#e frame for all t#e loading
onditions) a ode#e! of t#e mem/ers is performed) and a printo"t of t#e
finaldefletions at t#e 6oints) t#e s"pport reations) and t#emem/er
properties is prod"ed% E3E<;I<EERI<; C0UR<AL + AMERICA< I<STITUTE 0$
STEEL C0<STRUCTI0<
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le A% Rationali2ation of Si2es and Constraint Condition of Mem/er Si2es
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I ; - & I
E ( p l a n a t i o n T A K E M E M & T 0 4 A S L A R
I I H I o f M E M & t o 4 S a m e s e t i o n / a s e d o n m a ( i m " m
m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a i s "sed on ent i r e l engt # of ea# ol "mn% T A K E
ME M = T 0 A A S L A R I I H I 0$ ME M = T 0 A T A K E ME M & = & 5 & @ A S
L A R I I H I o f ME M & = & 5 & @ S a me s e t i o n / a s e d o n ma ( i m" m
mo me n t o f i n e r t i a i s "sed on ent i r e l engt # of ea# /eam% T A K E ME M
& 3 & 4 A S L A R I I H I 0$ ME M & 3 & 4 T A K E ME M B E A S L A R I I H I 0$
ME M B E T A K E M E M & 7 & & A S L A R I I H I 0 $ M E M & 7 & & S a m e
s e t i o n i s " s e d f o r n o n o n t i n " o " s a n t i l e ' e r s /ased on
ma(i m"m moment of i ner t i a% P R I < T M E M : E R P R 0 P A L L
M E M : E R S T a / l e o f m e m / e r s i 2 e s i s p r i n t e d
o " t % S T E E L T A K E 0 $ $ S t e e l w e i g # t
i s a l " l a t e d f o r t # e
" r r e n t set i ons% I np"t 8at a Set I ;- 3I M E M : E R
C 0 < S T R A I < T M e m / e r s i 2 e s a n / e
l i m i t e d t o d e s i r e d r a n g e o f di mensi ons% &
T 0 A C 0 < S I Y 8 I ; E A % 5 C o l " m n l e a s t
d e p t # i s i n d i a t e d ) e % g % ) m e m / e r s
& t #r o"g# A s#o"l d /e at l east A% 5 i n#es deep% & T 0 A C 0 < S
I Y 8 I L E & B % 7 C o l " m n s m a ( i m " m d e p t # / e
l e s s o r e , " a l t o & B i n # e s % & T 0 A C 0 < S
I H 8 I ; E 5 % 7 C o l " m n f l a n g e l e a s t w i d t #
i s i n d i a t e d ) e % g % ) m e m / e r s f l ange wi dt # s#o"l d
/e e,"al or gr eat er t #an 5% 7 i n#es% & T 0 A C 0 < S I H 8 I
L E & 7 % 7 C o l " m n I s m a ( i m " m f l a n g e w i d t #
/ e e , " a l o r l e s s t # a n &7 i n#es% B E & 3 & 4 & 5
& @ C 0 < S I Y 8 I ; E E % 5 M i n i m " m / e a m d e p t # o f
E % 5 i n % o r l e s s i s i n d i a t e d f o r me m/ e r s B ) E ) & 3 )
& 4 ) & 5 a n d & @ % B E & 3 & 4 & 5 & @ C 0 < S I H 8 I ; E 5 % 7
M a ( i m " m / e a m f l a n g e w i d t # o f 5 % 7 i n % o r
g r e a t e r i s i n d i a t e d f o r me m/ e r s B ) E ) & 3 ) & 4 ) & 5 a n d & @ %
Ta/le B% Constraint Condition on Limiting 8efletion
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I 9 I
E ( p l a n a t i o n L 0 A 8 I < ; L I S T
I A A I 0 n l . l o a d i n g o m / i n a t i o n
f o r w # i # d e f l e t i o n onst r ai nt ondi t i on i s
pr esr i /ed i s onsi der ed% A 8 8 I T I 0 < S
A d d i t i o n a l d e s i g n
p a r a m e t e r a r e
d e s r i / e d % P A R A ME T E R I 8 E $ L E C T < I
& 4 3 % 7 B & 3 & 5 8 e f l e t i o n o n s t r a i n t
i s d e s r i / e d o n / e a m s ) e % g % ) a ma(i m"m
def l et i on of L+ &43 i s desi r ed) w#i # i s &in%I 8 E $ L E C T < I
3 B B % 7 & = 8 e f l e t i o n o n s t r a i n t i s
d e s r i / e d o n o l " m n s ) e % g % ) a ma(i m"m
def l et i on of L+ 3BB i s desi r ed) w#i # i s 7 % A 5 i n % I L 0 A 8 I < ; I
I A A I & = B & 3 & 5 L o a d i n g
o n d i t i o n i s a l s o s e l e t e d %
E4T9IR8 FUARTER + &EAE
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le E% Stiffness Anal.sis and 0"tp"t Res"lts
I n p " t 8 a t a S e t I I - & I
E ( p l a n a t i o n L 0 A 8 I < ; L I S T A L L
A l l / a s i a n d o m / i n a t i o n l o a d i n g
o n d i t i o n s ar e onsi der ed% S T I $ $ < E S S A < A L Y S I S St at i
anal .si s i s per f or med on pr e'i o"sl .sel et ed set i ons% L0A8I <; LI ST
I AI I :I I CI I AAI I 8E8 L LI MEI 8esi r ed l oadi ng ondi t i ons ar e
at i 'at ed% L I S T R E A C T I 0 < S 8 I S P A L L R e a t i o n s
a t s " p p o r t s a n d d e f l e t i o n s a t 6 o i n t s f or t #e
desi r ed l oadi ngs ar e pr i nt ed o"t % I np"t 8at a Set I I - 3I P R I < T M E M : E R
P R 0 P E R T I E S A L L M E M : E R S $ i n a l s e t i o n p r o p e r t i e s f o r a l l
m e m / e r s a r e pr i nt ed o"t i n t a/"l ar f or m% S T E E L T A K E
S t e e l w e i g # t f o r t # e f i n a l
d e s i g n e d f r a m e
i s al "l at ed% $ I < I S 9
T e r m i n a t i o n o f
p r o g r a m %
8ISCUSSI0< 0$ RESULTS
A two-dimensional frame of str"t"ral steel) ommonl.alled 1pipe ra!1 in t#e
petro#emial ind"str.) wasdesigned "sing t#e AISC Speifiation /.
man"al omp"tation) and is t#en ompared wit# optim"m si2eso/tained /. "sing t#e
omp"ter program STRU8L-II% T#esi2es are seleted /. t#e omp"ter program
initiall. wit#o"tan. onstraint ondition) and again "sing onstraint onditions
on mem/er si2es and on limiting defletions% T#esi2es o/tained /. t#e a/o'e
in'estigation are s#own in $ig%5/% Comparing t#e si2es of $ig% 5a *man"all.
designed- wit#$ig% 5/ *designed /. t#e omp"ter program-) it ma. /e
notedt#at t#e former "ses t#e same setion *wBN3B- for /ot#ol"mns) w#ile
t#e latter "ses different setions) i%e%) w&7N3&and w&=N47 for t#e left and
rig#t side ol"mns) respeti'el.%T#is o"rs /ea"se> *&- a #ori2ontal sliding
#ingeonnetion is "sed /etween t#e two "pper-le'el /eams andol"mns) and
*3- t#e rig#t side ol"mn pro6ets a/o'e t#etop-le'el /eam% T#e /eams seleted
/. t#e omp"ter programare lig#ter /"t deeper ompared to t#ose seleted
man"all.%T#is indiates t#at t#e omp"ter program is organi2ed toselet t#e
most eonomial setions% Comparing t#e si2ess#own in $ig% 5 *designed /. t#e
omp"ter program wit#onstraint ondition on mem/er si2es as gi'en in Ta/le
A-wit# t#e si2es s#own on $ig% 5/ *design /. t#e omp"ter wit#no
onstraints-) it ma. /e noted t#at) e(ept for t#e /eams att#e two "pper
le'els) all si2es are t#e same% T#e two "pper-le'el /eam setions w&7N3&)
are red"ed in dept# *from &3to &7 in#es-) /"t /eame slig#tl. #ea'ier *from
&E plf to 3&plf-% T#"s) #a'ing a si2e onstraint ondition #as a mildeffet on
t#e weig#t) w#ereas man"al 's% omp"ter design #asa strong effet on
weig#t% T#e si2es s#own in $ig% 5d areo/tained /. t#e omp"ter program wit#
an additional onstraint ondition of limiting defletion to a ma(im"m'al"e of & in% in
t#e 'ertial diretion at mid-span of all/eams and 7%A5 in% in t#e #ori2ontal
diretion in t#e ol"mnsat t#e first-le'el /eam% T#"s) t#e additional design
onstraintres"lts in an inrease in si2e of t#e rig#t side ol"mnompared to
t#e pre'io"s design *w&=N47 to w&=N4=-) andindiates t#at t#e pre'io"s
omp"ter designed si2es did not)in fat) meet t#e limiting defletion riteria
in t#e #ori2ontaldiretion% Comparing t#e defletion res"lts *a"sed /.
f"lldead) li'e) and wind loading- orresponding to $igs% 5a and5/ and w#i#
are plotted in $igs% @ and A) respeti'el.) itma. /e noted t#at t#e #ori2ontal
defletion at t#e lower-le'el/eam is &%@7 in% for t#e man"al design and 7%A3
in% in t#eomp"ter design% T#"s) aording to t#e presri/ed limit of 7%A5 in%)
t#e man"al design is "naepta/le) /"t t#eomp"ter-designed si2es
ade,"atel. meet t#e esta/lis#edriteria% It s#o"ld /e noted t#at man"al
design seldom #e!sfor ma(im"m tolera/le defletion) d"e to t#e fat t#at
#and or#and/oo! form"las or proed"res do not pro'ide a simplewa. of
omp"ting defletions% Conerning t#e 'ertialdefletion in t#e /eams) t#e
ma(im"m 'al"e is 7%@= in% fort#e man"al design and 7%E= in% for t#e omp"ter
design) w#ilet#e presri/ed limit is &%7 in% T#is indiates t#at t#e
omp"terprogram selets si2es w#i# approa# t#e limitingre,"irements)
w#ile man"all. seleted si2es areo'erdesigned% Similarl.) t#is is also tr"e in
t#e seletionproess for t#e antile'ers% A si2e of w@NB is seleted /.
t#eomp"ter program and a si2e of wBN&5 is seleted /. t#eman"al
proed"re% 0ne fat wort# larif.ing in t#ese fig"resis t#e differene /etween
respeti'e #ori2ontal defletion'al"es for t#e rig#t and left side ol"mns at
t#e two "pper-le'el /eams% T#e reason t#at t#e rig#t side ol"mn does
notdeflet as m"# as t#e left side ol"mn is /ea"se t#e rig#tol"mn is
allowed to slide freel. in t#e #ori2ontal diretionw#ile t#e left side ol"mn is
not free to slide #ori2ontall.% E=E<;I<EERI<; C0UR<AL + AMERICA< I<STITUTE
0$ STEEL C0<STRUCTI0<
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%
Ta/le &7% Keig#t 0ptimi2ationComparati'e Res"lts
KE I ;9T 0$ S T E E L - P 0U< 8S MA <U A L 8E S I ;<8E S I ;< : Y
C 0MP UT E R P R 0;R A M8 E S C R I P T I 0 <
K I T 9 0 U T C 0<S T R A I <T C 0<8I T I 0<S <0C 0< S T R A I < T C 0< 8I T I
0< C 0< S T R A I < T 0< ME M: E R SI HESC 0< S T R A I < T 0< ME M: E R
S I H E S A <8 8E $ L E C T I 0< ME M: E R
S I H E S KI T 9 0 U T R A T I 0<A L I H A T I 0< -& s t % C Y C L E P3 ) = 5 = 3 n d %
C Y C L E P3 ) 5 @ E 3 ) B A @ 4 ) 3 4 3 ME M: E R
S I H E S KI T 9 R A T I 0<A L I H A T I 0< 4 ) B 5 4
4 ) & & 3 4 ) 3 & 5
4 ) 4 = 4 P E R C E <T A ;E S A M I < ;S 0M E R MA <U A L
8E S I ;< 7 & E % 3
& @ % @
& 4 % 3
$ig% 5% 8esign omparison
A weig#t omparison of t#e fo"r designs in $ig% 5 isgi'en in Ta/le &7% T#e
"pper row of steel weig#ts is for t#ease w#en different si2es are seleted /.
t#e omp"terprogram for different segments of a single ontin"o"s mem-/er%
9owe'er) t#e si2e of a segment w#i# #as t#e largest moment of inertia s#o"ld /e
seleted as a ommon si2e fort#e remaining segments to a#ie'e a pratial
design and tored"e fa/riation osts% T#e weig#t of t#e mem/ers
afterE5T9IR8 FUARTER + &EAE
D 3774 /. Amerian Instit"te of Steel Constr"tion) In% All rig#ts reser'ed% T#is
p"/liation or an. part t#ereof m"st not /e reprod"ed in an. form wit#o"t t#e written
permission of t#e p"/lis#er%