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Tai Lieu CCNA
Tai Lieu CCNA
b x l.
ng ca Flash vn c lu g
u nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca phn mm IOS
Flash l loi ROM xo v lp trnh c (EPROM).
c im v chc nng ca cc cng giao tip:
Kt ni router vo h thng mng nhn v chuyn gi d liu.
Cc cng c th gn trc tip trn mainboard hoc l di dng card ri.
1.1.3 Router LAN v WAN
20
Hnh 1.1.3a: Phn on mng LAN vi router
Router va c s dng phn on mng LAN va l thit b chnh trong
mng WAN. Thc cht l
l: chn ng i tt
nht v chuyn mch gi d liu. thc hin chc nng ny, mi router phi xy
dng mt bng nh tuyn v thc hi nh tuyn vi nhau.
Do , tn router c c cng giao tip LAN v WAN.
cc k thut WAN c s dng kt ni cc router, router ny giao tip vi
router khc qua ng lin kt WAN. Router l thit b xng sng ca mng
Intranet ln v mng Internet. Router hot ng Lp 3 v thc hin chuyn gi
d liu da trn a ch mng. Router c hai chc nng chnh
n trao i thng tin
Hnh 1.1.3b: Kt ni router bng cc cng ngh WAN
21
Ng tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnh nh tuyn
tnh, nhng thng th ng nh cc giao thc
nh tuyn th r.
i qun tr mng c th duy
ng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi
c hin trao i thng tin mng gia cc route
Hnh 1.1.3c
V d: nu my tnh X mun thng tin lin lc vi my tnh Y mt chu lc khc
v vi my tnh Z mt v tr khc na trn th gii, khi cn phi c nh tuyn
Mng WAN hot ng ch yu lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. iu ny khng
c ngha l nm lp cn li ca m hnh OSI khng c trong mng WAN. iu
c th truyn d liu v ng thi cng cn phi c cc ng d phng, thay
th m bo tin cy. Rt nhiu thit k mng v cng ngh c a ra
cho cc my tnh nh X Y, Z c th lin lc vi nhau.
Mt h thng mng c cu hnh ng phi c y cc c im sau:
C h thng a ch nht qun t u cui n u cui
Cu trc a ch phi th hin c cu trc mng.
Chn c ng i tt nht.
nh tuyn ng v tnh.
Thc hin chuyn mch.
1.1.4 Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN
22
ny n gin c ngha l mang WAN ch khc vi mng LAN lp Vt l v lp
Lin kt d liu. Hay ni cch khc l cc tiu chun v giao thc s dng trong
mng WAN lp 1 v lp 2 l khc vi mng LAN.
Lp Vt l trong mng WAN m t cc giao tip thit b d liu u cui DTE
(Data Terminal Equipment) v thit b u cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-
terminal Equipment). Thng thng, DCE l thit b pha nh cung cp dch v
v DTE l thit b kt ni vo DCE. Theo m hnh ny th DCE c th l modem
hoc CSU/DSU.
Chc nng ch yu ca router l nh tuyn. Hot ng nh tuyn din ra lp 3 -
lp Mng trong khi WAN hot ng lp 1 v 2. Vy router l thit b LAN hay
WAN? Cu tr li l c hai. Router c th l thit b LAN, hoc WAN, hoc thit
b trung gian gia LAN v WAN hoc c th l LAN v WAN cng m
Mt trong nhng nhim v ca router trong mng WAN l nh tuyn gi d liu
lp 3, y cng l nhim v ca router trong mng LAN. Tuy nhin, nh tuyn
khng phi l nhim v ch uter s
dng cc chun v giao thc ca lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu kt ni cc
mng WAN th lc ny nhim v chn mng WAN khng
t giao tip
SDN sang T1, ng thi chuyn
kiu ng gi eRelay.
t lc.
nh yu ca router trong mng WAN. Khi ro
h y ca router trong
phi l nh tuyn na m l cung cp kt ni gia cc mng WAN vi cc chun
vt l v lin kt d liu khc nhau. V d: mt router c th c m
ISDN s dng kiu ng gi PPP v mt giao tip ni tip T1 s dng kiu ng
gi FrameRelay. Router phi c kh nng chuyn i lung bit t loi dch v ny
sang dch v khc. V d: chuyn i t dch v I
lp Lin kt d liu t PPP sang Fram
Chi tit v cc giao thc lp 1 v 2 trong mng WAN s c cp tp sau ca
gio trnh ny. Sau y ch lit k mt s chun v giao thc WAN ch yu cc
bn tham kho:
23
Hnh 1.1.4a: Cc chun WAN lp Vt l
Hnh 1.1.4b: Cc kiu ng gi d liu WAN
Lp lin kt d liu
Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp vt l: EIA/TIA-232,449, V24, V35, X21, EIA-
530, ISDN, T1, T3, E1, E3, Xdsl, sonet (oc-3, oc-12, oc-48, oc-192).
Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp lin kt d liu: HDLC, FrameRelay, PPP,
SDLC, SLIP, X25, ATM, LAMB, LAPD, LAPF.
24
1.1.5 Cc bi thc hnh m phng
Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng trong phng lab, cc mng c kt ni bng
c thnh phn c bn ca router.
RAM. RAM thng c chia thnh hai
phn: phn b nh x l chnh v phn b nh chia s xut/nhp. Phn b nh chia
s xut/nhp c chia cho cc cng giao tip lm ni lu tr tm cc gi d
liu.Ton b ni dung trn RAM s b xo khi tt in. Thng thng, RAM trn
router l loi RAM ng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) v c th nng thm RAM
bng cch gn thm DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module).
Flash: B nh Flash c s dng lu ton b phn mm h iu hnh Cisco
IOS. Mc nh l router tm IOS ca n trong flash. Bn c th nng cp h iu
hnh bng cch chp phin bn mi hn vo flash. Phn mm IOS c th di
dng nn hoc khng nn. i vi hu ht cc router, IOS c chp ln RAM
trong qu trnh khi ng router. Cn c mt s router th IOS c th chy trc tip
cp serial trong thc t khng kt ni trc tip nh vy c. V d: trn thc t,
mt router New York v mt router Sydney, Australia. Ngi qun tr mng
Australia phi kt ni vo router New York thng qua m my WAN x l
s c trn router New York.
Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng, cc thit b trong dm my WAN c gi lp
bng cp DTE-DCE kt ni trc tip t cng S0/0 ca router ny n cng S0/1
ca router kia (ni back-to-back).
1.2 Router
1.2.1 Cc thnh phn bn trong router
Cu trc chnh xc ca router rt khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn router. Trong
phn ny ch gii thiu v c
CPU n v x l trung tm: thc thi cc cu lnh ca h iu hnh thc hin
cc nhim v sau: khi ng h thng, nh tuyn, iu khin cc cng giao tip
mng. CPU l mt b giao tip mng. CPU l mt b vi x l. Trong cc router ln
c th c nhiu CPU.
RAM: c s dng lu bng nh tuyn, cung cp b nh cho chuyn mch
nhanh, chy tp tin cu hnh v cung cp hng i cho cc gi d liu. Trong a s
router, h iu hnh Cisco IOS chy trn
25
trn flash m khng cn chp ln RAM. n c th gn thm hoc thay th cc
thanh SIMM hay card PCMCIA ng flash.
VRAM (Non-volative Random-access Memory): L b nh RAM khng b mt
ng tin, c s dng lu tp tin cu hnh. Trong mt s thit b c NVRAM
v flash . Trong mt s thit b, flash v
us h thng c s
ROM (Read Only Memory): L ni lu on m ca chng trnh kim tra khi
khi ng. Nhim v chnh ca ROM l kim tra phn cng ca router khi khi
ng, sau chp phn mm Cisco IOS t flash vo RAM. Mt s router c th c
phin bn IOS c dng lm ngun khi ng d phng. Ni dung trong ROM
khng th xo c. Ta ch c th nng cp ROM bng cch thay chip ROM mi.
Cc cng giao tip: L ni router kt ni vi bn ngoi. Router c 3 loi cng:
LAN, WAN v console/AUX. Cng giao tip LAN c th gn c nh trn router
hoc di dng card ri.
Cng giao tip WAN c th l cng Serial, ISDN, cng tch hp n v dch v
knh CSU (Chanel Service Unit). Tng t nh cng giao tip LAN, cc cng giao
tip WAN cng c chip iu khin c bit. Cng giao tip WAN c th nh trn
router hoc d
Cng console/AUX l cng ni tip, ch yu c d dng cu hnh router. Hai
cng ny khng phi l loi cng kt ni mng m l kt ni vo my tnh
thng qua mod nh thc
hin cu uter
B
nng dung l
N
th
ring, NVRAM c thc thi nh flash
NVRAM l cng mt b nh. Trong c hai trng hp, ni dung ca NVRAM vn
c lu gi khi tt in.
Bus: Phn ln cc router u c bus h thng v CPU bus. B
dng thng tin lin lc gia CPU vi cc cng giao tip v cc khe m rng.
Loi bus ny vn chuyn d liu v cc cu lnh i v n cc a ch ca nh
tng ng.
ng card ri.
em hoc thng qua cng COM trn my tnh t my t
hnh ro .
Ngun in: Cung cp in cho cc thnh phn ca router, mt s router ln c th
s dng nhiu b ngun hoc nhiu card ngun. Cn mt s router nh, ngun
in c th l b phn nm ngoi router.
26
Hnh 1.2.1a
Hnh 1.2.1b
tr ca chng trong router rt khc nhau tu theo tng
loi phin bn thit b.
1.2.2 c im vt l ca router
Khng nht thit l bn phi bit v tr ca cc thnh phn vt l trong router mi
c th s dng c router. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, v d nh nng
cp b nh chng hn, nhng kin thc ny li rt hu dng.
Cc loi thnh phn v v
27
Hnh 1.2.2a: Cu trc bn trong ca router 2600
Hnh 1.2.2b: Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router 2600
1.2.3 Cc loi kt ni ngoi ca router
Router c ba loi kt ni c bn l: cng LAN, WAN v cng qun l router. Cng
giao tip LAN cho php router kt ni vo mi trng mng cc b LAN. Thng
g c cng Token Ring
v ATM (Asynchronous Tranfer Mode).
Kt ni mng WAN cung cp kt ni thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v n cc
chi nhnh xa hoc i kt ni ny c th l ni tip hay bt
k loi gi tip WA m mt thit b ngoi vi nh CSU chng
thng, cng giao tip LAN l cng Ethernet. Ngoi ra cn
kt ni vo Internet. Lo
ao N, bn cn phi c th
28
hn n outer cp dch v. i vi mt s loi giao tip WAN
khc th bn c th kt ni trc tip router ca mnh n nh cung cp dch v.
Chc nng ca port qun l hon ton khc vi ai loi trn. kt ni LAN, WAN
kt ni router v m nhn v pht cc gi d liu. Trong khi , port
qun l cung cp ch n bn bn c th cu hnh hoc x
l trn router. Cng qun l thng l cng console hoc cng AUX (Auxilliary).
y l loi cng ni tip bt ng b EIA-232. Cc cng ny kt ni vo cng
COM trn my tnh. Trn my tnh, chng ta s dng chng trnh m phng thit
b u cui thit lp phin kt ni dng vn bn vo router. Thng qua kiu kt
ni ny, ngi qun tr mng c th qun l thit b ca mnh.
i r n nh cung
ng router
o bn mt kt ni dng v
Hnh 1.2.3
1.2.4 Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router
Cng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni tip bt
ny c th . Ta
thng s dng cng console thit lp cu hnh cho router v khng phi router
no cng c cng AUX.
Khi router hot ng ln u tin th cha c thng s mng no c cu hnh c.
Do router ch a th giao tip vi bt k mng no. chun b khi ng v cu
hnh router, ta dng thit b u cui ASCII kt ni vo cng console trn router.
Sau ta c th nh cu hnh, ci t cho router.
Khi bn nhp cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, router
c th kt ni m
ng b it k khng phi kt ni mng m l cu hnh router
dng l
ng x l s c hoc theo di hot ng mng.
29
bn c th a modem kt ni vo cng cu hnh router t xa bng cch quay s qu
console hay cng AUX trn router.
Hnh 1.2.4: Kt ni modem vo cng console hay cng AUX
trng.
1.2.5 Thit lp kt ni v cng console
Cng console l loi cng qun l, cung cp ng kt ni ring vo router. Cng
ny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho router, theo di hot ng mng v
khi phc router khi gp s c nghim trng.
kt ni PC vo cng console bn cn c cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ 45-
DB9. Cisco c cung cp b chuyn i ny ni PC vo cng console.
PC hay thit b u cui phi c chng trnh m phng thit b u cui VT100.
Thng thng phn mm ny l HyperTerminal.
Sau y l cc bc thc hin kt ni PC vo cng console:
1. Cu hnh phn mm gi lp thit b u cui nh sau:
Khi x l s c, bn nn s dng cng console thay v cng AUX. V mc nh l
cng console c th hin th qu trnh khi ng router, thng tinhot ng v cc
thng ip bo li ca router. Cng console c s dng khi c mt dch v mng
khng khi ng c hoc b li, khi khi phc li mt m hoc khi router b s
c nghim
30
Chn ng cn
w control: None
g COM.
Tc band l 9600.
Data bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop bits: 1
Flo
Hnh1.2.5a: Kt ni PC vo cng console trn router
Cm mt u RJ 45 ca cp rollover vo cng console trn
router.
2.
4.
3. Cm u cp cn li vo b chuyn i RJ 45-DB9.
Gn u DB9 ca b chuyn i vo cng COM trn PC.
31
Hnh 1.2.5b: Cu hnh hyper terminal kt ni vo console
1.2.6 Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN
t cc mi trng mng LAN hin nay, router c kt ni vo LAN
bng cng Ethernet hoc Fast Ethernet. Router giao tip vi mng LAN thng qua
h. Chng ta s dng cp thng ni router v hub/switch. i vi
ng cp UTP
CAT5 hoc cao hn.
Trong mt s trng hp ta c th kt ni trc tip cng Ethernet trn router vo
my tnh hoc vo r
Khi thc hin kt n cp ng cng v nu cm sai c th gy
h h ng cho router v thi i cng khc nhau
nh hnh dng c ernet, ISDN BRI,
console, AUX, cn ng cng 8
chn l RJ 45, RJ 48 hoc RJ 49.
1.2.7 Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN
Trong hu h
hub hoc switc
tt c cc loi router c cng 10/100BaseTx chng ta u phi s d
outer khc bng cp cho.
i, chng ta phi lu
t b khc. Trn router c rt nhiu lo
ng ng lai ging nhau. V d nh: cng Eth
g tch hp CSU/DSU, cng Token Ring u s d
32
K i WAN c nh k thut
thc hin truyn d liu qua mt vng a l rng ln. Cc dch v
AN thng c thu t nh cung cp dch v. Chng ta c 3 loi kt ni WAN
nh sau: kt ni thu knh ring, kt ni chuyn mch - mch, kt ni chuyn
mch gi.
t n iu dng khc nhau. Mt kt ni WAN s dng nhiu
khc nhau
W
Hnh 1.2.7a
i vi tng loi dch v WAN, thit b thuc s hu ca khch hng (CPE
Customer Premises Equipment), thng thng l router, c gi l thit b d liu
u cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Thit b DTE ny c kt ni vo nh
cung cp dch v thng qua thit b kt cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-
terminating Equipment), thng thng l modem hay CSU/DSU. Thit b DCE ny
c s dng chuyn i d liu t DTE sang dng ph hp vi dch v ca
nh cung cp dch v.
Hu ht cc cng WAN trn router u l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la cho
ng loi cp s rt d dng khi bn tr li c 4 cu hi sau:
Loi kt ni trn thit b Cisco l loi no? Cisco router s
dng nhiu loi u ni khc nhau cho cng Serial. Nh trong hnh 1.2.7b,
cng bn tri l cng Smart Serial, cng bn phi l cng DB-60. La chon
33
cp Serial kt ni h th t phn then cht trong qua trnh ng mng l m
thit lp WAN.
Hnh 1.2.7b
H thng mng c kt ni v thit b DTE hay DCE? DTE
c nhau. im khc nhau quan trng gia
u xung ng h cho qu trnh thng
kho ti liu ca thit b xc nh DTE
no? mi loi thit b khc nhau
s s dng loi chun Serial khc nhau. Mi chun s quy c tn hiu
n tham kho ti liu ca
un tn hiu ca thit b.
v DCE l hai loi cng serial kh
hai loi ny l: thit b DCE cp tn hi
tin lin lc trn bus. Bn nn tham
v DCE.
Thit b i hi chun tn hiu
truyn trn cp v loi u ni 2 u cp. Bn n
thit b xc nh ch
34
Hnh 1.2.7c
Cp c loi u ni c hay ci? Nu u ni c chn cm ra
ngoi th l u c. Nu u ni ch c l cm cho cc chn th l u
ci
Hnh 1.2.7d
TNG KT
35
Sau
trong WANs v LANs.
ch kt ni vo cng console, cng LAN v WAN.
y l cc im quan trng bn cn nm c trong chng ny:
Khi nim v WAN v LAN.
Vai tr ca router
Cc giao thc WAN.
Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho cng giao tip.
Xc nh v m t cc thnh phn bn trong router.
c im vt l ca router.
Cc loi cng thng gp trn router.
C
36
CHNG
phi nm vng v IOS.
io trnh ny.
ng lnh vi router.
Chuy
hp cu lnh.
Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS
switch khng th hot ng c nu khng c
a mnh l h iu hnh mng Cisco hay gi
2
GII THIU V ROUTER
GII THIU
Cc k thut ca Cisco u c xy dng da trn h iu hnh mng Cisco
(ISO). Phn mm IOS iu khin qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch trn cc
thit b kt ni lin mng. Do ngi qun tr mng
Trong chng ny, chng ti s gii thiu c bn v kho st cc c im ca
IOS. Tt c cc cng vic cu hnh mng t n gin nht n phc tp nht u
da trn mt nn tng c bn l cu hnh router. Do trong chng ny cng gii
thiu v cc k thut v cng c c bn cu hnh router m chng ta s s dng
trong sut g
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th:
Nm c mc ch ca IOS.
M t hot ng c bn ca IOS.
Nm c cc c im ca IOS.
Nm c phng thc thit lp phin giao tip bng d
n i gia cc ch cu hnh router.
Thit lp kt ni bng HyperTerminal vo router.
Truy cp vo router.
S dng tnh nng tr gip trong giao tip bng dng lnh.
X l li khi n
2.1 Phn h iu hnh Cisco IOS
2.1.1
Tng t nh my tnh, router v
h isco gi h iu hnh c h iu nh. C
37
tt l Cis . H iu hnh c ci trn cc Cisco router v Catalysst Switch.
h v mng nh sau:
n v chuyn mch.
t cho vic truy cp vp ti nguyn mng.
h thng mng.
outer
ng giao din dng lnh (CLI Command line interface)
mi sole truyn thng. IOS l mt k thut c bn, t c pht
ho sn phm khc nhau ca Cisco. Do hot ng c th ca
g IOS g loi thit b.
ng ta router. Cch
u tin sole
trn router. Cch th hai l s dng ng quay s qua modem hoc kt ni null
dem ng AUX trn router. C hai cch trn u khng cn phi cu hnh
c ch ba l telnet vo router. thit lp phin telnet vo
ter th , cc
ng v
.3 C router
o di sco s dng cu trc phn cp. Cu trc ny i hi bn
ng ng. V d: nu bn mun cu hnh
g gia no ca router th bn phi vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip .
tt c cc cu hnh c nhp vo ch c hiu lc i vi cng giao
n i. Tng ng vi mi ch cu hnh c mt du nhc c
p lnh ring.
S c . Sau khi bn nhp mt cu lnh th
EC s nh .
mt nn Cisco IOS chia phin bn lm vic ca EXEC thnh hai ch
co IOS
Cisco IOS cung cp cc dc
nh tuy
B o m v bo m
M rng
2.1.2 Giao din ngi dng ca r
Phn mm Cisco s d
cho trng con
trin c nhiu dng
tn s rt khc nhau tu theo tn
Ch c nhiu cch khc nhau truy cp vo giao din CLI ca
l kt ni trc tip t my tnh hoc thit b u cui vo cng con
mo vo c
tr o router. Cch th
rou
41
th cc phin bn mi c thm nhiu tnh mi th li i hi thm nhiu b
nh. Bn c th dng lnh show version kim tra phn IOS hin ti v dung
lng flash cn trng. Trn trang web h ca Cisco c mt s cng c gip bn
xc nh dung lng flash v RAM cn tht cho tng loi IOS.
Trc khi ci t phn mm Cisco IOS mi ln router, bn phi kim tra xem
router c dung lng b nh hay khng. xem dung lng RAM bn dng
l h show version:
<output omited> cisco 1721 (68380) processor (revision c) with 3584k/512K
bytes of memory.
Dng trn cho bit dung lng ca b nh chnh v b nh chia s trn router. C
mt s thit b s dng mt phn DRAM lm b nh chia s. Tng hai dung lng
trn l dung lng tht s ca DRAM trn router.
xem dung lng ca b nh flash bn dung lnh show flash:
GAD#show flash
<output omitted>
1599897 bytes total (10889728 bytes free)
c
tr
i
n
42
Thit b Cisco IOS c 3 ch hot ng sau:
ROM monitor
Boot ROM
Cisco IOS.
t trong cc ch hot ng
un tr h thng c th ci t gi tr cho
anh ghi iu khin ch khi ng mc nh router.
Hnh 2.1.4b
2.1.5 Hot ng ca phm mm Cisco IOS
Thng thng trong qu trnh khi ng router, m
trn c ti ln RAM chy. Ngi q
th
43
Ch ROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Ch
ny c s dng khi phc li h thng khi b li ngim trng hoc khi ngi
qun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy cp vo ch ROM
monitor bng ng kt ni vt l trc tip vo cng console trn router. Ngoi ra
chng ta khng th truy cp vo ch ny bng bt k cng no khc.
Khi router ch boot ROM, ch c mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hot
ng c. Ch boot ROM cho php bn chp c ln b nh flash, nn ch
ny thng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bn
dng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo b nh
flash trn router.
Hnh 2
p t flash. Tuy
nhin, hu ht cc Cisco router u chp phn mm IOS ln RAM ri chy t
n xem h thng cn bao
nhiu dung lng b nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS mi th bn dng lnh show
.1.5a
Router mun hot ng bnh thng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOS
trong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy trc ti
RAM. Mt s phn mm IOS lu trong flash di dng nn v c gii nn khi
chp ln RAM.
Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin v phn mm IOS, trong c
hin th gi tr cu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mu
flash.
44
Hnh 2.1.5b
2.2 Bt u vi router
2.2.1 Khi ng router
Router khi u
Kim tra phn cng ca router v bo m l chng hot ng tt.
Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS.
Tm v thc thi tp tin cu hnh khi ng hoc vo ch ci t nu
c. Tu
ny u l ch
Cc cu lnh c s dng trong
ng ln ton b h thng. Bn s dng cu lnh sau di chuyn vo ch cu
hnh ton cc:
62
Ch : S thay i ca du nhc cho bit bn ang ch cu hnh ton cc
Router #configure terminal
Router(config)#
Ch ch ny bn c th
chu
tip.
Khi bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh chuyn bit no th du nhc s thay i
tng ng. Cc cu lnh trong ch c tc ng i vi cc cng hay cc tin
trnh no lin quan n ch cu hnh thi.
Bn dng lnh exit tr v ch cu hnh ton cc hoc bn dng phm Ctrl-Z
quay v thng ch EXEC c quyn.
3.1.2. t tn cho router
Cng vic u tin khi cu hnh router l t tn cho router. Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, bn dng lnh sau:
Router(config)#hostname Tokyo
Tokyo (config)#
Ngay sau khi bn nhn phm Enter thc thi cu lnh bn s thy du nhc i t
n mc nh (Router) sang tn m bn va mi t (Tokyo).
t m cho router
c truy cp vo router. Thng thng ta lun
t m n c s
dng kim sot s truy cp vo ch EXEC c quyn trn router. Khi , ch
cu hnh ton cc l ch cu hnh chnh. T
yn vo cc ch chuyn bit nh:
Ch cu hnh cng giao
Ch cu hnh ng truy cp.
Ch cu hnh router.
Ch cu hnh cng con.
Ch cu hnh b iu khin.
t
3.1.3. t m
Mt m c s dng hn ch vi
t m cho ng vty v console trn router. Ngoi ra mt m c
63
nhng ngi no c php mi c th thc hin vic thay i tp tin cu hnh
trn router.
Sau y l cc lnh m bn cn s dng thc hin vic t mt m cho ng
rd <password>
ho mt ng d
Mt m enable v enable secret c s ng hn ch vic truy cp vo ch
EXEC c quyn. Mt m enabl dng khi chng ta ci t mt m
enable secret v mt m ny c m ho cn mt m enable th khng. Sau y
<password>
r rng khi s
dng lnh show running-config hoc show startup-config. trnh iu ny bn
u hnh ca
console:
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#passwo
Router(config-line)#login
Chng ta cng cn t mt m cho mt hoc nhiu ng vty kim sot cc user
truy nhp t xa vo router v Telnet. Thng thng Cisco router c 5 ng vty
vi th t t 0 n 4. Chng ta thng s dng mt mt m cho tt c cc ng
vty, nhng i khi chng ta nn t thm mt m ring c
phng khi c 4 ng kia u ang c s dng. Sau y l cc lnh cn s dng
t mt m cho ng vty:
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password <password>
Router(config-line)#login
d
e ch c s
l cc lnh dng t mt m enable secret:
Router(config)#enable password <password>
Router(config)#enable secret
i khi bn s thy l rt khng an ton khi mt m c hin th
nn dng lnh sau m ho tt c cc mt m hin th trn tp tin c
router:
Router(config)#service password-encryption
64
Lnh service password-encryption s p dng mt c ch m ho n gin ln tt
cc mt m cha c m c ho. Ring mt m enable secret th s dng mt
thut ton m ho rt mnh l MD5.
Hnh 3.1.3
3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show
ow c dng kim tra ni dung cc tp tin trn
g
Chng ta c rt nhiu lnh sh
router v tm ra s c. Trong c hai ch EXEC c quyn v EXEC ngi
dng, khi bn g show? Th bn s xem c danh sch cc lnh show. ng
nhin l s lnh show dng c trong ch EXEC c quyn s nhiu hn tron
ch EXEC ngi dng.
65
Hnh 3.1.4
Show interface - hin th trng thi ca tt c cc cng giao tip trn router.
xem trng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th t ca
cng sau lnh show interface. V d nh:
Router#show interface serial 0/1
66
Show controllers serial - hin th cc thng tin chuyn bit v phn cng ca
t trn router.
h tng ng.
ang kt ni vo router.
Show history - hin th danh sch cc cu lnh va mi c s dng.
n b nh flash v tp tin IOS cha trong .
Show version - hin th thng tin v router v IOS ang chy trn RAM.
ng console hoc vty. Sau y l cc
ask.
c clock nu u cp cm vo cng serial l DCE. Nu u cp l
Ro
Router(config)#ip address <ip address><netmask>
C thi gian thc hin thng tin
lin lc. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit b DCE, v d nh CSU, s l thit b
cc cng serial.
Show clock - hin th ng h c ci
Show hosts - hin th danh sch tn v a c
Show users - hin th tt c cc user
Show flash hin th thng ti
Show ARP - hin th bng ARP trn router.
Show protocol - hin th trng thi ton cc v trng thi ca cc cng giao
tip c cu hnh giao thc lp 3.
Show startup-configuration - hin th tp tin cu hnh ng chy trn RAM.
3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial
Chng ta c th cuhnh cng serial bng
bc cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng serial:
1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc.
2. Vo ch cu hnh cng serial.
3. Khai bo a ch v subnet m
4. t t
DTE th chng ta c th b qua ny.
5. Khi ng serial.
Mi mt cng serial u phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask chng c th
nh tuyn cc gi IP. cu hnh a ch IP chng ta dng lnh sau:
uter(config)#interface serial 0/0
ng serial cn phi c tn hiu clock iu khin
cung cp tn hiu clock. Mc nh th Cisco router lad thit b DTE nhng chng ta
c th cu hnh chng thnh thit b DCE.
67
Trong mi trng lm lab th cc ng lin kt serial c kt ni trc tip vi
00, 38400,
000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000,
c tu
o tip trn router u ng. Nu bn mun m hay khi
n. Nu bn mun ng cng
li bo tr hoc x l s c th bn dng lnh shutdown.
Trong mi trng lm lab, tc clock thng c s dng l 56000. Sau y l
cc lnh c s dng ci t tc clock v khi ng cng serial:
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
3.1.6. Thc hin vic thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh
Nu bn cn chnh sa tp tin cu hnh th bn phi di chuyn vo ng ch cu
hnh v thc hin cn thit. V d:nu bn cn m mt cng no trn router th
trc ht bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc, sau vo ch c ca cng
ri dng lnh no shutdown.
c nhng c nhng chi tit khng ng th bn c th chnh sa li bng
nhau. Do phi c mt u l DCE cp tn hiu clock. Bn dng lnh
clockrate ci t tc clock. Sau y l cc tc clock m bn c th t
cho router (n v ca tc clock l bit/s): 1200, 2400, 9600, 192
56000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 500
2000000, 4000000. Tuy nhin s c mt s tc bn khng s dng
theo kh nng vt l ca tng cng serial.
Mc nh th cc cng gia
ng cc cng ny th bn phi dng lnh no shutdow
u
kim tra nhng g m bn va mi thay i, bn dng lnh show running-
config. Lnh ny s hin th ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh hin ti. Nu kt qu
hin th
cch thc hin mt hoc nhiu cch sau:
Dng dng no ca cc lnh cu hnh.
Khi ng li router vi tp tin cu hnh nguyn thu trong NVRAM.
Chp tp tin cu hnh d phng t TFTP server.
Xo tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng lnh erase startup-config,sau khi
ng li router v vo ch ci t.
68
l
NVRA
Rou
u tp tin, cu hnh hin ti thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng lu trong
M, bn dng lnh nh sau:
ter#copy running-config startup-config
Hnh 3.1.6.
3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet
Tng t nh cng serial, chng ta c th cu hnh cng Ethernet bng ng
M c mt a ch IP v subnet mask c th thc
hi ng .
Sau hnh Ethernet:
h cng Ethernet.
Khai bo a ch v subnet mask.
ernet.
M . Do , bn phi dng lnh no
shu ng. Nu bn cn ng cng li bo tr hay x
l s n.
console hoc vty.
i cng Ethernet cng cn phi
n nh tuyn cc gi IP qua c
y l cc bc thc hin cu
Vo ch cu hnh ton cc.
Vo ch cu hn
Khi ng cng Eth
c nh l cc cng trn router u ng
tdown m hay khi ng c
c th bn dng lnh shutdow
69
Hnh 3.1.7
3.2. on chnh cu hnh router
.2.1. Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnh
Trong mt t chc vic pht cc quy nh dnh cho cc tp tin cu hnh l rt cn
thit. T ta c th kim sot c cc tp tin no cn bo tr, lu cc tp tin
u v nh th no.
Cc quy nh ny c th l nhng quy nh c ng dng rng ri hoc cng c
th ch c gi tr trong mt phm vi no . Nu khng c mt quy nh chung cho
t chc ca mnh th h thng mng ca bn s tr nn ln xn v khng m bo
c hot ng thng sut.
3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip
Trn cc cng giao tip bn nn ghi ch li mt s thng tin quan trng, v d nh
ch s mch m cng ny kt ni vo, hay thng tin vo router khc, v phn on
mng m cng ny kt ni n. Da vo cc cu ch thch ny, ngi qun tr
mng c th bit c l cng giao tip ny kt ni vo u.
H
3
70
Cu ch thch ch n gin l ghi ch c cng giao tip, ngoi ra n
hon ton khn cu ch
nh dng chung v mi cng giao tip c mt cu ch thch ring.
c mng v quy c chung, bn c th quyt nh l ghi ch nhng
thm cho c
g c tc ng g i vi hot ng ca router. Bn nn vit
thch theo mt
Tu theo cu tr
thng tin no lin quan n cng giao tip gip cho tp tin cu hnh c r
rng hn, gip cho vic xc nh s c c nhanh hn.
Hnh 3.2.2
3.2.3. Cu hnh ch thch cho cc cng giao tip
Tr c c. Ri t ch cu hnh ton cc
bn i y bn g lnh description v
cu
Sau c cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip:
1. c bng lnh configure terminal.
2. giao tip (v d l cng Ethernet 0): interface
3. l cu ch thch.
4. tr v ch EXEC c quyn bng
L g lnh copy running-config startup-
d v cch vit cu ch thch:
c tin bn phi vo h cu hnh ton c
chuyn vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip. T
ch thch m bn mun.
y l cc b
Vo ch cu hnh ton c
Vo ch cu hnh cng
Ethernet 0.
Nhp lnh description v theo sau
Thot khi ch cu hnh giao tip
cch nhn phm Ctrl-Z.
5. u li cu hnh va ri vo NVRAM bn
config.
Sau y l 2 v
71
Interface Ethernet 0
Description LA
Interface serial
Description AB
N Engineering, Bldg.2
0
C network 1, circuit 1
Hnh 3.2.3
3.2.4. Thng ip ng nhp
Thng ip ng nhp c hin th khi bn ng nhp vo h thng. Loi thng
ip ny rt hu dng khi bn cn cnh bo trc khi n gi tt h thng mng.
Tt c mi ngi u c th nhn thy thng ip ng nhp. Cho nn bn nn
dng cc thng ip mng tnh cnh bo, thu ht s ch . Cn nhng thng ip
cho n mi ngi ng nhp vo router l khng thch hp lm.
V d mt thng ip nh sau: This is a secure system, authorized access only!
(y l h thng c bo mt, ch dnh cho nhng ngi c thm quyn!) c
s dng cnh bo nhng v khch ving thm bt hp php.
LAB_A# conf
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL_Z
LAB_A (config)# interface Ethernet 0
LAB_A (config-if)#description LAN Engineerinng, Bldg. 2
ig terminal
72
Hnh 3.2.4
3.2.5. Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD)
Hnh 3.2.5
Th t ni vo
router.
u thng bo, kt thc bng cch nhp k t phn cch mt ln
na.
Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh thng ip MOTD:
1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal
2. Nhp lnh nh sau: banner motd #The message of the day goes here #.
3. Lu cu hnh va ri bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.
3.2.6. Phn gii tn my
ng ip MOTD c th hin th trn tt v cc thit b u cui k
cu hnh thng ip MOTD bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y bn
dng lnh banner motd, cch mt khong trng, nhp k t phn cch v d nh
k t #, ri vit c
73
Phn gii tn my l qu trnh my tnh phn gii t tn my thnh a ch IP tng
ng.
c th lin h vi cc thit b IP khc bng tn th cc thit b mng nh router
cng cn phi c kh nng phn gii tn my thnh a ch IP. Danh sch gia tn
my v i ch IP tng ng c gi l bng host.
Bng host c th bao gm tt c cc thit b mng trong t chc ca mnh. Mi mt
a ch IP c mt tn my tng ng. Phn mm Cisco IOS c mt vng m
lu tn my v a ch tng ng. Vng b m ny gip cho qu trnh phn gii
tn thnh a ch c nhanh hn.
Tuy nhin tn my y khng ging nh tn DNS, n ch c ngha i vi
router m n c cu hnh m thi. Ngi qun tr mng c th c u hnh bng
host trn router vi bt k tn no vi IP no v cc thng tin ny ch c ngha
i vi router m thi.
he following is an exemple of the configuration of a host table on a router:
T
Router(config)#ip host Auckland 172.16.32.1
Router(config)#ip host Beirut 192.168.53.1
Router(config)#ip host Capetown 192.168.89.1
Router(config)#ip host Denver 10.202.8.1
Hnh 3.2.6
3.2.7. Cu hnh bng host
tn cho cc a
y dng lnh ip host, theo sau l tn ca thit b v tt vy
x vi t t
c th dng lnh ping hay telnet ti thit b bng tn a ch IP
c hin cu bng host:
1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc ca router.
2. Nhp lnh ip host theo sau l tn ca router v tt c a ch IP ca cc
n router .
3. Tip tc nhp tn v a ch IP tng ng ca cc rou
khai bo ch IP, u tin bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti
c cc IP ca n. Nh
tn my ny s nh ng a ch IP ca cc cng rn thit b . Khi bn
ca thit b hay
tng ng u c.
Sau ay l cc bc th
c c
cng tr
ter khc trong mng
74
4. Lu cu hnh vo NVRAM.
hot ng ca h thng.
m cc cng vic sau:
Hnh 3.2.7
3.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh
Tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b mng s quyt nh s
Cng vic qun l tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b bao g
L p danh sch v so snh vi tp tin cu hnh trn cc thit b ang hot
ng.
Lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh lnh server mng.
Thc hin ci t v nng cp cc phn mm.
Chng ta cn lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh s dng trong trng hp c s
c. Tp tin cu hnh c th c lu trn server mng, v d nh TFTP server, hoc
l lu trn a v ct ni an ton. Ngoi ra chng ta cng nn lp h s i km
vi cc tp tin ny.
3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh
Chng ta c th dng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnh
ang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
Bc 1: nhp lnh copy running-config tftp.
Bc 2: nhp a ch IP ca my m chng ta s lu tp tin cu hnh ln .
Bc 3: nhp tn tp tin.
75
Bc 4: xc nhn li cu lnh bng cch tr li yes
Hnh 3.2.9a
Chng ta c th s dng tp tin cu hnh lu trn server mng cu hnh cho
router.
thc hin iu ny bn lm theo cc bc sau:
ing-config.
2. du nhc tip theo bn chn loi tp tin cu hnh my hay tp tin cu hnh
mng. Tp tin cu hnh mng c cha cc lnh c th thc thi cho tt c cc
o m bn ang lu tp tin cu hnh trn . V d nh trn hnh
nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh my l
hostname-config, cn tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh mng l
nfig. Trong mi trng DOS th tn tp tin b gii hn vi 8 k t
1. Nhp lnh copy tftp runn
R
S ld:
T_GATEWAY: ng mc nh cho cng LAN.
TFTP_SERVER: a ch IP ca TFTP server.
server.
ng, bn dng lnh set.
u
ong ch R
ng LAN u tin trn router, do
ci t gi tr cho cc bi
p theo l du bng (=) ri n gi tr ci t cho
t). Vi d: bn mun t a ch IP l 10.0.0.1 th du nhc ca ch
OMmon bn nhp cu lnh l: IP_ADDRESS=10.0.0.1
au y l cc bin ti thiu m bn cn phi t s dng cho lnh tfpn
IP_ADDRESS: a ch IP cho cng LAN.
IP_SUBNET_MASK:subnet mask cho cng LAN.
DEFAUL
TFTP_FILE: tn tp tin IOS lu trn
kim tra li gi tr ca cc bin mi tr
114
Hnh 5.2.6c: Ca s Send File
Sau khi ci t xong cc bin m nh tftpdnld, khng c tham
s no tip theo ht. Router s hin th li gi tr cc bin, theo sau l thng ip
nh bo qu trnh ny s xo flash v yu cu chng ta xc nhn c cho tip tc
i ng li vi IOS mi trong flash.
rsion. Lnh show version c th kim tra c tp tin hin ti
trong flash v tng dung lng ca b nh flash. Ngoi ra lnh ny cn cung cp
i trng, bn nhp l
c
qu trnh ny hay khng.
Trong qu trnh chp, router hin th du chm than (!) cho bit nhn c cc
gi d liu. Sau khi nhn xong tp tin IOS, router bt u xo flash ri chp tp tin
IOS mi vo flash. Bn s gp mt thng bo khi qu trnh ny hon tt.
Sau , t du nhc ca ch ROMmon, bn c th khi ng li router bng
cch nhp ch i. Router s kh
5.2.8. Kim tra tp tin h thng
C rt nhiu lnh kim tra tp tin h thng ca router. Trong bn c th s
dng lnh show ve
thm mt s thng tin v ln ti IOS gn nht nh: trong ln khi ng gn nht,
router ti IOS no, t u; gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh hin ti l bao nhiu. Nu v
tr m router ti IOS trong flash b mt hoc b li, hoc l c lnh boot system
trong tp tin cu hnh khi ng.
115
Bn cnh , bn c th dng lnh show flash kim tra tp tin h thng. Lnh
ny kim tra c trong flash hin ang c tp tin IOS no, tng dung lng flash
cn trng l bao nhiu. Chng ta thng dng lnh ny xem b nh flash c
c lnh boot system. Lnh
ng. Chng ta c th cu
hnh v router s thc thi theo th t cc cu lnh ny trong
tp
R
Router#show version
C
I
SOFTWARE (fc1)
C
Complie Thu 19-J un-03 16:35 by pwade
I
ROM: System
f
S
S
S
C memory
Processor board ID 23101339, w
B
X
Super LAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp)
TN3270 Em
Basic Rae ISDN software, Version 1.1.
1 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Low-speed serial (sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-voltatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102
dung lng cho IOS mi hay khng.
Nh cc phn trn cp, tp tin cu hnh c th c c
boot system xc nh cho router v tr ti IOS khi khi
nhiu lnh boot system
tin cu hnh.
outer#show version
isco Interface Operating System Software
OS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-J K803S-M), Version 12.2 (17a), RELEASE
opyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco System, Inc
mage text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x815F7B34
Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE
c1)
GCTT-HCM uptime 1 week, 1 day, 1 hour, 9 minutes
ystem restarted by power-on
ystem image file is flash:c2500-d-l.120-10
isco 2500 (68030) processor (revision N) with 2048K/2048 K bytes of
ith hardware revise 00000000
ridging software
25 software, Version 3.0.0
ulation software
Hnh 5.2.8a
116
TNG KT
Sau
.
y l cc chnh cc bn cn nm c trong chng ny:
Xc nh qu trnh khi ng router.
Nm c cc thit b Cisco tm v ti IOS nh th no.
S dng lnh boot system.
Xc nh gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh
X l s c.
Xc nh tp tin Cisco IOS v chc nng ca n.
Nm c cc v tr m router lu cc loi tp tin khc nhau.
Nm c cu trc tn ca IOS.
Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP.
Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng ct dn.
Qun l IOS bng TFTP.
Qun l IOS bng Xmodem.
Kim tra tp tin h thng bng cc lnh show.
117
CH G 6
NH TUYN V C C NH TUYN
GII THIU
nh tuyn n gin ch l tm ng i t mng ny n mng khc. Thng tin v
nhng con ng ny c th l c cp nht t ng t cc router khc hoc l do
ngi qun tr mng ch nh cho router.
Chng ny s gii thiu cc khi nim v nh tuyn ng, cc loi giao thc
nh tuyn ng v phn tch mi loi mt giao thc tiu biu.
Ngi qun tr mng khi chn la mt giao thc nh tuyn ng cn cn nhc mt
s yu t nh: ln ca h thng mng, bng thng cc ng truyn, kh nng
ca router. loi router v phin bn router, cc giao thc ang chy trong h thng
mng. Chng ny m t chi tit v s khc nhau gia cc giao thc nh tuyn
gip cho nh qun tr mng trong vic chn la mt giao thc nh tuyn.
Khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau:
Gii thch c ngha ca nh tuyn tnh.
Nhn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.
g tin nh
tuy
6.1 Gi
6.11
N
C GIAO TH
Cu hnh ng c nh v ng mc nh cho router.
Kim tra v x l s c lin quan n ng c nh v ng mc nh ca
router.
Phn bit cc loi giao thc nh tuyn.
Nhn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.
M t c im c bn ca cc giao thc nh tuyn thng dng.
Phn bit giao thc nh tuyn ni b.
Phn bit giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi.
Cu hnh RIP (Routing Information Protocol Giao thc thn
n) cho router.
i thiu v nh tuyn tnh
.Gii thiu v nh tuyn
118
nh u
.Tt c a vo a ch IP ch ca gi d liu
chuy iu ny
,
t th router t ng hc nhng thng tin ny t cc router khc .Cn nu
r
c
n
m
m
m
t
r
t h
tuyn ng cho mt s mc ch c bit.
6.1.2. Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh.
Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh c th chia ra lm 3 bc nh sau:
u hnh cc ng c nh cho router
Router ci t cc ng i ny vo bng nh tuyn .
Gi d liu c nh tuyn theo cc ng c nh ny .
Ngi qun tr mng cu hnh ng c nh cho router bng lnh iproute.C
php ca lnh iproute nh hnh 6.1.2a:
t yn l qu trnh m router thc hin chuyn gi d liu ti mng ch
cc router dc theo ng i u d
n gi theo ng hng n ch cui cng . thc hin c
router phi hc thng tin v ng i ti cc mng khc .Nu router chy nh
uyn ng
outer chy nh tuyn tnh th ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh cc thng tin n
c mng khc cho router .
i vi nh tuyn tnh ,cc thng tin v ng i phi do ngi qun tr mng
hp cho router .Khi cu trc mng c bt k thay i no th chnh ngi qun tr
ng phi xo hoc thm cc thng tin v ng i cho router .Nhng loi ng
i nh vy gi l ng i c nh .i vi h thng mng ln th cng vic bo tr
ng nh tuyn cho router nh trn tn rt nhiu thi gian .Cn i vi h thng
ng nh ,t c thay i th cng vic ny mt cng hn .Chnh v nh tuyn
nh i hi ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh mi thng tin v ng i cho
outer nn n khng c c tnh linh hot nh nh tuyn ng .Trong nhng h
hng mng ln ,nh tuyn tnh thng c s dng kt hp vi giao thc n
u tin ,ngi qun tr mng c
Hnh 6.1.2a
119
Trong 2 hnh 6.1.2.c v 6.1.2.c l 2 cu lch m ngi qun tr ca router Hoboken
cu hnh ng c nh cho router n mng 172.16.1.0/24 v 172.16.5.0/24 .
hnh 6.1.2.b,cu lnh ny ch cho router bit ng n mng ch i ra bng cng
giao tip no .Cn hnh 6.1.2.c ,cu lnh ny ch cho router bit a ch IP ca
router k tip l g n c mng ch .C 2 cu lnh u ci t ng c
nh vo bng nh tuyn ca router Hoboken.im khc nhau duy nht gia 2
cu lnh ny l ch s tin cy ca 2 ng c nh tng ng trn bng nh tuyn
ca router s khc nhau.
Hnh 6.1.2.b
Hnh 6.1.2.c
Ch s tin cy l mt thng s o lng tin cy ca mt ng i .Ch s ny
ng thp th tin cy cng cao .Do ,nu n cng mt ch th con ng
s tin cy thp hn th
c
no c ch ng c vo bng nh tuyn ca router
ng a ch IP ca trm k tip s c ch
s tin cy mc nh l 1,cn ng c nh s dng cng ra th c ch s tin cy
trc .Trong v d trn,ng c nh s d
120
mc nh l 0 .Nu bn mun ch nh ch s tin cy thay v s dng gi tr mc
v cng ra/a ch IP trm k ca
trong khong t 0 n 255.
Wa 6.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.1.130
t
tin cy ca ng c nh
6
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh ng c nh :
1. Xc nh tt c cc mng hnh ,subnet mask tng ng v
gateway tng ng .Gateway c th l cng giao tip trn router hoc l a
ch ca trm k tip n c mng ch .
2. Bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc ca router .
3. Nhp lnh ip route vi a ch mng ch ,subnet mask tng ng v
gateway tng ng m bn xc nh bc 1.Nu cn th bn thm
thng s v ch s tin cy .
4. Lp li bc 3 cho nhng mng ch khc
5. Thot khi ch cu hnh ton cc ,
6. Lu tp tin cu hnh ang hot ng thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng
lnh copy running config statup-config.
Hnh 6.1.3 l v d v cu hnh ng c nh vi cu trc mng ch c 3 router
kt ni n gin .Trn router Hoboken chng ta phi cu hnh ng i ti mng
172.16.1.0 v 172.16.5.0.C 2 mn subnet mask l 255.255.255.0
Khi router Hoboken nh tuyn cho cc g n mng ch l 172.16.1.0 th n s
dng cc ng i c nh m ta cu hnh cho router nh tuyn ti router
Sterling ,cn gi no n mng ch l 172.16.5.0 th nh tuyn ti router
Waycross.
nh th bn thm thng s ny vo sau thng s
cu lnh .Gi tr ca ch s ny nm
ycross (config)#ip router 172.1
Nu router khng chuyn c gi ra cng giao tip c cu hnh th c ngha
l cng giao tip ang b ng,ng i tng ng cng s khng c t vo
bng nh tuyn .
i khi chng ta s dng ng c nh lm ng d phng cho ng nh
uyn ng .Router s ch s dng ng c nh khi ng nh tuyn ng b
t . thc hin iu ny ,bn ch cn t gi tr ch s
cao hn ch s tin cy ca giao thc nh tuyn ng ang s dng l c .
.1.3. Cu hnh ng c nh
ch cn cu
g ny u c
i
121
Hnh 6.1.3
cp nht cho r
b ngt. Tuy nhin router C vn gi cp nht cho router B l router C c
ng n Mng 1 thng tin qua router D, khong cch ca ng ny l 4.
2. Khi router B tng lm l router C
con ng ny c thng s nh tuyn kh
mi n Mng 1 m router B va mi nhn c.
3. Khi router A s cp nht li l n c th gi d liu n Mng 1 th
Router C li nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng
4. C ch split-horizon s trch c tnh hung
hoc D nhn c thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 t
khng gi li thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 ch
horizon lm gim c vic cp nht thng tin sai v gim bt vic x l
148
Hnh 7.1.4
7.1.5. Route poisoning
Route poisoning c s dng c vng lp ln v gip cho router
thng bo thng l mng khng truy cp c na bng cch t gi tr cho
t cho router C bng nh tuyn ny ,trong
ng n Mng 5 c thng s hop l 16 c gi l route poisoning .Sau khi
h vy
router s thng bo v con ng vi thng s nh tuyn ln hn gi tr ti a
trnh xy ra c
thng s nh tuyn (s lng hop chng hn )ln hn gi tr ti a.
V d nh hnh 7.1.5 : khi Mng 5 b ngt th trn bng nh tuyn ca router E gi
tr hop cho ng n Mng 5 l 16,gi tr ny c ngha l Mng 5 khng truy cp
c na .Sau router E cp nh
router C nhn c cp nht v route poisoning t router E ,router C s gi ngc
tr li thng tin ny cho router E .Lc ny ta gi thng tin cp nht v Mng 5 t
router C gi ngc li cho router E l route poison reverse.Router C lm n
m bo l n gi thng tin route poisoning ra tt c cc ng m n c .
Khi route poisoning c s dng kt hp vi cp nht tc thi s gip rt ngn
thi gian hi t gia cc router v khi router khng cn phi ch ht 30 giy ca
chu k cp nht mi v route poisoning.
Tm li ,route poisoning c ngha l khi c mt con ng no b ngt th
149
.C ch route poisoning khng h gy mu thun vi c ch split horizon .Split
horizon c ngha l khi router gi thng tin cp nht ra mt ng lin kt th
router khng c gi li nhng thng tin no m n va nhn vo t ng lin
kt .By gi ,router vn gi li nhng thng tin nhng vi thng s nh
tuyn ln hn gi tr ti a th kt qu vn nh vy .C ch ny gi l split horizon
kt hp vi poison reverse.
Khi mng 5 b ngt ,Router E s dng route poisoning bng cch t gi tr 16 trn
bng nh tuyn cho bit mng ny khng n c na .
Hnh 7.1.5
7.1.6 Trch nh tuyn lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi
Hot ng cp nht bng nh tuyn gia cc router lng ging c thc hin
theo chu k .V d :c sau 30 giy RIP thc hin cp nht mt ln .Ngoi ra cn
c c ch cp nht tc thi thng bo v mt thay i no trong bng nh
tuyn .Khi router pht hin ra c mt thay i no trong cu trc th n lp tc
gi thng ip cp nht cho cc router lng ring thng bo v s thay i .
Nht l khi c mt ng no b li khng truy cp c na th router phi
cp nht tc thi thay v i n ht chu k. C ch cp nht tc thi kt hp vi
route poisoning s m bo cho tt c cc router nhn c thng tin khi c mt
ng no b ngt trc khi thi gian holddown kt thc.
C ch cp nht tc thi cho ton b m i c s thay i trong cu trc mng
gip cho cc router c cp nht kp th i ng thi gian holddown nhanh
hn.
ng kh
i v kh
150
V d nh hnh 7.1.6: router C c i ngay khi mng 10.4.0.0 khng
truy cp c na. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, router B cng pht thng bo v
mng 10.4.0.0 ra cng S0/1. n lt router A cng s pht thng bo ra cng
Fa0/0.
NetWordk 10.4.0.0 is unreachable
Vi cp nht tc thi, router s gi thng ip ngay thng bo s thay i trong
bng nh tuyn ca mnh
p nht tc th
Hnh 7.1.6
7.1.7. Trnh lp vng vi thi gian holddown
hn nh cp phn 7.1.2 c th trnh c bng
cch s dng thi gian holddown nh sau:
uter nhn c thng tin cp nht t chnh
router lng ring lc ny thng bo l mng X truy cp li c th router mi
c thi gian holddown.
vi thng
Tnh trng lp vng n v
Khi router nhn c t router lng ging mt thng tin cho bit l mt mng X
no by gi khng truy cp c na th router s nh du vo con ng ti
mng X l khng truy cp c na v khi ng thi gian holddown. Trong
khong thi gian holddown ny, nu ro
p nht thng tin v kt thc
Trong sut thi gian holddown nt router nhn c thng tin cp nht t mt
router lng ring khc (khng phi l router lng ging pht thng tin cp nht
v mng X lc ny) nhng thng tin ny cho bit c ng n mng X
151
s n cp
nh t nhm
nh t g v vic mng X
hng u c cp nht
l ruy cp c na, khi cc router u c th nhn bit chnh
xc v ng. Do , sau khi thi gian holddown kt thc th cc router li
c tin nh bnh thng.
h tuyn tt hn con ng m router trc th n s b qua, khng
t thng tin ny. C ch na gip cho router trnh c vic cp nh
ng thng tin c do cc router lng ging cha hay bi
khng truy cp c na. Khng thi gian holddown bo m cho tt c cc
router trong h thng mng c cp nht xong v thng tin mi. Sau khi thi
gian holddown ht thi hn, tt c cc router trong h t
mng X khng t
c m cu tr
p nht thng
Hnh 7.1.7
7.2
c m t chi tit trong 2 vn bn. Vn bn u tin l RFC1058 v vn
n th 2 l Tiu chun Internet(STD)56.
RIP c pht trin trong nhiu nm bt u t phin bn 1 (RIPv1)
RIP ch l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch cho n phin bn 2(RIPv2)
.RIP
n trnh ca RIP 7.2.1. Ti
IP RIP
b
152
RIP tr
n v hn bng cch gii hn s lng hop ti
a cho php t my gi n my nhn, s lng hop ti a cho mi con ng l
r nhn c t thng tin cp nht ca router
uter xem bn thn n cng l 1
hop trn ng i. Nu sau khi tng ch s hop ln 1 m ch s ny ln hn 15 th
rou ng ch khng tng ng vi con ng ny khng n
ng c nhng c tnh tng t nh cc giao thc nh
thnh giao thc nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch.
RIPv2 c nhng u im hn nh sau:
Cung cp thm nhiu thng tin nh tuyn hn.
C c ch xc minh gia cc router khi cp nht bo mt cho bng nh
tuyn.
C h tr VLSM(variable Length Subnet Masking-Subnet mask c chiu di
khc nhau).
RIP trnh nh tuyn lp vng m
15. i vi cc con ng m route
lng ging, router s tng ch s hop ln 1 v ro
ter s xem nh m
c. Ngoi ra, RIP c
tuy : RIP cng c horizon v thi gian holddown trnh cp
nht thng tin nh tuyn khng chnh xc.
Cc c im chnh ca RIP
n khc. V d nh
L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.
Thng s nh tuyn l s lng hop.
Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln hn 15 th gi d
liu s b hu b.
Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy.
7.2.2. Cu hnh RIP
ch trm k tip RIP
Lnh router rip dng khi ng RIP. Lnh network dng khai bo nhng
cng giao tip no ca router c php chy RIP trn . T RIP s bt u
gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng tng ng RIP cp nht thng tin
nh tuyn theo chu k. Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht c s thay i
no th n s cp nht thng tin mi vo bng nh tuyn. i vi nhng con
ng ti mng ch m router hc c t router lng ging th n s tng ch s
hop ln 1 a chi ngun ca thng tin cp nht ny s l a
153
ch chon mt con ng tt nht n mng ch, tuy nhin n cng c th s dng
nhiu con ng c ch s bng nhau n cng 1 ch.
Ch ho RIP thc hin cp nht tc thi khi cu trc mng
tha ip rip triggered. Lnh ny ch p dng cho cng serial ca
ro r ng thay i, router no nhn bit c s thay i u tin
o bng nh tuyn ca n trc, sau n lp tc gi thng tin cp
cu hnh ca RIP
ng ta c th cu hnh c
y i bng lnh
ute. Khi cu trc m
s cp nht v
nht cho cc router khc thng bo v s thay i . Hot ng ny l cp
nht tc thi va n xy ra hon ton c lp vi cp nht inh k. hnh 7.2.2 l
mt v d v
Hnh 7.2.2
hai bo mng kt ni trc tuyn
vo router.
c phi lm, chng ta ch cu
hnh thm nu thy cn thit:
BHM(config)#router rip- chn RIP lm giao thc nh tuyn cho router.
BHM(config- router)#network10.0.0.0- k
BHM (config- router) #network 192.168.13.0-khai bo mng kt ni trc
tuyn vo router.
Cc cng trn router kt ni vo mng 10.0.0.0 v 192.168.13.0 s thc hin gi
v nhn thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn.
Sau khi khi ng RIP trn cc mng ri chng ta c th thc hin thm mt
s cu hnh khc. Nhng cu hnh ny khng bt bu
154
iu chnh cc thng s nh tuyn.
iu chnh cc thng s v thi gian hot ng ca RIP.
Khai bo phin bn ca RIP m ta ang s dng(RIPv1 hay RIPv2).
Cu hnh cho RIP ch gi thng tin nh tuyn rt gn cho mt cng no
.
Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn IP rut gn.
Cu hnh cho IGRP v RIP chy ng thi .
Khng cho php RIP nhn thng tin cp nht t mt a ch IP no .
M hoc tt ch split horizon.
Kt ni RIP vo mng WAN.
Tm li, cu hnh RIP, chng ta c th bt u t ch cu hnh ton cc nh
sau:
Router(config)#router rip khi ng giao thc nh tuyn RIP.
Router(config- router)#network network- number- khai bo cc mng m
RIP c php chy trn .
7.2.3. S dng lnh ip classless.
Khi router nhn c gi d liu c a ch ch l mt subnet khng c trn bng
nh tuyn ca router. Trn bng nh tuyn ca router khng c chnh xc subnet
vi subnet ch ca gi d liu. V d: mt t chc s dng a ch mng
10.10.0.0/16, khi subnet 10.10.10.0/24 c supernet l 10.10.0.0/16. Trong
y, ta dung lnh ip classless router khng hy b d liu m s
ng n a ch supernet, nu c. i vi phn mn Cisco IOS
hin bn 11.3 tr v sau, mc nh l lnh ip classlet c chy trong cu hnh
ca router. Nu bn tt lnh ny i th dng lnh NO ca cu lnh ny.
Tuy nhin, nu khng c chc nng ny th tt c cc gi c a ch ch l mt
subnet c cng supernet vi cc i ch mng khc ca router nhng li khng c
trong bng nh tuyn. y chnh l c im quan trng ca giao thc nh tuyn
theo lp. Nu mt a ch mng ln c chia thnh cc subnet con ch khng c
ton b cc subnet. Khi gi d liu no c a ch ch l mt subnet nm trong
a ch mng ln nhng li khng c trn bng nh tuyn ca router th router s
hy b.
trng hp nh v
chuyn gi ra
p
155
Hnh 72.2.3a.khi khng c lnh ip classless.
ch l mt subnet khng c trn bng nh tuyn nhng li c cng
supernet vi cc mng kt ni trc tip vo router th router xem nh mng ch
nh tuyn ca router c cu
hn ny bng cch cho php
router khng c a ch a. khi router khng tm
thy c c th mng ch trn bng nh tuyn th n s s dng ng mc nh
chuyn gi i.
C ch ny b nhm ln nht khi router c cu hnh ng mc nh. T mt a
ch mng ln chia thnh nhiu subnet con. Kt ni trc tip vo router ch c mt
s subnet. Khi router xy dng bng nh tuyn, trn bng nh tuyn ng nhin
c cc subnet ca mng kt ni trc tip vo router. Cn nhng subnet no khng
c th router coi nh subnet khng tn ti. Do , khi router nhn c gi d
liu c a ch
khng tn ti v hy b gi d liu cho d trn bng
h ng mc inh. Lnh ip classless s gii qut vn
n quan tm n lp ca ch n
156
Hnh 7.2.3b: Khi c l nh ip classless.
7.2.4. nhng vn thng gp kh P.
Ro g ging hc thng tin
n cc mng m khng kt ni trc tip vo router. RIP s dng thut ton inh
tuyn theo vect khong cch c nhc im chnh tc hi t chm. Trng
thi hi t l khi tt c cc router trong h thng mng u c thng tin inh tuyn
v h thng mng ging nhau v chnh xc.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng gp vn v nh tuyn
lp vng v m n v hn. y l hu qu khi cc router cha c hi t nn
truyn cho nhu nhng thng tin c cha c cp nht ng.
gii nhng vn ny RIP s dng nhng k tht sau
nh ngha gi tr ti a
Split horizon.
Poison reverse.
Thi gian holddown.
Cp nht tc thi.
C mt s k thut i hi bn phi cu hnh cn mt s khc th khng cn cu
hnh g c hoc ch cn cu hnh mt cht thi.
i cu hnh RI
uter nh tuyn theo RIP phi da vo cc router ln
157
RIP gii hn s hop ti a l 15. Bt k mng ch no c s hop ln hn 15 th
xem nh mng khng m c. iu ny lm cho RIP b hn ch khng s
dng c cho nhng h thng mng ln nhng n gip cho RIP trnh c li
m n v hn.
Lut split horizon la: khi gi thng tin cp nht ra mt hng no th khng gi
li nhng thng tin m router nhn c t hng . Trong mt s cu hnh
mng th bn cn phi tt c ch split horizon:
GAD (config-if)#no ip split- horizon
Th t thng s m bn c th thay i nu cn. Khong thi
gian holddown gip cho router trnh b lp vng m n v hn nhng ng thi
n cng lm tng thi gian hi t gia cc router. Trong khong thi gian ny,
router khng cp nht nhng ng no c thng s nh tuyn khng tt bng con
ng m router c trc , nh vy th c khi c ng khc thay th cho ng
c tht nhng router cng khng cp nht. Thi gian holddown mc nh ca RIP
l 180 giy. Bn c th iu chnh thi gian holddown ngn li t tng tc hi
t nhng bn nn cn nhc k. Thi gian holddown l tng l phi di hn
khong thi gian di nht c th cho ton b h thng mng c cp nht song.
V d nh hnh di, chng ta c 4 router. Nu mi router c thi gian cp nht l
30 giy th thi gian ti a cho c 4 router cp nht xong l 120 giy nh vy
thi gian holddown phi di hn 120 giy.
t thay i thi gian holddown bn dng lnh sau
Router(config- router)#timers basic u holddown flush[sleeptime]
i gian holddown l m
pdate invalid
158
Hnh 7.2.4
Mt l do khc lm nh hng n tc hi t l chu k cp nht. chu k cp
nh n c th iu chnh cho chu k cp nht di
h
tn
ay i chu k cp nht, bn dng lnh sau GAD(config- router)#update-timer
sec
Cn m gp i vi giao thc nh tuyn l ta khng
mun o p nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng
no a ch mng l lp tc RIP bt
u g a ch mng nm trong
mng ng c th khng cho php gi thng
tin cp h mt cng no bng lnh passive interface.
GA sive- interface Fa0/0.
RI
nh lay th ta cn phi khai bo cc router RIP lng ging bng lnh sau:
GA ip address
t mc nh ca RIP l 30 giy . B
n tip kim bng thng ng truyn hoc rt ngn chu k cp nht li
g tc hi t.
th
onds.
t vn na m ta thng
i cc thng tin c ch cc giao thc ny g
. Sau khi bn nhp lnh network khai bo
i cc thng tin nh tuyn ra tt c cc cng c
m bn va khai bo. Nh qun tr m
n t v nh tuyn ra
D(config- router)#pas
P l giao thc broadcast. Do , khi mun chy RIP trong mng non-broadcast
Frame Re
D(config- router) #neighbor
159
Ph
nh in bn 1. Nh qun tr mng c th cu
hnh cho router ch gi v nhn gi phin bn 1 hoc l ch gi gi phin bn
2bng cc lnh sau:
GAD(config- router) #version {1/2}
GAD(config- if) #ip rip send version 1
GAD(config- if) #ip rip send version 2
GAD(config- if) #ip rip send version 1 2
GAD(config- if) #ip rip receive version 1
GAD(config- if) #ip rip receive version 2
GAD(config- if) #ip rip receive vers
7.2
C nh kim tra cu hnh RIP c ng hay khng. Trong
ha c s dng nhiu nht l Show ip route v show ip
proto s
Lnh protocols s hin th cc giao thc nh tuyn IP ang c chy
trn ro e in th ca lnh ny c th gip bn kim tra c phn ln
cu hnh ca RIP nhng cha phi l y , ton b. sau y l mt s im bn
cn ch kim tra:
C ng l giao thc nh tuyn RIP c cu hnh hay khng.
RIP c cu hnh gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng vo, c
chnh xc hay khng.
Cc a ch mng c khai bo trn router chy RIP c ng hay khng.
n mn Cisco IOS mc nhin nhn gi thng tin ca c RIP phin bn 1 v 2
ng ch gi i gi thng tin bng RIP ph
ion 1 2
.5.kim tra cu hnh RIP
iu lnh c th s dng
i l nh thng
col .
show ip
ut r. Kt qu h
160
Hnh 7.2.5a.
Ln router c s dng kim tra xem nhng ng i m router hc
rn.
Tr du bng
ch R
ging. B router lun c mt khong thi gian hi t
vi nh ,
tuyn s lnh khc m bn c th s dng kim tra
cu h
ce.
h show ip
c t cc router RIP lng ging c c ci t vo bng nh tuyn khng t
n kt qu hin th bng nh tuyn, bn kim tra cc ng c nh
u dng l nhng ng m router hc c t cc router RIP lng
n cng nn nh rng cc
au do cc thng tin mi c th cha c hin th ngay trn bng nh
c. Ngoi ra cn c mt
nh RIP :
Show interface interfa
Show ip interface interface.
Show running config
161
Hnh 7.2.5b.
7.2.6. X l s c v hot ng cp nht ca RIP
Hu ht cc li cu hnh RIP u do khai bo cu lnh network sai, subnet khng
lin tc hoc l do split horizon. Lnh c tc dng nht trong vic tm li ca RIP
trong hat ng cp nht l lnh debug ip rip
Lnh debug ip rip s hin th tt c cc thng tin nh tuyn m RIP gi v nhn.
V d trong hnh 7.2.6a cho thy kt qu hin th ca lnh debug ip rip. Sau khi
nhn c thng tin cp nht , router s x l thng tin ri sau gi thng tin
mi va cp nht ra cc cng. Trong hnh 7.2.6a cho thy router chy RIP phin
bn 1 v RTP gi cp nht theo kiu broadcast(a ch broadcast
255.255.255.255). S trong ngoc n l a ch ngun ca gi thng tin cp nhth
RIP.
162
Hnh 7.2.6a
t nhiu im quan trng m bn cn ch trong kt qu hin th c C r a lnh
debug ip rip. Mt s vn phi v d nh subnet khng lin tc hay trng subnet,
c th
l c
s
pht hin c nh lnh ny. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy bn s thy
ng mt mng ch nhng router gi thng tin i th mng ch li c thng
inh tuyn thp hn so vi khi router nhn vo trc .
Hnh 7.2.6b. Subnet khng lin tc
163
Hnh 7.2.6c: Trng Subnet
Ng
7.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip
Router c th thc hin chn lc thng t n khi cp nht hoc khi gi
thng tin cp nht. i vi router s c nh tuyn theo vect khong
cc
nh
th
cc
trn .
Chnh v vy m cch thc hin ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn
ra i y ch s dng cho cc giao thc nh
tuy
B
cp v nh tuyn ra mt cng no . Lm nh vy th bn s ngn c h
th g mng khc hc c cc thng tin nh tuyn trong h thng ca mnh.
oi ra cn mt s lnh c th s dng x l s c ca RIP:
Show ip database.
Show ip protocols( summary).
Show ip route.
Debug ip rip{ events}.
Show ip interface brief.
in nh tuy
dng giao th
h, c ch ny c tc dng v router nh tuyn da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn
n c t cc router lng ging. Tuy nhin, i vi cc router s dng giao
c nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th c ch trn khng hiu qu v
giao thc nh tuyn ny quyt nh chn ng i da trn c s d liu v
g thi cc ng lin kt ch khng da vo thng tin nh tuyn nhn c
mt cng giao tip c cp d
n theo vect khong cch nh RIP, IGRP thi.
n c th s dng lnh passive interface ngn khng cho router gi thng tin
nht
n
164
th
vn
i vi RIP v IGRP, lnh passive interface s lm cho router ngng vic gi
ng tin cp nht v nh tuyn cho mt router lng ging no , nhng router
tip tc lng nghe v nhn thng tin cp nht t router lng ging .
Hnh 7.2.7
.8. Chia ti vi RIP
uter c th chia ti ra nhiu ng khi c nhiu ng tt n cng mt ch.
n c th cu hnh bng tay cho router chia ta ra cc ng hoc l cc giao
c nh tuyn ng c th t tnh ton chia ti.
c kh nng chia
7.2
Ro
B
th
RIP ti ra ti a l su ng c chi ph bng nhau, cn mc nh
th RIP ch chia ra lm 4 ng. RIP thc hin chia ti bng cch s dng ln lt
v lun phin tng ng.
Tro
3-4
hop
ca
ng hnh7.2.8a l v d cho ta thy RIP chia ti ra 4 ng c chi ph bng nhau.
u tin router bt u vi ng s 1 ri sau ln lt cc ng 2-3-4 ri1-2-
-1 v c tip tc lun phin nh vy. v thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng
ln cc ng ny c xem l nh nhau, RIP khng cn quan tm n tc
mi ng. Do ng 56kbps cng ging nh ng 155Mbps.
165
Hnh 7.2.8a
ng hnh 7.2.8b l v d v kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route. Trong ,
thy c hai phn, mi phn m t v mt ng. Trong phn m t v ng
hai c d
Tro
bn
th u(*) u dng. Du (*) ny cho bit con ng ny l con ng k
tip s c s dng.
H
7.2
nh 7.2.8b
.9. Chia ti cho nhiu ng
166
Ro
m
cc
to
Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht v nhiu ng khc nhau n cng mt
ch th router s
nh
tin
th tuyn s c cch tnh chi ph
khc nhau v bn cn phi cu hnh cc chi ph ny router thc hin chia ti.
Kh
c
ti
bn
c
M
n
cho tuyn 1 ng n 1 ch.
uter c kh nng chia ti ra nhiu ng chuyn cc gi d liu n cng
c ch. Chng ta c th cu hnh bng tay cho router thc hin chia ti hoc l
giao thc nh tuyn ng nh RIP ,IGRP,EIGRP v OSPF s t ng tnh
n.
chn ng no c ch s tin cy(Admintrative distance) nh
t t vo bng nh tuyn. Trong trng hp cc ng ny c cng ch s
cy th router s chon ng no c chi ph thp nht hoc l ng no c
ng s nh tuyn nh nht. Mi giao thc nh
i router c nhiu ng c cng ch s tin cy v cng chi ph n cng mt
h th router s thc hin vic chia ti. Thng thng th router c kh nng chia
n 6 ng c cng chi ph( gii hn ti a s ng chia ti l ph thuc vo
g nh tuyn ca Cisco IOS), tuy nhin mt s giao thc nh tuyn ni (IGP)
th c gii hn ring. V d nh EIGRP ch cho php ti a l 4 ng.
c nh th hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn IP u chia ti ra 4 ng. ng c
h th chia ti ra 6 ng. Ch ring BGP l ngoi l, mc nh ca BGP l ch
php nh
Hnh 7.2.9a
167
S
Ro
IGR
a vo bng thng chn ng chia ti.
V d nh hnh 7.2.9a, c ba ng n mng X :
T E qua B qua A, thng s nh tuyn l 30.
T E qua C qua A , thng s nh tuyn l 20.
T E qua D qua A, thng s nh tuyn l 45.
Router E s chn ng th 2 v thng s nh tuyn 20 l nh
nht.
Khi nh tuyn IP, Cisco IOS c hai c i l: chia ti theo gi d liu v
chia ti theo a ch ch. Nu router theo tin trnh th router s chia
g eo gi d liu. Cn nu router
chuyn mch nhanh th router s chuyn tt c gi d liu n cng mc ch ra
m
ti
ng ti a m router c th chia ti l t 1 n 6 ng. thay i s
ng ti a cho php bn s dng lnh sau:
uter(config- router) #maximum-paths[number].
P c th chia ti ln ti a l 6 ng. RIP da vo s lng hop chn
ng chia ti, trong khi IGRP th d
ng E C-A c
ch chia t
chuyn mch
i d liu ra cc ng. cch ny gi l chia ti th
t ng. Cc gi d liu n host khc nhng trong cng mt mng ich th s
ra ng k tip. Cch ny gi l chia ti theo a ch ch.
Hnh 7.2.9b
ng c nh l ng do ngi qun tr cu hnh cho router chuyn gi ti
mng ch theo ng m mnh mun. Mt khc, lnh cu hnh ng c nh
cng c s dng khai bo cho ng mc nh. Trong trng hp router
168
khng tm thy ng no trn bng chuyn gi n mng ch th
router s s dng ng mc nh.
Router chy RIP c th nhn c th ng mc nh t nhng thng tin
cp nht ca cc router RIP lng gin l bn thn router c cu hnh
B
cu
n
n
ch
ng c ch n la trc. Khi ng
n ng c na th router s s dng ti ng
nh tuy
N
th
V
kh c nh na. Nu bn cu hnh ng c nh ch
ra mt cng m RIP khng chy trn cng th RIP s khng gi thng tin cp
nh ng c nh , tr khi bn phi cu hnh thm lnh redistribute static
cho
Kh
xa nh tuyn. Tng t nh vy khi router khng cn xc nh c
trm k tip trn ng c nh cho gi d liu ti mng ch th ng c nh
cng s b xa khi bng nh tuyn.
Trong hnh 7.2.10a v 7.2.10b chng ta thy khi ng nh tuyn ng ca RIP
b s c th ng c nh m ta cu hnh cho router GAD c s dng thay
th. ng c nh nh vy c gi nh d phng. Nh trong v d
ny hnh vi ch s AD l 130 ln hn ch
s nh l trn router BHM cng cn cu
hn
nh tuyn
ng tin v
g khc. Hoc
ng mc nh s cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ny cho cc router khc.
n c th xa ng c nh bng lnh no ip route. Ngi qun tr mng c th
hnh ng c nh bn cnh nh tuyn ng. Mi mt giao thc nh tuyn
g c 1 ch s tin cy(AD).Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh mt ng c
h ti cng mng ch vi ng nh tuyn ng nhng vi ch s AD ln hn
s AD ca giao thc nh tuyn ng tng ng. Khi ng nh tuyn
sAD nh hn ln lun lun c router ch
h tuyn ng b s c khng s d
n c nh chuyn gi n mng ch.
u bn cu hnh ng c nh ch ra mt cng m RIP cng chy trn cng
RIP s gi thng tin cp nht v ng c nh ny cho ton b h thng mng.
khi , ng c nh c xem nh l kt ni trc tip vo router ln n
ng cn bn cht l mt ng
t v
RIP.
i mt cng giao tip b ngt th tt c cc ng c nh ch ra cng u b
bi bng
l ng c
chng ta thy l ng c nh c cu
AD ca RIP (120). Bn cch , bn nn
h ng mc nh tng ng.
169
Hnh 7.2.10a
170
H
7.3
7.3 a IGRP
IGRP l
thc nh ng cch chn la ng i bng cch so sch
vect kho
hin b ng tin cp
nht, ro e
Xc
Cp c v ng i trn mng
nh 7.2.10b
.IGRP
.1. c im c
mt giao thc nh tuyn ni v nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Giao
tuyn theo vect kho
ng cch. Router chy giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc
ng inh tuyn theo nh k cho cc router lng ging. Da vo th
ut r thc hin 2 nhim v sau :
nh mng ch mi.
nht s
171
IGRP
IGRP th
trong phm GRP:
c nh.
Kh nng linh hot vi cc c tnh bng thng v tr khc nhau.
Kh nng m rng cho h thng mng ln.
M
IGR
l c
ng thng.
tr.
ti.
tin cy
7.3.2 Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
Bn dng lnh show ip protocols xem cc thng s, cc thng tin v mng v
cc chnh sch chn lc ca cc giao yn ang hot ng trn router.
Trong bn s thy c cch tnh ton thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP nh trong
hnh 7.3.2. Mi mt thng s c h s t K1 K5. K1 l h s ca bng thng, K3
l h s ca tr. Mc nh th K1 v K3 c gi tr l 1, cn K2 , K4 v K5 c gi
tr l
Vi
kt
Ng
Sau
tuy
Bng thng :Gi tr bng thng thp nht ca ng truyn .
tr :Tng tr dc theo ng truyn .
l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch do Cisco pht trin nn.
c hin cp nht theo chu k 90 giy / ln v ch gi thng tin cp nht
vi mt h t qun. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca I
Kh nng thch ng vi cc cu trc mng phc tp v khng x
c nh th IGRP s dng bng thng v tr lm thng s nh tuyn. Ngoi ra
P cn c th cu hnh s dng nhiu thng s khc nh tuyn. Sau y
c thng s m IGRP c th s dng nh tuyn:
B
thc nh tu
0.
c tnh ton thng s nh tuyn t nhiu thng s ca ng i nh vy s cho
qu chnh xc hn so vi RIP ch da vo mt thng s l s lng hop.
uyn tc th ng no c thng s nh tuyn nh nht l ng tt nht.:
y l cc thng s ca ng i m IGRP s dng tnh ton thng s nh
n :
tin cy : tin cy trn mt ng lin kt n ch c xc nh da
trn hot ng trao i cc thng ip keepalive.
172
ti : ti ca ng truyn tnh bng bit/ giy .
MTU :n v truyn ti a trn n .
Th
nh
th
cho
thn
ln
s c
7.3. RP
IGRP thc hin qung b nhng loi ng sau :
t cng
ca router .Nu mt cng giao tip ca router kt ni vo mt mng khng c chia
th i b trong mng .
ng truy
ng s nh tuyn c tnh da vo mt cng thc tnh t 5 thng s trn.Mc
th trong cng thc ny ch c bng thng v tr .Cn nhng thng s khc
ch c s dng khi c cu hnh .Bn c th cu hnh bng thng v tr
cng giao tip ca router.Bn dng lnh show ip route s xem c gi tr ca
g s nh tuyn ca IGRP t trong ngoc vung .ng no c bng thng
hn s c thng s nh tuyn nh hn , tng t ng no c tr t hn th
thng s nh tuyn nh hn.
3. Cc loi ng trong IG
ng ni b.
ng h thng.
ung ngoi vi.
ng ni b l nhng ng ch i gia cc subnet kt ni vo cng m
nh nhiu subnet th router khng cn c ng n
173
ng h thng l nhng ng i gi ng trong cng mt h t
qun.Router hoc v ng h thng b n bit cc mng kt ni trc tip
vo n v hc t cc thng tin cp nh hc .Trong IGRP ,cc
thn
a cc m
ng cch nh
t t cc router IGRP k
g tin v ng h thng khng c thng tin v subnet tng ng.
Hnh 7.3.3
ng ngoi vi l nhng ng i ra ngoi h t qun (autonomous u
system).Thng thng th y l gateway ca router i ra ngoi .Phn mm
Cisco IOS s hng ng ngoi vi ca IGRP lm
gate Ro i mng ch l mt mng khng
kt n c ti c mt ng no khc n
mn n c nhiu ng ngoi vi kt ni ra ngoi
th m
7.3.4. Tnh
IGRP c t tng tnh n nh trong hot ng nh
tuy
Holddowns :
chn mt ng trong s n
way . uter s s dng n ng gateway kh
i tr p vo router v router khng tm
g ch .Nu trong mt h t qu
i router c th chn cho mnh mt gateway khc nhau.
n nh ca IGRP
ng c s dng mt s k thu
n ca n nh:
Thi gian holddown
Split horizon.
Poison reverse
174
Th ho router cp nht nhng thng tin
ng li l nhng thng tin c , cha c cp
nh
Split horizo
Split horizons l nguyn tc gip cho router trnh b lp vng bng cch ngn
kh r g tin cp nht ra mt hng m n va nhn
Poi
Spl
pois
no
rou
th khi mt con ng c thng
s nh tuyn tng ln theo h s 1.1 hoc ln hn na th n s pht i thng tin
cp nht poison resverse cho con ng .
Ngoi ra, IGRP cn c nhiu thng s v thi gian khc nh: chu k cp nht ,thi
gian invalid, thi gian holddown ,thi gian xa.
Thng s ca chu k cp nht cho b bao lu th router thc hin gi
thng tin cp nht mt ln .i vi IGRP chu k mc nh l 90 gy.
Gi t trong khong thi gian bao lu th router vn
thc hi
nh
gian
Nu
hold
nh
tr
th
tr n .Trong IGRP ,thi gian
xa bng 7 ln chu k cp nht.
i gian holddown c s dng trch c
c pht ra do chu k cp nht nh
t mi.
ns:
ng cho outer gi li nhng thn
c t chnh hng .
son resverse:
it horizons ch trnh c lp vng gia 2 router kt ni trc tip vi nhau ,cn
on resverse c th trnh c vng lp ln hn .Thng thng ,khi mt ng
c thng s nh tuyn c tng dn ln l ng b lp vng .Khi
ter phi pht ra thng tin poison resverse xa con ng v t con
ng vo trng thi holddown .i vi IGRP
it thi gian
tr ca thi gian invalid cho bi
n gi thng tin cp nht bnh thng v mt ng no trc khi xc
n chc chn l con ng khng cn s dng c na .trong IGRP , thi
invalid mc nh l bng 3 ln chu k cp nht .
c mt mng ch bt u c t vo trng thi holddown th thi gian
down l khong thi gian m router s khng cp nht bt k thng tin cp
t no v mng ch nu thng s nh tuyn xu hn con ng router c
c . Trong IGRP ,thi gian holddown mc nh bng 3 chu k cp nht cng
m 10giy. Cui cng ,thi gian xa l khong thi gian m router phi ch
c khi tht s xa mt con ng trong bng nh tuy
175
Th
ieu vbn
.
Hnh 7.3.5
6 S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP 7.3.
176
Vi
u
ni chn ng da vo bng thng v tr ca cc ng
lin kt mng .IGRP hi t nhanh hn RIP nn cng trch c lp vng tt hn
.Hn na ,IGRP khng cn b gii hn bi s lng hop nh RIP na .Nh nhng
u im trn, IGRP c th pht trin c h thng mng c cu trc ln
v phc tp .
c chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP :
s ra i ca IGRP vo u thp nin 80 ,Cisco Sytems tr thnh cng ty
tin khc phc c cc nhc im ca RIP khi nh tuyn gia cc router
b .IGRP quyt nh
c cho c
Sau y l cc b
1. Km tra xem trn router c chy RIP hay khng .
Hnh 7.3.6a
Hnh 7.3.6b
177
2. Cu hnh IGRP cho router A v B .
Hnh 7.3.6c
3. Nhp lnh show ip protocols trn router A v B .
178
Hnh 7.3.6d
179
4. Nhp
Hnh 7.3.6e
lnh show ip route trn router A v B.
180
Hnh 7.3.6f
Hnh 7.3.6g
7.3.7 Ki
ki
g
.
Ngoi ra cn cc l
m tra cu hnh IGRP
m tra xem IGRP c cu hnh ng cha bn dng lnh show ip
route v kim tra cc ng ca IGRP c nh du bng ch I u dn
nh sau bn c th s dng kim tra cu hnh IGRP :
Show interface interface
Show running-config
181
Show running-config interface interface
Show running-config | begin interface interface
Show running-config | begin igrp
Show ip protocols
kim tra xem cng Ethernet c cu hnh ng cha th bn dng lnh
sho
p
g
w interface fa0/0.
kim tra IGRP c chy trn router cha th bn dng lnh show i
protocols.
7.3.8 X l s c ca IGRP
Phn ln cc s c ca IGRP l do bn khai bo sai lnh network ,a ch mn
IP khng lin tc ,khai bo s AS sai .
Hnh 7.3.8a
Sau
Show ip protocols
Show ip route
Debug ip igrp events
Debug ip igrp transactions
Ping
Traceroute
y l cc lnh c s dng tm s c ca IGRP :
182
Hnh 7.3.8b
Hnh 7.3.8c
tr thng tin
nh tuyn nh th no .
ng lp c th
xut hin nh th no .
Nu ch s AS sai th bn c th sa li ch s ny nh hnh trn .
Tng kt
Sau y l cc im quan trong bn cn nm c trong chng ny:
Giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin bo
Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,v
183
C ch nh ngha gi tr ti a trnh m v hn .
Trnh vng lp bng split horizon .
ho router gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng .
u hnh RIP
a IGRP
Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
Route poisoning.
Trnh lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi .
Trnh lp vng bng thi gian holddown .
Ngn khng c
Chia ti ra nhiu ng .
Tin trnh RIP
C
S dng lnh ip classless.
Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP
Chia ti vi RIP
Tch hp ng c nh vi RIP
Kim tra cu hnh RIP
c im c
Cc loi ng trong IGRP
Tnh n nh ca IGRP
Cu hnh ca IGRP
S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP
Kim tra cu hnh IGRP
X l s c ca IGRP
184
CHNG 8
THNG IP IU KHIN V BO LI CA TCP/IP
GII THIU
IP l mt giao thc t n lc ti a (Best - effort) chuyn gi ti ch. N
khng h c c ch no xc nhn d liu c chyn ti ch .D liu
c th gp s c trn ng i ti ch v rt nhiu l do nh phn cng b h
hng, cu hnh sai hoc thng tin nh tuyn khng ng. gip xc nh cc
s c xy ra ,IP s dng giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP -
Internet Control Message Protocol) thng bo cho my ngun bit l s c
xy ra trong qu tr i thng ip
bo li khc nh s dng.
n cc thng ip iu khin v bo li cho
host trn mng. Chng ny s tp trung nhiu vo cc thng ip iu khin
.y l nhng thng ip cung cp thng tin v cu hnh ,nh tnh cho host
.Am hiu v thng ip iu khin ca ICMP l mt phn rt quan trng gip
bn x l s c mng v hiu c mt cch y v mng IP.
Sau y hon tt chng ny ,bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau:
M t ICMP.
M t cu trc ca thng ip ICMP.
Xc nh loi thng ip b .
Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan ng loi thng ip bo li ICMP.
nh truyn d liu. Chng ny s m t cc lo
au ca ICMP v trng hp no th chng c
Bn thn IP khng c c ch gi thng ip iu khin v bo li nn n s
dng ICMP thc hin vic gi nh
o li ICMP
n t
M t thng ip iu khin ICMP.
Xc nh c ccloi thng ip iu khin ICMP c s dng trong
mng ngy nay.
Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n thng ip iu khin ICMP.
8.1.Tng qut v thng ip bo li ca TCP/IP
185
8.1.1. Giao thc thng ip iu khin Interne (ICMP)
IP l mt phng thc truyn d liu khng tin cy trn mng. N l mt giao
thc t n lc ti a truyn d liu ti ch. Trong , IP khng h c mt
c ch no xc nhn l d liu n ch. Nu mt thit b trung gian trn
ng i nh router chng hn b s c, hay l thit b ch khng kt ni vo
mng nn d liu khng truyn ti ch th IP khng h c c ch no thng
bo cho ngi gi bit l qu trnh truyn d liu b s c. Giao thc thng
ip iu khin Internet (ICMP) l mt giao thc ca b TCP/IP b sung cho
v
yt cc lp trn nu cn thit.
nh hnh
s c xy ra.
khim khuyt ny ca IP. ICMP khng khc phc c s khng tin cy ca IP.
ICMP ch n gin l pht i cc thng ip thng bo v s c. Vn
tin cy th s c gii qu
8.1.2 . Thng bo li v khc phc li.
ICMP l mt giao thc thng bo li ca IP. Khi qu trnh truyn d liu xy ra
li th ICMP c s dng thng bo li cho ni gi d liu. V d
8.2.1. My 1 chuyn d liu cho my 6 nhng cng Fa0/0 trn Router C b
ngt, khi Router C s dng ICMP gi thng bo li cho My 1 bit l d
liu khng truyn c ti ch. ICMP khng khc phc c s c m n ch
n gin l thng bo v
Hnh 8.2.1
186
Router C nhn c gi d liu n ch bit c a ch IP ngun
Thng ip ICMP cng c truyn cc gi d liu khc cho nn n
cng c th gp s c. iu ny dn ti mt vn l nu mt thng ip bo
li gp s c th s lm pht sinh thm cc thng ip bo li na v iu ny
lm cho mng cng b nghn hn khi s c vn xy ra v cn ang tn ti
trn mng. Chnh v vy, cc thng ip bo li ca ICMP s khng to thm
cc thng ip bo li cho chnh n .Nh vy th cc thng ip bo li cng c
kh nng l khng bao gi n n c my ngun ca gi d liu.
t My 1,
ch ca gi d liu thi. Router C khng th bit chnh xc con ng m gi
d liu i n c Router C. Do khi gi thng bo li th Router C ch
c th gi cho My 1 ch khng gi cho Router A v B. Nh vy l thng bo
ICMP ch gi cho thit b ngun ca gi d liu ch khng gi cho cc router.
8.1.3.Truyn thng ip ICMP
Thng ip ICMP c ng gi ging nh cc d liu khc khi truyn i bng
IP. Hnh 8.1.3 cho thy d liu ca ICMP c ng gi trong gi IP nh th
no.
i nh
Hnh 8.1.3
8.1.4. Mng khng n c
thc hin c vic thng ti mng th cc iu kin c bn cn n lin lc trn
phi c .Trc tin l thit b gi v nhn d liu phi c cu hnh ng
b giao thc TCP/IP.Vic ny bao gm ci t b giao thc TPC/IP v cu
hnh a ch IP.,subnet mask cho thit b .Ngoi ra bn cn phi khai bo
Defoult gateway nu thit b cn truyn d liu ra ngoi phm vi cc b .Th
hai l cc thit b trung gian phi thc hin vic nh tuyn ng chuyn gi
t ngun n ch .Router l thit b thc hin nhim v ny .Do router phi
187
c cu hnh b TCP/IP cho cc cng giao tip v s dng giao thc nh
tuyn thch hp .
Nu 2 iu kin trn khng c p ng th h thng mng khng th thc
hin thng tin lin lc c .V t thit b gi d liu n mt a
Hnh 8.1.4 minh ha cho trng hp router khng th gi gi d liu n ch
do router khng bit ng n mng ch , router gi thng ip ICMP v cho
my ngun thng bo l mng ch khng n c .
d nh khi m
ch IP khng tn ti hoc l thit b ch b ngt kt ni ra khi mng .
Router cng l nguyn nhn ca s c nu cng giao tip trn router b ngt
hoc router khng c thng tin cn thit tm ra ng ti mng ch .Nhng
trng hp nh vy u c xem l mng ch khng n c .
Hnh 8.1.4
8.1.5 S dng lnh ping kim tra xem a ch ch c n c khng
Giao thc ICMP c th c s dng kim xem c n c mt a ch no
hay khng .ICMP s gi thng ip echo request n my ch .Nu my
ch nhn c echo request th s tr li li thng ip echo reply cho my
ngun .Nu my ngun nhn c echo reply th iu khng nh l my
ch c th n c bng giao thc IP.
188
Lnh ping khi to cc thng ip echo request .V d nh hnh 8.1.5a v
.5b ,chng ta s dng lnh ping vi a ch IP ch .Lnh ping gi i 4 gi
o request v nhn v 4 gi echo reply xc nhn kt ni IP gia 2 thit b hot
g tt.
8.1
ech
n
Hnh 8.1.5a
Hnh 8.1.5b
8 6. Pht h ng di qu
Gi d liu khi truyn i trn mng c th b truyn lng vng v khng bao
g nh d
nh 2 rout ng
router kia mi l trm k tip n ch .
.1. in gii hn
i
n c ch .i
er c gi m
u ny c th xy ra khi thng tin
t gi d liu qua li cho nhau v router ny ngh
tuyn b sai ,v
r
189
Giao thc nh tuyn c quy trnh c quy nh gii hn xc nh mng ch
khng n c .V d nh RIP c s hop gii hn l 15 .iu ny c ngha l
gi d liu ch c php i qua ti a 15 router.
gi d liu i qua b lp vng hoc c qu nhiu hop th khi
m gi tr TTL i 1 .Khi gi tr TTL
b g 0 th router s hy b gi ICMP d e
e ee b ca b ht
thi gian .
8.1.7.Thng ip echo
Nh bt k cc loi gi d liu khc ,thng ip ICMP cng c nh dng ring
Type
Ph
bi
tro phn ny c s dng kim tra li cho d
liu.
Trong hnh 8.1.7a l cu trc ca thng ip ICMP echo request v echo reply
.Trong ch s Type v Code tng ng vi mi loi thng ip .Phn
ntifier equence Numb i vi tng gi echo request v
o ro c tng
ng vi echo request no.Cn phn Data cha cc thng tin b sung ca thng
ip echo request v echo reply.
Khi con ng m
gi d liu vt qua gi tr hop ti a ,gi tr Time-to-live (TTl)ca gi dliu
cng ht thi gian v gi tr TTL c ci t khp vi s hop ti a c
nh ngha ca giao thc nh tuyn.Mi mt gi d liu u c mt gi tr TTL
.Mi router sau khi x l gi d liu s gi
n d liu .Khi ng thng ip Tim
xc ded thng o cho my ngun bit l TTL gi d liu
.Mi mt loi thng ip ICMP c mt c im ring nhng tt c cc gi
ICMP u bt u bng 3 phn :
Code
Checksum
n type cho bit loi thng ip no ca ICMP c gi i. Phn Code cho
t chi tit hn v loi thng ip ICMP .Phn checksum cng tng t nh
ng cc loi gi d liu khc ,
Ide v S er s khc nhau
ech reply .Ch s t ng 2 phn ny c s dng x nh echo reply
190
Hnh 8.1.7a
Hnh 8.1.7b
8.1.
g hng
n c
h h khng
.
.
Gi tr 3 trong phn Type cho bit y l thng ip Destination Unreachable
.Gi tr trong phn Code s ch nhn ti sao khng chuyn c
8.Thng ip Destination Unreachable
Kh
ph
ng phi lc no
ng ,cu hnh giao t
i d liu cng chuyn c n
hc khng ng ,cng giao ti
ch .V d nh h
p b ngt ,thng tin
n tuyn sai l n ng nguyn nhn c th gy ra lm cho gi d liu
th chuyn c ti ch .Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ICMP gi thng
ip Destination Unreachable cho my gi thng bo l gi d liu khng
chuyn c ti ch
Trong hnh 8.1.8a l cu trc ca thng ip Destination Unreachable
o bit nguyn
gi d liu n ch .V d nh phn Code c gi tr 0 c ngha l mng ch
khng n c .
191
Hnh 8.1.8a
Hnh 8.1.8b
Khi gi d liu c chuyn t -ring ra mng Ethernet th thng
c loi li khc
mng Token
phi phn mnh ra thnh cc gi nh hn .Nu gi d liu khng cho php phn
mnh th gi d liu khng th chuyn ra c ,khi thng ip Destination
Unreachable s c gi i.Thng ip ICMP ny cng c gi i khi cc
dch v lin quan n IP nh FTP ,Web khng tim thy .iu quan trong khi x
l s c mng IP l bn cn phi hiu c cc nguyn nhn khc nhau to nn
thng ip ICMP Destination Unreachable.
8.1.9.Thng bo c
Khi thit b x l gi d liu khng chuyn gi d liu i c do mt s li
phn Header ca gi d liu .Loi d liu ny khng lin quan g n host ch
hay mng ch nhng n vn lm cho gi d liu khng th chuyn c n
ch .Trong trng hp ny ,thng ip ICMP Parameter Problem,Type 12 s
c gi v cho my ngun.
192
Trong hnh 8.1.9 l cu trc ca thng ip Parameter Problem.Trong c
n Pointer .K ph hi gi tr Code l 0 ,phn Pointer cho bit octet no trong gi d
liu b li .
Hnh 8.1.9
8.2.Thng ip iu khin ca TCP/IP
8.2.1.Gii thiu v thng ip iu khin
ICMP l mt phn ca b giao thc TCP/IP .Thc t l tt c cc h thng IP
u phi bao gm ICMP .L do ca vi c ny ht sc n gin .Trc ht l IP
khng c c ch no m bo c chuyn ti ch ,hon ton
cho host bit khi s c xy ra .IP khng c c ch cung cp
hoc iu khin cho host .V ICMP thc hin vic ny
cho IP .
l d liu
khng thng bo g
thng ip thng bo
Hnh 8.2.1
Khng ging nh thng ip bo li ,thng ip iu khin khng phi c
to ra l do mt gi d liu hay do li ca qu trnh truyn d liu .M cc
thng ip iu khin c dng thng bo cho host bit v tnh trng nghn
193
mch trn mng hay thng bo cho host bit l c mt gateway tt hn dn n
mng ch Cng ging nh tt c cc gi ICMP khc ,thng ip iu khin
i IP truyn thng ip trn
nhau .Mt s loi thng
p nht l redirect/change request.Loi
thng thng chnh l router .Tt
i c cu hnh
kt ni vo
,mt host c ni vo router
.Host B c cu hnh default gateway l a
ng a ch IP ny n cc
mng khc .Bnh thng host B ch kt ni n mt gateway.Tuy nhin cng
c trng hp mt host kt ni vo mng 2 hay nhiu router.Trong trng hp
, default gateway ca host s cn dng redirect/change request thng bo
cho host bit v mt gateway khc tt hn n mt mng ch no .
c ng gi trong gi IP .ICMD s dng g
mng .
ICMP c rt nhiu loi thng ip iu khin khc
gp nht c th hin hnh 8.2.1.
8.2.2.Thng ip ICMP redirect/change request
Thng ip iu khin ICMP thng g
thng ip ny c to ra bi gateway m
c cc host khi mun thng tin lin lc vi cc mng IP u ph
default gateway. Default gateway l a ch ca mt cng trn router
cng mt mng vi host .Nh trong hnh 8.2.2a
v router ny c kt ni ra Internet
ch IP ca cng Fa0/0trn router.Host B s s d
Hnh 8.2.2a
194
Trong hnh 8.2.2b l mt v d cho trng hp cn s dng ICMP redirect.Host
H gi d liu cho Host C trong mng 10.0.0.0/8 .V mng ch khng kt ni
trc tip vo Host H nn Host H gi gi n default gateway ca n l Router
ng 10.0.0.0/8 th
c tr ra cng m
vo .Khi router R1 s chuyn gi d liu i v
R1 .Router R1 tm trn bng nh tuyn tm ng n m
thy rng chuyn gi ti ch router phi gi gi ny ng
n va mi nhn gi d liu
ng thi gi thng ip ICMP redirect/change request ti Host H thng bo
l Host H nn s dng Router R2 lm gateway cho tt c cc gi dliu n
mng 10.0.0.0/8 .
Hnh 8.2.2b
Default gateway ch gi thng ip ICMD redirect/change request khi gp cc
iu kin sau :
d liu i.
a ch IP ca my ngun l cng mt mng /subnet vi a ch IP ca
c li my ngun .
bo cho host khng phi l ng
h ca router v cng khng phi l ca mt ICMP redirect no
Bn c th dng lnh no ip redirect
tt chc nng ny trn mt cng no ca router ).
Cng m router nhn gi d liu vo cng chnh l cng m router s
chuyn gi
trm k tip .
Gi d liu nhn c khng phi gi ng
Con ng m router thc hin thng
mc n
khc.
Router phi c cu hnh thc hin redirect.(Mc nh l Cisco
router thc hin gi ICMP redirect.
195
Thng ip ICMP redirect /change request c cu trc nh hnh 8.2.2c.Trong
phn Type c gi tr l 5 ,phn Code c gi tr l 0,1,2 hoc 3.
Phn Router Internet Address cha a ch IP ca gateway mi .V d nh trn
a Router R1 gi cho Host H ,phn Router Internet : trong thng ip redirect c
Address s c gi tr l 172.16.1.200,y l a ch IP ca cng E0 trn Router
R2 .
Hnh 8.2.2c
Hnh 8.2.2d
8.2.3.ng b ng h v c tnh thi gian truyn d liu
B giao thc TCP/IP cho php h thng mng ny kt ni vi h thng mng
ip ICMP Timestamp c thit k gii quyt vn
Thng ip ICMP timestamp request cho php mt host hi gi hin ti trn
mt my khc .My c hi s dng thng ip ICMP timestamp reply tr
li .
khc cch nhau rt xa thng qua nhiu h thng mng trung gian .Mi mt h
thng mng c mt c ch ng b ng h ring .Do khi mt host mng
khc s dng phn mm cn ng b thi gian thc hin lin lc th c th
s gp rc ri .Thng
ny .
196
Phn Type trong thng ip ICMP timestamp c gi 13 (timestamp
p reply ) .Ph l 0 v loi thng
c g khc hn. Phn Originate timestamp l thng tin v gi
y trc khi th c
gi i .Phn Recive timestamp l thi im m my ch nhn c yu cu
ICMP timestam
tr l
request )hoc 14(timestam
ip ny khng
n Code lun c gi tr
hin ti trn my gi nga ng ip ICMP timestamp request
request .Phn Transmit timestamp l th
my ny gi thng ip
i im trn my tr li ngay trc khi
p reply.
Tt c 3 thng s v thi gian trn u
im na m theo gi Quc t (Unive
c tnh bng s mili giy tnh t thi
sal Time -UT).
Hnh 8.2.3
Tt c cc thng tin ICMP timestamp reply u c y 3 thng s :thi im
im nhn c request v thi im gi gi reply .Da
n
mp.Kt qu ny cng ch
i trn my ch .
ip ICMP information request v reply cho php host xc nh a ch
mng ca n .Hnh 8.2.4 l cu trc ca loi thng ip ny.
gi gi request ,thi
vo 3 thng s ny host c th c lng c khong thi gian d liu truy
trn mng t my ngun n my ch bng cch ly gi tr ca phn Originate
Timestamp tr cho gi tr ca phn Transmit timesta
mang tnh cht c lng thi v thi gian truyn tht s cn ph thuc vo lu
lng truyn thc t trn mng lc .Ngoi ra ,host cn c th c tnh c
gi hin t
Thng ip ICMP timestamp l mt cch n gin uc on gi trn my
ch v c tnh tng thi gian truyn trn mng nhng y cha phi l cch
tt nht .Giao thc Network Time Protocol (NTP) lp trn ca giao thc
TCP/IP thc hin ng b ng h theo cch tin cy v chnh xc hn.
8.2.4.Thng ip Information request v reply
Thng
197
Hnh 8.2.4
Phn Type c 2 gi tr :gi tr
.Loi thng ip ny ca
15 tng ng vi thng ip Information reply
ICMP c xem l qu li thi .Hin nay ,cc giao
ho host
.
Khi ngi qun tr mng dng mt a ch IP ln chia ra thnh nhiu subnet
,cc subnet s c subnet mask tng ng .Subnet mask c s dng xc
nhn cc bit ca phn Network .Subnet v cc bit ca thnh phn Host trong
a ch IP .Nu mt host bit a ch IP ca router th n gi yu cu ti trc
tip ca router ,cn nu khng th n s qung b yu cu ca n .Khi router
nhn c yu cu ny ,router s dng thng ip Address mask reply tr
li .Trong thng ip Address mask reply s c subnet mask chnh xc cho
host.V d : mt host trong mng lp B c a ch IP l 172.16.5.2 .Host ny
khng bit subnet mask ca mnh nn n broadcast thng p Address mask
request nh sau :
ress:172.16.5.2
i bng thng ip
Address mask reply nh sau :
thc BOOTP v DHCP c s dng nhiu cung cp a ch mng c
8.2.5 Thng ip Address Mask
i
Source add
Destination address:255.255.255.255
Protocol :ICMP =1
Type :Address Mask Request =AM1
Code :0
Mask:255.255.255.0
Router 172.16.5.2 nhn c thng ip trn v tr l
198
Source address:172.16
pe :Address Mask Request =AM2
Cu trc ca thng ip Address Mask Request v reply c th hin hnh
8.2.5.Thng ip Address Mask Request v reply c cu trc hon ton nh
nhau ,ch khc nhau gi tr phn Type .Phn Type c gi tr 17 l tng ng vi
request ,cn gi tr 18 l tng ng vi reply .Phn Identifier v Sequnc
Number gip phn bit reply no tng ng vi request no ,gi tr hai phn
ny thng l 0.Phn Checksum c dng kim tra li cho thng ip
ICMP c tnh bt u t phn Type tr i.
.5.1
Destination address:172.16.5.2
Protocol :ICMP =-1
Ty
Code :0
Mask:255.255.255.0
Hnh 8.2.5
a c cu hnh Default
g a ch multicast l 224.0.0.2 .Thng ip ny cng c th c gi
broadcast gi n c nhng router khng c cu hnh multicast .Khi nhn
,nu router khng c cu hnh h tr qu trnh ny th
router s khng tr li g ht .Cn nu router c h tr qu trnh ny th router
s tr li li bng thng ip Router advertisement .Cu trc ca thng tin ip
Router advertisement c m t hnh 8.2.6.
8.2.6 . Thng ip ca router
Khi c host trong mng bt u khi ng v host ch
gateway th n c th tm gateway bng thng ip Router discovery.Trc
tin ,host gi thng ip Router solicitation cho tt c cc router bng cch
dn
c thng ip trn
199
Hnh 8.2.6
8.2.7 . Thng ip Router solicitation
Host gi thng ip Router solicitation trong trng hp b mt Default
gateway.Thng ip ny c gi multicast v y chnh l bc u tin ca
qu trnh tm router cp phn 8.2.6 .Router s tr li li bng thng
sement,trong c cung cp Default gateway cho host ip Router Adverti
.Hnh 8.2.7 l cu trc ca thng ip Router solicitation:
Hnh 8.2.7
8.2.8.Thng ip bo nghn v iu khin lung d liu
ip ICMP source-quence gip
tc pht gi d liu .Sau khong thi gian ngn
,nghn mch c gii ta v my gi c th tng dn tc truyn ln sau khi
khng cn nhn c thng ip source-quence no na .Mc nh l a s cc
Cisco router khng thc hin g source-quence v c th cc thng
ip ny cn lm cho tnh trng tc nghn b tng thm .
Nu c nhiu my tnh cng lc truy xut vo cng mt my ch th my
ch c th b qu ti .Nghn mch c th xy ra khi lu lng t mng LAN
tc cao c truyn ra kt ni WAN c tc thp hn .Nu mng b nghn
qu mc th cc gi d liu s b hy b .Thng
lm gim lng d liu b hy b .Thng ip ny s c gi cho my gi
yu cu my gi gim
i thng ip
200
M hnh vn phng nh -vn phng ti nh (SOHO Small Office Home
Office)l mt trng hp p dng tt ICMP source-quence .V d mt SOHO
cp Cat5 v 4 my ny
ng ta thy rng ng
ng truy cp Internet ny cho cc my tnh cn li c th dng thng ip
c mt mng gm 4 my tnh c ni vi nhau bng
chia s nhau mt kt ni Internet 56K bng moden .Ch
kt ni WAN vi bng thng 56K s nhanh chng b qu ti vi mng LAN
bng thng 100Mbps ca SOHO ,kt qu l d liu s b mt v phi truyn li
nhiu ln .My tnh c kt ni ra Internet v gi vai tr gateway chia s
Me
ser
rn m - n -
i
m
cc
ph
C
a
1.1
Thi
ph n ny s trnh by cch s
dng VLSM
C
VL
kh
h thm lnh no ip subnet zezo vo cu hnh router ngi qun tr mng s c
ubnet s dng c mi subnet c 30 a ch host Bt u t Cissco IOS phin
12.0, Cissco router mc nh l s dng subnet zezo. By gi mi subnet
c phn phi cho mt mng LAN trn routerSydney, Brisbane, Perth v
lbourne nh hnh v 1.1.2.3 subnet cn li c phn phi cho 3 ng kt ni
ial gia cc router. Nh vy l khng cn subnet no d phng cho s m
g mng v sau. Trong khi kt ni serial gia 2 router l kt ni i
m nn ch c cn 2 a chi host l . Nh vy l ph mt 28 a c host trong
i subnet c phn phi cho kt ni WAN ca router. Vi cch chia u , tt c
subnet c chiu di subnet bng nhau nh vy 1/3 khng gian a ch b ph
m.
ch phn phi a ch nh trn ch ph hp vi mng nh. Nhng d sao th s
ch ny cng thc s ph phm a ch cho cc kt ni im - n - im
.3 Khi no s dng VLSM
t k s a ch IP sao cho p ng c s m rng sau ny v khng ph
m a ch l mt vic ht sc quan trng. Trong ph
khng lng ph a ch trn cc kt ni im - ni - im
ng vi h thng mng v d phn trc. Ln ny ngi qun tr mng s dng
SM chia a ch mng lp C 192.168.187.0 thnh nhiu subnet c kch thc
c nhau
211
Hnh 1.1.3
Trc tin ta xt mng c nhiu user nht trong h thng mng. Mi mng LAN
Sydney, Brisbane, Pert v Melbourpe c khong 30 host. Do p ng cho
cc mng LAN ny ngi qun tr mng mn 3 bit chia subnet cho a ch
mng 192.168.187.0. Tng t nh v d phn trc, ngi qun tr mng c 7
subnet /27 s dng c. Ly 4 subnet u tin/ 27 phn phi cho cc mng
AN trn router. Sau ngi qun tr mng ly subnet th 6 mn tip 3 bit na L
212
chia thnh 8 subnet/30 mi subnet /30 ny ch c 2 a ch host. Ly 3 subnet/30
i cho 3 kt ni serial gia cc router. Cc subnet /27 v /30 cn li c
dnh s dng v sau
.1.3 Tnh ton chia subnet vi VLSM
phn ph
1
Hnh 1.1.4.a
Xt v d nh hnh 1.1.4.a. Hai mng LAN Kuala Lumpur v Bankok yu cu ti
thiu 250 host trong mi thng. Nu hai router ny s dng cc giao thc tuyn
theo lp a ch khng h tr VLSM nh RIPv1 IGRP v EGP th phi chia subnet
u cho ton b h thng mng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta mn 8 bit chia
i ch lp B 172.160.0 thnh cc subnet /24 ri phn phi cho tt c cc mng
mng trong h thng u c a ch mng vi 24 bit
trong h thng. Nh vy mi
213
mask ging nhau. Mc d hai subnet 172.16.3.0/24 v 172.16.4.0/24 p ng c
cho 2 mng LAN 250 host nhng subnet 172.16.2.0/24 phn phi cho kt ni
WAN gia hai router l qu ph. Mt kt ni WAN ch cn 2 a ch host cn li
252 a ch host b b ph.
Hnh 1.1.4.b
u chng ta s dng k thut VLSM chng ta c th ly subnet 172.16.2.0/24
thnh cc subnet/30. Sau ly mt subnet 172.16.2/20 t cho
N
chia tip kt ni
AN th s lng a ch b mt cho kt ni ny gim i rt nhiu. W
Hnh 1.1.4.c
y gi ta xt v d nh hnh 1.1.4.c gi s ta c a ch mng lp C
12.168.10.0/24 phn phi cho h thng mng ny.
B
214
u tin chng ta xt mng LAN c nhiu user nht trong h thng. H thng trn
hnh 1.1.4.c c mng LAN ln nht l 60 host. Nu chng ta chia subnet nh cch
c chng t se ch mn c 2 bit chia subnet cn li 6 bit dnh cho host mi
p ng cho mng LAN 60 host. Nh g nh vy chng ta ch toa c 2
2
=4
ubnet, trong s dng c ti a 3 subnet khng p ng cho ton b h
ng mng. R rang cch chia subnet u khng th p ng c
C
it
n
s
th
hng ta phi s dng VLSM nh sau:
1. Bc u tin chng ta cng xt mng LAN ln nht trong h thng l mng
LAN 60 host Perth. p ng cho mng LAN ny chgn ta mn 2 b
u tin chia subnet cho a ch 192.168.10/24. Chng ta s c 4
subnet /26 nh sau:
# ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
0 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.63
1 192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.127
2 192.168.10.128 192.168.10.129 192.168.10.190 192.168.10.191
3 192.168.10.192 192.168.10.193 192.168.10.254 192.168.10.255
Chng ta ly subnet u tin 192.168.10.0/26 phn phi cho mng LAN 60 host
Perth.
2. Bc th 2 chng ta xt ti mng LAN ln th 2 l mng LAN 28 host
sau:
KL. p ng co mng LAN ny chng ta ly subnet tip theo l
192.168.10.64/26 mn tip 1 bit na tch thnh 2 subnet nh hn nh
215
# ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
0 192.168.10 192.168.10.95 .64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.94
1 192.168.10.96 192.168.10.97 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.127
Mi subnet /27 c 5 bit dnh cho phn host nn p ng c ti a 2
+
-2=30 host.
Do ta ly subnet 192.168.10.64/27 phn phi cho mng LAN 28 host
Kuala Lumpur.
2 . Bc th 3 chng ta xt tip n cc mng LAN nh hn tip theo. Chng ta
cn li hai mng LAN Sydney v Singapore, mi mng 12 host. p ng
cho hai mng LAN ny chng ta ly subnet 12.168.10.96/27 trn mn tip 1
bit na tch thnh 2 subnet/28 nh sau:
# ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
0 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.63
1 192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.127
Mi subnet /28 cn 4 bit dnh cho host nn p ng c ti a 2
4+
- 2 =14 host.
Chng ta ly hai subnet /28 trong bng trn phn phi cho hai mng LAN
Sydney v Singapore
3. Bc cui cng by gi chng ta ch cn li ba ng lin kt WAN gia
s chng ta
ly tip subnet 192.168.10.128/26 to ra bc 1, mn tip 4 bit to
thnh 16 subnet/30 nh sau:
cc router, mi ng lin kt cn 2 a ch host. T u n gi, chng ta
dng ht di a ch t 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.27. By gi
216
# ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
0 192.168.10.28 192.168.10.129 192.168.10.130 192.168.10.131
1 192.168.10.132 192.168.10.133 192.168.10.134 192.168.10.135
2 192.168.10.136 192.168.10.137 192.168.10.138 192.168.10.139
3 192.168.10.14 2.168.10.143 0 192.168.10.141 192.168.10.142 19
4 192.168.10.144 192.168.10.145 192.168.10.146 192.168.10.147
5 192.168.10.148 192.168.10.149 192.168.10.150 192.168.10.151
6 192.168.10.152 192.168.10.153 192.168.10.154 192.168.10.155
7 192.168.10.156 192.168.10.157 192.168.10.158 192.168.10.159
8 192.168.10.160 192.168.10.161 192.168.10.162 192.168.10.163
9 192.168.10.164 192.168.10.165 192.168.10.166 192.168.10.167
10 192.168.10.168 192.168.10.169 192.168.10.170 192.168.10.171
11 192.168.10.172 192.168.10.173 192.168.10.174 192.168.10.175
12 192.168.10.176 192.168.10.177 192.168.10.178 192.168.10.179
13 192.168.10.180 192.168.10.181 192.168.10.182 192.168.10.183
14 192.168.10.184 192.168.10.185 192.168.10.186 192.168.10.187
15 192.168.10.188 192.168.10.189 192.168.10.190 192.168.10.191
Chng ta ly 3 subnet /30 u tin trong bng trn phn phi cho cc ng
WAN gia cc router:
Kt qu s phn phi a ch theo VLSM c th hin hnh 1.1.4.d
217
Hnh 1.1.4.d
Qu trnh a ch IP theo VLSM trn c tm tt li theo s sau:
1.1.5 Tng hp a ch vi VLSM.
Khi s dng VLSM cc bn nn c gng phn b cc subnet lin nhau gn nhau
c th tng hp a ch. Trc 1997 khng c tng hp a ch h thng nh
tuy n nh b sp my ln.
bin v tnh
Hnh 1.2.1
1.2.2 c im ca RIP phin bn 2
1 nn n vn c cc c im nh RIPv1 RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv
L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng s lng hop
lm thng s nh tuyn
S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng, thi gian ny mc nh l
180 giy
S dng c c split horizon chng lp vng
Gi tr hop ti a l 15
RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cc a ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn.
Nh RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM v CIDR
221
RIPv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn. Bn c th cu hnh cho RIP
g ng m ho MD hay
kh g
RI 2
yn theo vect khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng
n cng mt ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v da vo s
lng hop chn n khng phi l
ng nhanh nht n
IPv1 cho php cc router cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chng theo chu k mc
a chuyn gi l 15hop . Nu ti c v gi d liu n s b hu
b. iu ny lm gii hn kh nng m rng ca RIP. RIPv1 s dng c ch split
i gian holddown router s khng
tuyn
i v nhn thng tin xc minh trn cng giao tip ca router b
n m ho
Pv gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch multicast 224.0.0.9
1.2.3 So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2
RIP s dng thut ton nh tu
ng nn i khi con ng m RIP ch
ch
R
nh l 30 giy. Vic gi thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc nh vy gip cho
topo mng c xy dng nhanh chng. trnh b lp vng v tn. RIP gii hn
s hop ti
horizon chng lp vng. Vi c ch ny khi gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt
cng giao tip RIPv1 router khng gi ngc tr li cc thng tin nh tuyn m
n hc c t chnh cng . RIPv1 cn s dng thi gian holddown chng
lp vng. Khi nhn c mt thng bo v mt mng ch b s c router s khi
ng thi gian holddown . Trong sut khong th
cp nht tt c cc thong tin c thng s nh tuyn xu hn v mng ch
RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n cng c cc c tnh nh trn. RIPv2 cng
l giao thc
L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vet khong cch s dng s lng hop lm
thng s nh
S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng thi gian ny mc nh l 180 giy
S dng c ch spit horizon chng lp vng
Gi tr hop ti a
RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cca ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn.
Nh , RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM v CIDR
222
Ripv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn. Bn c th cu hnh cho RIP
gi v nhn thng tin xc minh trn cng giao tip ca router bng m ho MD5
hay khng m ho
RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch multicaskt 224.0.0.9
1.2.3 So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2
RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng
n cng mt ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v ch da vo
s lng hop chn ng nn i khi con ng m RIP chn khng phi l
ng nhanh nht n ch
RIPv1 cho php c theo chu k mc
nh l 30 giy. Vic gi thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc nh vy gip cho
xem nh mng ch khng th ti v gi d liu. s b hu b . iu
ny lm gii hn kh nng m rng ca RIP , RIPv1 s dng c ch split horizon
chng lp vng. Vi c ch ny g tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao
ngc tr li cc thng tin nh tuyn m n hc
cn s dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng.
c router cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chng
topo mng c xy dng nhanh chng. trnh b lp vng v tn, RIP gii hn
s hop ti a chuyn gi l 15 hop. Nu mt mng ch xa hn 15 router th
c
khi gi thn
tip , RIPv1 router khnggi
c t chnh cng d, RIPv1
Khi nhn c mt thng bo v mt mng ch b s c, router s khi ng thi
gian holddown. Trong sut khong thi gian holddown router s khng cp nht tt
c cc thng tin c thng s nh tuyn xu hn v mng ch
RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n cng c cc c tnh nh trn RIPv2 cng
l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng s lng hop lm thng s
nh tuyn duy nht . RIPv2 cng s dng thi gian holddown v c ch split
horizon trnh lp vng
Sau y l cc im khc nhau gia RIPv1 v RIPv2
223
RIPv1 RIPv2
Cu hnh n gin Cu hnh n gin
nh tuyn theo lp a ch nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch
Khng gi thng tin v subnet mask
trong thng tin nh tuyn.
C gi thng tin v subnet mask trong
thng tin nh tuyn.
Khng h tr VLSM. Do tt c cc
mng trong h thng RIPv1 phi c
ng subnet mask.
H tr VLSM. Cc mng trong h thng
IPv2 c th c chiu di subnet mask
khc nhau. c
Khng c c ch xc minh thng tin
nh tuyn.
C c ch xc minh thng tin nh
tuyn.
Gi qung b
255.255.255.255.
224.0.0.9 nn
hiu qu hn.
theo a ch Gi multicast theo a ch
1.2.4. Cu hnh RIPv2
cu hnh mt giao thc nh tuyn ng, chng ta u thc hin cc bc sau
Chn giao thc nh tuyn, v d nh RIPv2 chng hn
K
su
hai bo a ch IP v subnet mask cho cc cng router
P tham gia v tin trnh nh tuyn. Cng
rong a ch mng c khai bo lnh
etwork th cng s tham gia vo qu trnh gi v nhn thng tin nh tuyn cp
hai bo cc a ch mng IP cho giao thc nh tuyn khng cn khai bo gi tr
bnet mask
K
Lnh network khai bo a ch mng I
no ca router c a ch IP ri vo t
n
nht. Mt khc lnh network cng khai bo nhng a ch mng m router s thc
hin qung co v mng
Lnh router rip version 2 xc nh RIPv2 c chn lm giao thc nh tuyn chy
trn router
224
Hnh 1.2.4.a
Trong v d hnh 1.2.4.a router A c cu hnh nh sau
router rip - chn rip lm giao thc nh tuyn
Version 2 Xc nh ripv2
Network 172.16.0.0 khai bo a ch m g kt ni trc tip vo router A
N
Khi
v 10.0.0.0 s gi v nhn thng tin v2
n
etwork 10.0.0.0 Khai bo a ch mng kt ni trc tip vo router A
tt c cc cng trn router A kt ni vo mng hoc subnet trong 172.16.0.0
cp nht RIP
Hnh 1.2.4.b
1.2.5 Kim tra RIPv2
225
Lnh show ip protocol s hin th cc gi tr ca giao thc nh tuyn v cc thi
gian hot ng ca giao thc . Trong v d hnh 1.2.5.a lnh ny cho thy
router c cu hnh vi RIP khng nhn c bt k thng tincp nht no t mt
router lng ging trong 180 giy hoc hn th nhng con ng hc c t router
ng ging s c xem l khng cn gi tr. Nu vn khng nhn thng tin cp
ht g c th sau 240 giy, cc con ng ny s b xo khi bng nh tuyn .
l
n
Trong hnh router A nhn c cp nht mi nhtt router B cch y 12 giy. thi
gian holddown 180 giy. Khi c mt con ng c thng bo l b ngt con
ng sc t vo trng thi holddown trong 180 giy
Hnh 1.2.5.a
nh show ip interface brief c s dng tng hp thng tin trng thi ca cc
cng trn router
Router s gi thng tin v cc ng i trong cc mng c lit k sau dng
routing for networks. Router nhn c cc thng tin cp nht t cc router lng
ging c lit k sau dng routing information sources ch s tin cy mc nh
ca rip l 120
L
226
Hnh 1.2..5.b
m router hc c ng thi cho
bit cc thng tin ny c hc nh th no
Nu thng tin trong bng nh tuyn b thiu mt ng i no th bn nn dng
lnh show running config hoc show ip protocols kim tra li cu hnh nh
yn
1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2
S dng ln debug ip rip hin th cc thng tin nh tuyn RIP khi chng c
gi i v nhn vo. Bn dng lnh no debug all hoc undebug all tt mi debug
ang bt
Ta xt v d nh hnhf 1.2..6 router A nhn c thng tin v hai mng ch trn
cng serial 2 t router lng ging c a ch IP l 10.11.2 . Router A cng gi
thng tin cp nht ca n ra hai cng ethernel v serial 2 vi a ch l a ch
qung b cng a ch ngoc l a ch IP ngun
i khi bn cn gp mt s cu thng bo trong lnh debug ip rip nh sau
Lnh show ip route s hin th ni dng bng nh tuyn Ip . Trong bng nh
tuyn cho bit v ng i n cc mng ch
tu
227
Nhng cu ny xut hin khi router mi khi ng ln hoc khi c mt s c mi
y ra nh mt cng b thay i trng thi hay router b xo mt bng nh tuyn
M
ng c nh l ng tay cho router
ong ch nh r router k tip ti mng ch. ng c nh c kh nng
bo mt cao v khong c hot ng gi thng tin cp nht nh ng nh tuyn
ng. ng c nh rt hu dng khi ch c mt ng duy nht n ch khng
cn ng no khc phi chn la
ng mc nh cng do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh bng tay cho router. Trong
khai bo ng mc nh s dng khi router khng bit ng n ch. Vi
ng mc nh nh tuyn router s dc ngn gn hn. Khi gi d liu c a ch
mng ch m router s gi n ra ng mc nh
ng nh tuyn ng l nhng ng do router hc c t cc router khc nh
giao thc nh tuyn ng
x
1.2.7 ng mc nh
c nh router hc thng tin v ng n mng ch bng 3 cch sau
ng do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh b
tr
Hnh 1.2.7
g
ni ra internet,kt ni n b h thng mng bn
i s h thng mng ny s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng .Router HK1 c kt
y l ung mc nh ca ton
228
trong.Nhng gi no khn gi n cc mng bn trong ni b m gi ra ngoi th
ng mc nh ra internet. khai bo ng mc
g ln sau :I b
2.168.20.2
nh trn l lnh cu hnh ng c nh c bit i din cho bt k mng ch
ter:
outer(config)#ip default-network 192.168.20.0
uter HK1 , vi khai
o mc nh la iproute 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.20.2, cc gi d liu s c
TNG KT
hia a ch mng IP thnh cc subnet c kch thc khc nhau bng VLSM
Cu hnh ng mc nh bng lnh ip route v ip default-network .
mc nhin s c gi ln
nh cho router HK1chng ta dn
HongKong1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 19
L
no vi bt k subnetmask no .Xin nhn mnh mt ln na , lnh trn c s
dng khai bo ng mc nh cho router no c kt ni ng mc nh vo
n
Cc router cn li trong h thng, ta dng lnh ip default-network khai bo
mng mc nh ny cho cc rou
R
Cc router HK2,HK3,HK4 s s dng mang 192.168.20.0 lm mng ch mc
nh .Nhng gi d liu no c a ch ch m cc router no khng tm thy trn
bng nh tuyn ca chng th chng s gi v mng mc nh 192.168.20.0.Kt
qu l cc gi d lieu ny c chuyn t i router HK1. Trn ro
b
truyn ra ng kt ni vi Internet
Sau y l cc im quan trng trong chng ny
VLSM v l do s dng n
C
cu hnh router s dng VLSM
Dc im chnh ca RIPv1 v RIPv2
im khc nhau quan trng gia RIP1v RIPv2
Cu hnh RTPv2
Kim tra v x l s c hot ng RTPv2
229
Chng 2: OSPF N VNG
thc nh tuyn
ny u thc hin nh tuyn trong phm vi mt h t qun. Chng s dng 2
phng php khc nhau thc hin cng mt nhim v.
Thut ton nh tuyn trng thi theo ng lin kt, hay cn gi l thut ton chn
ng ngn nht (SPF Shortest Path First), lu gi mt c s d liu phc tp
cc thng tin v cu trc h thng mng. Thut ton ny c y thng tin v cc
router trn ng i v cu trc kt ni ca chng. Ngc li, thut ton nh
tuyn theo vect khong cc khng cung cp thng tin c th v cu trc ng i
trong mng v hon ton khng c nhn bit v cc router trn ng i.
c th cu hnh, kim tra v x l s c ca cc giao thc nh tuyn theo trng
thi ng lin kt th vic hiu cc hot ng ca chng l iu rt quan trng.
Chng ny s gii thch cch lm vic ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi
ng lin kt, lit k cc c im ca chng, m t thut ton m chng s dng
v ng thi ch ra cc
an u, cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIPv1 u l cc giao thc nh tuyn theo
hong
cch ang c s dng nh RIPv2. IRGP v giao thc nh tuyn lai EIGRP. Khi
thng mng ngy cng pht trin ln hn v phc tp hn th nhng im yu
thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th khc vi giao thc nh
yn theo vect khong cch. Giao thc ny pht cc thng tin v ng i cho
i router cc router trong mng u c ci nhn y v cu trc h thng
GII THIU
Giao thc nh tuyn ni vi (IGP) c 2 loi chnh l nh tuyn theo vector khong
cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. C 2 loi giao
u nhc im ca loi giao thc ny.
B
vect khong cch. Ngy nay, c rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn theo vect k
h
ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch li cng bc l r hn. Router s
dng giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch hc thng tin nh tuyn bng
cch cp nht bng nh tuyn t cc router lng ging kt ni trc tip. Hot ng
cp nht theo nh k ny chim bng thng cao v cch hc thng tin nh tuyn
nh vy lm cho mng hi t chm.
Giao
tu
m
mng. Hot ng cp nht ch c thc hin khi c s kin thay i, do bng
thng c s dng hiu qu hn v mng hi t nhanh hn. Ngay khi c s thay
230
i trng thi ca mt ng lin kt, thng tin c pht ra cho tt c cc router
trong mng.
OSPF l mt trong nhng giao thc quan trng nht ca loi giao thc nh tuyn
eo trng thi ng lin kt. OSPF da trn mt chun m nn n c th c s
u hnh Cisco router cng tng t nh cu hnh cc giao thc nh tuyn khc.
cc mng
c php hot ng trn . Ngoi ra, OSPF cng c mt s c tnh
ng v cu hnh ring. Cc c tnh ring ny lm cho OSPF tr thnh mt
o nn nhng thch thc khi cu hnh
OSPF.
Trong h thng mng ln, OSPF c th c cu hnh m rng trn nhiu vng
ng OSPF ln th bn
hi nm c cu hnh OSPF trn mt vng. Do chng ny s m t cu hnh
OSPF n vng.
hi ng lin kt xy
dng v duy tr thng tin nh tuyn nh th no.
Phn tich v thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi theo trng thi ng lin
kt.
Xc nh u v nhc im cua loi giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi
ng lin kt.
Khi ng O
Cu hnh a ch loopback nh quyn u tin cho router.
Thay i thng s chi ph thay i quyt nh chn ng ca OSPF.
th
dng v pht trin bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau. y l mt giao thc phc tp
c trin khai cho cc mng ln. Cc vn c bn v OSPF s c cp n
trong chng ny.
C
u tin OSPF cng phi c khi ng trn router, sau khai bo
m OSPF
ri
giao thc nh tuyn mnh nhng ng thi t
khc nhau. Nhng trc khi c th thit k v trin khai m
p
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th thc hin cc nhim v sau:
Xc nh cc c tnh quan trng ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi
ng lin kt.
Gii thch c giao thc nh tuyn theo trng t
So snh v phn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt vi
giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.
SPF trn router.
Cu hnh cho OSPF thc hin qu trnh xc minh.
Thay i cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF.
231
M t cc bc to v qung b ng mc nh vo OSPF.
S dng cc lnh show kim tra hot ng ca OSPF.
Cu hnh tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF.
nh ngha cc thut ng quan trng ca OSPF.
M t cc loi mng OSPF.
c nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
n ny s gii thch nhng im khc
y l nhng kin thc cc k quan trng i vi 1 nh qun tr mng.
t im khc nhau quan trng m bn cn nh l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect
h thut ton nh
yn theo trng thi ng lin kt c y thng tin v cc router trn ng i
v cu trc kt ni ca chng.
M t giao thc OSPF Hello.
Xc nh cc bc c bn trong hot ng ca OSPF.
2.1. Giao th
2.1.1. Tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt hot ng khc vi giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Trong ph
nhau ny.
M
khong cch s dng phng php trao i thng tin nh tuyn n gin hn.
Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thai ng lin kt xy dng v duy tr mt c s
d liu phc tp ca thng tin v cu trc mng. Trong khi thut ton nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch khng cung cp thng tin c th v ng i trong mng
v cng khng c nhn bit v cc router khc trn ng i, t
tu
Loi giao
thc
V d c im
nh tuyn RIPv1 v RIPv2
o Gateway
(IGRP).
1.Copy bng nh tuyn cho
router lng ging.
p nht nh k.
3.RIPv1 v RIPv2 s dng s
lng hop lm thng s nh
yn.
4.Mi router nhn h thng
mng theo s chi phi ca cc
router lng ging.
5.Hi t chm.
theo vect
khong cch
Int
Routing Protocol
2.C
tu
232
6.D b lp vng.
7.D cu hnh v d qun tr.
8.Tn nhiu bng thng.
nh tuyn
theo trng
thai ng
lin kt
Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF)
Intermediate
System to Intermedia
Stem (IS-IS)
S dng ng ngn nht.
Ch cp nht khi c s kin
xy ra.
Gi gi thng tin v trng thi
cc ng lin kt cho tt c
cc router trong mng.
h thng mng.
Hi t nhanh.
Khng b lp vng.
Cu hnh phc tp hn.
i hi nhiu b nh v nng
lng x l hn so vi nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch.
Tn t bng thng hn so vi
khong
Mi router c ci nhn y
v cu trc
nh tuyn theo vect
cch.
2.1.2. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt .
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thu thp thng tin v ng i
t tt c cc router khc trong cng h thng mng hay trong cng mt vng
c xc nh. Khi tt c cc thng tin c thu thp y th sau mi
router s t tnh ton chn ra ng i tt nht cho n n cc mng ch trong
h thng. Nh vy mi router c mt ci nhn ring v y v h thng
mng,khi chng s khng cn truyn i cc thng tin sai lch m chng nhn
c t cc router lng ging.
233
Sau y l mt s hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin
kt:
p ng nhanh theo s thay i ca h thng mng.
Gi cp nht khi h thng mng c s thay i.
Gi cp nht nh k kim tra trng thi ng lin kt.
S dng c ch hello xc nh router lng ging c cn kt ni c hay
khng.
Mi router gi multicast gi hello gi lin lc vi cc router lng ging.Gi
hello mang thng tin v cc mng kkt ni trc tip vo router.V d nh hnh
2.1.2, P4 nhn bit cc lng ging ca n trong mng Perth3 l P1v P3. LSAs
cung cp thng tin cp nht v trng thi ng lin kt ca cc router trong
mng.
Hnh 2.1.2. S dng hello xc nh router lng ging
trn tng mng.
234
Sau y l cc c im hot ng ca router s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo
trng thi ng lin kt:
1. S dng thng tin t gi hello v LSAs nhn c t cc router lng ging
xy dng c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng.
2. S dng thut ton SPF xc tnh ton ra ng ngn nht n tng mng.
3. Lu kt qu chon ng trong bng nh tuyn.
2.1.3. Thng tin nh tuyn c duy tr nh th no
hn ny s gii thch giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s dng
cc thnh phn sau y nh th no
LSAs.
C s d liu v cu trc h thng mng.
hi c mt s c xy ra trong mng, v d nh c mt router lng ging b mt kt
lin kt lp tc pht cc gi LSAs ra
ng 1 a ch multicast c bit. Tin trnh ny thc hin gi thng
n ra tt c cc cng, tr cng nhn c thng tin. Mi router nhn c mt
P
:
Thut ton SPF
Cy SPF
Bng nh tuyn vi ng i v cng ra tng ng nh tuyn cho gi
d liu.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c thit k khc phc
cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theovect khong cch. V d nh:giao
thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ch trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc
router kt ni trc tip vi mnh m thi, trong khi giao thc nh tuyn theo
trng thi ng lin kt thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn trn mt vng
rng ln.
K
ni , giao thc nh tuyn theo trng ng
trn ton vng b
ti
LSA, cp nht thng tin mi ny vo c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. Sau
router chuyn tip gi LSA ny cho tt c cc thit b lng ging khc. LSAs
lm cho mi router trong vng thc hin tnh ton li ng i. Chnh v vy s
lng router trong mt vng nn c gii hn.
235
Mt kt ni tng ng vi mt cng trn router. Thng tin v trng thi ca mt
lin kt bao gm thng tin v mt cng ca router v mi quan h vi cc router
ng ging trn cng . V d nh: thng tin v mt cng trn router bao gm a
h IP, subnet mask, loi mng kt ni vo cng Tp hp tt c cc thng tin
u v trng thi cc ng lin kt, hay cn
i l c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. C s d liu ny c s dng
nh ton chn ng tt nht. Router p dng thut ton chn ng ngn nht
trc mng, t xy dng nn cy SPF vi bn
thn router l gc. T cy SPF ny, router s chn ra ng ngn nht n tng
ng ch. Kt qu chn ng c t trn bng nh tuyn ca router.
l
c
trn c lu li thnh mt c s d li
g
t
Dijkstra vo c s d liu v cu
m
Hnh 2.1.3
ng c xem nh l mt tp hp cc giao thc SPF.
2.1.4 Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt xy dng v duy tr mt c
s d liu phc tp v cu trc h thng mng bng cch trao i cc gi qung
co trng thi ng lin kt LSAs(Link State Advertisements) vi tt c cc
router khc trong mng.
Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c c im sau:
Ch
236
Chng xy dng v duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v cu trc h thng
iao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt pht trin v duy tr y cc
trc kt ni ca chng. iu ny c
ng.
Mi router xy dng c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng ca mnh nh cc
thng tin n SP
nh ton chn ng ngn nht n tng mng ch. Kt qu chn ng c
a ln bng nh tuyn ca router. Trong sut tin trnh hot ng, mi s thay
h phn mng b t hay mng pht
c thc hin theo nh ky. Nh vy tc hi t nhanh hn v khng cn ch
t thi gian nh k cc router mi c hi t.
mng.
Chng da trn thut ton Dijkstra.
G
thng tin v mi router trong mng v cu
thc hin nh qu trnh trao i LSAs vi cc router khc trong m
t cc LSA m n nhn c. Sau router s dng thut to
t
h
237
Hnh 2.1.4
V d hnh 2.1.4: Ty theo tng giao thc v thng s nh tuyn tng ng, giao
thc nh tuyn c th phn bit c hai ng n cng mt ch v s dng
tuyn ghi
hn c hai. C mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c cch
nh gi kh nng hot ng ca hai ng v chon ng tt nht. V d, nu
Sau y l cc u im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt:
S dng chi ph lm thng s nh tuyn chn ng i trong mng.
i t nhanh hn.
Mi router c mt s y v ng b v ton b cu trc h thng
mng. Do chng rt kh b lp vng.
ng tt nht. Trong hnh 2.1.4, trn bng nh tuyn c hai ng i t Router A
n Router D. Hai ng ny c chi ph bng nhau nn giao thc nh
n
ng i qua Router C gp tr ngi nh b nghn mch hoc b h hng th giao
thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c th nhn bit c cc thay i
ny v chuyn gi di theo ng qua Router B.
2.1.5 u v nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin
kt
Thng s chi ph ny c th phn nh c dung lng ca ng truyn.
Thc hin cp nht khi c s kin xy ra, pht LSAs ra cho mi router trong
h thng mng. iu ny gip cho thi gian h
238
Router s dng thng tin mi nht quyt nh chn ng i.
Cn thit k h thng mng mt cch cn thn c s d liu v trng thi
cc ng lin kt c th c thu nh li. Nh chng ta c th tit kim
c cc tnh ton Dijkstra v hi t nhanh hn.
Mi router s dng s cu trc mng ca ring n chn ng. c
ng lin kt:
Chng i hi nhiu dung lng b v nng lc x l cao hn so vi
giao thc nh tuyn theo vect kho ng cch. Do chng kh mc tin i
vi c
Chng i hi h thng mng phi c thit k theo m hnh phn cp, h
thng mng c chia ra thnh nhiu cng nh lm gim bt ln v
uter gi i l nhng thng tin g v gi cho ai ? Cc router nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh
v ch gi cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi mnh. Nh chng ta bit ,thng
ng ng vi mt mng ch
l cng no ca router , router k tip c a ch IP l g, thng s nh tuyn
ca con ng ny l bao nhiu. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo vect
Do , khi
tnh ny s gip chng ta khi cn x l s c.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c h tr CIDR v
VLSM.
Sau y l cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi
nh
n khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn router, khai bo a
ch mng v ch s vng. a ch mng c khai bo km theo wilcard mask ch
kh D) ca vng c vit di dng
s ho c d u chm tng t nh IP.
khi ng nh tuyn OSPF bn dng lnh sau trong ch cu hnh ton cc:
Router (config)#router ospf process-id
Process-id l ch s xc nh tin trnh ng tuyn OSPF trn router. Bn c th
khi ng nhiu tin trnh OSPF trn cng mt router. Ch s ny c th l bt k
gi tr no trong khong t 1 n 65.535. a s cc nh qun tr mng thng gi
ch s process-id ny ging nhau trong cng mt h t qun, nhng iu ny l
khng bt buc. Rt him khi no bn cn chy nhiu hn mt tin trnh OSPF trn
mt router. Bn khai bo a ch mng cho OSPF nh sau:
n 2.2.7.g. Sau khi nhn c LSU vi thng ti
t vo c s d liu ca n ri p dng thut ton SPF vi thng tin m
tnh ton li bng nh tuyn.
2.3. Cu hnh OSPF n vng
nh tuyn OSPF s dng khi ni
liu y v trng thi cc
c cp s t 0 n 65.535. Nu OSPF n vng th
c gi l vng xng sng.
Trc tin, bn c
ngphi l subnet mask. Ch s danh nh (I
i dng s thp phn c d
262
Router(config-router)#network address wildcard-mask area area-id
Mi mng c quy c thuc v mt vng. Adress c th l a ch ca ton
mng, hoc l mt subnet hoc l a ch ca mt cng giao tip. Wildcard-mask s
xc nh chui a ch host nm trong mng m bn cn khai bo.
Hnh 2.3.1. Cu hnh OSPF c bn.
2.3. C yn u tin cho router
F bt u hot ng, Cisco IOS s dng a ch IP ln nht ang
hot ng trn router lm router ID. Nu khng c cng no ang hot ng th
tin chn a ch IP ca mt
cn tin trnh s b mt router ID.
Khi tin trnh OSPF s bi ngng hot ng cho n khi cng hot ng tr
li.
2. u hnh a ch loopback cho OSPF v qu
Khi tin trnh OSP
tr nh OSPF khng th bt u c. Khi router
g l m router ID v sau cng ny b s c th
263
tn ti y cn cu hnh mt cng loopback l mt
ng lun l ch khng phi cng vt l. Nu c mt cng loopback c cu hnh
s dng a ch ca cng loopback lm router ID m khng quan tm
n gi tr ca a ch ny.
Nu trn router c nhiu hn mt th OSPF s chn a ch IP ln
nht trong cc a ch IP ca cc cng loopback lm router ID.
t ng loopback v t a ch IP cho n bn s dng cc lnh sau:
Router (config)#interface loopback number
Router (config-if)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Bn n ack cho mi router chy OSPF. Cng loopback ny
nn 5.255.255.255. a ch 32-bit
y gi l host mask v subnet mask ny xc nh mt a ch
ng co v mng loopback, OSPF s lun
lun u
m bo cho OSPF hot ng n nh chng ta cn phi c mt cng lun lun
cho tin trnh OSPF. Chnh v v
c
th OSPF s
cng loopback
o c
n s dng cng loopb
c cu hnh vi a ch c subnet mask l 25
subnet mask nh v
mng ch c mt host. Khi OSPF pht qu
q ng co loopback nh l mt host vi 32-bit mask.
264
Hnh 2.3.2.a. Cng loopback ch l mt cng phn mm. xo cng loopback
bn dng dng no ca cu lnh to cng.
c nhiu hn hai router. Do , OSPF bu
ra m t router i din (DR Designated Router) lm im tp trung tt c cc
thn t vai tr ca
DR t
Router ay th khi DR b s c.
i v
cng
bu DR trn router ID. Router ID no ln nht s c chn.
Bn c th quyt nh kt qu bu chn DR bng cch t gi tr u tin cho cng
cua router kt ni vo mng . C no c gi tr u tin cao nht th
router chc chn l DR.
Gi tr th t bt k gi tr no nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Gi tr 0
s lm cho router khng bao gi c bu chn. Router no c gi tr u tin
Trong mng qung b a truy cp c th
d cc lp trn. M s c cc hat ng
ca giao thc nh tuyn Lp 3 nhng cng rt quan trong cho cc bn khi cn
l
Sau khi hon tt chng
M t s khc nh
M t cc khi ni
Hiu c qu trnh h
thut ton DUAL
Thc hin cu hn
Cu hnh ng t
M t qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn
t 8 bc x
p dng tin trnh
X l s c ca h
debug.
X l s c ca h
debug
X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn EIGRP bng cch s dng lnh show
v debug
X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn OSPF bng cch s dng lnh show
EIGRP
GRP
Cisco a ra giao thc EIGRP vo nm 1994 nh l mt phin bn mi m rng
ong cch trong IGRP vn
c s dng cho EIGRP
Cc c
gi qun tr mng c
x l s c tng qut
n ln
n tip cn vi s c mt cch c phng php, s dng s
. Trc tin l kim tra s c lp vt l trc ri mi i
d chng ny ch tp trung vo x l
oi tr s c cc lp di.
ny, cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau:
au gia EIGRP v IGRP
m, k thut v cu trc d liu ca EIGRP
i t ca EIGRP v cc bc hat ng c bn ca
(Diffusing Update Algorithm)
h EIGRP c bn
ng hp cho EIGRP
Kim tra hot n
M
g ca EIGRP
l s c tng qut
logic x l s c nh tuyn.
at ng nh tuyn RIP bng cch s dng lnh show v
at ng nh tuyn IGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v
v debug
3.1. Cc khi nim ca
3.1.1. So snh EIGRP v I
v nng cao hn ca giao thc IGRP. K thut vect kh
282
EIGRP ci tin cc c tnh ca qu trnh hi t, hat ng hiu qu hn IGRP.
n gi nguyn
nhng g xy dng trong IGRP
Chng ta s tp trung so snh EIGRP v IGRP trong cc lnh vc sau:
ch
Cch tnh thng s nh tuyn
S lng hop
Hat ng phn phi thng tin t ng
nh du ng i
IGRP v EIGRP hon ton tng thch vi nhau. EIGRP router khng c ranh gii
khi hat ng chung vi IGRP router. c im ny rt quan trng khi ngi s
dng mun tn dng u im ca c hai giao thc. EIGRP c th h tr nhiu lai
giao thc khc nhau cn IGRP th khng.
EIGRP v IGRP c cch tnh thng s nh tuyn khc nhau. EIGRP tng thng s
nh tuyn ca IGRP s dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256
ln, EIGRP c th d dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
EIGRP v IGRP u s dng cng th nh tuyn nh sau:
Thng s nh tuyn =[K1 * bng thng +(K2 * bng thng/(256 ti)
tr)] * [K5/( tin cy +K4)]
c nh: K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0.
Khi K4=K5=0 th phn [K5/ ( tin cy +K4)]trong cng thc khng cn l
mt nhn t khi tnh thng s nh , cng thc tnh cn li
nh sau:
tr
iu ny cho php chng ta m rng, ci tin cu trc trong khi v
Tnh tng th
c tnh thng s
+(K3 *
M
tuyn na. Do
Thng s nh tuyn =bng thng +
IGRP v EIGRP s dng cc bin i sau tnh ton thng s nh tuyn:
Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP =10 000 000 / bng
283
thng thc s
Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP =(10 000 000 / bng
thng thc s) * 256
tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = tr thc s/10
tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP =( tr thc s/10) * 256
IGRP c s lng hop ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hop ti a l 224. Con s
ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit k hp l ln nht.
n vi nhau th cn phi cu hnh nng cao hn. Trong khi
a h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s
hau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi
EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li.
c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn
ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t
nh hnh 3.1.1, trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route, ng EIGRP
t ny. RTC ch nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d 2
cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh OSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia
s thng tin nh tuy
IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS c
thng tin v ng i vi n
cc thng tin v ng i m
EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hc
EIGRP router. IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi.
V d
c nh du bng ch D, ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA
phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP (172.16.0.0) v mng c phn phi t
IGRP (192.168.1.0). Trong bng nh tuyn ca RTC, giao thc IGRP khng c s
phn bi
mng 10.1.1.0 v 172.16.0.0 l c phn phi t EIGRP.
284
3.1 ca EIGRP
EIGRP router lu gi cc thng tin v ng i v cu trc mng trn RAM, nh
i. Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP cng
lu nh u khc nhau.
EIG c bit. Mi con ng
c du cung cp thm nhiu thng tin hu dng
khc.
EIG
Bng lng ging (Neighbor table)
B RP lu gi
m Bng ny
t c m
EIG
Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi, router s ghi li a ch v cng kt ni ca lng
gi ng s v
khong thi gian lu gi. Nu router khng nhn c gi hello khi n nh k th
kho ng thi gian lu gi l khong thi gian m router ch v vn xem l router
lng ging cn kt ni c v cn hat ng. Khi khong thi gian lu gi ht
m vn khng cn kt ni c v cn hot ng. Khi khong thi gian lu gi
ht m vn khng nhn c hello t router lng ging , th xem nh router lng
ging khng cn kt ni c hoc khng cn hot ng, thut ton DUAL
.2. Cc khi nim v thut ng
chng p ng nhanh chng theo s thay
ng thng tin ny thnh tng bng v tng c s d li
RP lu cc con ng m n hc c theo mt cch
trng thi ring v c nh
RP c ba lai bng sau:
Bng cu trc mng (Topology table)
Bng nh tuyn (Routing table)
ng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi router EIG
t bng lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router thn mt vi n.
ng t nh c s d liu v cc lng ging ca OSPF. i vi mi giao th
RP h tr, EIGRP c mt bng lng ging ring tng ng.
ng vo bng lng ging. Khi lng ging gi gi hello trong c th
285
(Difusing Up tnh ton
li theo mng mi.
B cu trc mng l bng cung cp d liu xy dngj ln mng nh tuyn
ca EIGRP. DUAL ly thng tin t bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh
to chi ph thp nht n tng mng ch.
M
th
m
kh
nh
Sau l nhng thng tin cha trong bng cu trc mng:
Thng tin v cng giao tip m router s dng i n mng ch.
B
Nh
Ro
Co
tin
v ng ch c th c n 4 successor. Nhng
cn
bn
EIG
gi
th
M
rin y, n c kh nng m rng v tng thch
tt
EIG
tuy cch thm
PDM vo.
Mi PDM chu trch nhim thc hin mi chc nng lin quan n mt giao thc
c nh tuyn. V d phn IP- EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau:
Gi v nhn cc gi EIGRP cha d liu IP.
Thng bo cho DUAL khi nhn c thng tin nh tuyn IP mi.
Duy tr kt qu chn ng ca DUAL trong bng nh tuyn IP.
Phn phi thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t cc giao thc nh tuyn
IP khc.
3.1.5. Cu trc d liu ca EIGRP
Gi
lo
C
Yu cu.
ng chnh c chn ra gi l ng successor. ng successor c lu trn
g nh tuyn v ng thi cng c lu trong bng cu trc mng.
RP gi cc thng tin quan trng v ng i v cu trc mng trong bng lng
ng v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp cho DUAL cc thng tin v
ng i khi cn thit. Nu c mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL s tm ng thay
hoc mt feasible successor trong bng cu trc mang.
t trong nhng u im ni bt ca EIGRP l n c thit k thnh tng phn
g bit theo giao thc. Nh cu trc n
nht. Cc giao thc c nh tuyn nh IP, IPX v Apple Talk c a vo
RP thng qua cc PDM. EIGRP c th d dng tng thch vi giao thc dnh
n mi hoc cc phin bn mi ca chng nh IPv6 chng hn bng
ng nh OSPF, EIGRP da vo nhiu loi gi d liu khc nhau duy tr cc
i bng ca n v thit lp mi quan h phc tp vi router lng ging.
5 loi gi EIGRP:
Hello.
Bo nhn.
Cp nht.
294
p ng.
EIG
gi
ln
li
Ch hi gian hello
m bng thng trn tng cng ca router. Trong mng IP,
EIGRP router gi hello theo a multicast 224.0.0.10.
EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng
gi t (Seq No) v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui cng
nh ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn ca khong
thi gian lu gi, router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi
c
N
gia
to
hel
hp
RP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng
ng. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router
g ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny
ti lp li thng tin lin lc.
u k gi hello ca EIGRP router c th cu hnh c. Khong t
c nh ph thuc vo
ng ny c lu s th
n c t mi router lng
trng thi Passive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh.
u router khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi
n lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh
n li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh, khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k
lo. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph
hn vi h thng ca mnh.
Hnh 3.1.5
OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello
v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c.
EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router
lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong
295
thit lp mi quan h n nh m khng cn cc khong thi gian ny phi ging
nhau gia chng.
Gi hello thng c gi theo ch khng bo m tin cy. iu ny c ngha
l khng c bo nhn cho cc gi hello.
EIGRP router s dng gi bo nhn xc nhn l nhn c gi EIGRP trong
qu trnh trao i tin cy. Giao thc vn chuyn tin cy (RTP Reliable Transport
Protocol) cung cp dch v lin lc tin cy gia hai host EIGRP. Gi bo nhn
chnh l gi hello m khng c d liu. Khng ging nh hello c gi multicast,
cc gi bo nhn ch gi trc tip cho mt my nhn. Bo nhn c th c kt hp
vo loi gi EIGRP khc nh gi tr li chng hn.
Gi cp nht c s dng khi router pht hin mt lng ging mi. Router EIGRP
s gi gi g cu
trc mng. C th s cn nhiu gi cp nht mi c th truyn ti ht cc thng tin
cu trc mng cho router lng ging mi ny.
G hi router pht hin s thay i trong cu trc
m
rou
gi
EIGRP router s dng gi yu cu khi n cn
hay nhiu lng ging ca n. Gi p ng c s dng tr li cho cc gi yu
cu
N
tha
ng tm
suc
G h gi cho mt my, cn gi p ng
th ch gi
m
3.1.6. Thut ton EIGRP
cp nht cho router lng ging mi ny n c th xy dng bn
i cp nht cn c s dng k
ng. Trong trng hp ny, EIGRP router s gi multicast gi cp nht cho mi
ter lng ging ca n thng bo v s thay i. Mi gi cp nht u c
bo m.
mt thng tin c bit no t mt
.
u mt EIGRP router mt successor v n khng tm c feasible successor
y th th DUAL s t con ng n mng ch vo trng thi Active. Sau
router gi multicast gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging c g
cessor mi cho mng ch ny. Router lng ging phi tr li bng gi p ng
cung cp thng tin hoc cho bit l khng c thng tin no khc c th kh thi.
i yu cu c th c gi multicast hoc c
cho my no gi yu cu m thi. C hai loi gi ny u c gi bo
.
296
Th
trn
cu
M thng tin sau:
Nguyn tc chn ng Feasible successor:
a mt ng n mt ch no l chi ph
n thit.
ng ln hn hoc bng FD ca successor hin ti th
c chn lm feasible successor.
g cch thu nhp thng tin t tt c
lng ging tm thng tin v ng
i v chi ph ca ng n mng ch m router ang cn .
ut ton DUAL phc tp gip cho EIGRP hi t nhanh. hiu r hn v qu
h hi t vi DUAL, ta xt v d hnh 3.1.6a. Mi router xy dng mt bng
trc mng cha cc thng tin v ng i n mng A.
i bng cu trc mng trong v d cc hnh 3.1.6.a-f c cc
Giao thc nh tuyn l giao thc EIGRP.
Chi ph thp nht ca ng n mt mng ch gi l Feasible Distance
(FD).
Chi ph ca mt ng n mt mng ch do router lng ging thng bo
qua gi l Reported Distance (RD).
1. ng feasible successor l ng d phng, thay th cho ng successor
khi ng ny b s c.
2. Reported Distance (RD) c
c thng bo t mt router lng ging. Chi ph ny phi nh hn Feasible
Distance (FD) ca ng successor hin ti.
3. Nu tho mn iu kin trn th c ngha l khng c vng lp, ng s
c chn lm feasible successor
4. ng feasible succesor c th thay th cho ng successor khi c
5. Nu RD ca mt
ng khng
6. Router phi tnh ton cu trc mng bn
cc lng ging.
7. Router gi gi yu cu n tt c cc
8. Tt c cc lng ging phi gi gi p ng tr li cho gi yu cu.
9. Router ghi nhn gi liu mi nhn c vo bng cu trc mng ca mnh.
10. By gi DUAL c th xc nh ng successor mi v feasible
297
successor mi nu c da vo thng tin mi.
Hnh 3.1.6.a
C y trong hnh cho bit ng no l ng chnh hay cn gi l
successor,
Tu c feasible
suc
Mng E ia
cc router. Hin ti cc router c cc thng tin v ng n mng A nh sau:
c ng feasible successor.
t Topolog
ng no l ng d phng hay cn gi l feasible successor (FS).
y nhin, bn cn lu l khng nht thit lc no cng phi tm
cessor.
IGRP s hot ng theo cc bc m t bn di tin hnh hi t g
Router C c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B.
Router C c mt ng feasible successor l ng qua Router D.
Router D c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B.
Router D khng c ng feasible successor.
Router E c mt ng successor l ng qua Router D.
Router E khng
298
Sau
no
y s m t mi router thc hin nguyn tc chn feasible successor nh th
khi ng lin kt gia Router D v Router B b t:
Hnh 3.1.6b
Trong Router D (hnh 3.1.6b):
ng i qua Router B b xo khi bng cu trc mng.
ng ny l ng successor. Router khng xc nh c feasible
successor trc .
Router D phi tnh ton li ng mi.
Trong Router C:
ng n Mng A qua Router D b t.
ng ny b xo khi bng.
ng ny l successor ca Router C.
299
Hnh 3.1.6.c
sible successor. Do , n khng th chuyn qua
u cu cho tt c cc lng ging kt ni vi n l Router
Trong Router E:
ng n Mng A thng qua Router D b t.
ng ny l ng successor ca Router E.
Router E khng c feasible successor.
Trong router D (hnh 3.1.6.c):
Router D khng c fea
ng d phng c.
Router D phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Con ng n Mng A c t
vo trng thi Active.
Router D gi gi y
C v Router E yu cu gi thng tin v mng.
Trc , Router C c ng qua Router D.
Trc , Router D khng c ng qua Router E.
300
Lu rng RD ca ng thng qua Router C l 3, bng vi chi ph ca
ng successor qua Router D.
Hnh 3.1.6.d
Trong Router C (hnh 3.1.6.d):
Router E gi gi yu cu cho Router C.
RTC(config-router)#no auto-summary
r)#exit
R
307
Khi , RTC s thm vo bng nh tuyn ca n mt ng tng hp nh sau:
D 2.1.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:00:22, Null0
Lu rng ng tng hp c ngun l Null0 ch khng phi l t mt cng c th
v ng ny ch c mc ch qung co ch khng phi l i din cho mt
ng c th n mng ch. Trn RTC, ng tng hp ny c ch s tin cy
(administrative distance) l 5.
RTD khng h bit y l ng tng hp nn n ghi nhn thng tin v ng ny
t RTC nh mt ng EIGRP bnh thng vi ch s tin cy mc nh ca EIGRP
90.
rong cu hnh ca RTC, ch t ng tng hp ng i c tt i bng lnh
o auto-summary. Nu bn khng tt ch t ng tng hp ny th RTD s
hn c ng thi 2 thng tin, mt l a ch mng tng hp theo lnh ci t
tr P
2
Trong a g tay th
n nn tt ch t ng tng hp bng lnh no auto-summary.
3.2.3. Kim tra hot ng ca EIGRP
Bn s dng cc lnh show nh trong bng 3.2.3.a kim tra cc hot ng ca
EIGRP.
Ngoi ra, cc lnh debug l nhng lnh gip bn theo di hot ng EIGRP khi
cn thit.
Lnh Gii thch
l
T
n
n
n 2.1.0.0/16 v mt l a ch mng tng hp t ng theo lp ca a ch I
.0.0.0/8.
s cc trng hp, khi bn mun cu hnh tng hp a ch bn
b
Show ip eigrp
neighbors [type
] [details]
Hin th bng lng ging ca EIGRP. S dng tham s type
php hin th t hn.
number
number xc nh c th cng cn xem. T kho details cho
thng tin chi ti
308
Show ip eigrp
interfaces [type
number] [as-
number] [details]
Hin th thng tin EIGRP ca cc cng. S dng cc tham s
in nghing cho php gii hn phn thng tin hin th cho tng
cng hoc trong tng AS. T kho details cho php hin th
thng tin chi tit hn.
Show ip eigrp
topology [as-
number] [[ip-
address] mask]
Hin th tt c cc feasible successor trong bng cu trc
mng ca EIGRP. S dng cc tham s in nghing gii hn
thng tin hin th theo s AS hay theo a ch mng c th.
Show ip eigrp
topology [active |
pending | zero-
successors]
Tu theo bn s dng t kho no, router s hin th thng tin
v cc ng i ang hot ng, ang ch x l hay khng c
successor.
Show ip eigrp Hin th thng tin v m
topology all-links
i ng i ch khng ch c feasible
successor trong bng cu trc EIGRP.
Show ip eigrp Hin th s gi EIGRP gi
traffic [as-number] Bn s dng tham s as-number gii hn thng tin hin th
trong mt AS c th.
i v nhn c.
Bng 3.2.3a. Cc lnh show dng cho EIGRP
Lnh Gii thch
Debug eigrp fsm Hin th hot ng ca cc EIGRP feasible successor gip
chng ta xc nh khi no tin trnh nh tuyn ci t v xo
thng tin cp nht v ng i.
309
Debug eigrp packet Hin th cc gi EIGRP gi i v nhn c.
Cc gi ny c th l gi hello, cp nht, bo nhn, yu cu
hoc hi p. S th t ca gi v ch s bo nhn c s
dng gi bo m cc gi EIGRP cng c hin th.
Bng 3.2.3.b. Cc lnh EIGRP debug
i quan
vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP ch n gin l pht qung b hoc
multicast thng tin cp nht ra cc cng c cu hnh. Ngc li, EIGRP router
ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca n ging nh router OSPF
lm.
Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi EIGRP lu mt bng
lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router lng ging thn mt. Bng ny tng
t nh c s d liu v lng ging ca OSPF. EIGRP c ring tng bng lng ging
cho mi giao thc m EIGRP h tr.
EIGRP router s dng cc gi hello rt nh thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi
cc router lng ging. Mc nh, hello c gi i theo chu k 5 giy/ln. Nu
router vn nhn c u n cc gi hello t mt router lng ging th n vn s
hiu rng router lng ging cng vi cc ng i ca n vn cn hot ng.
Bng cch thit lp mi quan h thn mt nh vy, EIGRP router thc hin c
nhng vic sau:
T ng hc c ng mi khi ng ny kt ni vo mng.
Xc nh router lng ging b t kt ni hay khng cn hot ng na.
Ti pht hin cc router vn trc b xem l t kt ni.
3.2.4. Xy dng bng lng ging.
Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp m
h
310
Hnh 3.2.4.a. Bng lng ging ca EIGRP
Sau y l cc thng tin trong bng lng ging:
a ch ca router lng ging.
Hold time: L khong thi gian lu gi. Nu khng nhn c bt k ci g
u gi th khi khong thi
ni n lng ging khng cn
li (RTO).
c chuyn i. Nu phn ny lun c gi tr khng i ln hn 0 th c
IGRP no trong hng i.
t router lng ging trong sut khong thi gian l
gian ny ht thi hn, router mi xem kt
hot ng. Ban u, khong thi gian ny ch p dng cho cc gi hello,
nhng cc phin bn Cisco IOS hin nay, bt k gi EIGRP no nhn
c sau gi hello u tin u khi ng li ng h o khong thi gian
ny.
Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT): L khong thi gian trung bnh m
router gi i mt gi v nhn v mt gi t mt router lng ging. Khong
thi gian ny c dng xc nh thi gian truyn
Queue count (QCnt): L s lng gi d liu ang xp trong hng i
ch
th l router ang b nghn mch. Nu phn ny c gi tr 0 c ngha l
khng c gi E
311
Sequence number (Seq No): L s th t ca gi nhn c mi nht t
router lng ging. EIGRP s dng ch s ny xc nh gi cn truyn li
vi router lng ging. Bng lng ging ny c s dng h tr cho vic
gi m bo tin cy v tun t cho cc gi d liu EIGRP, tng t nh TCP
thc hin gi bo m cho cc gi IP vy.
Hnh 3.2.4.b. Qu trnh trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia hai router
lng ging vi nhau
3.2.5. Pht hin ng i
Cc router chy EIGRP gi cc thng tin v ng i trn RAM, do c th p
ng nhanh chng. Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP lu cc thng tin ny thnh tng bng
hay tng c s d liu.
DUAL l thut ton vect khong cch ca EIGRP, n s dng thng tin trong
bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton ng c chi ph thp nht n
mng ch. ng chnh c chn ra c gi l ng successor. Sau khi tnh
312
ton, DUAL t ng successor ln bng nh tuyn v ng thi cng lu ng
g feasible successor. DUAL ch lu ng
c feasible successor th
on
n, ng successor c a ln bng nh
ny trong bng cu trc mng.
DUAL cn c gng tnh ng d phng cho trng hp ng successor b t.
ng d phng ny c gi l n
feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng. ng ny s c s dng thay th
khi ng successor n mng ch b t hoc khng bo m tin cy.
3.2.6. Chn ng
Nu c mt ng i n mt mng ch b t, DUAL s tm feasible succesor
trong bng cu trc mng thay th. Nu khng tm
c ng n mng ch c nh du trng thi Active. Sau , router gi
gi yu cu n tt c cc router lng ging yu cu cung cp thng tin v mng
ch ang cn x l. DUAL s dng cc thng tin mi nhn c tnh ton li
successor v feasible successor mi.
Sau khi DUAL hon tt vic tnh to
tuyn. ng successor v feasible successor c lu trong bng cu trc mng.
Con ng n mng ch trn c chuyn t trng thi Active sang trng thi
Pasive. Trng thi ny c ngha l con ng n mng ch hot ng v
bo m tin cy.
Hnh 3.2.6a. ng successor l ng c chi ph thp nht n mt mng ch.
Successor l router k tip trn ng i ny
313
Hnh 3.2.6.b. RTA c th ci t nhiu ng successor nu chng c cng chi ph
Hnh 3.2.6.c. Bng cch xc nh ng feasible succesor, EIGRP router c th
tm c ng thay th ngay khi ng successor b t.
n
UAL cng m bo mi
ng i ny khng b lp vng.
3.2.7. Bo tr bng nh tuy
DUAL ghi nhn tt c cc ng do lng ging qung co v s dng thng s
nh tuyn tng hp so snh gia chng. ng thi D
314
n mt ch c chi ph thp nht s c DUAL a ln bng nh tuyn.
ng ny gi l ng successor. ng successor cng c lu trong bng cu
trc mng.
EIGRP lu cc thng tin quan trng v ng i trong bng lng ging v bng cu
trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp thng tin y cho DUAL. Da vo DUAL
c th chn ng thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit.
Khi mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL tm feasible successor trong bng cu trc
mng. Nu khng tm thy feasible successor th ng i n mng ch ny c
nh du trng thi Active. Sau router gi gi yu cu n tt c cc router lng
ging ca n yu cu cung cp thng tin mng. Vi thng tin mi nhn c,
DUAL s tnh ton li ng successor v feasible successor mi.
ng
ong bng cu trc mng. Trng
router vn nhn c u n cc gi hello theo nh k th c ngha l
Thng tin ny c lu trong bng lng ging. Khi router lng ging
ng nhn c gi hello trong sut khong
uter lng ging xem nh
khng kt ni c na hoc khng cn hot ng na. DUAL s thng bo s
ao thc nh tuyn
Sau khi DUAL tnh ton xong, ng successor c a vo bng nh tuyn.
ng successor v feasible successor c t tr
thi ca con ng n mng ch ny c chuyn t Active sang Passive. Trng
thi ny c ngha l con ng hot ng tin cy.
EIGRP router s dng cc gi hello rt nh thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi
cc router lng ging. Mc nh, gi hello c gi theo chu k 5 giy/ln. Nu
EIGRP
lng ging cng vi cc con ng ca n vn cn hot ng bnh thng.
Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi, router s ghi nhn li a ch v cng kt ni ca
lng ging .
gi gi hello, trong c thng s v khong thi gian lu gi. y l khong thi
gian m router vn ch v xem l router lng ging vn cn hot ng v kt ni li
c. Hay ni cch khc, nu router kh
thi gian lu gi th khi khong thi gian ny kt thc, ro
thay ny v thc hin tnh ton li vi cu trc mng mi.
3.3. X l s c gi
3.3.1. Qu trnh x l s c giao thc nh tuyn
315
Tt c cc qu trnh x l s c giao thc nh tuyn u nn tun theo mt s
logic tun t. S ny khng phi l mt tin trnh bt buc cng nhc khi x l
gip cho bn xc nh nguyn nhn c th
ng b nh hng bi s c, hi ngi qun
3.
li.
s c mng. Tuy nhin, n l mt s c bn t ngi qun tr mng c th
xy dng mt s x l s c ph hp cho mi trng mng ca mnh.
1. Khi kho st s c mng, c gng lm r nhng m t v s c.
Xc nh s c da trn mt lot cc hin tng v cc nguyn nhn c th
gy ra.
phn tch ng s c, bn xc nh cc du hin chung v sau xc
nh xem nguyn nhn no c th gy ra cc hin tng nh vy. V d:
host khng tr li dch v khi c yu cu t client, l mt hin tng.
Nhng nguyn nhn c th l cu hnh host b thiu, giao tip card b hng
hoc thiu lnh cu hnh trn router.
2. Xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra s c
Thu nhp cc s kin cn thit
gy ra s c. Hi nhng ngi d
l, ngi qun tr mng v mt s ngi quan trng khc.
Thu nhp thng tin t nhiu ngun, v d nh h thng qun l mng giao
thc phn tch mng, kt qu hin th ca mt s lnh kho st router hoc
t cc ghi ch ca phin bn phn mm ang s dng.
Da trn nhng thng tin thu thp c, chng ta tp trung ch vo cc
nguyn nhn c th.
Vi cc thng tin thu thp c bn c th loi tr mt s nguyn nhn. V
d: da trn cc thng tin ny, bn c th loi tr s c phn cng tp
trung vo s c phn mm.
Trong mi trng hp, c gng thu nh s lng nguyn nhn c kh nng
gy ra s c chng ta c th ln mt phng n x l hiu qu.
4. Ln phng n hnh ng theo cc nguyn nhn c kh nng cn
Bt u vi nguyn nhn c kh nng nhiu nht, bn t ra mt phng n
trong ch thay i mt thng s mng.
316
Ch thay i mt thng s ti mt thi im. iu ny gip cho bn xc
nh c gii php cho tng s c c th. Khng nn c thay i nhiu hn
mt thng s ti mt thi im. Lm nh vy c th s gii quyt c s c
i khng th bit c ci no bn thay i gii quyt c
hin tng no v nh vy bn s khng rt c kinh nghim cho nhng
ln xy ra s c tng t v sau.
5. Thc hin phng n a ra, thc hin tng bc mt cch cn thn ng
thi kim tra xem cc hin tng ca s c ht cha.
6. Kho st kt qu xc nhn l s c c gii quyt hay cha. Nu s
c c gii quyt xong th qu trnh ca chng ta chm dt.
7. Nu s c vn cn, bn ln phng n cho nguyn nhn c kh nng cao th
hai. Quay li bc 4, thay i mt thng s khc v lp li qu trnh cho n
khi gii quyt c s c.
8. Mt khi nguyn nhn tht s ca s c c xc nh, c gng x l n.
iu quan trng bc ny l ghi li s c v gii php tng ng c th
s dng sau ny.
Nu n bc ny m mi c gng vn khng thnh cng th bn nn yu
cu h tr k thut t nh sn xut thit b.
Mt s ngun h tr khc c th gip cho bn l cc chuyn gia hoc cc k
Cisco router c mt s tp lnh h tr cho bn theo di v xc nh s c
n khoanh vng khu vc xy ra s c.
nhng bn l
s v k thut.
mng:
Tp lnh show cho php bn theo di cc hot ng bnh thng ca mng,
gip b
Tp lnh debug h tr cho bn xc nh s c ca giao thc v ca cu hnh
router.
Cc cng c TCP/IP nh ping, traceroute v telnet.
317
Tp lnh show l cng c quan trng nht gip bn hiu c trng thi hot ng
ca router, xc nh cc router lng ging, theo di hot ng tng qut v khoanh
vng s c mng.
Tp lnh debug cung cp cc thng tin sng v giao thng trn mt cng, cc
thng giao thc no v
nhiu thng tin khc c ch. Chng ta ch dng lnh debug xc nh s c ch
khng
mt s c no . Bn nn thu hp cc
nguyn nhn gy ra s c tr
debugging xem nhng debug no ang c bt ln trong router.
OS cho cc cng vic sau:
Xc nh s c trn cng giao tip, trn my tinh hay trn mt ng dng
ip bo li bn trong, phn tch cc gi d liu ca mt
dng n xem cc hot ngbnh thng ca mng. Ch s dng debug
tm mt giao thng c bit no hay
c khi s dng lnh debug. Bn dng lnh show
S dng tp lnh show ca Cisco I
Xem cc p ng ca router trong qu trnh ci t.
Xem hot ng bnh thng ca mng.
no.
Xc nh khi no mng nghn mch.
Xc nh trng thi ca server, client hoc cc lng ging.
Cc cng c mng TCP/IP:
cui - n - u cui.
Lnh ping m rng c th iu khin tt hn lnh ping c bn.
Ping kim tra nhanh tnh kt ni t u cui - n u cui.
Traceroute c th c s dng xc nh kt ni no b nghn mch hay
b t.
Telnet c s dng kim tra mt kt ni hot ng hon chnh t u
3.3.2. X l s c cu hnh RIP
318
S c thng gp nht ca RIP lm cho RIP khng thc hin qung co v mt
ng no l do VLSM (Variable length subnet mask). RIP phin bn 1
khng h tr VLSM. Do khi RIP khng qung co v mt ng no , bn
nn ki
ng. VLSM khng th s
dng c vi RIPv1.
L protocols cung cp cc thng tin v c im v trng thi hin ti
ca c
therrnet 0/1
nhng bn khng khai bo a ch mng ca cng ny cho RIP bng lnh network
th RI
th dng lnh debug ip rip xem cc thng tin tc thi v hot ng ca
RIP. Sau bn dng lnh no debug ip rip, no debug all hoc undebug all tt
debug.
m tra nhng iu sau:
C s c v kt ni Lp 1 hoc Lp 2 hay khng.
C cu hnh a ch IP theo s VLSM hay kh
Cu hnh RIPv1 v RIPv2 c ph hp vi nhau hay khng.
Cu lnh network c b thiu hay b sai khng.
Cng giao tip trn router c hot ng tt khng.
nh show ip
c giao thc nh tuyn ang hot ng trn router. RIP gi thng tin nh
tuyn ra cc cng giao tip c a ch IP nm trong a ch mng c khai bo
trong cu lnh network. V d: nu bn cu hnh xong cng FastE
P s khng gi thng tin nh tuyn ra cng v ng thi cng khng nhn
thng bo ny t cng ny.
Bn c
319
Hnh 3.3.2.a. V d kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip protocols
Hnh 3.3.2.b. V d hin th ca lnh debug ip rip
thng tin v hai mng ch l 172.30.0.0
v 172.16.0.0. Router R1 cng gi thng tin cp nht ca n ra cng FastEthernet
0/0. C
V d trong hnh 3.3.2.b, router R1 ang nhn thng tin cp nht t mt router khc
c a ch l 192.168.3.1. Router ny gi
hai router u s dng a ch qung b 255.255.255.255 lm a ch ch
320
cho cc gi thng tin nh tuyn ca mnh. Ch s trong ngoc () l a ch ngun
c ng gi trong phn IP header.
Bn c th s gp cu thng bo nh sau khi router nhn c mt gi khng ng
dng chun:
RIP: bad version 128 from 160.89.80.43
3.3.3. X l s c cu hnh IGRP
IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c pht trin bi Cisco
t gi
c im Gii thch
a thp nin 80. IGRP c nhiu c im khc vi cc giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch nh RIP chng hn. Cc c im ny c lit k trong
bng 3.3.3.
Kh nng m rng
tng
IGRP c kh nng nh tuyn cho mng c kch thc ln
hn nhiu s vi mng s dng RIP.
Thng s nh tuyn
phc tp
IGRP s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp chn
ng linh hot hn. Cc yu t tc ng vo vic chn
ng l bng thng, tr, ti v tin cy. Mc
tr. IGRP khc p
nh, thng s nh tuyn ch bao gm bng thng v
hc c gii hn 15 hop ca RIP. IGRP
c gi tr hop ti a mc nh l 100 nhng bn c th cu
hnh cho gi tr ny ln ti 255.
Chia ti ra nhiu
ng
IGRP c th duy tr ti 6 ng khc nhau gia mt cp
ngun v ch. Nhng ng ny gia mt cp ngun v
ch. Nhng ng ny khng bt buc phi c chi ph
bng nhau nh i vi RIP. Vic s dng nhiu ng cho
cng mt ch nh vy s tng c bng thng ng
truyn hoc c th d phng
Bng 3.3.3
321
Bn dng lnh router igrp autonomous-system khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn
IGRP trn router nh sau:
R1 (config)#router igrp 100
Sau , bn dng lnh network network-number khai bo cc a ch ca cc
cng trn router tham gia vo qu trnh cp nht IGRP.
R1 (config-router)#network 172.30.0.0
R1 (config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
Bn dng cc lnh sau kim tra cu hnh v hot ng ca IGRP:
R1#show ip protocols
R1#show ip route
Hnh 3.3.3.a
322
Hnh 3.3.3.b
3.3.5.X l s c cu hnh OSPF
OSPF l 1 giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.Mt lin kt tng
ng vi mt cng giao tip trn mt router.Trng thi ca mt ng lin kt bao
gm thng tin v cng giao tip v mi quan h vi cc router lng ging kt ni
vo cng .V d : thng tin v mt cng giao tip bao gm a ch IP ,subnet
mask v loi mng kt ni vo cng cng nh cc router kt ni vo cng
ny.Tp hp cc thng tin nh vy to thnh c s d liu v trng thi cc ng
lin kt.
-S c thng xy ra vi OSPF c lin quan ti quan h vi cc lng ging thn
mt v vic ng b c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt.Lnh show ip
ospf neighbors s cung cp nhiu thng tin hu ch cho vic x l s c lin quan
n vic quan h vi cc router lng ging thn mt.
-Bn s dng lnh debug ip ospf events hin th thng tin v cc s kin lin
quan n OSPF nh:
+Mi quan h lng ging thn mt.
+Gi thng tin nh tuyn
+Bu router i din(DR)
323
+Tnh ton chn ng ngn nht(OSPF)
-Nu router c cu hnh nh tuyn OSPF m khng thy c cc lng ging
OSPF trn nhng mng kt ni trc tuyn ca n th bn nn thc hin cc vic
sau:
+Kim tra xem c hai router lng ging vi nhau c cu hnh IP c cng
subnet mask ,cng khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng hay cha.
+Kim tra xem c hai router lng ging ca nhau c nm trong cng mt vng hay
khng.
hin th thng tin v mi gi OSPF nhn c ,bn dng lnh debug ip ospf
packet.Dng dng no ca cu lnh ny tt debug.
Lnh debug ip ospf packet s hin th cc thng tin ca tng gi OSPF m router
nhn c.Thng tin hin th thay i mt cht tu theo loi c ch xc minh ang
c s dng.
TNG KT
Sau khi c xong chng ny ,bn phi tr li c cc cu hi sau:
1. EIGRP l mt giao thc lai,kt hp cc u im ca giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin
kt.Vy EIGRP ging giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nhng
im no? V ging giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
nhng im no?
2. Bng cu trc mng ca EIGRP v c s d liu v cu trc mng ca OSPF
khc nhau nh th no?
Sau y l nhng im quan trng trong chng ny:
+im khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP
+Cc khi nim chnh,k thut chnh v cu trc d liu ca EIGRP
+Hot ng hi t ca EIGRP v hot ng c bn ca DUAL
+Cu hnh IEGRP c bn
324
+Cu hnh tng hp ng i cho IEGRP
+Qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn
+Kim tra hot ng EIGRP
+Tm bc cho qu trnh x l s c ni chung
+p dng s logic trn vo qu trnh x l s c nh tuyn
+X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn RIP s dng lnh show v debug.
+X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn IGRP s dng lnh show v debug
+X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn EIGRP s dng lnh show v debug
+X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF s dng lnh show v debug
325
CHNG 4: CC KHI NIM V CHUYN MCH
GII THIU
Vic thit k LAN uc pht trin v thay i nhiu theo thi gian.Cho n gn
y cc nh thit k mng vn cn s dng hub,bridge xy dng h thng
mng.Cn hin nay ,switch v router l hai thit b quan trng nht trong
LAN,kh nng v hot ng ca hai loi thit b ny khng ngng c nng
cao.
Chng ny s quay li mt s ngun gc ca cc phin bn Ethernet
LA
u r hn ti sao cc thit b mng c pht trin nh vy.
Cho n gn y hu ht cc mng Ethernet vn cn c s dng Repeater.
Kh
g da trn Switch v router, thm ch c thit b bao gm c hai chc
nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch.
Switch hin i c kh nng thc hin nhiu nhim v phc tp khc nhau
trong mng. Chng ny s gii thiu v cch phn on mng v m t hot
ng c bn ca Switch.
Switch l thit b Lp 2 uc s dng tng bng thng v gim nghn mch.
Mt Switch c th phn mng LAN thnh cc on siu nh, l nhng on
mng ch c Host. Nh vy mt min ln c chia thnh nhiu min nh ko
c ng .L mt thit b lp 2 nn LAN Switch c th to uc nhiu min
ng nhng tt c cc Host kt ni vo Switch vn nm trong cng mt
mi ng b.
N,tho lun v s pht trin ca Ethernet/802.3 v cu trc pht trin nht
ca LAN.Mt ci nhn v hon cnh lch s ca s pht trin LAN v cc thit
b mng khc nhau lm vic lp 1, lp 2, lp 3 ca m hnh OSI s gip
chng ta hi
i hiu qu hot ng ca cc mng ny tr nn xu i v c qu nhiu thit b
cng chia s mt mi trng truyn th cc k s mng mi lp thm Bridge
chia mng thnh nhiu min ng mng nh hn. Khi h thng mng cng
pht trin ln hn v phc tp hn, Bridge c pht trin thnh Switch nh
by gi, cho php phn on cc nh h thng mng. Cc mng ngy nay c
xy dn
n qu
326
Sau
+nh ngha phn on cc nh (microsegment)
+nh ngha CSMA/CD
+M t mt s thnh phn quan trng nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca
+M t chc nng ca Repeater
nh ngha tr mng
+nh ngha thi gian truyn
+M
+nh ngha chuyn mch i xng v bt i xng
hng i
+So snh v phn bit gia chuyn mch store-and-forward v cut-through
+Hiu c s khc nhau gia Hub,Bridge,Switch
+M t chc nng chnh ca Switch
+Xc nh on mng LAN
khi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau:
+M t lch s v chc nng ca Ethernet chia s,bn song cng
+nh ngha ng trong mng Ethernet
mng
+
+M t chc nng c bn ca Fast Ethernet
+Xc nh on mng s dng Router,Switch v Bridge
t hot ng c bn ca Switch
+nh ngha tr ca Ethernet Switch
+Gii thch s khc nhau gia chuyn mch lp 2 v lp 3
+nh ngha b nh
+Lit k cc ch chuyn gi chnh ca Switch
327
+Xc nh on mng cc nh s dng Switch
+M t tin trnh lc ti
+So snh v phn bit min ng v min qung b
+X
4.1.1. S pht trin ca Ethernet/802.3 LAN
- K thut LAN u tin s dng cu trc thick Ethernet v Thin Ethernet.
N c cc gii hn ca 2 loi cu trc ny l rt quan trng thy c v
tr ca chuyn mch LAN ngy nay.
- Thm HUB hay cn gi l b tp trung vo mng l mt ci tin da trn k
thut thick v thin Ethernet. Hub l thit b lp 1 v i khi uc coi l mt
b tp trung Ethernet hay Repeater a port. S dng Hub trong mng cho php
kt ni c nhiu user hn. Loi Hub ch ng cn cho php m rng khong
cch ca mng v n thc hin ti to li tn hiu d liu.Hub ko h c quyt
nh g i vi tn hiu d liu m n nhn uc. N ch n gin l khuch i
v ti to li tn hiu m n nhn c v chuyn ra cho tt c cc thit b ni
vo n.
- Ethernet c bn l k thut chia s cng 1 bng thng cho mi ngi dng
trong 1 phn on LAN. iu ny ging nh mt xe hi cng chy vo mt ln
ng vy. Con ng ny ch c mt ln ng nn ti mt thi im ch c 1
xe hi chy trn m thi. Cc user kt ni v cng mt Hub chia s bng
thng trn cng mt ng truyn.
c nh loi cp cn thit kt ni my trm vo Switch
+Xc nh loi cp cn thit kt ni Switch vo Switch
4.1. Gii thiu Ethernet/802.3 LAN
m
328
Hnh 4.1.1.a.Kt ni user dng Hub.Cc user trn cng mt Hub truy sut cng
mt bng thng ng truyn cng ging nh nhiu xe hi cng r vo mt ln
ng vy.Con ng ny ch c mt ln ng nn ti mt thi im ch
- ng l mt hu qu tt yu ca mng Ethernet. Nu c hai hay nhiu thit
b cng truyn cng mt lc th ng s xy ra. iu ny cng ging nh 2
xe cng tranh ginh mt ln ng v xy ra ng . Khi ng xy ra mi
giao thng trn ng truyn s b ngng li cho n khi s ng c
vn hi. Khi s lng ng qu ln, thi gian p ng ca h thng mng s
rt chm. Tnh trng ny cho thy mng b nghn mch hoc c qu nhiu user
truy cp cng lc vo mng.
- Thit b lp 2 thng minh hn thit b lp 1. Thit b lp 2 c quyt nh
chuyn gi da trn a ch MAC (Media access Control) c ghi trong phn
u ca gi.
- Bridge l 1 thit b lp 2 c s dng phn on mng. Bridge thu thp v
chon la d liu chuyn mch gia hai on mng bng cch h c a ch
MAC ca tt c cc thit b nm trong tng on mng kt ni vo n. Da vo
dng thnh bng chuyn mch v theo
chuyn hoc chn gi li. Nh vy Bridge tch 1 mng thnh nhiu min ng
cng iu khin lu lng
mng tt hn Hub.
c mt xe r m thi.
cc a ch MAC, Bridge xy
nh hn,lm tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng. Tuy nhin Bridge ko chn
cc lu lng qung b nhng d sao th Bridge
329
- S
. Switch
hc a ch MAC ca cc thit b kt ni trn tng port ca n v xy dng
th
itch
c kh nng phn on mng cc nh, ngha l to ra mi trng ko ng
gi
u ln ng v mi xe c
ring mt ln ng cho mnh.
witch cng l 1 thit b lp 2 v c xem l Bridge a port. Switch c th
quyt nh chuyn 1 gi da trn a ch MAC c ghi trong gi
nh bng chuyn mch
-Khi hai thit b kt ni vo Switch thc hin trao i vi nhau, Switch s thit
lp mt mch o cung cp mt ng lin lc ring gia hai thit b ny. Sw
a ngun v ch,nh ti a ho lng bng thng kh dng. Switch c th
to nhiu mch o ng thi gia cc cp thit b khc nhau. Hnh nh ny
tng t nh ng cao tc c th chia thnh nhi
Hnh 4.1.1.b Kt ni user bng Switch.C bao nhiu thit b kt ni vo Switch
thf Switch c th to ra by nhiu mch o cho tng thit b. iu ny ging
nh hnh minh ho v ng cao tc bn tri. ng cao tc ny c 3 ln
ng dnh cho 3 nhnh vo n,mi nhnh mt ln ng ring.
b trong mng kt ni vo n.Khi s lng qung b qu nhiu s lm cho thi
ca mng rt chm.
- R
- Khuyt im ca thit b lp 2 l n chuyn gi qung b cho tt c cc thit
gian p ng
outer l mt thit b lp 3.Router quyt nh chuyn gi da trn a ch
mng ca gi d liu.Router s dng bng nh tuyn ghi li a ch lp 3
330
ca cc mng kt ni trc tip vo router v cc mng m router hc c t
cc router lng ring.
- M
ra cng tng ng
- R
uter l thit b
phn lung lu lng quan trng nht trong h thng mng ln. Chng gip
cho bt k my tnh no cng c th thng tin lin lc vi bt k my tnh no
khc bt c u trn th gii.
- LAN kt hp hot ng ca c hai thit b lp 1 v lp 2 v lp 3. Vic trin
khai cc thit b ny nh th no ph thuc vo iu kin v hon cnh c bit
ca tng n v t chc.
c tiu ca router l thc hin cc vic sau:
+Kim tra d liu lp 3 ca gi nhn c
+Chn ng tt nht cho gi d liu
+Chuyn mch gi
outer ko b bt buc phi chuyn cc gi qung b. Do router c th lm
gim kch thc min ng v min qung b trong mng. Ro
Hinh 4.1.1.c
4.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca mng
- Mng LAN ngy nay ngy cng tr nn qu ti v tnh trng nghn mch gia
tng. Thm vo s lng ngi dng mng tng ln nhanh chng cng vi
331
nhiu yu t khc kt hp li to thnh nhiu th thchi vi mng LAN
truyn thng.
+Mi trng a nhim hin nay ca cc h iu hnh my tnh nh Window,
Unix/Linux v MAC cho php thc hin ng thi nhiu phin giao dch
mng.Kh nng ny cng tng ln th yu cu v ti nguyn mng cng tng.
+Vic s dng cc ng dng chuyn su nh World Wide Web chng hn gia
tng.Cc ng dng dng client/server ny cho php ngi qun tr mng c th
tp trung thng tin,d liu li d bo tr v bo v d liu.
+Cc ng dng dng client/server gii phng cho cc my trm gnh nng ca
vic lu tr d liu v chi ph trang b a cng lu tr. Chnh v nhng u
im ny m vic s dng cc ng dng dng client/server s cng c s
dng rng ri trong tng lai.
Hnh v 4.1.2
+Qu nhiu ngi trong 1 phn on mng 10Mbps
d liu.
+Hu ht mi ngi dng u truy cp vo 1 hoc 2 server
+Cc ng dng chuyn ngnh nh to mu, CAD/CAM,x l nh ,v c s
332
4.1.3. Cc thnh phn ca mng Ethernet/802.3
- Cc c
tru g thit b ny c
th l my tnh my in, file serverTt c cc my trong cng mt mi trng
Eth theo phng php qung b. Mt s yu t
sau c th tc ng n hiu qu hot ng ca mng Ethernet/802.3 chia s:
+Vic truyn gi trong mng Ethernet/802.3 l qung b
+P a truy cp cm nhn sng mng pht hin ng CSMA/CD
(ca cho php mt my trm c
truyn ti mt thi im.
+N thng c yu cu bng thng cao nh video v
int cht qung b ca Ethernet s lm cho mng nghn
mch.
+T n trn mi trng mng lp 1 v i
qua
+S dng Repeater m rng khong cch v ng thi cng lm tng thi
gia AN
u trc thng dng nht ca LAN l Ethernet. Ethernet c dng
yn d liu gia 2 thit b trong cng mt mng ni b.Nhn
ernet s truyn v nhn d liu
hng php
rrier sense multiple access/collision detect) ch
hiu ng dng a truyn
ernet, cng vi tnh
hi gian tr mc nhin khi gi di chuy
cc thit b mng lp 1 lp 2 lp 3.
n tr ca mng Ethernet/802.3 L
Hnh 4.1.3.a
333
-Et /CD v mi trng truyn chia s c th truyn d
liu vi tc ln n 100 Mb/s.CSMA/CD l mt phng php truy cp cho
ph liu ti mt thi im.Thnh cng ca
Ethernet l cung cp mt dch v truyn tng lc(best-effort) truyn d liu
v cho php mi thit b trong cng mt mi trng chia s c c hi truyn d
liu ngang nhau.Tuy nhin ng l mt iu tt yu trong mng
Ethernet,CSMA/CD
hernet s dng CSMA
p ch mt my trm c truyn d
Hnh 4.1.3.b
4.1.4.Mng bn song cng
-Ethernet khi u l mt k thut bn song cng.Vi ch truyn bn song
cng ,host ch c th truyn hoc nhn ti mt thi im ch khng th thc
hin c hai ng thi.Mi mt Ethernet host phi kim tra xem c d liu ang
truyn trn mng hay khng trc khi thc hin pht d liu ca mnh.Nu
mng ang c ngi s dng th host phi hon li th c hai hay nhiu Ethernet
host s c th truyn d liu cng mt lc v kt qu l xy ra ng .Khi
ng xy ra,host no pht hin ra ng u tin s pht ra tn hiu bo
334
nghn cho cc host khc.Khi nhn c tn hiu bo nghn ,mi host s ngng
i v ch mt thi gian ngu nhin trc khi bt u thc
n li.Khong thi gian ch ngu nhin ny do thut ton back-off(vn
hi ng )tnh ton.Cng c nhiu host kt ni vo mng v bt u truyn
d liu th ng cng nhiu hn.
-Et
vic truyn d liu l
hin truy
hernet LAN ngy cng tr nn bo ho v ngwoif dng s dng nhiu phn
mm chuyn su,cc ng dng client/server l nhng loi phn mm yu cu
host phi thc hin truyn thng xuyn hn vi thi gian lu hn.
Hnh 4.1.4:Cu trc mch ca card mng
Ta
o mi trng truyn chia s.Do chn Rx ca card bn tri cng ng
thi nhn c tn hiu ca chnh n t ng truyn ln.Khi n s so snh
gi v mt tn hiu i t
chn Tx theo mch hi tip vng v Rx.Nu hai tn hiu ging nhau ngha l
bn
vi tn hiu hi tip t Tx.Nh n pht hin c ng xy ra
4.1.5.S nghn mch trong mng
-K thut pht trin to ra cc my tnh ngy cng nhanh hn v thng minh
xt card bn tri ,tn hiu c pht ra chn Tx(transmit) xung ng
truyn, ng thi theo mch hi tip(loopback) i vo chn Rx(Receive).Tn
hiu xung ng truyn v c truyn qung b n mi my trm cng kt
ni v
a hai tn hiu,mt tn hiu nhn c t ng truyn
h thng.Nu c ng xy ra,tn hiu nhn c t ng truyn ln s
b khc
hn.Kh nng ca my trm v cc ng dng mng chuyn su ngy cng pht
335
trin th yu cu v bng thng ca mng ngy cng tng.Nhu cu vt mc
10Mb/s trn mng chia s Ethernet/802.3
-N
in hnh nh ln
+H
+H
+
-Ngoi ra s lng ngi dng trong mng cng tng ln nhanh chng.Tt c
b/s.Khi c qu
nhi p tin,truy cp file server v kt ni Internet
th tnh tr ng ca mng
ch a ngi s
d
n hoc l phi s dng lng bng thng ang c mt cch hiu qu
gy nay ,mng thc hin truyn rt nhiu cc loi d liu nh:
+Tp t
nh nh
nh ng(video)
ng dng a phng tin
cc yu t trn t mt sc p rt ln i vi bng thng 10M
u ngi cng thc hin chia s t
ng nghn mch s xy ra.Hu qu l thi gian p
m,thi gian ti tp tin lu hn v lm gim nng sut lm vic c
ng. gii quyt tnh trng nghn mch ny,bn cn phi c nhiu bng
thng h
hn.
Hnh 4.1.5.a.Cn cn phi cn bng gia bng thng mng v nhu cu ca
ngi dng cng vi cc ng dng chy trn mng
336
Hnh 4.1.5.b.Bng thng v cc nhu cu ca cc ng dng khc
4.1.6.Th
-Thi gian tr l khong thi gian gi d liu di chuyn t my ngun ti my
n ng i gia ngun v nh trong LAN v
WAN l rt quan trng.Trong mng Ethernet LAN ,nm c thi gian tr v
cc trng quyt nh thi gian CSMA/CD pht
hi n truyn li.
-C t nht 3 ngun gy ra tr:
i gian tr trn mng
h.Vic xc nh thi gian tr ca
tc ng ca n l rt quan
n ng v tho thu
337
-
556 us trn 100m cp UTP CAT5.Cp cng di v vn tc truyn
m th thi gian tr ny cng ln.
-Th
d liu lp 3 ch khng phi d liu lp 2 nh Switch
4.1.7.Thi gian truyn ca Ethernet 10Base-T
-Tt c cc mng u c mt thi bit hay cn gi l mt khe thi gian.Nhiu k
ng.Hay ni cch khc,thi gian truyn l
khong thi gian truyn ht mt gi d liu.Do gi d liu cng di th
kh ng thi gian ny cng di.
-M i mt bt trong mng Ethernet 10Mb/s c thi gian truyn l 100ns. y
chnh l thi bit.Mt byte bng 8 bit .Do ,mt byte cn ti thiu 800ns
truyn ht.Mt frame c 64 byte l frame nh nht hp l ca 10Base-T cn
51.200 ns(51,2us) Nh vy ,nu truyn mt frame c 1000 byte th my ngun
cn 800us mi pht xong frame ny.Tng thi gian thc s frame i c ti
my ch cn ph thuc vo nhiu ngun gy tr khc trn mng nh:
+thi gian tr ca NIC
u tin l thi gian m NIC my ngun pht tn hiu in xung ng dy
v thi gian NIC my thu nhn bit c cc xung in.Khong thi gian
ny gi l khong thi gian ca NIC,khong us i vi 10BASE-T NIC.
-Th hai l khong thi gian tn hiu lan truyn trn ng dy.Thi gian ny
khong 0,
cng ch
ba l thi gian tr do cc thit b mng lp 1 lp 2 lp 3 dc trn ng i
gia hai my ngun v ch.
-Thi gian tr khng ph thuc hon ton vo khong cch v s lng thit b
mng.V d :Nu 3 Switch gia 3 my trm c cu hnh ng th thi gian tr
gia hai my trm s t hn l nu gia chng t mt Router v router thc
hin chc nng phc tp hn,cn nhiu thi gian x l hn.Router phi x l
thut LAN nh Ethernet chng hn, nh ngha thi bit l mt n v thi gian
truyn i mt bit. cho mt thit b in hay quang nhn ra c tn hiu
l bit 0 hay bit 1 th phi c mt khong thi gian ti thiu l khong thi gian
ca mt bit.
-Thi gian truyn c tnh bng s lng bit gi i nhn vi thi bit tng
ng ca k thut m bn ang s d
o
338
+Thi gian tr do lan truyn trn ng cp
+Thi gian tr do cc thit b lp 1,lp 2 v lp 3 dc trn ng i
4.1.8. ch li ca vic s dng Repeater
-Khong cch m mt mng LAN c th bao ph b gii hn v s suy hao ca
tn hiu.Khi tn hiu di chuyn trn mng n s b suy hao do tr khng ca cp
hay ca mi trng truyn lm tiu hao nng lng tn hiu . Ethernet Repeater
l mt thit b hot ng lp vt l,n khuch i v ti to li tn hiu trong
Ethernet LAN.Khi bn s dng repeater m rng khong cch ca mt
LAN,mng LAN ny c th bao ph lnmt phm vi ln hn v c nhiu ngi
dng hn cng chia s mng ny.Tuy nhin,vic s dng repeater v hub li to
ra mt vn v qung b v ng lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca mng
LAN c mi trng truyn chia s.
339
+Repeater l mt thit b lp 1 thc hin khuch i,ti to li tn hiu v
truyn i
+Repeater cho php ko di khong cch t u cui -n -u cui
+Repeater lm tng kch thc ca min ng v min qung b
Hnh:4.1.8.b.M rng mi trng chia s mng LAN bng repeater
4.1.9.Truyn song cng
-Ethernet song cng cho php truyn mt gi d liu ng thi nhn mt gi d
liu khc ti cng mt thi im.Vic truyn v nhn song song ng thi ny
yu cu s dng hai cp dy khc nhau trong cp v chuyn mch kt ni gia
hai my.Kt ni ny phi c xem nh kt ni im -ni -im v hon ton
kh
Ethernet ti thiu.
truyn v nhn ng thi, mi node phi kt ni vo mt port ring trn
switch. Kt ni song cng c th s dng chun mi trng truyn ca
10B
y ring r trong cp
to kt ni trc tip gia chn truyn (Tx) mt u vi chn thu (Rx0
u kia. Khi hai my c kt ni nh vy s to ra mi trng truyn khng
c ng , vic truyn v nhn d kiu c thc hin trn hai mc in ca
hai cp dy ring bit trong si cp.
Trong mng bng thng 10Mb/s trc y, Ethernet ch s dng khong 50% -
60% lng bng thng do ng v thi gian tr. Ethernet song cng c th
s dng 100% bng thng trn c hai chiu, mi chiu Tx v Rx bn c
10Mb/s, tng cng l bn c thng lng 20Mb/s.
ng c ng .V c hai node c th truyn v nhn ng thi nn khng
cn vic tha thun s dng bng thng. Ethernet song cng c th s dng cu
trc cp ax c nu nh mi trng truyn tha mn c nhng tiu chun
Hnh 7.2.2.b. Gi tr chi ph mc inh tng ng vi tc ca ng kt ni.
7.2.2.c. Cc thng tin nm trong gi BP Hnh DU.
451
Hn hi
t
qu trnh bu chn bridge gc T bridge gc, hai nhnh
t port 1/1, 1/2 c m ln
c chn lm port
c chn lm port gc ni v gc. Sau khi
xc nh xong port gc
xem
segme t LAN ch c mt
sw
v Cat - C s ch nh ra mt switch
Cat - B
Cat - C
ning - tree.
ng mng tun theo cc nguyn tc
h 7.2.2.d. Mt v d kt qu tnh ton ca giao thc Spanning - Tree. Sau k
nh ton xong, v mt lun l, cu trc mng s c dng r nhnh cy, khng cn
vng lp na.
Ta xt v d nh hnh 7.2.2.c. Ba switch Cat - A, Cat - B v Cat - C c ni
thnh vng trn vi nhau. Nh vy l tn ti mt vng lp v mt vt l. u tin,
chn Cat - A lm gc.
kt ni xung hai switch Cat - B v Cat - C. Trn
Cat - B, port 1/1 c chi ph ni v gc thp nht nn port ny
gc. Tng t trn Cat - C, port 1/1
thit lp kt ni v bridge gc, Cat - B v Cat - C s
xt cc port cn li. Chng nhn thy port 1/2 ca chng cng ni vo mt
nt LAN. to cu trc hnh cy, trong mi segmen
itch c m mt ng kt ni t gc vo segment LAN . Do , Cat - B
c truy xut vo segment LAN ny. Kt qu,
c chn v port 1/2 ca n c ch nh m kt ni vo segment LAN.
khng c ch inh nn port 1/2 ca n b kho li.
7.2.3. Hot ng ca span
Khi mng n nh v hi t ch c mt cy duy nht trong mt mng.
t c kt qu ny, cc switch tro
sau:
452
Ch c mt bridge gc duy nht cho mt mng.
Trong tng segment LAN, ch c duy nht mt port i vo segment LAN
Po
Cc port khng c ch nh s hu b d
port kho (B - Bloking).
7.2.4. Qu trnh chn bridge gc.
Mun xy dng cu trc hnh cy th trc tin phi c mt im lm gc
ph
chn ra mt bridge gc s tc ng n dng giao thng trong mng.
Khi cc switch mi c bt in, chng s tr
v da g
Trng BID bao gm gi tr u tin ca switch v a ch MAC ca switch .
Gi tr u tin mc nh ca switch l 32768. Mc nh, cc gi BPDU c gi i
iy/l
Trn mi bridge khng phi l gc ch c mt port duy nht lm port gc
l port kt ni v gc ngn nht.
.
Khng s dng cc port no khng c ch
rt gc v port c ch nh lm cc port
nh.
c s dng chuyn d liu.
liu. Cc port ny c gi l
t n nhnh cho cy. Do vic u tin l tt c cc switch trong mng phi
ao i cc gi BPDU vi nhau
i ny chn ra bridge gc. vo thng tin bridge ID (BID) trong cc
2 g n.
Hnh 7.2.4.a. Ni dung gi BPDU.
453
Hnh 7.2.4.b. Cu trc ca trng BID. 2 byte u l gi tr u tin ca switch. Gi
tr ny nm trong khong t 0 - 65535, gi tr mc nh l 32768. 6 byte sau l a
ch MAC ca switch.
u tin mi switch u t cho n l gc. Do trong gi BPDU u tin
m mi switch gi i, trng Root BID v sender BID u c gi tr u tin v a
ch MAC ca chnh n. Sau mi switch s ln lt nhn c cc goi BPDU t
nhng switch khc. Mi khi switch nhn c mt gi BPDU c trng Root BID
thp hn Root BID n ang c th n s thay th Root BID thp hn vo gi BPDU
ri gi i. C nh vy, cui cng cc switch s thng nht c vi nhau switch
no c BID thp nht lm bridge gc.
Hnh 7.2.4.c. Mt v d v ni dung gi BPDU u tin ca Cat - A gi i.
Nu khng cu hnh g c, gi tr mc nh trn cc switch u bng nhau v
bng 32768. Do vy switch no no c a ch MAC nh nht (a ch MAC th
khng bao gi trng nhau gia cc switch) s c BID nh nht v switch s lm
gc. Ngi qun tr mng mun tc ng vo vic quyt nh chn bridge gc th
454
c th ci t gi tr u tin ca switch nh hn gi tr mc nh, khi BID ca
switch s c gi tr nh hn. Tuy nhin bn ch ln lm iu ny khi bn nm r
lung giao thng trong mng ca mnh.
Hnh 7.2.4.d. Sau mt qu trinh trao i gi BPDU, cc switch s chn ra c
switch no c BID nh nht lm gc.
7.2.5. Cc trng thi port Spanning - Tree.
Thng tin trao i ca cc giao thc phi mt mt khong thi gian mi
truyn i ht cho ton b h thng mng. Khi mt phn no ca cu trc mng
b thay i th c h thng khng th nhn bit c iu ny cng mt lc v ngay
lp tc m phi ln lt sau mt khong thi gian. chnh l thi gian tr lan
truyn. Chnh v vy, nu switch i trng thi ca mt port t th ng sang hot
ng ngay lp tc c th s gy ra vng lp.
Trn switch s dng giao thc Spanning - Tree, mi port s mt trong nm
trng thi nh hnh 7.2.5.a.
trng thi kho, port ch nhn gi BPDU. Cc gi d liu khc s b hu b
v khng h c hc a ch trng thi ny. Mt khong 20 giy chuyn t trng
thi ny sang trng thi k tip l trng thi nghe.
455
Hnh 7.2.5.a. Cc trng thi port Spanning - Tree. Khi kt ni bt u c m ln,
trng thi u tin ca port l trng thi kho (Blocking). Sau khi thut ton
Spanning - Tree tnh ton xong v chn port l port gc hay l port ch nh ca
mt segment LAN th port s c ln lt chuyn sang trng thi nghe
(Listenning), trng thi hc (Learning) v cui cng trng thi truyn d liu
(Forwarding).
trng thi nghe, switch ch xc nh xem port ny c kt ni v gc vi chi ph
thp nht hay khng, c to vng lp hay khng. Nu kt qu port ny khng c
chn lm port gc v cng khng c ch nh lm port ni vo mt segment
LAN no th port s c a tr v trng thi kho. Trng thi nghe ko di
khong 15 giy, khong thi gian ny gi l thi gian ch chuyn trng thi
(Forward delay). Trong trng thi nghe, port vn khng chuyn gi d liu, cha
hc a ch MAC, vn ch x l gi BPDU thi.
Sau , port chuyn t trng thi nghe sang trng thi hc. trng thi ny,
port cha chuyn d liu ca user nhng bt u hc a ch MAC t cc gi d
liu nhn c v vn x l gi BPDU. Trng thi hc ko di khong 15 giy v
khong thi gian ny cng c gi thi gian ch chuyn trng thi (Forward
delay).
Sau cng, port chuyn t trng thi hc sang trng thi truyn d liu.
trng thi ny, port thc hin truyn d liu ca user, hc a ch MAC ng thi
vn x l gi BPDU.
456
Mt port c th ri vo trng thi khng hot ng (disable). Trng thi ny
l do ngi qun tr ci t cho port bng lnh shutdown hoc do chnh bn thn
port khng c kt ni hoc b h, khng hot ng c.
Khong thi gian ca mi trng thi nh nu trn l khong thi gian
mc nh c tnh cho mt h thng mng c ti a 7 switch trn mt nhnh tnh
t gc.
7.2.6. Spanning - Tree tnh ton li.
Sau khi h thng mng chuyn mch hi t, tt c cc port trn mi
switch v bridge u trng thi truyn d liu hoc trng thi kho. Port truyn
d liu l port c th truyn , nhn d liu v BPDU. Port kho l port ch nhn gi
BPDU m thi.
Khi cu trc mng c s thay i, switch v bridge s tnh ton li cu trc
hnh cy v c th gy cn tr cho giao thng mng ca user khi ang trong qu
trnh tnh ton.
Thi gian hi t theo chun IEEE 801.1D cho cu trc hnh cy mi l
khong 50 giy. Khi cu trc mng c s thay i xy ra, sau thi gian ch ti a
(max - age) l 20 giy xc nh s thay i , Spanning - Tree mi bt u tnh
li v chuyn trng thi cho port. T trng thi kho, port c chuyn sang trng
thi nghe. Sau trng thi nghe 15 giy ri mi chuyn sang trng thi hc v
trng thi hc 15 giy ri mi chuyn sang trng thi truyn d liu. Nh vy tng
cng l 50 giy cu trc mng chuyn sang cu hnh cy mi p ng theo s
thay i.
457
Hnh 7.2.6.a
V d mt cu trc mng chuyn mch hi t nh trn. Theo chu k mc
nh, c 20 giy cc switch li thc hin trao i gi BPDU mt ln. Gi s kt ni
trn port 1/1 ca Cat - B b t. Khi Cat - B khng cn nhn c gi BPDU
theo nh k trn port 1/1 na. Trong khi Cat - B vn nhn c gi BPDU u
n trn port 1/2. Cat - B i ht thi gian ch ti a (max - age) l 20 giy mi xc
nh kt ni trn port 1/1 cht v bt u chuyn sang trng thi cho port 1/2.
Port 1/2 khng th chuyn ngay t trng thi kho sang trng thi chuyn d liu
c m phi tri qua 2 trng thi trung gian l trng thi nghe v trng thi hc,
mi trng thi trung gian ny ko di 15 giy. Nh vy tng cng l 50 giy k t
lc kt ni trn port 1/1 ca Cat - B b t, mng mi chuyn xong sang cu trc
mi p ng theo s c ny.
458
Hnh 7.2.6.b. Kt qu tnh li l cu trc mi nh hnh v.
7.2.7. Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree.
Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree c nh ngha trong chun IEEE 802.1w.
Giao thc ny gii thiu cc vn mi sau:
Lm r hn vai tr v trng thi ca port.
nh ngha cc loi kt ni c th chuyn nhanh sang trng thi truyn d
liu.
Cho php cc switch trong mng hi t t gi cc gi BPDU ca n ch
khng ch ring gi BPDU ca bridge gc.
Trng thi kho (bloocking) c i tn thnh trng loi b (discarding).
Port loi b ng vai tr l mt port d phng. Trong mi segment c mt port
c ch nh (designated port) kt ni vo segment . Nu port ch nh ny b
s c th port loi b tng ng s c thay th ngay cho port .
459
Hnh 7.2.7.a. Port 1 trn Switch Y l port thay th cho port 1 trn Switch X.
Cc kt ni c phn thnh cc loi nh kt ni im - n - im, kt ni chia
s v kt ni bin cui (edge - link). Kt ni im - n - im l kt ni gia hai
switch. Kt ni chia s l kt ni c nhiu switch cng kt ni vo. Kt ni bin
cui l kt ni t switch xung host, khng cn switch no khc xen gia. Phn
bit thnh nhiu loi kt ni c th nh vy, vic nhn bit s thay i cu trc
mng s nhanh hn.
Kt ni im - n - im v kt ni bin cui s c chuyn vo trng thi
truyn d liu ngay lp tc v khng h c vng lp trn nhng kt ni dng ny.
460
Hnh 7.2.7.b. Cc loi kt ni trong Rapid Spanning - Tree.
Thi gian hi t s khng lu hn 15 giy k t khi c s thay i.
Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree, hay IEEE 802.1w s thc s thay th cho
giao thc Spanning - Tree, hay IEEE 802.1D.
TNG kt
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn cn nm c cc quan trng sau:
S d phng v vai tr quan trng ca n trong h thng mng.
Cc thnh phn chnh trong cu trc mng d phng.
Trn bo qung b v tc hi ca n trong mng chuyn mch.
Truyn nhiu lt frame v tc hi ca n ln mng chuyn mch.
Nguyn nhn v hu qu ca vic c s d liu a ch MAC khng n
nh.
Li ch v nguy c ca cu trc mng d phng.
461
Vai tr ca Spanning - Tree trong cu trc mng d phng.
Cc hot ng c bn ca Spanning - Tree.
Qu trnh bu bridge gc.
Cc trng thi Spanning - Tree.
So snh giao thc Spanning - Tree v giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree.
462
CHNG 8 : VLAN
GII THIU
Mt c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch Ethernet l mng LAN
o(VLAN).VLAN l mt nhm lgic cc thit b mng hoc cc usur. Cc thit b
mng hoc user c nhm li theo chc nng, phng ban hoc theo ng dng ch
khng theo v tr vt l na. Cc thit b trong mt VLAN c gii hn ch thng
tin lin lc vi cc thit b trong cng VLAN. Ch c router mi cung cp kt ni
gia cc VLAN khc nhau. Cisco ang c gng hng ti s tng thch vi cc
nh sn xut khc nhau nhng mi nh sn xut pht trin sn phm VLAN
ring c quyn ca h cho nn chng c th khng hon ton tng thch vi
nhau.
VLAN vi cch phn ngun ti nguyn v user theo lgic lm tng hiu
qu hot ng ca ton b h thng mng. Cc cng ty, t chc thng s dng
VLAN phn nhm user theo lgic m khng cn quan tm n v tr vt l ca
h. Nh , user trong phng Maketing s c nhm vo Maketing VLAN, user
trong phng K thut c t vo VLAN k thut.
Vi VLAN,mng c kh nng pht trin, bo mt v qun l tt hn v
router trong cu trc VLAN c th ngn gi qung b, bo mt v qun l dng lu
lng mng.
VLAN l mt cng c mnh trong thit k v cu hnh mng. Vi VLAN
cc cng vic thm bt, chuyn i trong cu trc mng khi cn thit tr nn n
gin hn rt nhiu. VLAN cn gip gia tng bo mt v kim sot qung b Lp 3.
Tuy nhin nuVLAN c cu hnh khng ng s lm cho mng hot ng km
hoc c khi khng hot ng c. Do , khi thit k mng, vic nm c cch
trin khai VLAN trn nhiu switch khc nhau l rt quan trng.
Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic
sau:
+nh ngha VLAN
+Lit k cc ch li ca VLAN
+Gii thch VLAN c s dng to min qung b nh th no.
463
+Gii thch router c s dng thng tin lin lc gia cc VLAN nh th
no.
+Lit k cc loi VLAN
+nh ngha ISL v 802.1Q
+Gii thch cc khi nim VLAN theo a l.
+Cu hnh VLAN c c nh trn dng Catalyst 29xx switch.
+Kim tra v lu cu hnh VLAN
+Xo VLAN khi cu hnh switch.
8.1 Khi nim v VLAN
8.1.1 Gii thiu v VLAN
VLAN l mt nhm cc thit b mng khng b gii hn theo v tr vt l
hoc theo LAN switch m chng kt ni vo.
VLAN l mt segment mng theo lgic da trn chc nng, i nhm hoc
ng dng ca mt t chc ch khng ph thuc v tr vt l hay kt ni vt l trong
mng. Tt c cc my trm v server c s dng bi cng mt nhm lm vic s
c t trong cng VLAN bt k v tr hay kt ni vt l ca chng.
Mi cng vic cu hnh VLAN hoc thay i cu hnh VLAN u c thc
hin trn phn mm m khng cn thay i cp v thit b vt l.
Mt my trm trong mt VLAN ch c lin lc vi file server trong cng
VLAN vi n. VLAN c nhm theo chc nng lgic v mi VLAN l mt min
qung b, do gi d liu ch c chuyn mch trong cng mt VLAN.
VLAN c kh nng m rng, bo mt v qun l mng tt hn. Router trong
cu trc VLAN thc hin ngn chn qung b, bo mt v qun l ngun giao
thng mng. Switch khng th chuyn mch giao thng gia cc VLAN khc nhau.
Giao thng gia cc VLAN phi c nh tuyn qua router.
464
Hnh 8.1.1 Phn on mng LAN theo kiu truyn thng v theo VLAN.
8.2.1 Min qung b vi VLAN v router
Mt VLAN l mt min qung b c to nn bi mt hay nhiu switch.
Hnh 8.1.2.a cho thy to 3 min qung b ring bit trn ba switch nh th no.
nh tuyn Lp 3 cho php router chuyn gi gia cc min qung b vi nhau.
Hnh 8.1.2.a.3 min qung b trn 3 switch khc nhau.
Trong hnh 8.1.2.b chng ta thy 3 VLAN tc l 3 min qung b khc nhau
c to ra trn mt switch v mt router. Router s s dng nh tuyn Lp 3
chuyn giao thng gia 3 VLAN.
465
Hnh 8.1.2.b. 3 VLAN 3 min qung b trn mt switch.
Switch trong hnh 8.1.2.b s truyn frame ln cng giao tip ca router khi:
+Gi d liu l gi qung b.
+Gi d liu c a ch MAC ch l mt trong cc a ch MAC ca router.
Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi d liu cho my trm 2 trong
VLAN Bn hng, hai my ny nm trong hai min qung b khc nhau, thuc hai
mng khc nhau, do a ch MAC ch trong gi d liu s l a ch MAC ca
default gateway ca my trm 1. V vy a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu ny s l
a ch MAC ca tng Fa0/0 trn router. Gi d liu c chuyn n router, bng
nh tuyn IP, router s chuyn gi n ng VLAN Bn hng.
Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi gi d liu cho my trm 2
trong cng VLAN th a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu s chnh l a ch MAC
ca my trm 2.
Tm li, switch s x l chuyn mch gi d liu khi c chia VLAN nh sau:
+i vi mi VLAN switch c mt bng chuyn mch ring tng ng
466
+Nu switch nhn c gi d liu t mt port nm trong VLAN 1 chng
hn, th switch s ch tm a ch MAC ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN 1
m thi.
+ng thi switch s hc a ch MAC ngun trong gi d liu v ghi vo
bng chuyn mch ca VLAN 1 nu a ch MAC ny cha c bit.
+Sau switch quyt nh chuyn gi d liu.
+Switch nhn frame vo t VLAN no th switch ch hc a ch ngun ca
frame v tm a ch ch cho frame trong mt bng chuyn mch tng ng vi
VLAN .
8.1.3 Hot ng ca VLAN
Mi port trn switch c th gn cho mt VLAN khc nhau. Cc port nm
trong cng mt VLAN s chia s gi qung b vi nhau. Cc port khng nm trong
cng VLAN s khng chia s gi qung b vi nhau. Nh mng LAN hot ng
hiu qu hn.
Hnh 8.1.3.a VLAN c nh.
Thnh vin c nh ca VLAN c xc nh theo port. Khi thit b kt ni
vo mt port ca switch, tu theo port thuc loi VLAN no th thit b s nm
trong VLAN .
Mc nh, tt c cc port trn mt switch u nm trong VLAN qun l.
VLAN qun l lun lun l VLAN 1 v chng ta khng th xo VLAN ny c.
467
Sau chng ta c th cu hnh gn port vo cc VLAN khc. VLAN cung cp
bng thng tin nhiu hn cho user so vi mng chia s. Trong mng chia s, cc
user cng chia s mt bng thng trong mng , cng nhiu user trong mt mng
chia s th lng bng thng cng thp hn v hiu sut hot ng cng gim i.
Thnh vin ng ca VLAN c cu hnh bng phn mm qun l mng.
Bn c th s dng CiscoWorks 2000 hoc CiscoWorks for Switch Internetworks
to VLAN ng. VLAN ng cho php cc nh thnh vin da theo a ch
MAC ca thit b kt ni vo switch ch khng cn xc nh theo port na. Khi
thit b kt ni vo switch, switch s tm trong c s d liu ca n xc nh
thit b ny thuc loi VLAN no.
Hnh 8.1.3.b VLAN ng
*Cu hnh VLAN bng cc phn mm VLAN qun l tp trung.
*C th chia VLAN theo a ch MAC, a ch lgic hoc theo loi giao
thc.
*Khng cn qun l nhiu cc t ni dy na v thit b kt ni vo mng
thuc VLAN no l tu theo a ch ca thit b c gn vo VLAN.
*C kh nng thng bo cho qun tr mng khi c mt user l, khng c
trong c s d liu kt ni vo mng.
Xc nh thnh vin VLAN theo port tc l port c gn vo VLAN no
th thit b kt ni vo port thuc VLAN , khng ph thuc vo thit b kt
ni l thit b g, a ch bao nhiu. Vi cch chia VLAN theo port nh vy, tt c
cc user kt ni vo cng mt port s nm trong cng mt VLAN. Mt user hay
nhiu user c th kt ni vo mt port v s khng nhn thy l c s tn ti ca
468
VLAN. Cch chia VLAN ny gip vic qun l n gin hn v khng cn tm
trong c s d liu phc tp xc nh thnh vin ca mi VLAN.
Ngi qun tr mng c trch nhim cu hnh VLAN bng tay v c nh.
Mi mt port trn switch cng hot ng ging nh mt port trn bridge. Bridge s
chn lung lu lng nu n khng cn thit phi i ra ngoi segment. Nu gi d
liu cn phi chuyn qua bridge v switch khng bit a ch ch hoc gi nhn
c l gi qung b th mi chuyn ra tt c cc port nm trong cng min qung
b vi port nhn gi d liu vo.
Hnh 8.1.3.c. Chia VLAN theo port.
8.1.4 ch li ca VLAN
Li ch ca VLAN l cho php ngi qun tr mng t chc mng theo lgc
ch khng theo vt l na. Nh nhng cng vic sau c th thc hin d dng
hn:
*Di chuyn my trm trong LAN d dng.
* Thm my trm vo LAN d dng.
*Thay i cu hnh LAN d dng.
469
*Kim sot giao thng mng d dng.
*Gia tng kh nng bo mt.
Tt c cc user c gn vo cng port l cng mt VLAN.
Hnh 8.1.4
8.1.5 Cc loi VLAN
C 3 loi thnh vin VLAN xc nh v kim sot vic s l cc gi d liu:
*VLAN theo port
*VLAN theo a ch MAC
*VLAN theo giao thc
470
Hnh 8.1.5.1. 3 loi thnh vin VLAN
*User thuc loi VLAN no l tu thuc vo port kt ni ca user .
*Khng cn tm trong c s d liu khi xc nh thnh vin VLAN
*D dng qun l bng giao din ho(GUIs). Qun l thnh vin ca
VLAN theo port cng d dng v n gin.
*Bo mt ti a gia cc VLAN
*Gi d liu khng b r r sang cc min khc.
*D dng kim sot qua mng
471
Hnh 8.1.5.b.Xc nh thnh vin VLAN theo port.
*User thuc loi VLAN no l tu thuc vo a ch MAC ca user
*Linh hot hn nhng tng ti ln giao thng mng v cng vic qun tr
mng.
*nh hng n hiu sut hot ng, kh nng m rng v kh nng qun tr
v qun l thnh vin ca VLAN theo a ch MAC l mt vic phc tp.
*Tin trnh x l gn ging nh cc lp trn.
Hnh 8.1.5.c Xc nh thnh vin VLAN theo a ch MAC.
S lng VLAN trn mt switch ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
472
+Dng giao thng
+Loi ng dng
+S qun l mng
+S phn nhm
Ngoi ra mt yu t quan trng m chng ta cn quan tm l kch thc ca switch
v s chia a ch IP
V d: Mt mng s dng a ch mng c 24 bt subnet mask, nh vy mi subnet
c tng cng 254 a ch host. Chng ta nn s dng mi tng quan mt- mt
gia VLAN v IP subnet. Do , mi VLAN tng ng vi mt IP subnet, c ti
a 254 thit b.
Thieu hinh ve ko co hinh
Phn header ca frame s c ng gi li v iu chnh c thm thng
tin v VLAN ID trc khi frame c truyn ln ng truyn kt ni gia cc
switch. Cng vic ny gi l dn nhn cho frame. Sau , phn header ca frame
c tr li nh c trc khi truyn xung cho thit b ch.
C hai phng php ch yu dn nhn frame l Intr Switch Link(ISL) v
802.1Q.ISL tng c s dng ph bin nhng by gi ang thay th bi 802.1Q.
Xt v d trn hnh 8.1.5.d: Switch lu ring tng bng chuyn mch tng
ng vi mi VLAN. Switch nhn frame vo t VLAN no th ch hc a ch ngun
v tm a ch ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN . Nh switch bo m
ch thc hin chuyn mch trong cng mt VLAN. By gi gi s my trm trong
VLAN1 ca switch A gi gi d liu cho my trm trong VLAN 1 ca switch B.
Switch A nhn c gi d liu ny vo t port nm trong VLAN1, do n tm
a ch ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN1. Sau switch xc nh l phi
chuyn frame ny ln ng backbone. Trc khi chuyn frame ln ng
473
backbone th Switch A s ng gi li cho frame, trong phn header ca frame
c thm thng tin v VLAN ID cho bit gi d liu ny thuc VLAN1. Cng vic
ny gi l dn nhn frame. Sau Switch B nhn c gi d liu t ng
backbone xung, da vo VLAN ID trong gi, Switch xc nh gi d liu ny t
VLAN1 nn n tm a ch ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN1. Switch B
tm c port ch ca gi d liu. Trc khi chuyn gi xung my ch, Switch
tm c port ch ca gi d liu. Trc khi chuyn gi xung my ch, Switch
B tr li nh dng ban u ca phn header trong gi d liu, hay cn gi l g
nhn frame.
M phng LAN (LANE LAN Emulation) lm cho mng ATM(Asynchronous
Transfer Mode) bt chc ging mng Ethernet. Trong LANE, khng c dn nhn
frame m s dng kt ni o biu th choVLAN ID.
8.2 Cu hnh VLAN
8.2.1. Cu hnh VLAN c bn
Trong mi trng chuyn mch, mt my trm ch nhn c giao thng no
gi n n. Nh , mi my trm c dnh ring v trn vn bng thng cho
ng truyn v nhn. Khng ging nh h thng hus chia s ch c mt my trm
c php truyn ti mt thi im, mng chuyn mch c th cho php nhiu
phin giao dch cng mt lc trong mt min qung b m khng lm nh hng
n cc my trm khc bn trong cng nh bn ngoi min qung b. V d nh
trn hnh 8.2.1.a, cp A/B, C/D, E/F c th ng thi lin lc vi nhau m khng
nh hng n cc cp my khc.
474
Hnh 8.2.1.a
Mi VLAN c mt a ch mng Lp 3 ring: Nh router c th chuyn
gi gia cc VLAN vi nhau.
Chng ta c th xy dng VLAN cho mng t u cui - n - u cui hoc theo
gii hn a l.
Hnh 8.2.1.b VLAN t u cui- n - u cui.
Mt mng VLAN t u cui - n - u cui c cc c im nh sau:
*User c phn nhm vo VLAN hon ton khng ph thuc vo v tr vt
l, ch ph thuc vo chc nng cng vic ca nhm.
*Mi user trong cng mt VLAN u c chung t l giao thng 80/20(80%
giao thng trong VLAN, 20% giao thng ra ngoi VLAN)
*Khi user di chuyn trong h thng mng vn khng thay i VLAN ca
user .
*Mi VLAN c nhng yu cu bo mt ring cho mi thnh vin ca VLAN
.
Bt u t tng truy cp, port trn switch c cp xung cho mi user. Ngi s
dng di chuyn trong ton b h thng mng mi thi im nn mi switch u
475
l thnh vin ca mi VLAN. Switch phi dn nhn frame khi chuyn frame gia
cc switch tng truy cp vi switch phn phi.
ISL l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco dn nhn cho frame khi truyn frame gia
cc switch vi nhau v vi router. CnIEEE802.1Q l mt chun dn nhn
frame. Catalyst 2950 khng h tr ISL trunking.
Cc server hot ng theo ch client/server. Do cc server theo nhm nn t
trong cng VLAN vi nhm user m server phc v, nh vy s gi cho dng
lu lng tp trung trong VLAN, gip ti u ho hot ng chuyn mch lp 2.
Router tng trc chnh c s dng nh tuyn gia cc subnet. Ton b h
thng ny c t l lu lng l 80% lu lng trong ni b mi VLAN, 20% giao
thng i qua router n cc server ton b h thng v i ra internet, WAN.
8.2.2. Vlan theo a l.
VLAN t u cui - n - u cui cho php phn nhm ngun ti nguyn
s dng, v d nh phn nhm user theo server s dng, nhm d n v theo phng
ban... Mc tiu ca VLAN t u n cui - n - u cui l gi 80% giao thng
trong ni b ca VLAN.
Khi cc h thng mng tp on thc hin tp trung ti nguyn mng th
VLAN t u cui - n - u cui rt kh thc hin mc tiu ca mnh. Khi
user cn phi s dng nhiu ngun ti nguyn khc nhau khng nm trong cng
VLAN vi user. Chnh v xu hng s dng v phn b ti nguyn mng khc i
nn hin nay VLAN thng c to ra theo gii hn ca a l.
Phm vi a l c th ln bng c mt to nh hoc cng c th ch nh vi
mt switch. Trong cu trc VLAN ny. T l lu lng s l 20/80, 20% giao
thng trong ni b VLAN v 80% giao thng i ra ngoi VLAN.
im ny c ngha l lu lng phi i qua thit b lp 3 mi n c 80%
ngun ti nguyn. Kiu thit k ny cho php vic truy cp ngun ti nguyn c
thng nht.
476
Hnh 8.2.2
8.2.3 Cu hinh VLAN c nh.
VLAN c nh l VLAN c cu hnh theo port trn switch bng cc phn
mm qun l hoc cu hnh trc tip trn switch. Cc port c gn vo VLAN
no th n s gi nguyn cu hnh VLAN cho n khi c thay i bng lnh.
y l cu trc VLAN theo a l, cc user phi i qua thit b lp 3 mi truy cp
80% ti nguyn mng. Loi VLAN c nh hot ng tt trong nhng mng c c
im nh sau:
S di chuyn trong mng c qun l v kim sot.
C phn mm qun l VLAN mnh cu hnh port trn switch.
Khng dnh nhiu ti cho hot ng duy tri a ch MAC ca thit b u
cui v iu chnh bng a ch.
VLAN ng th khng ph thuc vo port trn switch.
Sau y l cc hng dn khi bn cu hnh VLAN trn Cisco 29xx switch:
S lng VLAN ti a ph thuc vo switch.
VLAN 1 l VLAN mc nh ca nh sn xut.
477
VLAN 1 l VLAN Ethernet mc nh.
Giao thc pht hin thit b Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP) v
giao thc VLAN Trunking (VTP) u gi gi qung b ca mnh trong VLAN 1.
a ch IP ca Catalyst 29xx mc nh nm trong min qung b VLAN 1.
Switch phi ch VTP server to, thm hoc xo VLAN.
Vic to VLAN trn switch rt n gin v r rng. Nu bn s dng switch
vi cisco IOS, bn vo ch cu hnh VLAN bng lnh vlan database ch
EXEC c quyn, sau bn to VLAN:
Switch # vlan database.
Switch (vlan) # vlan vlan_number.
Switch (vlan) # exit.
Sau khi c VLAN trn switch, bc tip theo l cc bn gn port vo
VLAN:
Switch (config) # interfase fastethernet 0/9.
Switch (config-if)#switchport access vlan vlan_number.
8.2.4. Kim tra cu hnh VLAN.
Bn dng cc lnh sau kim tra cu hnh VLAN: show vlan, show vlan
brief, show vlan id id_number.
Bn nn nh 2 iu kin sau:
Tt c cc VLAN c to ra ch bt u c s dng khi c port c
phn cho n.
Mc nh, tt c cc port ethernet u nm trong VLAN 1.
478
Hnh 8.2.4.a
Hnh 8.2.4.b
8.2.5. Lu cu hnh VLAN.
Bn nn lu cu hnh VLAN thnh mt tp tin vn bn c th bin tp li
hoc d phng.
479
Bn c th lu cu hnh switch bng lnh copy running-config tftp hoc bng
chc nng ghi li vn bn (capture text) ca HyperTerminal.
Hnh 8.2.5
8.2.6. Xo VLAN.
Xo mt VLAN trn switch cng ging nh mt dng lnh xo trong cu
hnh router vy. n gin l bn to VLAN bng lnh no th bn dng dng
ca cu lnh xo VLAN.
Khi mt VLAN b xo i th tt c cc port ca VLAN s trng thi
khng hot ng nhng vn thuc v VLAN b xo cho n khi no cc port ny
c cu hnh sang VLAN khc.
Hnh 8.2.6. Xo port 0/9 khi VLAN 300.
480
8.3. X l s c VLAN.
8.3.1. Gii thiu chung.
Hin nay VLAN c s dng ph bin. Vi VLAN, ngi k s mng c
th linh hot hn trong thit k v trin khai h thng mng. VLAN gip gii hn
min qung b, gia tng kh nng bo mt v phn nhm theo logic. Tuy nhin, vi
c bn chuyn mch LAN, s c c th xay ra khi chng ta trin khai VLAN.
Trong bi ny s cho thy mt vi s c c th xy ra vi VLAN v cung cp cho
cc bn mt s cng c v k thut s l s c.
Sau khi hon tt bi ny cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau:
Phn tch h thng tip xc vi s c ca VLAN.
Gii thch cc bc x l s c ni chung trong mng chuyn mch.
M t s c Spanning Tree dn n trn bo qung b nh th no.
S dng lnh show v debug x l s c VLAN.
8.3.2. Tin trnh x l s c VLAN.
iu quan trng l bn phi pht trin cc bc x l s c trn switch mt
cch c h thng. Sau y l cc bc c th gip cho bn xc nh s c trong
mng chuyn mch:
1. Kim tra cc biu hin vt l, nh trng thi LED.
2. Bt u t mt cu hnh trn mt switch v kim tra dn ra.
3. Kim tra kt ni lp 1.
4. Kim tra kt ni lp 2.
5. X l s c VLAN xy ra trn nhiu switch.
Khi xay ra s c, bn nn kim tra xem y l mt s c lp i lp li hay l
s c bit lp. Mt s s c lp i lp li c th l do s gia tng ca cc dch v
phc v cho my trm, lm vt qua kh nng cu hnh, kh nng ng trunking
v kh nng truy cp ti nguyn trn server.
481
V d: Vic s dng cc cng ngh web v cc ng dng truyn thng nh
truyn ti file, email...s lm gia tng mt giao thng lm cho ton b h thng
b tr tr.
Hnh 8.3.1
Hin nay rt nhiu mng LAN phi i mt vi m hnh giao thng cha
c tnh trc, l kt qu ca s gia tng giao thng trong intranet, t phn nhm
server hn v tng s dng multicast. Nguyn tc 80/20 vi ch c 20% giao thng
i ln cc ng trc chnh tr ln lc hu. Ngy nay, cc trnh duyt web ni
b c th cho php user xc nh v truy cp thng tin bt k u trong mng ni
b ca tp on.
Nu mng thng xuyn b nghn mch, qu ti, rt gi v truyn li nhiu
ln th ngha l c qu nhiu port cho mt ng trunk hoc c qu nhiu yu cu
truy sut vo cc ngun ti nguyn ca ton h thng v cc server intranet.
Nghn mch cng c th do phn ln giao thng u c truyn ln ng
trc chnh, hoc l do user m ra nhiu ti nguyn v nhiu ng dng a phng
tin. Trong trng hp ny th h thng mng nn nng cp p ng nhu cu
pht trin.
8.3.3. Ngn trn cn bo qung b.
482
Trn bo qung b xy ra khi c qu nhiu gi qung b c nhn vo trn
mt port. Vic s l chuyn mch cc gi ny cho h thng mng chm i. Chng
ta c th cu hnh cho switch kim sot bo trn tng port. Mc nh, ch kim
sot bo trn switch b tt i.
ngn chn bo qung b, chng ta t mt gi tr ngng cho port hu
gi d liu v ng port khi gi tr ngng ny b vt qua.
STP (Spanning - Tree Protocol) c mt s s c bao gm trn bo qung b,
lp vng, rt gi BPDU va gi d liu. Chc nng ca STP l bo m khng c
vng lp tn ti trong mng bng cch chn ra mt bridge gc. Bridge gc ny l
im gc ca cu trc hnh cy v ni kim sot hot ng ca giao thc STP.
Nu cn phi gim lng giao thng BPDU th bn s ci t gi tr ti a
cho cc khong thi gian hot ng ca bridge gc. c bit l bn nn t gi tr
ti a 30 giy cho khong thi gian chuyn trng thi (Forward delay) v thi gian
ch ti a (max - age) l 40 giy.
Mt port vt l trn router hoc switch c th l thnh vin ca mt hoc
nhiu cu trc hnh cy nu port ny kt ni vo ng trunk.
Lu : VTP ch chy trn Catalyst switch ch khng chy trn router.
Trn switch kt ni vo router, bn nn cu hnh cho switch chy ch
VTP transparent cho n khi no Cisco h tr VTP trn router ca h.
Giao thc Spanning - Tree c xem l mt trong nhng giao thc lp 2
quan trng nht trn Catalyst switch. bng cch ngn chn cc vng lun l trong
mng chuyn mch, STP cho php cu trc lp 2 vn c cc ng d d phng
m khng gy ra trn bo qung b.
483
TP 4
CHNG I:PHN CHIA A CH IP
GII THIU
S pht trin khng ngng ca Internet lm cho nhng nh nghin cu bt ng.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho Internet pht trin nhanh chng nh vy l
do s linh hot, uyn chuyn ca thit k ban u. Nu chng ta khng c cc bin
php phn phi a ch IP th s pht trin ca Internet s lm cn kit ngun a
ch IP. gii quyt vn thiu ht a ch IP, nhiu bin php c trin
khai. Trong , mt bin php c trin khai rng ri l chuyn i a ch
mng (Network Address Translation NAT).
NAT l mt c ch tit kim a ch IP ng k trong mt mng ln v gip n
gin ha vic qun l a ch IP. Khi mt gi d liu c nh tuyn trong mt
thit b mng, thng l firewall hoc cc router bin, a ch IP ngun s c
chuyn i t a ch mng ring thnh a ch IP cng cng nh tuyn c. iu
ny cho php gi d liu c truyn i trong trong mng cng cng, v d nh
Internet. Sau , a ch cng cng trong gi tr li li c chuyn i thnh a
ch ring pht vo trong mng ni b. Mt dng ca NAT, c gi l PAT
(Port Address Translation), cho php nhiu a ch ring c dch sang mt a
ch cng cng duy nht.
Router, server v cc thit b quan trng khc trong mng thng i hi phi c
cu hnh bng tay a ch IP c nh. Trong khi , cc my tnh client khng cn
thit phi t c nh mt a ch m ch cn xc nh mt di a ch cho n. Di
a ch ny thng l mt subnet IP. Mt my tnh nm trong subnet c th c
phn phi bt k a ch no nm trong subnet .
484
Giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) c thit k phn
phi a ch IP v ng thi cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh mng quan trng mt
cch t ng cho my tnh. S lng my client chim phn ln trong h thng
mng, do DHCP thc s l cng c tit kim thi gian cho ngi qun tr mng.
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th:
Xc nh a ch IP ring c m t trong RFC 1918.
Nm c cc c im ca NAT v PAT.
Phn tch cc li im ca NAT.
Phn tch cch cu hnh NAT v PAT, bao gm c chuyn i c nh,
chuyn i ng v chuyn i overloading.
Xc nh cc lnh dng kim tra cu hnh NAT v PAT.
Lit k cc bc x l s c NAT v PAT.
Nm c cc u im v nhc im ca NAT.
M t cc c im ca DHCP.
Phn tch s khc nhau gia BOOTP v DHCP.
Phn tch qu trnh cu hnh DHCP client.
Cu hnh DHCP server.
X l s c DHCP.
Phn tch yu cu t li DHCP.
1.1. Chia a ch mng vi NAT v PAT
1.1.1. a ch ring
RFC 1918 dnh ring 3 di a ch IP sau:
1 a ch lp A: 10.0.0.0/8.
16 a ch lp B: 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12).
485
256 a ch lp C: 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16).
Nhng a ch trn ch dng cho mng ring, mng ni b. Cc gi d liu c a
ch nh trn s khng nh tuyn c trn Internet.
a ch Internet cng cng phi c ng k vi mt cng ty c thm quyn
Internet, v d nh American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) hoc Rseaux
IP Europens (RIPE) v The Regional Internet Registry ph trch khu vc Chu
u v Bc Phi. a ch IP cng cng cn c th c thu t mt nh cung cp
dch v Internet (ISP). a ch IP ring c dnh ring v c th c s dng bi
bt k ai. iu ny c ngha l c th c 2 mng hoc 2 triu mng s dng cng
mt a ch mng ring. Router trn Internet s khng nh tuyn cc a ch RFC
1918.ISP cu hnh Router bin ngn khng cho cc lu lng ca a ch ring
c pht ra ngoi.
NAT mang n rt nhiu li ch cho cc cng ty v Internet. Trc y, khi khng
c NAT, mt my tnh khng th truy cp Internet vi a ch ring. By gi, sau
khi c NAT, cc cng ty c th cu hnh a ch ring cho mt hoc tt c cc my
tnh v s dng NAT truy cp Internet.
1.1.2. Gii thiu NAT v PAT
NAT c thit k tit kim a ch IP v cho php mng ni b s dng a ch
IP ring. Cc a ch IP ring s c chuyn i sang a ch cng cng nh
tuyn c bng cch chy phn mm NAT c bit trn thit b mng. iu ny
gip cho mng ring cng c tch bit v giu c a ch IP ni b.
NAT thng c s dng trn Router bin ca mng mt ca. Mng mt ca l
mng ch c mt kt ni duy nht ra bn ngoi. Khi mt host nm trong mng mt
ca mun truyn d liu cho mt host nm bn ngoi n s truyn gi d liu n
Router bin gii. Router bin gii s thc hin tin trnh NAT, chuyn i a ch
486
ring ca host ngun sang mt a ch cng cng nh tuyn c. Trong thut ng
NAT, mng ni b c ngha l tp hp cc a ch mng cn chuyn i a ch.
Mng bn ngoi l tt c cc a ch khc cn lai.
Mng cc b ch c mt ca ra mng bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.2.a. Mng mt ca
Cisco nh ngha cc thut ng NAT nh sau:
a ch cc b bn trong (Inside local address): l a ch c phn phi
cho cc host bn trong mng ni b. Cc a ch ny thng khng phi l
a ch c cung cp bi InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center)
hoc bi nh cung cp dch v Internet. a ch ny thng l a ch ring
RFC 1918.
a ch ton cc bn trong (Inside global address): l a ch IP hp php
c cung cp bi InterNIC hoc bi nh cung cp dch v Internet. a ch
ny i din cho mt hoc nhiu a ch ni b bn trong i vi th gii bn
ngoi.
487
a ch cc b bn ngoi (Outside local address): l a ch ring ca host
nm bn ngoi mng ni b.
a ch ton cc bn ngoi (Outside global address): l a ch cng cng
hp php ca host nm bn ngoi mng ni b.
Hnh 1.1.2.b. Host ni b 10.0.0.3 mun gi gi d liu cho mt host nm ngoi
128.23.2.2. Gi d liu c gi ti router bin gii RTA.
Hnh 1.1.2.c. RTA nhn thy gi d liu ny c gi ra ngoi internet nn n
thc hin tin trnh NAT, chuyn i a ch ngun 10.0.0.3 thnh a ch cng
cng l 179.9.8.80. Sauk hi thc hin NAT xong, gi d liu t RTA i ra s c a
ch ngun l mt a ch cng cng hp php 179.9.8.80.
488
Hnh 1.1.2.d. Sau server 128..23.2.2 c th gi li mt gi tr li. Khi gi
tr li s c a ch ch l 179.9.8.80.
Hnh 1.1.2.e. RTA nhn thy gi d liu ny c gi t bn ngoi vo trong
mng ni b. RTA s tm trong bng NAT nh x t a ch ch cng cng sang
a ch ring tng ng. Sau khi thc hin NAT xong, gi d liu t RTA pht vo
trong mng ni b s c a ch ch l a ch ring ca host ch 10.0.0.3.
Xt v d hnh 1.1.2.b, i vi RTA:
a ch ni b bn trong l 10.0.0.3.
a ch ton cc bn trong l: 179.9.8.80.
a ch ton cc bn ngoi l: 128.23.2.2.
489
1.1.3. Cc c im ca NAT v PAT
Chuyn i NAT rt hu ch cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau v c th chuyn i
ng hoc c nh. NAT c nh c thit k nh x mt-mt, t mt a ch
ni b sang mt a ch cng cng tng ng duy nht. iu ny rt tt i vi
nhng host cn phi c a ch nht nh truy cp t Internet. Nhng host ny c
th l cc server ton h thng hoc cc thit b mng.
NAT ng c thit k nh x mt a ch IP ring sang mt a ch cng
cng mt cch t ng. Bt k a ch IP no nm trong di a ch IP cng cng
c nh trc u c th c gn cho mt host bn trong mng. Overloading
hoc PAT c th nh x nhiu a ch IP ring sang mt a ch IP cng cng v
mi a ch ring c phn bit bng s port.
PAT s dng s port ngun cng vi a ch IP ring bn trong phn bit khi
chuyn i. S port c m ha 16 bit. Do c ti 65.536 a ch ni b c th
c chuyn i sang mt a ch cng cng. Thc t th s lng port c th gn
cho mt a ch IP l khong 4000 port. PAT s c gng gi nguyn s port ngun
ban u. Nhng nu s port ny b s dng thi PAT s ly s port cn trng u
tin trong cc nhm port 0-511, 512-1023, 1024-65535.
Khi khng cn s port no cn trng v vn cn a ch IP cng cng khc c
cu hnh th PAT s chuyn sang a ch IP cng cng k tip v bt u xc nh
s port ngun nh trn. Qu trnh ny s c thc hin cho n khi no ht s
port v a ch IP cng cng cn trng.
490
Hnh 1.1.3.a.
.
Hnh 1.1.3.b.
491
Hnh 1.1.3.c. Host 10.0.0.3 gi gi d liu ra internet. Trong gi d liu ny, a
ch IP ngun l 10.0.0.3, port l 1444
Hnh 1.1.3.d. Router thc hin chuyn i a ch IP ngun t 10.0.0.3 sang a
ch 179.9.8.80, port ngun vn gi nguyn l 1444.
Hnh 1.1.3.e. By gi Host 10.0.0.4 cng gi gi d liu ra internet vi a ch
ngun l 10.0.0.4, port ngun l 1444
492
Hnh 1.1.3.f. Router thc hin chuyn i a ch IP ngun t 10.0.0.4 sang
179.9.8.80. Port ngun l 1444 lc ny phi i sang 1445. Nh vy theo nh
bng NAT trong hnh ta thy a ch cng cng 179.9.8.80: 1444 l tng ng vi
10.0.0.3:1444, 179.9.8.80:1445 tng ng vi 10.0.0.4:1444. Bng cch s dng
kt hp vi s port nh vy, PAT c th nh x mt a ch IP cng cng cho nhiu
a ch ring bn trong.
NAT cung cp nhng li im sau:
Khng cn phi gn a ch IP mi cho tng host khi thay i sang mt ISP
mi. Nh c th tit kim c thi gian v tin bc.
Tit kim a ch thng qua ng dng ghp knh cp port. Vi PAT, cc
host bn trong c th chia s mt a ch IP cng cng giao tip vi bn
ngoi. Vi cch cu hnh ny, chng ta cn rt t a ch cng cng, nh
c th tit kim a ch IP.
Bo v mng an ton v mng ni b khng l a ch v cu trc bn
trong ra ngoi.
1.1.4. Cu hnh NAT v PAT
493
1.1.4.1. Chuyn i c nh
cu hnh chuyn i c nh a ch ngun bn trong, chng ta cu hnh cc
bc nh sau:
Bc Thc hin Ghi ch
1 Thit lp mi quan h chuyn i gia a
ch ni b bn trong v a ch i din
bn ngoi
Router (config) # ip nat inside
source static local-ip global-ip
Trong ch cu hnh ton
cc, bn dng cu lnh no ip
nat inside source static
xa s chuyn i a ch c
nh.
2 Xc nh cng kt ni va mng bn
trong.
Router (config) # interface type number
Sau khi g lnh interface,
du nhc ca dng lnh s
chuyn t (config) # sang
(config-if) #
3 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni vo
mng ni b bn trong.
Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
4 That khi ch cu hnh cng hin ti.
Router (config-if) # exit
5 Xc nh cng kt ni ra mng cng cng
bn ngoi.
Router (config) # interface type number
494
6 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra
mng cng cng bn ngoi.
Router (config-if) # ip nat outside
Hnh v - 2 hnh
Hnh 1.1.4.a S chuyn i a ch s c thc hin gia hai cng inside v
outside
495
Hnh 1.1.4.b. Cu hnh NAT chuyn i c nh t a ch 10.1.1.2 sang
192.168.1.2. Khi c mt gi d liu t host 10.1.1.2 c gi ra ngoi internet,
router GW s chuyn i a ch ngun 10.1.1.2 ca gi d liu sang a ch
192.168.1.2 trc khi pht gi ra cng s0.
1.1.4.2. Chuyn i ng
Chuyn i ng a ch ngun bn trong, chng ta cu hnh theo cc bc nh
sau:
Bc Thc hin Ghi ch
1 Xc nh di a ch i din bn ngoi
Rourter (config) # ip nat pool name start-ip
end-ip [netmask netmask /prefix-length
prefix-length]
Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, g lnh no ip
nat pool name xa di
a ch i din bn ngoi.
2 Thit lp ACL c bn cho php nhng a
ch ni b bn trong no c chuyn i.
Router (config) # access-list access-list-
number permit source [source-wildcard]
Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, g lnh no
access-list access-list-
number xa ACL .
3 Thit lp mi lin quan gia a ch ngun
c xc nh trong ACL bc trn vi
di a ch i din bn ngoi:
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list
access-list-number pool name
Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, g lnh no ip
nat inside source xa
s chuyn i ng ny
4 Xc nh cng kt ni vo mng ni b Sau khi g xong lnh
496
Router (config) # interface type number interface, du nhc ca
dng lnh s chuyn i
t config sang (config-if)#
5 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni vo mng
ni b.
Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
6 That khi ch cng hin ti.
Router (config) # exit
7 Xc nh cng kt ni ra bn ngoi.
Router (config) # interface type number
8 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra bn
ngoi.
Router (config) # ip nat outside
Danh sch iu khin truy cp (ACL Access Control List) cho php khai bo
nhng a ch no c chuyn i. Bn nn nh l kt thc mt ACL lun c cu
lnh n cm tuyt i trnh nhng kt qu khng d tnh c khi mt ACL c
qu nhiu iu kin cho php. Cisco khuyn co l khng nn dng iu kin cho
php tt c permit any trong ACL s dng cho NAT v cu lnh ny lm hao tn
qu nhiu ti nguyn ca Router v do c th gy ra s c mng.
497
Hnh 1.1.4.c
Xt v d hnh 1.1.4.c: Di a ch cng cng i din ben ngoi c tn l nat-
pool1, bao gm cc a ch t 179.9.8.80 n 179.9.95. a ch ni b bn trong
c php chuyn i c nh ngha trong access-list 1 l 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.255.
Nh vy, gi d liu no trong mng ni b i ra ngoi Internet c a ch ngun
nm trong di a ch 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.255 s c chuyn i a ch ngun sang
mt trong bt k a ch no cn trng trong di a ch cng cng 179.9.8.80
179.9.8.95. Host 10.1.1.2 s khng c chuyn i a ch v a ch ca n
khng c cho php trong acces-list 1, do n khng truy cp c Internet.
Overloading hay PAT
Overloading c cu hnh theo hai cch ty theo a ch IP cng cng c cp
pht nh th no. Mt ISP c th cho mt h thng mng ca khch hng s dng
chung mt a ch IP cng cng duy nht, ia jch IP cng cng ny chnh l a
ch ca cng giao tip trn Router ni v ISP. Sau y l v d cu hnh cho tnh
hung ny:
498
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255
Router (config) ip nat inside source list 1 interface serial0/0 overload
Bc Thc hin Ghi ch
1 To ACL cho php nhng a ch ni b
no c chuyn i.
Router(config) # access-list acl-number
permit source [source-wildcard]
Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, g lnh no
access-list access-list-
number xa access-list
tng ng.
2A Thit lp mi lin quan gia a ch ngun
c xc nh trong access-list bc trn vi
a ch i din l a ch ca cng kt ni vi
bn ngoi.
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list acl-
number interface interface overload
Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, g lnh no ip
nat inside source xa
s chuyn i ng ny.
T kha overload cho
php chy PAT
Hoc
2B
Khai bo di a ch i din bn ngoi dng
overload.
Router (config) ip nat pool name start-ip end-
ip
[netmask netmask / prefix-length prefix-
length]
Thit lp chuyn i overload gia a ch ni
b c xc nh trong ACL bc 1 vi
di a ch i din bn ngoi mi khai bo
499
trn.
Router (config) #ip nat inside source list acl-
number pool name overload
3 Xc nh cng kt ni vi mng ni b.
Router (config) #interface type number
Router (config-if) #ip nat inside
Sau khi g lnh interface,
du nhc ca dng lnh s
c i t (config)#
sang (config-if)#
4 Xc nh cng kt ni vi bn ngoi.
Router (config) #interface type number
Router (config-if) #ip nat outside.
Mt cch khc cu hnh Overload l khi ISP cung cp mt hoc nhiu a ch IP
cng cng cho h thng mng khch hng s dng lm di a ch chuyn i
PAT. Cu hnh v d cho tnh hung ny nh sau:
Xc nh a ch ni b c php chuyn i l 10.0.0.0/16:
500
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit 10.0.0.0.0.0.255.255
Khai bo di a ch i din bn ngoi vi tn l nat-pool2, bao gm cc a
ch trong subnet 179.9.8.20/28:
Router (config) # ip nat pool nat-pool2 179.9.8.20 netmask
255.255.255.240
Thit lp s chuyn i Overload a ch ni b c xc nh trong access-
list 1 vi di a ch i din nat pool2:
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool nat-pool2 overload
Hnh 1.1.4.d.
Xt v d hnh 1.1.4.d: a ch ni b bn trong c php chuyn i c xc
nh trong access-list 1 l 192.168.2.0/24 v 192.168.3.0/24. a ch i din bn
ngoi l a ch ca cng serial 0, cng kt ni ra Internet. Nh vy phi ton b
a ch bn trong c chuyn i PAT vi mt a ch IP i din duy nht l a
ch ca cng kt ni ra Internet, cng serial 0.
501
1.1.5. Kim tra cu hnh PAT
Sau khi NAT c cu hnh, chng ta c th dng lnh clear v show kim
tra hot ng ca NAT.
Mc nh, trong bng chuyn i NAT ng, mi mt cp chuyn i a ch s b
xa i sau mt khong thi gian khng s dng. Vi chuyn i khng s dng ch
s Port th khong thi gian mc nh l 24 gi. Chng ta c th thay i khong
thi gian ny bng lnh ip nat translation timeout timeout_seconds trong ch
cu hnh ton cc.
Cc thng tin v s chuyn i c th c hin th bng cc lnh sau:
Lnh Gii Thch
Clear ip nat translation *
Xa mi cp chuyn i a ch ng
trong bng NAT.
Clear ip nat translation inside global-
ip local-ip [outside local-ip global-ip]
Xa mt cp chuyn i a ch ng
bn trong hoc c bn trong v bn
ngoi tng ng vi a ch c th c
khai bo trong cu lnh.
Clear ip nat translation protocol inside
global-ip global-port local-ip local-port
[outside local-ip local-port global-ip
global-port]
Xa mt cp chuyn i a ch ng
m rng.
Show ip nat translations Hin th bng NAT ang hot ng.
Show ip nat statistics Hin th trng thi hot ng ca NAT.
502
Hnh 1.1.5.a
Hnh 1.1.5.b
Chng ta c th dng lnh show run kim tra li cc gi tr cn khai bo trong
cc cu lnh cu hnh NAT, access-list, interface.
1.1.6. X l s c cu hnh NAT v PAT
Thng rt kh xc nh nguyn nhn ca s c khi kt ni IP b s c trong mi
trng NAT. Nhiu khi chng ta nhm ln l do NAT gy ra nhng thc s
nguyn nhn li nm ch khc.
Khi c gng xc nh nguyn nhn s c ca mt kt ni IP, chung ta nn c gng
xc nh loi tr kh nng t NAT trc. Sau ay l cc bc kim tra hot
ng ca NAT:
1. Da vo tp tin cu hnh, xc nh r rng NAT thc hin nhng g.
2. Kim tra bng NAT xem cc chuyn i a ch c ng khng.
3. Kim tra hot ng NAT xy ra nh th no bng cc lnh show v
debug.
4. Xem chi tit nhng g xy ra cho mt gi d liu v kim tra xem router
c nh tuyn ng cho gi d liu hay khng.
503
S dng lnh debug ip nat kim tra hot ng ca NAT, hin th cc thng tin
v mi gi c chuyn i NAT bi router. Lnh debug ip nat detal cn cung
cp thm mt s thng tin lin quan n s chuyn ca mi gi gip chng ta xc
nh li, v d nh li khng xc nh c a ch i din bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.6
Xt v d hnh 1.1.6. Hai dng u tin cho thy cc gi yu cu v tr li DNS
c pht i. Nhng dng cn li cho bit v mt kt ni Telnet t mt host bn
trong ti mt host bn ngoi mng.
gii m nhng thng tin hin th ca lnh debug, chng ta da vo nhng im
mu cht sau:
Du * k bn t NAT cho bit s chuyn i ang c thc hin trn
ng chuyn mch nhanh. Gi d liu u tin ca mt phin i thoi
lun c x l chuyn mch nn chuyn mch chm. Cc gi d liu tip
theo c truyn chuyn mch nhanh vi b m, khng cn x l nhiu
nh gi u tin.
504
S=a.b.c.d l a ch ngun.
a ch ngun a.b.c.d c dch sang w.x.y.z.
D=e.f.g.h l a ch ch.
Gi tr trong giu ngoc vung l ch s danh inh IP. Thng tin ny c th
s hu dng v da vo chng ta s tm c nhng gi d liu tng
ng c phn tch t nhng phn mn phn tch giao thc khc.
1.1.7. Nhng vn ca NAT
NAT c nhng u im sau:
Tit kim a ch ng k hp php bng cch cho php s dng a ch
ring.
Tng tnh linh hot ca cc kt ni ra mng cng cng. Chng ta c th trin
khai nhiu di a ch chia ti m bo tin cy ca kt ni mng cng
cng.
Nht qun h s a ch mng ni b. Nu mng khng s dng a ch IP
ring v NAT m s dng a ch cng cng th khi thay i a ch cng
cng, ton b h thng mng phi t li a ch. Chi ph cho vic t li a
ch ton b cc thit bi mng ni b c gi nguyn khi thay i a ch
cng cng.
NAT cng khng phi l khng c nhc im. Khi chuyn i a ch nh vy s
lm mt i mt s chc nng c bit ca giao thc v ng dng c cn n cc
thng tin a ch IP trong gi IP. Do cn phi c thm cc h tr khc cho thit
b NAT.
NAT lm tng thi gian tr. Thi gian tr chuyn mch s ln hon do phi
chuyn i tng a ch IP trong mi d liu. Gi d liu u tin lun phi s l
chuyn mch nn thi gian chuyn mch nhanh hnnu c b m.
505
Hiu sut hot ng cng l mt vn cn c quan tm v NAT c thc hin
trong tin trnh chuyn mch. CPU phi c kim tra tng gi d liu quyt
nh gi d liu c cn chuyn ia ch hay khng. CPU phi thay i phn
gi IP ca gi d liu v cng c ht phi thay c phn ng gi TCP hoc UDP.
Mt nhc im ng k khi s dng NAT l s mt i kh nng truy tm a ch
IP u cui-n-u cui. Vic truy theo gi d liu s tr nn kh hn do gi d
liu thay i a ch nhiu ln qua nhiu trm NAT. Hacker s rt kh khn khi
mun xc nh a ch ngun hoc ch ca gi d liu.
NAT cng lm cho mt s ng dng s dng a ch IP khng hot ng c v
n giu a ch IP u cui-n-u cui. Nhng ng dng s dng a ch vt l
thay v s dng tn min s khng n c ch nm sau router NAT. i khi, s
c ny c th trnh c bng cch nh x NAT c nh.
Cisco IOS NAT h tr cc loi lu lng sau:
ICMP
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), bao gm lnh PPRRT v PV.
Dch v NetBIOS qua TCP/IP, gi d liu, tn v phin giao tip.
RealNetworks RealAudio
White Pines CUSeeMe
Xing Technologies StreamWorks
DNS A and PTR queries
H.323/Microsoft NetMeeting, IOS versions 12.0(1)/ 12.0(1) T v sau .
VDOnets VDOLive, IOS version 11.3(4)11.3(4)T v sau .
VXtremes Web Theater, IOS versions 11.3(4)11.3(4)T v sau .
IP Multicast, IOS version 12.0(1)T ch chuyn i a ch ngun.
Cisco IOS NAT khng h tr cc loi giao thc sau:
506
Thng tin cp nht bng nh tuyn.
Chuyn i vng DNS.
BOOTP
Giao thc talk and ntalk.
Giao thc qun l mng n gin Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
1.2. DHCP
1.2.1. Gii thiu DHCP
Giao thc cu hnh hat ng (DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
lm vic theo ch client-server. DHCP cho php cc DHCP client trong mt
mng IP nhn cu hnh IP ca mnh t mt DHCP server. Khi s dng DHCP th
cng vic qun l mng IP s t hn v phn ln cu hnh IP ca client c ly v
t server. Giao thc DHCP c m t trong RFC 2131.
Mt DHCP client c th chy hu ht cc h iu hnh Windows, Netvell Netae,
Sun Solaris, Linux v MAC OS. Client yu cu server DHCP cp mt a ch cho
n. Server ny qun l vic cp pht a ch IP, s gi tr li cu hnh IP cho client.
Mt DHCP c th phc v cho nhiu subnet khc nhau nhng khng phc v cho
cu hnh router, switch v cc server khc v nhng thit b ny cn phi c a ch
IP c nh.
507
Hnh 1.2.1.a. Client gi trc tip qung b mt yu cu DHCP. Trng hp n
gin nht l c DHCP server nm trong cng subnet vi client, server DHCP ny
s nhn c gi yu cu. Server thy phn GIADDR b trng th bit client nm
trong cng subnet vi server. ng thi server s c a ch vt l (a ch MAC)
ca client.
Hnh 1.2.1.b. Server s ly mt a ch IP trong di a ch tng ng cp cho
client. Sau server dng a ch ca vt l ca client gi gi tr li li cho
client.
508
Hnh 1.2.1.c. H iu hnh trn DHCP client s dng nhng thng tin nhn c
trong gi tr li server cu hnh IP cho client .
Server chy DHCP thc hin tin trnh xc nh a ch IP cp cho client. Client s
dng a ch c cp t server trong mt khong thi gian nht nh do ngi
qun tr mng quy nh. Khi thi ny ht hn th client phi yu cu cp li a ch
mi mc d thng thng client s vn c cp li a ch c.
Cc nh qun tr mng thng s dng dch v DHCP v gii php ny gip qun
l h thng mng d v c kh nng m rng. Cisco router c th s dng Cisco
IOS c h tr Easy IP lm DHCP server. Mc nh , Easy IP cp cu hnh IP
cho client s dng trong 24 ting. C ch ny rt tin li cho cc vn phng nh
hoc nhng vn phng ti nh, ngi s dgn ti nh c th tn dng dihc v
DHCP v NAT ca router m khng cn phi c thm mt server NT hoc UNIX.
Ngi qun tr mng ci t di a ch cho DHCP server cn c th cung cp
nhiu thng tin khc nh a ch DNS server, a ch WINS server v tn min.
Hu ht cc DHCP server u cho php ngi qun tr mng khai bo nhng a
ch MAC no cn phc v v t ng cp cho nhng a ch MAC ny a ch IP
khng thay i mi ln chng yu cu.
DHCP s dng giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) lm giao thc vn
chuyn ca n. Client gi thng ip cho server trn port 67. Server gi thng ip
cho client trn port 68.
509
1.2.2. Nhng im khc nhau gia BOOTP v DHCP
u tin cng ng Internet pht trin giao thc BOOTP cu hnh cho my trm
khng c a. BOOTP c nh ngha trong RFC 951 vo nm 1985. L mt
phin bn i trc ca DHCP nn BOOTP cng c nhiu c im hat ng
tng t nh DHCP. C hai giao thc ny gu da trn c s client-server v s
dng port UDP 67, 68. Hai port ny hin vn c bit n nh l port BOOTP.
Mt cu hnh IP c bn bao gm 4 thng tin sau:
a ch IP.
a ch Gateway.
Subnet mask.
a ch DNS server.
BOOTP khng t ng cp pht a ch IP cho mt host. Khi client yu cu mt
a ch IP, BOOTP server tm trong bng c cu hnh trc xem c hng no
tng ng vi a ch MAC ca client hay khng.Nu c th a ch IP tng ng
s c cung cp cho client. iu ny c ngha l a ch MAC v a ch IP tng
ng phi c cu hnh trc trn BOOTP server.
Sau y l hai im khc nhau c bn gia BOOTP v DHCP:
DHCP cp mt a ch IP cho mt client trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh. Ht khong thi gian ny a ch IP c th c cp cho client khc.
Client c th ly a ch mi hoc vn c th tip tc gi a ch c.
DHCP cung cp cho client nhiu thng tin cu hnh IP khc nh a ch
WINS server, tn min.
510
BOOTP DHCP
nh x c nh gi a ch MAC v
a ch IP
nh x t ng gia a ch MAC v
di a ch IP tng ng.
Cp c nh Cp trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh
Ch cung cp 4 thng tin c bn ca
cu hnh IP
C th cung cp hn 30 thng tin cu
hnh IP
1.2.3. Nhng m chnh ca DHCP
C 3 c ch dng cp phaqst mt a ch IP cho client:
Cp pht t ng DHCP t ng chn mt a ch IP trong di ach c
cu hnh v cp a ch IP c nh, khng thay i cho mt client.
Cp pht c nh a ch IP ca mt client do ngi qun tr mng quyt
nh. DHCP ch truyn a ch ny cho client .
Cp pht ng DHCP cp v thu hi li mt a ch IP ca client theo mt
khong thi gian gii hn.
Trong phn ny chng ta tp trung vo c ch cp pht ng. Mt s thng s cu
hnh c lit k trong IT RFC 1533 l:
Subnet mask
Router
Tn min
Server DNS
WINS server
Chng ta c th to trn DHCP server nhiu di a ch IP v thng s nh trn
tng ng. Mi mt di a ch dnh ring cho mt subnet IP. iu ny cho php
511
c th c nhiu DHCP cng tr li v IP client c th di ng. Nu c nhiu server
cng tr li th client c th chn mt tr li duy nht.
Hnh 1.2.3
1.2.4. Hat ng ca DHCP
Qu trnh DHCP client ly cu hnh DHCP din ra theo cc bc sau:
1. Client phi c cu hnh DHCP khi bt u tin trnh tm cc thnh vin trong
mng. Client gi mt yu cu cho server yu cu cu hnh IP. i khi
client c th ngh trc a ch IP m n mun, v d nh khi n ht thi
gian s dng a ch IP hin ti v mun gia hn thm thi gian. Client s
xc nh c DHCP server bng cch gi gi qung b gi l
DHCPDISCOVER.
2. Khi server nhn c gi qung b, n s tm trong c s d liu ca n v
quyt nh l c tr li c yu cu ny khng. Nu server khng tr li
yu cu th n s gi gi tr li trc tip bng DHCPOFFER v cho client,
trong mi client s dng cu hnh IP ca server. Trong DHCPOFER c
512
th c cc thngtin cho client v a ch IP, a ch DNS server v thi gian
s dng a ch ny.
3. Nu client nhn thy li mi ca server ph hp th n s gi qung b mt
DHCPREQUEST yu cu cung cp nhng thng c c th ca cu hnh
IP. Ti sao lc ny client li gi qung b m n khng gi trc tip cho
server? Do thng ip u tin l DHCPDISCOVER c gi qung b
nn thng ip ny c th s n c nhiu server DHCP khc nhau. Khi
, c th s c nhiu server cng mi mt client chp nhn. Thng thng
li mi m client nhn c u tin s c chp nhn.
4. Server no nhn c DHCPREQUEST cho bit client chp nhn s
dng cu hnh IP m server mi th server s gi tr li trc tip cho
client mt gi DHCPACK. Rt him khi nhng cng c th server s khng
gi DHCPACK v c th cu hnh IP c cp cho client khc ri.
5. Sau khi client nhn c DHCPACK th c th bt u s dng a ch IP
ngay.
6. Nu client pht hin rng a ch IP ny c s dng trong cng mng
ni b vi n th client s gi thng ip DHCPDECLINE v bt u tin
trnh DHCP li t u. Hoc nu client nhn c thng ip DHCPNAK t
server tr li cho thng ip DHCPREQUEST th sau so client cng bt
u tin trnh li t u.
7. Nu client khng cn s dng a ch IP ny na th client gui thng ip
DHCPRELEASE cho server.
513
Hnh 1.2.4.a. Tin trnh hot ng DHCP
Ty theo quy nh ca mi t chc, cng ty, ngi qun tr mng c th cp c
nh cho mt a ch IP nm trong di a ch ca mt DHCP server. Cisco IOS
DHCP server lun lun phi kim tra mt a ch IP c s dng trong mng
hay cha trc khi mi client s dng a ch IP . Server s pht mt yu cu
ICMP echo, hay cn gi l ping, n cc a ch IP nm trong di a ch ca mnh
trc khi gi DHCPOFFER cho client. S lng ping mc nh c s dng
kim tra mt a ch IP l 2 gi v chng ta c th cu hnh con s ny c.
Hnh 1.2.4.b. Th t cc thng ip DHCP c gi i trong tin trnh DHCP.
514
1.2.5. Cu hnh DHCP
Tng t nh NAT, DHCP server cng yu cu ngi qun tr mng phi khai bo
trc di a ch. Cu lnh ip dhcp pool dng khai bo di a ch m server c
th cp php cho host.
Cu lnh u tin, ip dhcp pool, to di a ch vi mt tn c th v t router
vo ch cu hnh DHCP. Trong ch cu hnh DHCP, lnh network c
dng xc nh di a ch c cp pht. Nu trong mng c s dng c nh
mt s a ch IP nm trong di khai bo th chng ra quay tr li ch cu
hnh ton cc.
Chng ra s dng lnh ip dhcp excluded-address cu hnh cho Router loi tr
mt s hoc mt di a ch khi phn phi a ch cho client. Nhng a ch dnh
ring ny thng c cu hnh c nh cho nhng host quan trng v cho cc
cng ca Router.
Hnh 1.2.5. Cu hnh v d mt DHCP server trn router
Thng thng, chng ta cn c th cu hnh thm nhiu thng tin khc ngoi thng
tin v a ch IP cho mt DHCP server. Trong ch cu hnh DHCP, chng ta
dng lnh default-router khai bo cng mc nh gateway, lnh dns-server
khai bo a ch ca DNS server, lnh netbios-name-server dng khai bo cho
WINS server.
515
Dch v DHCP c chy mc nh trn cc phin bn Cisco IOS c h tr dch
v ny. tt dch v ny, chng ta dng lnh no service dhcp v dng lnh ip
service dhcp chy li dch v ny.
Lnh Gii thch
network
network-number
[mask /
/prefix-length]
Khai bo a ch mng v subnet mask tng ung cho di
a ch DHCP. Chiu di bit thuc phn network c th
c khai bo bng subnet mask hoc bng con s th
hin s lng bit, con s ny lun c du x phi (/) ng
trc.
Default-router
Addresss
[address2
Address8]
Khai bo a ch ca cng mc nh gateway cho DHCP
client. Mc d ch cn mt a ch nhng trong cu lnh
ny bn c th khai bo ti 8 a ch.
Dns-server
Address
[address2
Address8]
Khai bo a ch ca DNS server cho DHCP client. Mc
d ch cn mt a ch nhng trong cu lnh ny bn c
th khai bo ti a 8 a ch.
Netbios-name-
Server address
[address2
Khai bo a ch NetBios WINS server cho cc Microsoft
DHCP client. Mc d ch cn mt a ch nhng trong cu
lnh ny bn c th khai bo ti 8 a ch.
516
Address8]
Domain-name
Name
Khai bo tn min cho client.
Lease [days
[hours}
[minutes] /
infinite]
Khai bo khong thi gian cho php client c s dng
mt a ch IP. Thi gian mc nh l mt ngy.
1.2.6. Kim tra hot ng DHCP
kim tra hat ng DHCP, bn dng lnh show ip dhcp binding. Lnh ny s
hin th danh sch cc a ch IP c dch v DHCP cp pht cho cc host no
tng ng.
xem cc thng ip DHCP m router gi i v nhn vo, chng ta dng lnh
show ip dhcp server statistics. Lnh ny s hin th cc thng tin v s lng cc
thng ip DHCP m Router gi i v nhn vo.
Hnh 1.2.6
1.2.7. X l s c DHCP
517
x l s c ca hat ng DHCP server chng ta c th dng lnh debug ig
dhcp server events. Lnh ny s cho bit chu k kim tra ca server xem a
ch IP no ht thi hn c s dng v tin trnh ly li hoc cp pht mt a
ch IP.
Hnh 1.2.7.
1.2.8. Chuyn tip DHCP
DHCP client s dng IP qung b tm DHCP server trong mng ni b. iu g
s xy ra khi server v client khng nm trong cng mt mng v b ngn cch
nhau bi Router? Router khng h chuyn tip gi qung b.
DHCP khng phi l mt dch v quan trng duy nht s dng qung b Cisco
router v cc thit b khc cng s dng qung b tm TFTP server. Mt s
client cn s dng qung b tm TACACS server. TACACS server l mt
server bo v. Thng thng, trong cu trc mng phn cp phc tp, client ny
pht qung b tim server th mc nh l router s khng chuyn cc gi qung
b ra ngoi subnet ca client.
Tuy nhin c nhiu client s khng th hot ng c nu khng c nhng dc v
nh DHCP chng hn, khi phi chon la mt trong hai gii php. Ngi qu tr
mng c th t server cho mi subnet trong mng hoc l s dng c tnh gip
518
a ch ca Cisco IOS. Vic chy cc dich v nh DHCP hay DNS trn nhiu
my tnh s to s qu ti v kh qun tr nn gii php u khng hiu qu. Nu
c th th ngi qun tr mng nn s dng gii php th hai l dng lnh ip
helper-address chuyn tip yu cu qung b cho nhng dch v UDP quan
trng ny.
Khi s dng c tnh gip a ch, router s c th c cu hnh tip nhn
yu cu qung b ca mt dch v UDP v sau chuyn tip yu cu mt cch
trc tip n mt a ch IP c th. Mc nh, lnh ip helper-address c th cho
php chuyn tip yu cu ca 8 dch v UDP sau:
Time
TACES
DNS
BOOTP/DHCP server
BOOTP/DHCP client
TFTP
Dch v NetBIOS name
Dch v NetBIOS datagram
Chng ta xt c th dch v DHCP, client pht qung b gi DHCPDISCOVER ra
mng ni b ca n. Gi qung b ny s n c Gateway chnh l router. Nu
trn router c cu hnh lnh ip helper-address th gi DHCP ny s dc chuyn
tip cho mt a ch IP xc nh. Trc khi chuyn tip gi yu cu ny, Router s
in a ch ca cng Router kt ni vi client vo phn GIADDR ca gi
DHCPDISCOVER. a ch ny s l a ch Gateway cho DHCP client sau khi
client ly c a ch IP.
519
DHCP server nhn c gi DHCPDISCOVER. a vo a ch nm trong phn
GIADDR server s xc nh c Gateway ny tng ng vi di a ch no. Sau
server s ly mt a ch IP cn trng trong di cp cho client.
Hnh 1.2.8.a. Cu trc gi DHCP
Hnh 1.2.8.b. Chuyn tip DHCP
520
Hnh 1.2.8.c. Client A gi qung b DHCPDISCOVER v router chuyn tip yu
cu ny cho server DHCP 192.168.2.254. Trc khi chuyn tip yu cu ny
router in a ch ca cng kt ni vi client A l 192.168.1.1 vo phn GIADDP
ca gi DHCPDISCOVER.
Hnh 1.2.8.d. DHCP server nhn c gi yu cu DHCP t router. Da vo a
ch 192.168.1.1 trong phn GIADDR, server s xc nh c client A nm trong
subnet no v chn mt a ch IP cn trng trong gii a ch tng ng cp
cho client A.. Trong gi tr li ca DHCP server chng ta thy client A c cp
a ch 192.168.1.10.
521
TNG KT
Sau y l nhng im quan trng cn nm trong chng ny:
a ch ring c s dng cho cc mng ring, ni b v khng bao gi
c nh tuyn trn cc Router Internet cng cng.
NAT thay i phn IP header ca gi d liu chuyn i a ch ngun
hoc ch hoc c hai.
PAT s dng mt a ch IP cng cng duy nht cng vi s port nh x
cho nhiu a ch ni b bn trong.
Chuyn i NAT c th c thc hin c nh hoc t ng ty theo mc
ch s dng.
NAT v PAT c th c cu hnh chuyn i c nh, chuyn i ng
v chuyn i overloading.
Lnh clear v show c s dng kim tra hat ng ca NAT v PAT.
Lnh debug ip nat c s dng tm s c ca cu hnh NAT v PAT.
Nhng u im v nhc im ca NAT
DHCP lm vic theo ch client-server, cho php client ly cu hnh IP t
mt DHCP server.
BOOTP l mt phin bn trc ca DHCP v cng c nhiu c im hat
ng ging DHCP nhng BOOTP ch cp pht a ch c nh.
DHCP server qun l di a ch IP v cc thng s tng ng km theo.
Mi mt di a ch tng ng vi mt subnet IP.
DHCP client thc hin 4 bc ly cu hnh IP t server.
DHCP server thng c cu hnh phn phi nhiu a ch IP.
Lnh show ip dhcp binding dng kim tra hat ng ca DHCP.
522
Lnh debug ip dhcp server events c dng tm s c ca DHCP.
Khi DHCP server v client khng nm trong cng mt mng v b ngn cch
bi Router, chng ta dng lnh ip helper-address router chuyn tip yu
cu DHCP.
2.2. Cc cng ngh WAN
2.2.1.Knh quay s (dial-up)
Hnh 2.2.1. Kt ni WAN thng qua modem v mng in thoi.
Modem v ng in thoi quay s dng tn hiu tng t cung cp kt ni
chuyn mch, dung lng thp, ph hp cho nhu cu truyn d liu tc thp, r
tin.
in thoi truyn thng s dng cp ng kt ni t my in thoi ca thu bao
n tng i mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN Public switched
telephone network). Tn hiu truyn i trn ng truyn ny l tn hiu tng t
bin i lin tc truyn ting ni. Do , ng truyn ny khng ph hp vi
tn hiu s nh phn ca my tnh. Modem ti u pht phi thc hin iu ch tn
nh phn sang tnh hiu tng t ri mi a tn hiu xung ng truyn. Modem
ti u thu gii iu ch tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu nh phn nh ban u.
523
c im vt l ca ng truyn v kt ni PSTN khin tc ca tn hiu b hn
ch. Gii hn trn khong 33 kb/giy. Tc ny c th tng ln khong 56
kb/giy nu tn hiu c truyn trc tip qua mt kt ni s.
i vi nhng doanh nhip nh th ng truyn ny ph hp v h ch cn trao
i cc thng tin v bng lng, gi c, cc bo co thng thng v email. Hn
na, h c th s dng cch quay s t ng vo ban m hoc vo ngy ngh cui
tun truyn ti d liu c dung lng ln v lu d liu d phng, v trong
nhng khong thi gian ny mc gi cc thp hn bnh thng. Tng chi ph
cc ph thuc v khong cch gia cc im kt ni, thi gian tr v thi gian
thc hin cuc gi.
u im ca modem v ng truyn tng t l thc hin n gin mi ni,
chi ph thp. Nhc im l tc thp, thi gian thc hin kt ni lu, c thi
gian tr v nghn mch, vic truyn thoi v video khng c tt vi tc thp
nh vy.
2.2.2. ISDN
Cc ng trung k ca PSTN c thay i t tn hiu tng t phn knh theo
tn s sang tn hiu s phn knh theo thi gian (TDM). Bc tip theo l mch
vng ni b kt ni t tng i n thu bao cng truyn tn hiu s. Do , ng
truyn ny c dung lng cao hn.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) l kt ni s TDM. Kt ni ny s
dng cc knh B (Bearer) 64 Kb/giy truyn thoi hoc d liu v mt knh bo
hiu D (Delta) dng thit lp cuc gi v nhiu mc ch khc.
524
Giao tip tc c bn BRI ISDN cung cp hai knh B 64 Kb/giy v mt knh D
16 Kb/giy ph hp cho c nhn, gia nh v cc cng ty nh. Nu nhu cu ln hn
na th chng ta c giao tip PRI ISDN. PRI cung cp 23 knh B 64 Kb/giy v
mt kenh im 64 Kb/giy Bc M, tng tc bit ln ti 1.544 Mb/giy.
Chu u, Australia v nhiu ni khc trn th gii, ISDN PRI cung cp 30 knh B
v mt knh D, tng tc bit ln ti 2,048 Mb/giy. Kt ni T1 c tc PRI
Bc M, kt ni E1 c tc PRI quc t.
Knh im BRI khng c tn dng ht kh nng v n ch c s dng iu
khin cho 2 knh B. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cho php knk D truyn d liu
tc thp, v d nh kt ni X.25 vi tc 9,6 kb/giy.
i vi mng WAN nh th kt ni BRI ISDN l mt kt ni l tng . BRI c
thi gian thit lp cuc gi nh hn mt giy, knh B 64 kb/giy cung cy dung
lng ln hn mt kt ni tng t vi modem. Nu nhu cu dung lng cao hn
th knh B th 2 s c kch hot cung cp tc 128 kb/giy. Mc d nh
vy vn cha ph hp cho truyn video nhng cng cho php thc hin cng
lc nhiu cuc i thoi cng vi cc lung lu lng khc.
Hnh 2.2.a. ISDN
525
Mt ng dng thng thng ca ISDN l cung cp thm dung lng truyn cho
ng truyn thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c s dng chnh, trong
nhng thi im nhu cu dung lng tng cao th ISDN c kch hot h tr
thm. Ngoi ra, ISDN cn c s dng lm ng truyn d phng trong trng
hp ng truyn thu ring gp s c. Chi ph cc ca ISDN c tnh trn tng
knh B v cng tng t nh kt ni thoi quay s.
Vi PRI ISDN, ta c th kt ni hai im vi nhau bng nhiu knh B. Do , ta
c th thc hin c hi ngh truyn hnh (video conference), kt ni d liu tc
cao, khng c thi gian tr v nghn mch, nhng chi ph s cao khi khong
cch gia cc im kh ln
Hnh 2.2.2.b. Cu trc chung ca mng WAN vi ISDN, Router cn phi c cng
giao tip ISDN hoc phi kt ni thng qua b chuyn i giao tip.
2.2.3.ng truyn thu ring (leased line)
Khi cn phi c mt kt ni dnh ring c nh th s dng ng truyn thu
ring vi dung lng c th ln ti 2,5 Gb/giy.
526
Loi Chun Dung lng
56 DS0 56 Kbps
64 DS0 64 Kbps
T1 DS1 1.544 Mbps
E1 ZM 2.048 Mbps
E3 M3 34.064 Mbps
J 1 Y1 2.048 Mbps
T3 DS3 44.736 Mbps
OC-1 SONET 51.84 Mbps
OC-3 SONET 155.54 Mbps
OC-9 SONET 466.56 Mbps
OC-12 SONET 622.08 Mbps
OC-18 SONET 933.12 Mbps
OC-24 SONET 1244.16 Mbps
OC-36 SONET 1866.24 Mbps
OC-48 SONET 2488.32 Mbps
Hnh 2.2.3.a. Cc ng truyn WAN v bng thng tng ng.
Mt kt ni im-n-im thit lp mt ng truyn WAN t v tr ca thu bao
thng qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v n im ch. n truyn im-n-
im ny thn c thu t nh cung cp dch v nn c gi l ng truyn
thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c th c cung cp vi nhiu mc dung
527
lng khc nhau. Gi c ph thuc vo mc bng thng yu cu v khong cch
gia hai im kt ni. ng nhin, gi thu mt ng truyn ring im-n-
im s cao hn nhiu so vi cc ng chia s khc nh Frame Relay. i khi chi
ph cho ng thu ring qu cao so vi nhu cu m ta s dng c. Chi ph ny
s hiu qu hn nu cc kt ni ny c s dng ni nhiu v tr trung tm.
Dung lng c nh c u im l khng c thi gian tr v nghn mch gia hai
im cui, ph hp cho nhiu ng dng nh thng mi in t.
thc hin kt ni thu ring ta cn phi c CSU/DSU v ng truyn t
nh cung cp dch v, router phi c cng Serial, mi cng tng ng vi mt kt
ni.
Hnh 2.3.b. Mng WAN vi ng truyn thu ring.
ng kt ni trc tip thng c s dng kt ni gia cc to nh, cung cp
dung lng truyn c nh. ng truyn thu ring l mt chn la truyn thng
t trc ti nay, tuy nhin n cng c nhiu nhc im. Lu lng WAN lun
bin i nhng dung lng ng truyn c nh. Do , bng thng ng truyn
t khi no bng vi lu lng thc t. Mi router ti mi im cui cn phi c mt
528
cng Serial cho mt kt ni, do chi ph cho thit b s tng thm. Mi ln mun
thay i dung lng ng truyn ta cn phi lin h vi nh cung cp dch v.
ng truyn thu ring cung cp kt ni trc tip im-n-im gia cc LAN
v kt ni nhiu chi nhnh ring l vo mng chuyn mch gi.
2.2.4.X.25
Do ng truyn thu ring c chi ph cao nn cc nh cung cp dch v gii
thiu mng chuyn mch gi s dng ng truyn chia s gim bt chi ph.
Mng chuyn mch gi u tin l mng X.25. X.25 cung cp tc bit thp, dung
lng chia s qua dch v chuyn mch hoc c nh.
X.25 l mt giao thc lp Mng v cc thu bao c cung cp mt a ch mng.
Khi c yu cu t mt tp hp cc a ch, mch o SVC s c thit lp, mi
SVC c phn bit bng mt a ch s knh. Cc gi d liu c dn nhn theo
ch s knh ny, da vo cc gi d liu c truyn n ng a ch mng
ch. Trn mt kt ni vt l c th thit lp nhiu knh truyn.
Thu bao c th kt ni vo mng X.25 bng kt ni thu ring hoc bng kt ni
quay s. Mng X.25 cng c th cung cp knh truyn c nh PVC cho cc thu
bao.
529
Hnh 2.2.4. Mng X25
X.25 c chi ph thp v hiu qu v chi ph cc c tnh theo lu lng d liu
ch khng tnh theo thi gian kt ni v khong cch ca kt ni. D liu c
truyn i vi bt k tc no ln ti mc ti a ca ng truyn. Nhng
mng X.25 thng c dung lng thp, ti a l 48 Kb/giy. Ngoi ra thi gian
truyn gi d liu cng b tr do c trng ca mng chia s.
Cng ngh X.25 t lu khng cn c s dng rng ri. Frame Relay thay
th cho X.25
ng dng thng thy ca X.25 l trn cc my c th tn dng. Ti cc trung
tm thng mi, siu th, khi khach hng s dng th thanh ton th cc my
c th s s dng X.25 lin h vi my tnh trung tm xc nh gi tr ca th,
thc hin giao dch thanh ton. Mt s cng ty cn s dng X.25 trn mng VAN (
Value-add network). VAN l mt mng ring c cc cng ty thu t nh cung
cp dch v thc hin trao i d liu v ti chnh v nhiu thng tin thng mi
530
khc. i vi nhng ng dng ny, bng thng thp v thi gian tr cao khng
phi l vn ln, trong khi chi ph thp li l mt u im ca X.25.
2.2.5. Frame Relay.
Do nhu cu bng thng ngy cng cao v yu cu thi gian chuyn mch gi nhanh
hn, nh cung cp dch v gii thiu Frame Relay, Frame Relay cng hot ng
nh X.25 nhng c tc cao hn, ln n 4 Mb/giy hoc hn na.
Frame Relay c mt s c im khc vi X.25. Trong , im khc bit quan
trng nht l: Frame Relay l giao thc n gin hn, hot ng lp lin kt d
liu thay v lp Mng.
Frame Relay khng thc hin iu khin lung v kim tra li. Do , thi gian tr
do chuyn mch frame gim i.
Hnh 2.2.5. Mng Frame Relay
Hu ht cc kt ni Frame Relay u l kt ni PVC, ch khng phi l SVC. Kt
ni t mng ca khch hng vo mng ca nh cung cp dch v thng l kt ni
thu ring hoc cng c th l kt ni quay s nu nh cung cp dch v c s dng
ng ISDN, Knh D ISDN c s dng thit lp kt ni SVC trn mt hay
531
nhiu knh B. Gi cc Frame Relay c tnh theo dung lng kt ni v dung
lng tho thun trn cc PVC>
Frame Relay cung cp kt ni chia s c bng thng truyn c nh, c th truyn
c c ting ni. Frame Relay l mt chn la l tng cho kt ni gia cc
LAN. Router trong LAN ch cn mt cng vt l, trn cu hnh nhiu kt ni o
VC. Kt ni thu ring kt ni vo mng Frame Relay kh ngn nn chi ph
cng tng i hiu qu khi ni gia cc LAN.
2.2.6. ATM
Cc nh cung cp dch v nhn thy nhu cu cn phi c cng ngh cung cp
mng chi s c nh vi thi gian tr thp, t nghn mch v bng thng cao. Gii
php ca h chnh l ATM (Asychronous Transfer Mode) vi tc 155 Mb/giy.
So vi cc cng ngh chia s khc nh X.25, Frame Relay th s mng WAN
ATM cng tng t.
Hnh 2.2.6. ATM.
ATM l mt cng ngh c kh nng truyn thoi, video v d liu thng qua mng
ring v mng cng cng. ATM c xy dng da trn cu trc t bo (cell) ch
khng da trn cu trc frame. Gi d liu c truyn i trn mng ATM khng
c gi l frame m gi l t bo (cell). Mi t bo ATM lun c chiu di c
nh l 53 byte. T bo ATM 53 byte ny cha 5 byte phn ATM header, tip theo
532
sau l 48 byte ca phn d liu. Tt c cc t bo ATM u c kch thc nh, c
nh nh nhau. Do , khng c cc gi d liu khc ln hn trn ng truyn,
mi t bo u khng phi ch lu. Thi gian truyn ca mi gi l nh nhau. Do
, cc gi n ch cch nhau u n, khng c gi no n qu chm so vi gi
trc. C ch ny rt ph hp cho truyn thoi v video v nhng tn hiu ny vn
rt nhy cm vi vn thi gian tr.
So vi cc frame ln hn ca Frame Relay v X.25 th t bo ATM 53 byte khng
c hiu qu bng. Khi c mt packet ln ca lp Mng cn phi phn on nh
hn th c mi 48 byte phi c 5 byte cho phn ATM header. Cng vic rp cc
phn on li thnh packet ban u ATM switch u thu s phc tp hn. Hn
na, vic ng gi nh vy lm cho ng truyn ATM phi tn nhiu hn 20%
bng thng so vi Frame Relay truyn cng mt lng d liu lp Mng.
ATM cung cp c kt ni PVC v SVC mc d PVC c s dng nhiu hn
trong WAN. Cng nh cc cng ngh chia s khc, ATM cho php thit lp kt ni
o trn mt kt ni vt l.
2.2.7. DSL
Digital Subscriber Line DSL l mt cng ngh truyn bng rng s dng ng
truyn hai dy xon ca h thng in thoi truyn d liu vi bng thng ln
n thu bao dng dch v. K thut truyn bng rng ghp nhiu di tn s khc
nhau trn cng mt ng truyn vt l truyn d liu xDSL bao gm cc cng
ngh DSL nh sau:
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
High Bit Rate DSL (HDSL)
ISDN DSL (IDSL)
Consumer DSL (CDSL), cng c gi l DSL-lite hay G.lite
533
Hnh 2.2.7.a.
Vi cng ngh DSL, cc nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp cho khch hng
dch v mng tc cao trn ng dy thoi cp ng. Cng ngh DSL cho php
ng dy ny thc hin song song ng thi chc nng ca mt kt ni in thoi
v mt kt ni mng thng trc c nh. Nhiu kt ni ca thu bao DSL c
ghp knh vo mt ng kt ni c dung lng cao ti trung tm cung cp dch
v thng qua thit b ghp knh truy cp DSL (DSLAM DSL Access
Multiplexer). Nhiu kt ni DSL ca thu bao c DSLAM tch hp vo mt kt
ni T3/DS3 duy nht. Cc cng ngh DSL hin nay s dng nhiu k thut m ho
v iu ch phc tp t c tc d liu ln n 8,192 Mb/giy.
Knh truyn thoi chun trn ng dy in thoi nm trong di tn 300 Hz n
3,3 KHz. Nh vy, di tn s 4 KHz c dnh truyn thoi trn ng dy
in thoi. Cng ngh DSL s dng di tn cao hn 4 KHz truyn ti d liu.
Bng cch ny thoi v d liu c th c truyn ti song song ng thi trn
cng mt ng truyn.
534
Hnh 2.2.7.b. Mch vng ni b ca h thng in thoi kt ni modem DSL ca
tng thu bao n DSLAM t ti trung tm cung cp dch v. Thoi v d liu s
dng hai di tn s ring bit.
C 2 loi cng ngh DSL c bn l ADSL (Asymmetric DSL DSL bt i xng)
v SDSL (Symmetric DSL DSL i xng). Dch v bt i xng cung cp knh
ti d liu (download) ln hn knh truyn d liu (upload). Dch v i xng
cung cp c hai knh truyn ny c dung lng nh nhau.
Khng phi tt c cc cng ngh DSL u cho php s dng ng dy in thoi.
V d SDSL khng cung cp dch v in thoi trn cng mt ng truyn. Do
phi c ring mt ng truyn cho SDSL.
Cc loi DSL khc nhau cung cp bng thng khc nhau vi dung lng c th
vt qua ng thu ring T1 hoc E1. Tc truyn ph thuc vo chiu di thc
t ca mch vng ni b, loi cp v iu kin i dy cp. dch v c cung
cp tt th mch vng ni b nn ngn hn 5,5 km. DSL thng khng c chn
lm kt ni gia nh ring v h thng mng trong cng ty v thu bao khng th
t nh ring kt ni trc tip vo mng trung tm ca cng ty, m phi thng qua
mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP Internet Service Provider). T y, mt
kt ni IP mi c thc hin thng qua Internet n mng trung tm ca cng
ty. Nh vy rt nguy him v mt bo mt. m bo tnh an ton, dch v DSL
c cung cp kh nng s dng mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network)
kt ni vo server VPN t ti cng ty.
2.2.8. Cable modem
Cp ng trc c s dng rng ri trong cc thnh ph truyn tn hiu truyn
hnh. H thng mng c xy dng da trn h thng cp ng trc ny c bng
thng cao hn so vi h thng mng trn cp ng in thoi.
535
Hnh 2.2.8.a. Cable modem
Cable modem thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu tc cao, s dng cp ng trc
trong h thng mng cp truyn hnh. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cam kt tc
truyn d liu cao gp 6,5 ln ng thu ring T1. Tc ny cho php truyn
c nhanh chng mt lng ln thng tin s bao gm video clip, audio Lng
thng tin cn phi mt 2 pht nu ti bng ng truyn ISDN BRI th by gi ch
mt 2 giy thng qua kt ni cable modem.
Cable modem cng cung cp kt ni thng trc v lp t kt ni ny n gin.
Mt kt ni thng trc cng c ngha l my tnh lun lun ng trc mi nguy
him v mt bo mt, do cn phi c bo v bng bc tng la (firewalls).
m bo v mt an ton, dch v cable modem cng cho php s dng mng
ring o VPN kt ni vo VPN server t ti mng trung tm ca mt cng ty.
Mt kt ni cable modem c dung lng c th ln n 30 40 Mb/giy trn knh
truyn 6 MHz. ng truyn ny nhanh gn gp 500 ln so vi ng truyn
modem thng (56 Kb/giy).
536
Vi cable modem, thu bao vn c th nhn song song ng thi dch v truyn
hnh cp v d liu cho my tnh thng qua mt b phn gii 1-2 n gin.
Hnh 2.2.8.b. Cu trc b phn gii 1-2.
Thu bao cable modem phi s dng ISP lin kt vi nh cung cp dch v truyn
hnh cp. Tt c cc thu bao ni b u chia s cng mt bng thng cp. Do
cng nhiu ngi tham gia vo dch v th lng bng thng cho mi ngi s
gim xung.
537
538
Hnh 2.2.8.c. Cu trc mng cable modem.
2.3. Thit k WAN
2.3.1. Thng tin lin lc bng WAN
WAN l mt tp hp cc ng lin kt d liu kt ni cc router trong cc LAN
khc nhau.
V l do chi ph v php nh nn ch c cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin lin lc
- vin thng mi s hu cc ng truyn d liu ca WAN. Khch hng thu cc
ng lin kt ny kt ni cc mng LAN ca mnh hoc kt ni n cc mng
xa. Tc truyn d liu trong WAN thng thp hn tc 100 Mb/giy trong
LAN. Chi ph thu bao ng truyn l chi ph ln nht cho mt mng WAN. Do
, vic thit k WAN phi m bo cung cp bng thng ln nht trong kh nng
chi tr chp nhn c. i vi ngi s dng, vic cn i gia chi ph v nhu
cu dch v tc cao l mt iu khng d dng.
WAN truyn ti rt nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh d liu, thoi v video. Do
thit k c a ra phi cung cp dung lng, thi gian truyn p ng
c vi yu cu ca ton b h thng. Ngoi ra, ngi thit k cn phi quan tm
n cu trc ca mng ni gia cc trung tm vi nhau, v c tnh t nhin, v
bng thng v kh nng ca cc kt ni ny.
539
Mng WAN c trc y thng bao gm cc ng kt ni gia cc my tnh ln
(mainframe) cch xa nhau. Mng WAN ngy nay kt ni cc LAN xa li vi
nhau. Tt c cc my tnh u cui, server v router nm trong cng mt phm vi
c kt ni vi nhau thng qua LAN v WAN kt ni cc router ca tng LAN
li vi nhau. Thng qua s trao i thng tin a ch lp 3 router c th nh tuyn
cho mi lung d liu. Ngoi ra, router cn cung cp ch qun l cht lng
dch v (QoS) cho php nh tuyn v chuyn mch cc lung d liu khc nhau
vi cc mc u tin khc nhau.
WAN thng ch l tp hp cc kt ni gia cc router lin kt cc LAN vi
nhau, do khng c dch v no thc hin trn WAN. WAN hot ng 3 lp
di ca m hnh OSI. Router quyt nh chn ng n ch cho d liu t
thng tin lp Mng nm trong gi d liu ri sau chuyn gi d liu xung kt
ni vt l tng ng.
540
Hnh 2.3.1.a. Mng WAN trc y v hin nay.
Hnh 2.3.1.b. Cc cng ngh WAN hot ng 3 lp di ca m hnh OSI.
2.3.2. Cc bc trong thit k WAN
Thit k WAN l mt cng vic y th thch, nhng nu thit k theo mt cch
c h thng th chng ta s xy dng c mt mng WAN c hiu sut hot ng
cao vi chi ph thp. Mi khi cn thay i mt mng WAN c sn th chng ta
nn i theo cc bc c ngh di y trong phn ny.
541
Chng ta thng phi thay i mng WAN mi khi cn m rng server WAN,
cng vic kinh doanh thc t c s thay i
Cc cng ty lp t mng WAN thc hin trao i d liu gia cc chi nhnh.
Mng WAN ny phc v cho ton b h thng mng ca cng ty. Chi ph bao gm
nhiu phn, v d trong c chi ph cho thit b v cho vic qun l ng truyn.
Trong thit k WAN, chng ta cn bit trong mng WAN truyn nhng loi lu
lng no, t u n u. WAN c th truyn ti nhiu loi d liu khc nhau vi
yu cu bng thng, tr v ngh mch khc nhau.
Hnh 2.3.2.a. So snh gia cc loi lu lng trong WAN.
n bit thng tin v cc c i loi lu lng trn mi
hng. Quyt nh v nhng c im ny u thuc vo s s dng ca user. Vic
thit k WAN thng l nng cp, m r g hoc thay i mt mng WAN c
mng c.
ng.
D liu Client/Server.
Hng kt ni hay khng hng kt ni.
Kh nng ko di thi gian tr.
Kh nng hot ng ca mng.
Chng ta c im ca m
t
n
sn. Do , c rt nhiu d liu m chng ta cn c trong h s qun l ca
Cc c im ca lu lng mng:
Kt ni v mc dng lu l
542
T l li.
Mc u tin.
Loi giao thc.
Chiu di trung bnh ca gi d liu.
Vic xc nh v tr cc im cui ca kt ni s gip chng ta xy dng s cu
trc WAN. Cu trc ny phi tho mn cc iu kin v a l cng nh cc iu
kin hot ng. Nu iu kin hot ng i hi cao th cn phi c thm cc kt
ni d phng v chia s ti.
Cui cung, chng ta phi quyt nh chi ph lp t v hot ng cho WAN, so
snh chi ph vi nhng li ch m WAN mang li.
Trong thc t cc bc c a ra di y rt t khi l mt qu trnh xuyn sut
lin tc. S c th c nhiu thay i cn thit trc khi kt thc thit k. Sau khi
lp t WAN xong chng ta cng lun ph theo di v nh gi li mng WAN
m bo hiu qu hot ng ca n.
Hnh 2.3.2.b. Cc bc trong thit k WAN
Xc nh v la chn dung lng mng nh th no
543
Thit k WAN thc cht bao gm cc cng vic sau:
La chn cu trc kt ni gia cc v tr khc nhau.
La chn cng ngh cho cc kt ni ny sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ca
ton b h thng v chi ph chp nhn c.
C rt nhiu mng WAN s dng cu trc hnh sao. Khi t chc pht trin hn,
thm mt chi nhnh cn kt ni vo trung tm th khi trin khai thm mt nhnh
cho cu trc hnh sao. i khi cc im cui ca hnh sao c kt ni cho vi
nhau to thnh mng li, to thm nhiu kh nng kt ni. Khi thit k, nh
gi li hoc thay i mng WAN chng ta cn chn ra mt cu trc ph hp vi
yu cu.
Hnh 2.3.3.a. Cu trc hnh sao.
544
Hnh 2.3.3.b. Cu trc hnh li ton phn.
Hnh 2.3.3.c. Cu trc hnh li mt phn.
Khi la chn cu trc, chng ta cn quan tm n mt s yu t. Cng nhiu kt
ni th chi ph cng tng cao, nhng cng c nhiu ng kt ni gia cc im th
tin cy ca mng cng cao. Cng t thm nhiu thit b trn ng truyn d
liu cng lm tng thm thi gian tr v lm gim tin cy. Chng ta c rt nhiu
545
cng ngh khc nhau vi nhng c im khc nhau chn la cho kt ni d
liu.
Cng ngh Yu t tnh cc
ph
Tc bit ti a c im khc
ng thu ring Khong cch,
dung lng
Khng gii hn Dung lng c
nh.
ng in thoi Khong cch, thi
gian
33 56 kb/giy Quay s, kt ni
chm.
ISDN Khong cch,
dung lng
64 hoc 128
Kb/giy
<2 Mb/giy PRI
Quay s, kt ni
nhanh.
X.25 Dung lng. <48 Kb/giy Dung lng c
nh
ATM Dung lng. >155 Mb/giy Dung lng thay
i.
Nhng cng ngh i hi phi thit lp kt ni trc khi truyn d liu, v d nh
ng in thoi, ISDN, X.25, khng ph hp cho mng WAN cn thi gian p
ng nhanh hoc thi gian tr thp. Mt khi c thit lp kt ni th ISDN v
cc dch v quay s khc c thi gian tr thp, t nghn mch. ISDN thng c
chn kt ni cc vn phng nh vo mng trung tm v n cung cp kt ni tin
cy, bng thng ph hp. ISDN cn c s dng lm ng d phng cho ng
kt ni chnh v l kt ni c thit lp theo yu cu chia s ti vi ng kt
ni chnh. Mt u im ca cng ngh ny l thu bao ch phi tr cc ph cho
thi gian ng truyn c thit lp.
Cc chi nhnh ca mt cng ty c th kt ni trc tip vi nhau bng ng thu
ring hoc kt ni vo mng chia s nh X.25, Frame Relay v ATM. ng
truyn thu knh ring ko c xa hn v ng nhin cng t hn nhng n c
th cung cp mi bng thng chng ta mun, thi gian tr v nghn mch rt thp.
546
Mng ATM, Frame Relay v X.25 truyn lu lng ca nhiu khch hng khc
nhau trong cng mt kt ni. Khch hng khng kim sot c s lng ng
kt ni, s lng trm trung gian m d liu phi i qua trong mng chia s, cng
nh khng th iu khin c thi gian ch ti mi trm. Chnh v nhc im v
thi gian tr v nghn mch m cc cng ngh ny khng ph hp vi mt s loi
lu lng mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ny vn thng c chp nhn v cc
mng chia s ny li c u im ln l chi ph r. Khi c nhiu khch hng cng
chia s mt ng kt ni th ng nhin chi ph s thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph
cho mt ng thu knh ring c cng dung lng.
Mc d ATM cng l mt mng chia s nhng n c thit k gim thiu ti
a thi gian tr v nghn mch bng cch s dng cc kt ni tc cao vi mt
n v d liu thng nht, d qun l, gi l t bo. Mi mt t bo ATM ( chnh l
mi gi d liu trong mng ATM) c chiu di c nh l 53 byte, trong 48 byte
d liu v 5 byte cho phn Header. Cc t bo c chiu di nh v nh nhau,
khng c gi no khc ln hn trong mng ATM nn khng c thi gian tr ln
hn gia cc gi. Do , ATM c s dng rng ri cho cc loi lu lng nhy
cm vi thi gian tr. Frame Relay cng c th c s dng cho nhng loi lu
lng nhy cm vi thi gian tr nhng thng phi s dng thm c ch QoS
cu hnh u tin cho nhng loi d liu ny.
Vic chn la cc cng ngh cho WAN thng da trn loi lu lng v dung
lng ca chng. ISDN, DSL, Frame Relay hoc ng thu ring thng c s
dng kt ni cc chi nhnh vo mt trung tm. Frame Relay, ATM hoc ng
thu ring thng c s dng kt ni cc vng m rng vo ng trc
chnh. ATM hoc ng thu knh ring c s dng lm ng trc chnh cho
WAN.
2.3.4. M hnh thit k 3 lp
Vic kt hp mt cch c h thng l rt cn thit khi chng ta cn lin kt nhiu
v tr li vi nhau. Gii php phn cp vi m hnh 3 lp cho chng ta rt nhiu u
im c nu trong bng sau.
547
Kh nng
m rng
Mng c thit k theo m hnh phn cp c th m rng hn
nhiu m khng h lm gim bt mc kim sot v qun l h
thng. Cc chc nng ca h thng mang tnh tp trung v cc li
tim n s c pht hin d dng hn. H thng mng chuyn mch
in thoi l mt v d cho kiu cu trc mng phn cp ln.
D trin
khai
Cu trc phn cp c chc nng r rng cho tng lp nn cng vic
trin khai cng c thc hin d dng hn.
D dng
x l s
c
Vic phn chi chc nng r rng cho mi lp cho php vic xc nh
s c d dng hn. Vic chia h thng mng ra thnh nhiu phn
on gip gim thiu phm vi nh hng ca s c.
Kh nng
d on
Phn ng ca h thng mng c cu trc phn lp hon ton c th
d on c, do vic nng cp h thng cng s to c thun
li hn.
Kh nng
h tr
cc giao
thc
i vi cu trc mng c phn cp th vic tch hp cc ng dng v
giao thc hin ti vi tng lai c th thc hin d dng v c s h
tng mng c t chc theo logic.
Kh nng
qun l
Tt c cc u im c lit k trn u nhm cung cp kh nng
qun l tt hn cho h thng mng.
Chng ta th tng tng mt cng ty ln hot ng trn mi quc gia Chu u
v c chi nhn mi thnh ph c dn s hn 10.000 ngi. Mi chi nhnh l mt
LAN v chng ta cn lin kt cc chi nhnh vi nhau. Mng hnh li r rng l
khng kh thi v chng ta cn ti gn 500.000 lin kt cho 900 im. Mng hnh
sao n cng khng thc hin c v chng ta cn phi c mt router ti v tr
trung tm hnh sao vi 900 cng hoc 1 cng vt l c kh nng thit lp 900 giao
tip o.
548
Thay vo chng ta s thit kt theo m hnh phn cp. Cc mng LAN trong
cng mt vng a l s c lin kt li vi nhau thnh mt vng. Cc vng s
c kt ni vi nhau to thnh mt khu vc. Cc khu vc kt ni vi nhau v
ng vai tr l trc chnh ca mng WAN.
Hnh 2.3.4.a. Cc LAN trong mt vng c kt ni li theo hnh sao v t router
trung tm hnh sao kt ni ra khu vc.
Hnh 2.3.4.b. Mt mng khu vc.
549
Hnh 2.3.4.c. Kt ni mng khu vc vo ng trc chnh.
S lng cc a im c kt ni vi nhau trong mt vng c gii hn trong
khong t 30 n 50. Mi vng c cu trc hnh sao, thit b ti trung tm hnh sao
s kt ni ra khu vc. Mng khu vc c phm vi a l ln, kt ni khong 3 n
10 vng vi nhau. Thit b trung tm ca mng khu vc s kt ni ra trc chnh,
cc kt ni ny c th l kt ni im-n-im.
M hnh 3 lp ny da theo thit k phn cp c s dng trong h thng in
thoi. Lp truy cp l lp kt ni cc im trong cng mt vng v y l im
truy cp vo h thng mng. Lu lng gia cc vng c phn phi bi cc kt
ni trong lp phn phi v ch c chuyn ln ng trc chnh sang khu vc
khc khi cn thit.
Cu trc ny rt hu dng khi cng ty c cu trc chi nhnh v c chia thnh
khu vc, vng, chi nhnh. Cu trc ny cng rt ph hp khi c mt trung tm dch
v m tt c cc chi nhnh u cn phi truy cp vo nhng cp lu lng
khng phn phi trc tip cho tng kt ni ca tng chi nhnh.
550
Trong mng LAN trung tm ca mi vng, chng ta c th t cc server
cung cp dch v ni b. Tu theo mc v loi lu lng m kt ni truy cp c
th l quay s, thu ring hoc Frame Relay. Cu trc Frame Relay cho php thc
hin dng mng li d phng m khng cn phi thm kt ni vt l. Cc kt
ni lp Phn phi (Distribution Layer) c th l Frame Relay hoc ATM v kt
ni trc chnh ( Core Layer) c th l ATM hoc ng thu ring.
2.3.5. Cc m hnh phn lp khc
C nhiu h thng mng li khng i hi phi c cu trc phn cp phc tp 3
lp. Do , chng ta c th s dng dng phn cp n gin hn.
Hnh 2.3.5.a. M hnh phn cp 3 lp.
Mt cng ty c mt s chi nhnh nh vi mc lu lng thp th c th thit kt
theo mt lp. Trc y, m hnh ny khng c ph bin v chiu di ca ng
thu ring l mt yu t ng k. Ngy nay, vi Frame Relay chng ta khng tr
cc ph theo chiu di th gii php thit k ny c th thc hin c.
551
Hnh 2.3.5.b. M hnh phn cp mt lp.
Nu do yu cu a l cn phi tp trung thnh mt s im th chng ta c th p
dng m hnh thit k 2 lp.
Khi thit k mng n gin chng ta vn da theo m hnh ba lp mng c kh
nng m rng v sau. Cc thit b ti trung tm ca lp 2 c coi l trc chnh
mc d khng c router no lp trc chnh (core layer) kt ni vo n. Tng t,
trong thit k mt lp, thit b trung tm cng ng thi l thit b khu vc v thit
b trc chnh. Vi cch thit k phn lp nh vy h thng c th c m rng d
dng sau ny.
2.3.6. Mt s im cn lu khc khi thit k WAN.
Nhiu mng WAN c kt ni ra Internet. y l mt gii php c nhiu vn v
bo mt nhng li l mt cch tt kt ni cc chi nhnh nhiu quc gia khc
nhau.
Trong qu trnh thit k, chng ta phi quant tm n thnh phn i ra v i vo t
Internet. T khi Internet c trin khai khp ni, cc mng LAN ca cng ty c
th trao i d liu theo hai cch. Mi LAN c mt kt ni n ISP trong vng ca
n hoc l t router trung tm c vng thc hin mt kt ni n mt ISP. Cch
th nht c u im l lung lu lng c truyn i trong mng Internet ch
552
khng phi trong mng ca cng ty, do kt ni WAN c th c dung lng nh
hn. Nhng cch ny c mt nhc im l c h thng mng cng ty c phi
ra cho cc tn cng t Internet. Khi c nhiu kt ni nh vy th vic theo di v
qun l cng gp kh khn. Mt kt ni n t router trung tm ca vng ra
Internet s d dng theo di v bo v hn v nh vy mng WAN ca cng ty s
phi thc hin truyn ti lu lng nhiu hn.
Hnh 2.3.6. S dng Internet nh mng WAN ca cng ty.
Nu mi LAN trong mng c mt kt ni Internet ring th Internet c th c s
dng nh mng WAN ca cng ty , trong lu lng gia cc chi nhnh c
truyn i trong Internet. Vic bo v cc mng LAN s l mt vn nhng chi
ph tit kim c do khng phi xy dng mng WAN ring s c dnh chi
tr cho vn bo mt.
Server nn c t gn ni thng xuyn truy cp vo n nht. Cc thng tin
tr li, cp nht ca server s lm gim dung lng hiu dng ca ng truyn.
V tr t dch v truy cp Internet ph thuc vo c tnh ca bn thn mi dch
v, mi loi lu lng v yu cu v bo mt. Lnh vc ny l mt ch c bit
nm ngoi phm vi ca gio trnh ny.
553
TNG KT
Sau ay l cc im chnh ca chng ny:
S khc nhau v phm vi a l gia WAN v LAN.
Cc lp hot ng ca WAN v LAN trong m hnh OSI.
554
CHNG 3: GIAO THC IM NI IM
(Point to Point Protocol)
GII THIU
Chng ny cung cp cho bn c mt ci nhn tng qut v cng ngh WAN.
Trong chng ti gii thiu v gii thch cc thut ng WAN nh truyn ni tip,
phn knh theo thi gian (TDM Time Division Multiplexing), im ranh gii,
DTE Data Terminal Equipment, DCE Data Circuit terminating Equipment. S
pht trin v ng dng ca giao thc ng gi HDLC (High-level Data Link
Control) cng nh phng php cu hnh v x l s c cng Serial trn router
c trnh by trong chng trnh ny.
PPP (Point to Point Protcol) l mt giao thc thng c chn trin khai
trn mt kt ni WAN ni tip. PPP c th thc hin c
Thong tin lien lien lc thng tin lin lc ng b, bt ng b v pht hin li.
Quan trng nht l PPP c qu trnh xc minh s dng CHAP hoc PAP. PPP c
th s dng c trn nhiu mi trng vt l khc nhau bao gm cp xon, cp
quan v truyn qua v tinh.
Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu v qu trnh cu hnh v x l s c cho
PPP
Sau khi hon t t ch ng n y cc b n c th th c hi n c:
Gi i th ch s truy n n i ti p
M t v cho v d v TDM
x c nh i m ranh gii trong mng WAN
M t ch c n ng c a DTE v DCE
Tr nh b y s ph t tri n c a giao th c ng g i HDLC
S d ng s ph t tri n c a giao th c ng g i HDLC
S d ng l nh encapsulation hdlc c u h nh HDLC
X l s c tr n c ng S erial b ng l nh sh ow int erface v sh ow c ontroller
555
X c nh nh ng u i m khi s d ng PPP
Gi i th ch ch c n ng c a hai th nh ph n trong PPP :LCP ( Link C
ontrol Protocol ) v NCP (Net work C ontrol Protocol)
M t c u tr c frame PPP
X c nh 3 qu tr nh c a m t phi n giao ti p PPP
Gi i th ch s kh c nhau gi a PAP v CHAP
Li t k c c b c c a qu tr nh x c minh PPP
C u h nh PPP v i nhi u ch n l a kh c nhau
C u h nh ki u ng g i PPP
C u h nh qu tr nh x c minh Chap va PAP
S d ng l nh Sh ow int erface ki m tra ki u ng g i tr n c ng S
erial
X l c c s c lin quan n cu hnh PPP bng lnh debug PPP
3.1. Lin kt ni tip im-n-i
3.1.1.Gii thiu v truyn ni tip
Cc cng ngh WAN u da trn c s truyn ni tip lp Vt l. iu ny c
ngha l cc bit trong mt frame c truyn ln lt trn ng truyn vt l
Mi bit trong frame Lp 2 c m ho thnh tn hiu v c truyn ln
lt xung mi trng tryn vt l. Cc phng php m ho n hiu lp
Vt l bao gm NRZ-L (Nonreturn to Zezo Level), HDB3(High Density
Binary) v AMI ( cc phng php m ho tn hiu khc nhau. Sau y l
mt s cc chun truyn ni tip khc nhau
556
RS-232-E
V.35
High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
3.1.2 Phn knh theo thi gian (TDM- Time Division Multiplexing)
Phn knh theo thi gian TDM l truyn nhiu ngun thong tin trn cng mt tn
hiu, sau li tch ra thnh cc ngun ring bit nh ban u ti im cui
V d nh hnh 3.1.2.a chng ta c 3 ngun thong tin khc nhau a vo cng mt
knh. Mi ngun thng tin c truyn lun phin, n v d liu. n v d liu
ny c th l mt bit hoc mt byte. Tu theo n v l bit hay byte m loi TDM
ny c gi l chn bit hay chn byte.
Mi ngun thng tin u vo c mt dung ng ring ca n. c th truyn
thng tin cho c 3 ngun th dung lng ca knh truyn khng c thp hn
tng dung lng ca 3 u vo.
Trong TDM cc khe thi gian lun lun tn ti cho d khng c d liu truyn
vo. TDM c th c v nh mt xe la c 3 toa xe. mi toa xe thuc s hu ca
mt cng ty v mi ngy xe la u cy vi 32 toa. Nu cng ty no c hang gi i
th toa xe ca cng ty y. Nu cng ty no khng c g gi i th toa xe
trng nhng vn hin din trong on tu
557
TDM l mt khi nim lp Vt l, n khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca thng
tin c ghp vo knh truyn v cng khng ph thuc vo cc giao thc lp 2
c s dng trn cc u vo.
Mt v d cho TDM l ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). ISDN BRI c
3 knh truyn, bao gm 2 knh B 64Kb/giy v mt knh D 16Kb/giy. TDM c 9
khe thi gian c chia ra nh trong hnh3.1.2b.
3.1.3 im ranh gii
im ranh gii l im m trch nhim ca nh cung cp dch v trong mng kt
thc. M nh cung cp dch v cung cp mng vng ni b n v tr ca khch
hang v khch hang kt ni thit b ca mnh nh CSU/DSU vo im cui ca
mch vng d liu ny. Khch hang phi chu trch nhim bo tr, thay th hay sa
cha thit b ca mnh
cc nc khc trn th gii th cng ty khai thc dch v s cung cp v qun l
n v kt cui mng NTU (network terminating unit). Nh vy nh cung cp dch
v c th qun l v x l s c vi im ranh gii nm sau NTU. Khch hng kt
ni thit b CPE ca mnh, v d nh router, thit b truy cp Frame Relay vo
NTU bng cng Serial V3.5 hoc RS -232
558
3.1.4 DTE/DCE
Mt kt ni tip c mt u l thit b DTE v u kia l thit b DCE. Kt ni
gia hai DCE chnh l mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch v CPE thng thng l
router ca khch hang ng vai tr l DTE
My tnh, my in, my fax cng l nhng v d cho thit b DTE, DCE, thng
thng l moderm hoc CSU/DSU l thit b chuyn i tn hiu t DTE sang
dng tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn trong mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch
v. Tn hiu ny c thit b DCE u bn kia nhn c v li c chuyn
i thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi DTE v c truyn cho DTE
559
Chuyn giao tip DTE/DCE nh ngha cc c im sau:
Cu trc vt l: s lng chn v hnh dng ca u kt ni
in : nh ngha mc in th cho tn hiu 0 v 1
Chc nng: quy c chc nng ngha ca tng ng tn hiu trong
cng kt ni
Th tc: quy c th t cc bc trong truyn d liu
Nu hai DTE cn phi kt ni trc tip vi nhau ging nh hai my tnh hoc hai
router th chng ta cn s dng mt loi cp c bit gi l cp null-moderm
thay th cho DCE. i vi kt ni ng b th cn phi c tn hiu ng b, khi
chng ta cn phi c thm mt thit b bn ngoi hoc mt trong hai thit b DTE
phi pht c tn hiu ng b
Cng Serial ng b trn router c cu hnh l DTE hay DCE l tu theo u
cp cm vo cng l DTE hay DCE. Cu hnh mc nh ca cng Serial l
DTE. Nu cng Serial c cu hnh l DTE th CSU/DSU hoc thit b DCE kt
ni vo cng ny phi pht tn hiu ng b
Cp cho kt ni DTE DCE l cp ni tip c lp bc chng nhiu. u cp kt
ni vo cng Serial trn Router l u DB-60. ukia ca cp theo chun no l
tu theo CSU/DSU hay nh cung cp dch v WAN. Thit b Cisso c h tr cc
chun kt ni sau: EIA/TIA-32, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21 v EIA/TIA-530
560
Cisso cng gii thiu loi cp Smart Serial vi nhy cao hn v kiu dng
nh gn hn . u cp Smart Serial cm vo cng Serial trn router ch c 26 chn
tn hiu nh gn hn so vi u DB-60
3.1.5 ng gi HDLC
Truyn ni tip t c s trn giao thc hng bit. Giao thc hng bit tuy
c hiu qu hn nhng thng mang tnh c quyn. Nm 1979, ISO
chp thun HDLC l giao thc chun hng bit ca lp Lin kt d liu)
cho ISDN
Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod emsthc hin ng gi d liu cho ng truyn
ni tip ng b. S chun ho ny gip cho cc t chc khc p dng v m
rng giao thc ny. T nm 1981, ITU-T pht trin mt lot cc phin bn ca
HDLC. Sau l mt v d, nhng giao thc ny c gi l giao thc truy cp
ng lin kt:
Link Aceess Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) cho X.25\
Link Aceess Procedure on the D channel (LAPD) cho ISDN(
Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod ems (LAPM) and PPP cho mod ems
Link Acc ess Proced ure f or Frame Relay (L APF) cho Frame Relay
HDLC cung c p c ch truyn ng b khng c li gia hai im. HDLC nh
ngha cu trc frame Lp 2 cho php iu khin lung theo c ch ca s trt,
kim tra li v bo nhn. Frame d liu hay frame iu khin u c cng mt nh
dng frame
561
Chun HDLC khng h tr nhiu giao thc trn mt ng kt ni, ng thi cng
khng c thng tin cho bit giao thc lp trn no ang c truyn trn ng
truyn. Cisso c gii thiu mt phin bn HDLC c quyn ring. Frame Cisso
HDLC c phn type cho bit giao thc lp trn ca ca frame. Nh c phn ny
m nhiu giao thc lp Mng c th chia s cng mt ng truyn ni tip .
HDLC l giao thc Lp 2 mc nh trn cng Serial ca Cisso router
HDLC nh ngha 3 loi frame mi loi c nh dng phn iu khin khc nhau
Frame thng tin (I-Frames Information frames): l frame mng d liu ca
my truyn. Trong frame thng tin c chn thm phn iu khin lung v
li.
Frame gim st (S-Frames Supervisory frames): cung cp c ch hi p
khi c ch chn thng tin trong I-Frame khng c s dng.
Frame khng nh s (U-Frames Unnumbered frames):thc hin chc
nng b sung iu khin kt ni nh thit lp kt ni. Phn code trong
frame s xc nh loi frame l U-frame
Mt hoc hai bit u tin ca phn Cotrol cho bit loi frame. Trong frame thng
tin phn nay c ch s ca gi gi k tip v gi nhn k tip. Trong frame pht i
ca my gi v my nhn u c hai ch s ny
3.1.6 Cu hnh ng gi HDLC
562
Ki ng gi mc nh trn cng Serial ng b ca thit b Cisco l Cisco
HDLC. Nu cng Serial c cu hnh kiu ng gi khc v by gi cn quay
li kiu ng gi HDLC th chng ta vo ch cu hnh cng Serial tng ng.
Sau dung lnh encapsulation khai bo giao thc ng gi HDLC cho cng
Router (config if)#encapsulation hdlc
Cisso HDLC l giao thc im ni im c s dng trn ng truyn ni tip
gia hai thit b Cisso. Nu kt ni vi mt thit b khng phi ca Cisco th chng
ta nn chn PPP
3.1.7 X l s c trn cng Serial
Kt qu hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial cho bit cc thng tin v cng
serial. Khi cng serial c cu hnh kiu ng gi HDLC th chng ta s c thy
dng Encapsulation HDLC trong kt qu hin th ca lnh ny
Nu cng serial c cu hnh PPP th chng ta s c thy dng
Encapsulation PPP nh trong hnh 3.1.7b
563
Sau y l 5 trng thi s c m chng ta c th xc nh c thng qua kt qu
hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial
Serial x is down, line protocol is down
Serial x is up, line protocol is down
Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped)
Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled)
Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down
Trng thi
ng kt ni
iu kin c th
xy ra
S c/ Gii php
Serial x is up,
line protocol is
up
y l trng thi hot
ng tt ca ng
truyn
Khng cn phi lm g c
Serial x is
down, line
Router khng gi tn
hiu CD, c ngha CD
1.Kim tra LED trn CSU/DSU xem
CD c hot ng hay khng, hoc
564
protocol is
down (du
DTE)
khng hot ng. C
th s c xy ra do
pha nh cung cp dch
v WAN, kt ni
khng thc hin hoc
cha c kt ni vo
CSU/DSU
Cp b li hoc kt ni
khng ng
Li phn cng
(CSU/DSU)
s dng thit b o trn ng dy
xem c tn hiu CD hay khng.
2. Kim tra cp v kt ni c theo
ng hng dn lp t hay khng
3. S dng thit kim tra mi dy
cp.
4. Lin h vi nh cung cp dch v
kim tra v tr xy ra s c.
5. Thay th phn b s c.
6. Nu nghi ng phn cng router b
h hng th nn chuyn kt ni
sang cng khc. Nu s c khng
xy ra na th c ngha l cng kt
ni trc b h.
Serial x is up,
line protocol is
down (du
DTE)
Router ni b hoc
router u bn kia b
cu hnh sai.
Router u bn kia
khng gi thng ip
Keepalives
C th s c xy ra do
pha nh cung cp dch
v, ng truyn b
nhiu hoc switch b
cu hnh sai.
Vn v ng b xy
ra trn cp, SCTE
Serial clock transmit
1. t modem, CSU hoc DSU vo
ch loopback v dng lnh show
interfaces serial xem line
protocol is up, c ngha l s c do
pha nh cung cp dch v WAN
hoc router u bn kia b s c.
2. Nu c v nh s c xy ra
bn kia th chng ta lp li bc 1
u bn kia
3. Kim tra mi dy cp, chng ta
cn chc chn rng mi dy cp
c kt ni vo ng cng, ng
CSU/DSU vo ng im cui ca
mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch
v.Chng ta s dng lnh show
565
external cha c ci
t trn CSU/DSU.
SCTE c thit k
b xung cho s lch
ph ng h trn cp
di.
Thit b DCE s dng
SCTE thay v xung
ng h bu bn trong
thit b DCE
CSU/DSU ni b hoc
u bn kia b s c.
Phn cng ca router
ni b hoc router u
bn kia b h
controllers xc nh cp no ang
c cm vo cng no
4. S dng lnh debug serial
interface.
5. Nu vn cn trng thi line
protocol is down trong ch
loopback bc 1 v kt qu hin
th ca lnh debug serial interface
cho thy s lng Keepalive khng
tng ln th kh nng ln l li phn
cng ca router . Kt ni loopback
cho cng ang kt ni trn router
6. Nu line protocol is up, s lng
Keepalive tng ln th s c khng
nm trn router ni b
7. Nu nghi ng s c do phn cng
router th chng ta i kt ni ln
cng khc cn trng. Nu kt ni
hot ng c c ngha l cng
trc b h
Serial x is up
line protocol is
down (du
DCE)
Thiu lnh cu hnh
clokrate cho cng.
Thit b DTE khng h
tr hoc cha c cu
hnh cho ch SCTE
.CSU hoc DSU u
bn kia b h
1.Thm lnh cu hnh clokrate cho
cu hnh cng serial
2. Clockrate bps
3. Tham s bps c th l :
1200,2400,4800,9600,19200,38400,
56000,64000,72000,125000,148000,
250000,500000,800000,1000000,
1300000,2000000,8000000.
566
4. Nu c v nh s c xy ra u
bn kia kt ni th chng ta thc
hin li bc 1 modem, CSU hoc
DSU u bn kia
5. Kim tra xem cp c kt ni ng
khng.
6. Nu vn cn trng thi line
protocol is down, s c c th l
phn cng hoc do cp
Chng ta s dng thit b kim tra
cp
7. Thay th phn b h khi cn thit
Serial x is up
line protocol is
up (looped)
Tn ti mch lp vng.
Khi mch lp vng bt
u c pht hin, ch
s th t ca gi
Keepalive thay i
ngu nhin. Nu ch s
nhn li cng ging vi
ch s gi i th c
ngha l ang tn ti
mch lp vng
1. S dng lnh show running-
confif kim tra xem c lnh no
cu hnh cho cng lm loopback hay
khng
2. Nu c lnh loopback trong cu
hnh ca cng giao tip th chng ta
dng lnh no loopback xo lnh
ny khi cu hnh
3. Nu khng c lnh cu hnh
loopback th chng ta kim tra
CSU/DSU xem thit b ny c b
cu hnh bng tay vo ch
loopback hay khng. Nu c th
chng ta tt ch ny i
4.Sau khi tt ch loopback trn
CSU/DSU, chng ta khi ng li
CSU/DSU v xem li trng thi
567
ng lin kt. Nu Line protocol is
up th khng cn lm g na
5. Nu CSU/DSU khng th cu
hnh bng tay c th chng ta nn
lin h vi nh cung cp dch v
yu cu h tr x l s c trn
ng truyn
Serial x is up
line protocol is
down (disable)
T l li cao ang xy
ra do s c pha nh
cung cp dch v.
S c phn cng ca
CSU hoc DSU.
Phn cng router
khng tt
1.S dng thit b kim tra v phn
tch ng truyn. Kim tra tn hiu
CTS v DSR
2. Ngn mch CSU/DSU. Nu s c
vn cn th c ngha l s c phn
cng. Nu khng cn s c th s c
l do pha nh cung cp dch v.
3. Thay th nhng thit b c s c
(CSU, DSU, Switch, router)
Serial x is
administratively
down, line
protocol is
down
Trong cu hnh cng
ca router c lnh
shutdown.
B trng a ch IP
1. Kim tra cu hnh cng router
xem c lnh shutdown hay khng
2. Nu c th dng lnh no
shutdown xo b lnh ny ra khi
cu hnh
3. Kim tra cu hnh a ch IP bng
lnh show running config hoc
show interfaces
4. Nu c trng a ch th thay th
a ch IP khc
Lnh show controllers l mt cng c rt hu ch khi x l s c trn kt ni serial.
Kt qu hin th ca lnh show controllers cho bit trng thi ca cng, cp no
hin ang kt ni vo cng. V d nh trong hnh 3.1.7.c cng Serial 0/0 c kt
568
ni vi u cp V.35 DTE. Tu theo cc phin bn router khc nhau m cu trc
cu lnh ny c khc nhau
V d khi chng ta cn xem thng tin v cng Serial trn router Cisco 7000 th
dng lnh show controllers cbus
Nu trong kt qu hin th ca cu ln ny cho thy cng giao tip l UNKNOWN
thay v l V.35, EIA/TIA 449 hay mt chun c th no khc, th s c c th l
do kt ni cp khng ng, Khi kt qu hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial
(X) s cho thy interface is down, line protocol is down.
3.2 Qu trnh xc minh trong PPP
3.2.1. Cu trc phn lp ca PPP
PPP s dng cu trc phn lp. Cu trc phn lp l m hnh giao tip logic gia
cc lp. M hnh OSI l mt v d v m hnh phn lp trong mng. PPP cung cp
cch ng gi ph hp cho nhiu gi d liu ca nhiu giao thc khc nhau
truyn trn mt ng truyn im-ni-im, ng thi PPP s dng lp lin kt
d liu kim tra kt ni. Do PPP c chia thnh hai giao thc con:
569
Giao thc iu khin ng truyn LCP (Link Control Protocol): c s
dng thit lp kt ni im - ni - im
Giao thc iu khin lp mng NCP (Network Control Protocol): c s
dng cu hnh cho nhiu giao thc lp Mng khc nhau
PPP c th c cu hnh trn nhiu loi cng vt l nh sau:
Cng truyn ni tip bt ng b (Asynchronous serial)
Cng truyn ni tip ng b (Synchronous serial)
High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI).
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
LCP nm ngay trn lp Vt l, c s dng thit lp, cu hnh v kim tra kt
ni theo nhng yu cu sau
Thc hin xc minh: Yu cu nay i bn thit lp kt ni phi cung cp thng
tin cho bit c c php ca ngi qun tr mng thit lp kt ni hay khng.
Hai router hai u kt ni s thc hin qu trnh xc minh bng PAP hoc Chap
Nn: Thc hin yu cu nn frame khi truyn kt ni PPP s gip tng thng
lng ca ng truyn, gim lng d liu phi truyn trn ng dy. Ti
u nhn frame d liu s c gii nn. Router Cisco c h tr hai giao
thc nn l Stacker v Predictor
Pht hin li: C ch pht hin li ca PPP thc hin qu trnh kim tra
iu kin ng truyn. Ch s Quality Magic gip xc nh vng lp v
tin cy ca ng truyn.
Ghp knh (Multilink PPP):Cisco IOS phin bn 11.1 tr i cho php thc
hin ghp knh PPP trn cng ca router thc hien chia s ti
PPP Callback: gia tng kh nng bo mt, Cisco IOS phin bn 11.1 tr
i cho php thc hin chc nng gi li trn kt ni PPP. Cisco router
ng vai tr l callback client hoc callback server. Callback client thit lp
570
mt cuc gi yu cu callback server gi li cho n ri kt thc ngay cuc
gi ny. Sau callback server thc hin g li cho client da trn cu hnh
ca n.
LCP cn thc hin nhng vic sau:
Kim soat cc gii hn khc nhau v kch thc gi d lieu
Pht hin li cu hnh
Kt thc ng truyn
Kim tra xem ng truyn hot ng tt hay b h hng
PPP cho php nhiu giao thc lp mng khc nhau hot ng trn cng mt ng
truyn. i vi mi giao thc lp Mng c s dng, PPP cung cp mt NCP
ring bit. V d : IPCP (IP Control Protocol) s dng cho giao thc IP, IPXCP
(Novell IPX control Protocol) s dng cho IPX. NCP c m s chun cho bit giao
thc lp mng no ang c ng gi trong frame PPP
Sau y l cc phn trong frame PPP
C: Cho bit bt u kt thc mt frame, phn ny bao gm chui nh phn
0111110
a ch: Cha a ch qung b 11111111. PPP khng n nh a ch ring
cho trm ch v kt ni PPP l kt ni im-ni-im
iu khin : Chiu gi 1 byte c gi tr l 00000011,thc hin dch v
truyn thng kt ni, tng t nh LLC (Logical Link Control) loi 1,
truyn d liu khng theo th t frame
Giao thc:Chiu gi 2 bte cho bit giao thc lp trn no c d liu c
ng gi trong frame
D liu: C chiu di >=0 byte, cha ton b d liu ca lp trn. Kt thc
phn d liu l c kt thc v tip theo sau l 2 byte ca phn FCS. Chiu
di ti a mc nh ca phn d liu l 1500 byte
FCS: Thng di 2 byte c s dng kim tra li frame
3.2.2. Thit lp mt phin kt ni PPP
571
Mt phin kt ni PPP c thit lp sau 3 giai on: giai on thit lp kt ni,
giai on xc minh v giai on cu hnh giao thc lp Mng. Frame LCP c s
dng thc hin cc cng vic trong mi giai on. Sau y l cc loi frame
LCP c s dng trong phin kt ni PPP
Frame thit lp kt ni: c s dng thit lp v cu hnh kt ni
Frame kt thc kt ni : c s dng kt thc kt ni
Frame duy tr kt ni c s dng qun l v iu chnh ng truyn
Sau y l 3 giai on thit lp mt phin kt ni PPP:
Giai on thit lp kt ni;Trong giai on ny mi thit b PPP gi i
frame LCP cu hnh v kim tra kt ni.Trong frame LCP c cha cc
thng tin cc thit b c th tho thun v thc hin cc cu hnh cho
ng truyn, v d: n v truyn ti a (MTU Maximum transmission
unit), nn d liu v giao thc xc minh. Nu khng c thng tin g nm
trong gi LCP th ng truyn s c thit lp theo cc thng s mc
nh. ng truyn phi c m ln v cu nh xong trc khi c th
truyn cc gi d liu lp Mng. Qu trnh ny dc kt thc khi thng tin
xc nhn cu hnh c gi v nhn xong.
Giai on xc minh:(Giai on ny khng bt buc phi c ) Sauk hi
ng truyn c thit lp v giao thc xc minh c chn xong,
thit b hai u kt ni thc hin xc mnh vi nhau. Qu trnh xc minh
c thc hin trc khi chuyn sang giai on cu hnh giao thc lp
Mng. Trong giai on ny LCP cng thc hin kim tra cht lng ng
truyn.
Giai on cu hnh giao thc lp mang Trong giai on ny cc thit b
PPP gi gi NCP chn la v cu hnh cho mt hay nhiu giao thc lp
Mng, v d nh giao thc IP. Khi mi giao thc lp Mng c cu hnh
xong th gi d liu ca giao thc c th c truyn i trn ng
truyn. Kt qu ca lnh show interfaces s cho bit trng thi ca LCP v
NCP trong cu hnh PPP
Mt kt ni PPP s c duy tr cho n khi:
Frame LCP hay LCP ng ng truyn
Thi gian ch ht hn
S can thip ca ngi s dng
3.2.3 Giao thc xc minh PPP
572
Giai on xc minh ca mt phin kt ni PPP l khng bt buc. Sauk hi ng
truyn c thit lp v giao thc xc minh c chn th hai thit b hai
u kt ni thc hin xc minh vi nhau. Qu trnh xc minh c thc hin trc
khi giai on cu hnh giao thc lp Mng bt u.
Khi thc hin xc minh, bn thit lp kt ni c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin
xc minh quyn thit lp kt ni. Hai router hai u kt ni s trao i vi
nhau cc thng ip xc minh
Khi cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP, ngi qun tr mng c th chn giao thc
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) hay CHAP (Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol). Ni chung Chap l giao thc thng c ngh hn
3.2.4 PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
PAP cung cp mt c ch xc minh n gin s dng qu trnh bt tay 2 bc.
Sauk hi giai on thit lp kt ni PPP hon tt, cp username/password c
router u xa gi i nhiu ln trn ng truyn cho n khi c xc nhn
hoc kt ni b xa.
PAP khng phi l mt giao thc xc minh manh. Password c gi i nguyn
mu trn ng truyn. Do khng c g kh khn i vi cc loi tn cng
Playback hoc repeated trial-and-error. Router u xa ch c kim tra mt ln
khi truy nhp
3.2.5 CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
Chap c s dng khi khi ng ng truyn v sau kim tra router u xa
theo nh k vi qu trnh bt tay 3 bc. CHAP c thc hin lc bt u thit
lp kt ni v lun c lp lai trong sut qu trnh kt ni c duy tr.
573
Sau khi giai on thit lp kt ni PPP hon tt, router trung tm gi mt thng
ip th thch cho router u xa. Router u xa s dng thng ip ny vi
password ca n thng qua thut ton MD5 (Message Digest ) to ra mt thng
ip tr li. Router u xa gi thng ip tr li ny cho router trung tm. Router
trung tm s dng thng ip tr li tnh toan ra mt gi tr. Nu gi tr ny
ng vi thng ip th thch ban u th thng tin xc minh c xc nhn nu
khong th kt ni s b xo ngay
Chap chng c kiu tn cng Playback v gi tr ca thng ip th thch l
ngu nhin hon ton khc nhau gia mi ln gi v khng th on c. Do
gi tr ca thng ip tr li cng ngu nhin v ring bit. Vic xc minh c
thc hin lp i lp li gii hn thi gian tm ra mt m ca cc t tn cng
n l
3.2.6 Qu trnh thc hin xc minh PPP
Sauk hi nhp lnh encapsulation ppp thi bn c th thm cu hnh cho qu trnh
xc minh PAP hoc Chap. Nu khng cu hnh qu trnh xc minh th phin kt ni
PPP c bt u ngay . Nu bn c cu hnh cho qu trnh xc minh th s din ra
nh sau:
Xc nh giao thc xc minh
Kim tra c s d liu tm cp username/password tng ng
574
Nu tn hiu tr li t c s d liu l ng th phin kt ni PPP c bt
u nu khng th s b xo ngay
575
3.3 Cu hnh PPP
3.3.1 Gii thiu cu hnh PPP
Cu hnh PPP bao gm cc thng tin v : phng php xc minh, nn d liu pht
hin li c ghp knh hay khng
Cc thnh
phn cu hinh
PPP
Chc nng Giao
thc
Lnh cu hnh
576
Qu trnh xc
minh
Qu trnh xc minh yu cu
bn thit lp kt ni cung cp
thng tin xc minh quyn
thc hin kt ni . Hai router
hai bn u kt ni trao i
thng ip xc minh. C hai
giao thc thc hin xc minh
l PAP v CHAP
PAP
CHAP
Ppp
Authentication
Pap
Ppp
Authentication
Chap
Nn d liu Nn d liu gip tng thng
lng ng truyn PPP
bng cch gim lng d liu
c truyn i trn ng
truyn. Frame s c gii
nn u nhn. Hai giao thc
nn d liu chy trn router
Cisco l Stacker v Preditor
Stacker
Predictor
Compress stac
Compress
Predictor
Pht hin li C ch pht hin li ca PPP
thc hin qu trnh kim tra
iu kin ng truyn. Ch
s Quality Magic gip xc
nh vng lp v tin cp
ca ng truyn
Multilink Phin bn Cisco IOS 11.1 tr
i c h tr giao thc ghp
knh MP (Multilink protocol)
Giao thc ny cho php chia
s ti trn cc cng ca router
ang s dng PPP. MP ct
gi d liu thnh nhiu phn
on c nh s th t v
truyn trn cc knh song
song. Cc knh PPP ny hot
MP Ppp multilink
577
ng nh mt knh logic,
gip tng thng lng v
gim thi gian tr gia hai
router
3.3.2 Cu hnh PPP
Sau y l v d cho cu hnh ng gi PPP trn cng Serial (pp)
Router #configure terminal
Router (config) #interface serial 0/0
Router (config if)#encapsulation ppp
Chng ta cng c th cu hnh phn mm nn d liu trn cng Serial ang s
dng ng gi PPP. Nn d liu c thc hin bng phn mm. Chng ta khng
nn s dng nn d liu ln na khi bn than phn ln d liu c truyn i trn
cng ny c nn ri.
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router (config if )#encapsulation ppp
Router (config if)#compress (predictor stac)
Chng ta nhp lnh sau c th theo di mc rt gi d liu trn ng truyn
v trnh b vng lp:
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router (config if )#encapsulation ppp
Router (config if )#ppp quality p ercentage
Ch ng ta s d ng c c l nh sau cho ph p th c hi n chia t i tr n nhi u
ng k t n i:
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router (config if )#encapsulation pp
Rot er (c onfig if) #ppp multilink
3.3.3 Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP
Bc M t
Bc 1 Trn mi router khai bo username v password ca router kt
ni vo n
578
Router (config)#username name password secret
Name l tn ca router kt ni vo router ang cu hnh
Bc 2 Vo ch c hnh ca cng tng ng
Bc 3 Cu hnh ng gi PPP cho cng:
Router (config if) #encapsulation ppp
Bc 4 Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP
Bc 5 Nu bn khai bo c CHAP v PAP th tn no c t trc
s c s dng trc. Nu router u bn kia yu cu s
dng phng thc th hai hoc n gin l t chi phng
thc th nht th phng thc th hai s c p dng.
Bc 6 Bt u t phin bn Cisso IOS 11.1 tr i bn phi khi ng
PAP trn cng cn thit mc nh l PAP khng chy trn
router
Hnh 3.3..3.a l tm tt qu trnh cu hnh PAP trn hai router kt ni vi nhau.
Cp username/password trn mi router phi ph hp vi hostname v password
c khai bo trn router kia.
579
PAP l phng thc xc minh n gin s dng hai bc bt tay v c thc hin
khi thit lp kt ni. Qu trnh xc minh PAP thc hin v ng truyn c thit
lp
CHAP thc hin kim tra router kt ni u xa s dng ba bc bt tay v c
lp li theo nh k. Qu trnh ny c thc hin xong ln u tin. ng truyn
c thit lp v lun c lp li trong sut qu trnh kt ni
580
3.3.4 Kim tra cu hnh PPP trn cng Serial
Chng ta s dng lnh show interfaces serial kim tra cu hnh ng gi HDLC
hoc PPP trn cng Serial. Nu cng c cu hinh ng gi HDLC th trong kt
qu hin th c dng Encapsulation HDLC. V d nh trn hnh 3.3.4 chng ta
thy dng Encapsulation PPP nh vy l cng serial 0/0 c cu hnh ng
gi PPP. Sauk hi cu hnh PPP, chng ta c th kim tra trng thi ca LCP
(Link Control Protocol ) v NCP (Network Control Protocol) cng bng lnh Show
interfaces serial
581
3.3.5 X l s c trn cng Serial
lnh debug ppp authentication hin th cc hot ng xy ra ca qa trnh xc
minh. V d nh trn hnh 3.3..5.a l kt qu cho thy qu trnh hot ng ca
CHAP trn router Left Router Left v router Right c cu hnh thc hin xc
minh hai chiu, do hai router ny thc hin xc minh ln nhau
582
Hn 3.3.5. Kt qu hin th ca lnh debug ppp authentication trn router Left.
Kt qu hin th Gii thch
Se0/0 PPP: Phase is
AUTHENTICATION by both
Xc minh hai chiu
Se0/0 PAP: O AUTH-REQ id 4 len 18
from left
Yu cu xc minh c gi ra cng
Serial 0/0.
Se0/0 PAP: I AUTH-REQ id 1 len 18
from left
Yu cu xc minh nhn c t cng
Serial 0/0.
Se0/0 PAP: Authentication peer right Nhn c thng ip tr li ca yu
cu xc minh.
Se0/0 PAP: O AUTH-ACK id 1 len 5 Gi thng ip xc nhn
Se0/0 PAP: I AUTH-ACK id 4 len 5 Nhn c thng ip xc nhn
Bng 3.3.5. Gii thch kt qu hin th ca lnh debig ppp authentiacation
583
Lnh debug ppp c s dng hin th cc hot ng ca PPP . Chng ta c th
dungdng no ca cu lnh ny kt thc qu trnh hin th ca lnh
Tng kt
Sau y l nhng im quan trng trong chng ny m cc bn cn nm c:
Ghp knh theo thi gian
im ranh gii trong mng WAN
nh ngha chc nng ca DTE v DCE
Qu trnh pht trin ca giao thc ng gi HDLC
S dng lnh encapsulation hdlc cu hnh HDLC
S dng lnh show interface v show controllers khi xc nh s c trn
cng serial
u im ca giao thc PPP
Chc nng ca LCP v NCP trong PPP
Cu trc frame PPP
Ba giai on thit lp mt phin kt ni PPP
S khc nhau gia PAP v CHAP
Cu hnh PPP
Cu hnh PAP v Chap
S dng lnh show interface serial kim tra cu nh ng gi trn cng
serial
S dng lnh debug ppp xc nh s c ppp
584
CHNG 4: ISDN v DDR
GII THIU
ISDN l mng cung cp kt ni ton s t u n cui thc hin dch v truyn
thoi v s liu
ISDN cho php nhiu knh k thut s cng hot ng ng thi trn mt ng
cp in thoi thng thng, nhng ISDN truyn tn hiu s ch khng truyn tn
hiu tng t. Thi gian tr trn ng ISDN cng thp hn so vi ng truyn
tn hiu tng t
Khi chng a khng c nhu cu cn mt ng truyn thng trc th nn s dng
DDR tit kim chi phi. DDR nh ngha mt tin trnh cho router thc hin kt
ni vi mng quay s khi c d liu cu truyn i v ngt kt ni khi vic truyn
d liu hon tt
Sau khi kt thc chng ny cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau:
nh ngha cc chun ISDN v a ch, tn hiu
M t ISDN s dng lp Vt lys v lp Lin kt d liu nh th no
Lit k cc im kt ni v cc giao tip c s dng trong ISDN
Cu hnh cng trn router s dng ISDN
Xc nh cc lu lng c php truyn i khi cu hnh DDR
Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
Xc nh v p dng danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL, cho cc lu lng
DDR
Cu hnh cng quay s
4.1 Cc nh ngha ca ISDN
4.1.1 Gii thiu ISDN
C rt nhiu cng ngh WAN cung cp ng truy cp mng t xa. Mt trong
nhng cng ngh l ISDN. Nhng ngi s dng ring l hay nhng vn phng
nh ch c ng in thoi truyn thng bng thng thp. ISDN l gii php dnh
cho nhng i tng ny
585
ng in thoi truyn thng PSTN truyn tn hiu tng t trn mch vng ni
b kt ni gia thu bao v mng ca cng ty in thoi. Mch tn hiu tng t c
gii hn bng thng khng c ln hn 3000Hz. Cng ngh ISDN cho php
truyn tn hiu s trn mch vng ni b ny tc truy cp cao hn. Cc cngty
in thoi ch cn nng cp cc b chuyn mch c th x l c tn hiu s.
ISDN thng c cc vn phng nh xa s dng kt ni vo mng LAN
trung tm
Cc cng ty in thoi cng pht trin cc chun cho ISDN. Cc chun ISDN
nh ngha v thit b phn cng v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Nhng chun ny
gip cho mng ISDN giao tip d dng vi cc mng khc trn ton cu. Trong
mng ISDN vic s ho tn hiu c thc hin ngay bn pha thu bao thay v
c thc hin bn pha nh cung cp dch v nh trc y
Sau y l mt s u im ca ISDN:
586
Truyn nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau bao gm d liu thoi v v video
Tc thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn modem
Knh B cung cp tc truyn d liu nhanh hn modem
Knh B ph hp vi kt ni PPP
ISDN l mt dch v linh hot c th truyn d liu thoi v video cho php
truyn nhiu loi lu lng trn nhiu knh khc nhau trn cng mt kt ni
ISDN s dng mt knh ring c gi l knh D truyn tn hiu iu khin.
Khi cn thit lp cuc gi thu bao nhn s cn gi . Khi tt c cc ch s c
nhn y th cuc gi c thc hin. ISDN truyn cc s ny trn knh D do
thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn
Mi knh B c th kt ni n mt im khc nhau trong mng ISDN. PPP c th
hot ng c trn kt ni ng b v bt ng b do ng truyn ISDN c th
s dng kt hp vi ng gi PPP
4.1.2 Cc chun ISDN v phng php truy cp
Cng vic chun ho ISDN c bt u t cui thp nin 60. Cc b chun
ngh ca ISDN c xut bn nm 1994 v sau lin tc c cp nht bi ITU-
T. Cc chun ISDN l mt tp hp cc giao thc v in thoi k thut s v
truyn s liu. Cc giao thc ISDN c phn theo cc ch chnh sau:
B giao thc E- cc chun v mng in thoi cho ISDN. V d: E:164 l
giao thc m t a ch quc t cho ISDN
B giao thc I- Lin quan n cc khi nim thut ng v d I.100 bao gm
cc khi nim chung ca ISDN v cu trc cc giao thc I khc I:200 cp
n mt dch v ca ISDN
B giao thc Q - cp n hot ng tn hiu v chuyn mch. Hot ng
tn hiu y c ngha l qu trnh thit lp cuc gi ISDN
Chun ISDN nh ngha hai loi knh chnh, mi loi c tc truyn khc nhau
Knh B, 64Kb/giy, c s dng truyn mi d liu s vi ch truyn song
cng. Loi knh th hai c gi l knh D
Khi thit lp mt kt ni TCP 2 bn trao i cc thng tin iu khin thit lp
kt ni. Cc thng tin iu khin ny truyn trn knh truyn m sau cng c
s dng truyn d liu. Thng tin iu khin v d liu chia s cng mt knh
truyn. Dng truyn nh vy c gi l in-band signaling. ISDN th khng thc
587
hin truyn nh vy, m s dng mt knh ring chnh l knh D, truyn tn
hiu iu khin. Dng truyn nh vy gi l out of band signaling
ISDN nh ngha hai phng php truy cp chun l BRI v PRI. Mt cng BRI
hay PRI cung cp mt knh D v nhiu knh B
BRI s dng hai knh B 64kb/giy v mt knh D 16kb/giy. BRI hot ng c
trn nhiu Cisco router v i khi c k hiu l 2B+D
Knh B c th c s dng truyn thoi . Khi tn hiu thoi c m ho
theo cch c bit. Khi knh B c s dng truyn s liu th thng tin c
ng thnh frame, s dng giao thc ng gi HDLC hoc PPP lp 2. PPP phc
tp hn HDLC v n cung cp c ch xc minh, tho thun cu hnh kt ni v giao
thc ph hp
ISDN c xem l mt kt ni chuyn mch .Knh D mang cc thng ip iu
khin thit lp cuc gi ngt cuc gi v iu khin cuc gi cho knh B. Lu
lng trn knh D s dng giao thc LAPD. LAPD l mt giao thc ln lin kt
d liu da trn c s ca HDLC.
Bc m v Nht, PRI cung cp 23 knh B 64kb/giy v mt knh D 64kb/giy.
Mt PRI ny cung cp dch v tng ng vi mt kt ni T hay DSL. Chu
u v phn cn li trn th gii , PRI cung cp 30 knh B v mt knh D, tng
ng vi mt kt ni E1. PRI s dng CSU/DSU cho kt ni T1/E1
588
4.1.3 M hnh 3 lp ISDN v cc giao thc tng ng
ISDN hot ng theo cc chun ITU-T tng ng vi lp Vt l lp lin kt d
liu v lp Mng trong m hnh OSI
Chun lp Vt ly ca ISDN BRI v PRI c nh ngha trong ITU T I.430
v I..431
Chun lp lin k d liu ca ISDN da trn c s LAPD v c nh
ngha trong:
- ITU-T Q.920
- ITU-T Q.921
- ITU-T Q.922
- ITU-T Q.923
Chu n l p M ng ca ISDN c nh ngha trong ITU-T Q.930 hay I.450
v ITU-T Q.931 hay I.451. Cc chun ny quy c v kt ni t user n
user chuyn mch v chuyn mch gi.
Dch v BRI c thc hin trn cp in thoi truyn thng. Mc d ch c mt
ng truyn vt l cho mt BRI nhng bn trong l ba knh truyn thng tin khc
nhau 2B+D
nh dng frame lp Vt l ISDN khc nhau tu theo frame i vo hay frame i
ra. Nu l frame i ra c ngha l frame c truyn t thit b u cui n mng
ISDN th s dng nh dng frame TE. Nu l frame i vo c ngha l frame c
truyn t mng ISDN n thit b u cui th s dng nh dng frame NT
589
Hnh 4.1.3.b
Mi frame ISDN BRI cha hai frame con trong mi frame con c:
8 bit ca knh B1
8 bit ca knh B2
2 bit ca knh D
6 bit chn thm
Do mi frame ISDN BRI c 48 bit , 4000 frame c truyn i mi giy. Mi
knh B c dung lng l 8*4000*2=64kb/giy trong khi knh D c dung lng
l 2*4000*2=16kb/giy. Dung lng tng cng (B1+b2+D) l 144kb/giy, trn
mt cng vt l ISDN c dung lng l 192kb/giy. Phn dung lng chnh lch
cn li l ca cc bit chn thm:6*4000*2=48kb/giy
Cc bit chn thm trong mi frame con ISDN c chc nng nh sau
Framing bit - thc hin chc nng ng b
Load balancing bit iu chnh gi tr bit trung bnh
Echo of previous D channel bit- gip phn bit tn hiu ca tng thit b khi
c nhiu thit b u cui kt ni vo mt ng truyn
Activation bit- kch hot thit b
Spare bit- bit dnh, cha c chc nng no c gn cho bit ny
Chng ta cn lu rng: tc vt l ca , cng BRI l 48*4000=192kb/giy, tc
truyn d liu l 144kb/giy=64kb/giy+64kb/giy+16kb/giy(2B+D)
590
Giao thc lp 2 ca knh tn hiu ISDN l LAPD. LAPD tng ng nh HDLC.
LAPD c s dng trn knh D m bo cho vic truyn v nhn tn hiu iu
khin
Phn C v phn iu khin ca LAPD tng ng nh HDLC, phn a ch ca
LAPD di 2 byte. Trong byte u tin cha ch s xc nh im truy cp dch
v, l ch s port giao tip gia dch v LAPD v Lp 3 . Bit yu cu/ p ng
(C/R) cho bit frame ny l frame yu cu hay frame p ng. Byte th 2 cha ch
s xc nh im cui (TEI). Mi thit b u cui ca khch hang cn phi c mt
ch s ring bit. Ch s TEI ny c th c cu hnh c nh khi ci t hoc
c switch cung cp ng mi khi thit b ny khi ng. Nu TEI c cu hnh
c nh khi ci t th ch s ny nm trong khong t o n 63. Ch s TEI cp
ng nm trong khong t 64 n 126. Ch s TEI 127 l a ch qung b
4.1.4 Cc hot ng trong ISDN
C nhiu hot ng trao i thng tin din ra khi mt router s dng ISDN kt
ni n router khc. Knh D c s dng thit lp kt ni gia router v ISDN
switch. Tn hiu SS7 c s dng gia cc switch trong mng ca nh cung cp
dch v
Knh D gia router v ISDN switch lun lun trong trng thi hot ng. Q.921
m t tin trnh hot ng ca LAPD lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Knh D c s
dng truyn tn hiu khin nh thit lp cuc gi kt thc cuc gi iu khin
591
cuc gi. Nhng chc nng ny nh ngha trong giao thc Q.931 lp 3 ca m
hnh OSI.Q.931 nh ngha kt ni mng gia thit b u cui v ISDN switch
nhung khng nh ngha kt ni u cui -n-u cui. C nhiu ISDN switch
c pht trin trc khi Q.931 c chun ho, do c nhiu nh cungcp dch
v ISDN v nhiu loi ISDN switch trin khai Q.931 khc nhau. Cng chnh v
khng c chun chungcho loi ISDN switch nn trong cu hnh router phi c cu
lnh khai bo ISDN switch m router kt ni n.
Hnh 4.1.4.a
Sau y l th t cc bc din ra trong qu trnh thit lp mt cuc gi BRI hoc
PRI
1. Knh D gi s cn gi n cho ISDN switch ni b
2. Switch ni b s dng giao thc tn hiu SS7 thit lp ng truyn v
chuyn s cn gi cho ISDN switch u xa
3. ISDN switch u xa chuyn tn hu n cho my ch trn knh D
4. Thit b ch ISDN NT 1 gi thng ip kt ni cuc gi cho ISDN switch
u xa
5. ISDN switch u xa s dng SS7 gi thng ip kt ni cuc gi cho
switch ni b
6. ISDN switch ni b thc hin kt ni mt knh B, knh B cn li dnh cho
kt ni mi. C hai knh B cng c th c s dng ng thi.
592
Hnh 4.1.4b
4.1.5 Cc im lin kt trong ISDN
Chun ISDN nh ngha cc nhm chc nng l cc nhm thit b phn cng cho
php user truy cp dch PRI. Cc hang sn xut c th to ra mt thi b phn cng
thc hin mt hoc nhiu chc nng. Chun ISDN cng nh ngha bn im lin
kt gia cc thit b ISDN. Mi thit b trong mng ISDN thc hin mt nhim v
to nn mt kt ni u cui - n - u cui
kt ni cc thit b khc nhau vi cc chc nng khc nhau cc im giao tip
gia hai thit b phi c chun ho. Cc im giao tip bn pha khch hang
trong kt ni ISDN bao gm nhng im sau:
R l im lin kt gia thit b u cui loi 2 (TE2 Terminal Equipment
(ty
Pe 2) khng tng thch vi ISDN v thit b chuyn i TA (Terminal Adapter)
S l im kt ni vo thit b chuyn mch ca khch hang NT2 (Network
Termination 2) v cho php thc hin cuc gi gia nhiu loi thit b khc
nhau ca khch hang
T - Tng t nh giao tip S v mt tn hiu in. y l im kt ni t
NT2 vo mng ISDN hay cho NT1 (Network Termination type 1)
U l im kt ni gia NT1 v mng ISDN ca nh cung cp dch v
im giao tip S v T tng t nhau v mt tn hiu in nn c nhiu cng giao
tip dn nh l S/T. Mc d hai giao tip ny thc hin chc nng khc nhau
593
nhng do tng t nhau v mt tn hiu in nn c th dng chung cho c hai
chc nng.
Thit b Loi thit b Chc nng ca thit b
TE1 Terminal Equipment 1 -
Thit b u cui loi 1
Thit b u cui c
cng tng thch vi
ISDN, v d nh ISDN
router, in thoi ISDN
TE2 Terminal Equipment 2 -
Thit b u cui loi 2
Thit b u cui khng
c cng tng thch vi
ISDN. kt ni loi
thit b u cui ny
vo mng ISDN th cn
phi c thit b chuyn
i TA
TA Terminal Adapter -
Thitb chuyn i
Chuyn i tn hiu
EIA/TIA 232, V.35
v cc loi tn hiu khc
sang tn hiu BRI
NT2 Network Termination 2
- Thit b kt cui mng
loi 2
L im tp trung mi
ng dyISDN phia
khch hang v thc hin
chuyn mch gia cc
thit b u cui bng
switch ca khch hang
NT1 Network Termination 1
- thit b kt cui mng
loi 1
iu khin kt cui v
mt vt l v tn hiu
in pha khch hang
Chuyn i tn hiu
BRI dy sang tn hiu 2
dy
594
4.1.6. Xc nh cng ISDN trn router
BC M, NT1 l thit b thuc s hu ca khch hang. iu ny c ngha
l khch hang phi cung cp thit b c tch hp chc nng ca NT1. Do
Bc M cc router ISDN thng c cng ISDN BRI U trong c tch h
chc nng ca NT1. Chu u , nh cung cp dich v cung cp thit b
NT1 ring. Do , pha khch hng ch cn cung cp thit b c th kt ni
vo NT1, v d nh router c cng ISDN BRI S/T.
chn Cisco router c cng ISDN ph hp, cc bn cn i theo cc bc
sau:
1. Xc nh v tr cng ISDN BRI trn router. Chng ta nhn pha sau router
xch nh v tr cng BRI hoc v tr gn BRI WAN Interface
(WIC).
2. Xc nh ai l ngi cung cp NT1. NT1 l im kt ni ca mch vng
ni b n tng i trung tm ca nh cung cp dich v. Bc M, NT1
thuc phn s hu ca khch hng. Cn Chu u, nh cung cp dch
v s cung cp thit b NT1 ring.
595
3. Nu NT1 thuc pha khch hng th nn chn router c cng U. Nu
router c cng S/T th cn phi c NT1 bn ngoi kt ni router vo
mng ISDN ca nh cung cp dich v.
Hnh 4.1.6
Nu router c cng BRI th c ngha l n sn sng s dng ISDN Router
nh vy chnh l TE1 v c th kt ni trc tip vo NT1. Nu trn router c
cng U c ngha l tch hp lun NT1 bn trong
Nu router khng c cng BRI v thuc loi cu trc c nh, khng th gn thm
card bn ngoi vo th chng ta bt buc phi s dng cng Serial. Khi chng ta
cn phi c thm thit b i TA bn ngoi c th thc hin kt ni BRI trn
cng Serial. Nu router c kh nng gn thm card bn ngoi th chng ta c th
gn thm card BRI WIC cho router
4.1.7 Cc loi ISDN switch
Router cn phi c c khai bo loi switch m n giao tip. C rt nhiu loi
ISDN switch khc nhau tu theo tng ni. Do s trin khai Q.931 khc nhau nn
giao thc tn hiu knh D trn mi loi switch ca mi hang cng khc nhau
Dch v c cungcp bi cc nh cung cp dch v ISDN rt khc nhau theo tng
quc gia v tng vng trn th gii. Ging nh modem mi loi switch hot ng
khc nhau v c yu cu thit lp cuc gi khc nhau. Trc khi router c th kt
ni vo dch v ISDN n cn phi c khai bo loi switch ang c s dng
tng i ca nh cung cp dch v. Thng tin ny phi c khai bo khi cu hnh
router sau router c th giao tip vi switch thit lp cuc gi v gi d liu
596
Hnh 4.1.7
Ngoi vic xc nh loi switch ca nh cungcp dch v, chng ta cn phi bit s
SPID l ch s c cung cp bi nh cung cp dch v ISDN, c dng xc
nh cu hnh dch v BRI cho mi kt ni.SPID cho php thc hin nhiu thit b
ISDN cng chia s mt kt ni. Switch DMS 100 v National ISD- 1 thng yu
cu phi c s SPID
SPID ch c s dng Bc M v Nht. Nh cung cp dch v ISDN cung cp
s SPID xc nh cu hnh dch v ISDN trn mi kt n. Do trong nhiu
trng hp chng ta cn phi nhp s SPID khi cu hnh router
Mi s SPID tng ng vi mt cu hnh cho mt kt ni. S SPID bao gm nhiu
k t thng hay ging nh s in thoi. Mi s SPID xc nh mt knh B cho
switch tng i trung tm. Mt khi c xc nh, switch s cung cp dch v
cho kt ni. Cc bn nn nh ISDN l loi kt ni quay s. S SPID c x l khi
router thit lp kt ni vi ISDN switch. nu loi switch ny yu cu phi c s
SPID m s SPID li khng c khai bo ng th qu trnh thit lp kt ni s
khng thc hin c, dch v ISDN cng khng s dng c
4.2 Cu hnh ISDN
4.2.1 Cu hnh ISDN BRI
Lnh ISDN switch type l cu lnh khai bo loi ISDN switch m router cn kt
ni n. Cu lnh ny c th s dng ch cu hnh ton cc hay ch cu
hnh cng BRI. Nu khai bo cu lnh ny ch cu hnh ton cc th mi cng
ISDN trn router u s c p dng loi ISDN switch c khai bo. Chng ta
cng c th khai bo loi ISDN switch ring tng ng cho tng cng BRI. Sau
597
y l v d v cu lnh khai bo loi switch National ISDN 1 ch cu hnh
ton cc:
Sau khi lp t dch v ISDN xong, nh cung cp dch v s cho bit cc thng tin
v loi ISDN switch v s SPID. Mi s SPID nh ngha mt cu hnh dch v
tng ng cho mi khc thu bo. Tuy theo tng loi switch m ta c th cn hoc
khng cn khai bo s SPID trong cu hnh router. Switch loi National ISDN 1
v DMS 100 i hi phi c s SPID nhng switch AT&T 5ESS th khng cn
s SPID
nh dng ca s SPID cng ph thuc vo loi ISDN switch v quy c ca nh
cung cp dch v. Chng ta s dng lnh ISDN Spidl v ISDN Spid trong ch
cu hnh cng BRI khai bo s SPID
Tham s ldn nh ngha s danh b ni b. Thng s khai bo cho ldn phi ng
vi thng s khai bo trn ISDN switch. Tham s ny khng bt buc phi khai
bo
Hnh 4.2.1
4.2.2 Cu nh ISDN PRI
ISDN PRI chy trn ng T1 hay E1. Sau y l ba nhim v chnh khi cu hinh
PRI
598
1. Xc nh loi switch PRI m router kt ni n
2. Xc nh T1/E1 controller, loi framing loi m ho trn ng truyn
3. Nhm cc timeslot PRI
Router kt ni PRI thng qua T1/E1 do khng c lnh interface pri. Cng vt
l trn router thc hin kt ni ny c gi l T1 controller hay E1 controller tu
theo chng ta s dng T1 hay E1. Chng ta phi cu hnh cc controller ny hon
chnh th router mi c th giao tip c vi mng ca nh cungcp dch v. cn
knh B v D ca ISDN c cu hnh ring bn di controller bng lnh interface
serial
Tng t nh BRI chnta cng dng lnh ISDN switch type khai bo loi
ISDN switch m router kt ni n Router (config) #isdn switch-ttype primary-
net5
Hnh 4.2.2.a
Sau y l 4 bc cu hnh T1 hay E1 controller
1. T ch cu hnh ton cc xc nh controller v slot/port ca card PRI
2. Cu hnh framing, line codin, cloking theo hng dn ca nh cung cp dch
v. Nu bn dng T1 th khai bo mt trong cc tham s sau
Lnh linecode xc nh phng php m ho tn hiu lp Vt l ca nh cung
cp dch v
Router (config controller) #linecode (ami/b8zs/ hb3)
Bc M phng php m ho tn hiu b8zs c s dng cho T1. Chu u th
s dng HDB3
1. Nhm cc timeslot vo mt cng PRI
599
i vi T1 chng ta s dng timeslot trong khong 1 -24. Cn i vi E1 th
chng ta s dng cc timeslot trong khong 1 31
2.Cu hnh mt cng giao tip tng ng cho knh D PRI hot ng
Trong thit b E1 hay T1 s knh c bt u t 1 v kt thc 31 i vi E1 hay
kt thc 24 i vi T1. Trong khi s cng Serial trn Cisco router li bt u t
0. Do knh 16 knh truyn tn hiu iu khin ca E1, s tng ng vi cng
15. Knh 24 knh truyn tn hiu iu khin ca T1, s tng ng vi cng 23.
Nh vy cng Serial 0/0:23 tng ng vi knh D ca T1 PRI
Cc bn khng c nhm ln gia cc knh ca T1/E1 vi cc cng con thng
c s dng cho frame Relay. Cc cng con thng c k hiu bng du chm,
cn cc knh c k hiu bng du hai chm:
S0/0.23 l cng con ca cng S0/0
S0/0:23: tng ng vi knh 24 ca T1
Hnh 4.2.2.b
Hnh 4.2.c
4.2.3 Kim tra cu hnh ISDN
Chng ta c th s dng nhiu lnh show khc nhau kim tra cu hnh ISDN
600
xc nh trng thi hot ng ca BRI chng ta dng lnh show ISDN status.
Chng ta s dng lnh ny sau khi cu hnh xong ISDN BRI kim tra xem
router giao tip c vi ISDN switch hay cha. Trong v d hnh 4.2.3.a cho
thy router giao tip thnh cng v ISDN Lp 3 cng sn sang thc hin
hay nhn cuc gi. Trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status chng ta nn
lu n trng thi ca lp 1 v lp 2 Layer 1 Status: Active, layer 2 status
Multiple _ Frame _ Established
Hnh 4.2.3.a
Lnh show isdn active cho bit cc thng tin v nhng cuc gi ang thc hin bao
gm
S gi n
Thi gian gi
Cc ph
n v tnh cc ph trong sut cuc gi
Thng tin v thit b kt ni u bn kia
Lnh show interface bri0/0 cho bit trng thi ca cng BRI trn router. Bn mun
xem thng tin ca tng lnh th khai bo thm s knh cui cu lnh ny. V d
lnh show interface br0/0:1 cho bit:
Knh B s dng ng gi PPP
601
LCP c tho thun v hot ng
C hai NCP ang chy l IPCP v CDPCP
Hnh 4.2.3.b
4.2.4 X l s c ISDN
Sau y l cc lnh c dng theo di v pht hin s c trong cu hnh
ISDN:
Lnh debug isdn q921 hin th cc thng tin v lp lin kt d liu cc thng
ip trn knh D gia router v ISDN switch. Chng ta nn s dng lnh
ny khi trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy l :
Layer 1 :Active Layer 2 Multiple_Frame-Established
Lnh debug isdn q931 cho bit thng tin v cc thng ip Lp 3 trong qu
trnh thit lp v kt thc cuc gi.
Lnh debug ppp authentication hin th cc thng ip trao i ca giao thc
xc minh PAP hoc Chap
Lnh debub ppp negotiation hin th cc thng tin v lu lng PPP khi cc
thnh phn trong PPP ang thc hin vic tho thun cu hnh. Trong c
qu trnh tho thun ca LCP qu trnh xc minh v qu trnh tho thun ca
NCP
lnh debug ppp error hin th cc li ca giao thc v li trng thi ca kt
ni PPP. Chng ta nn s dng cc lnh debug ppp tm s c lp 2 khi
kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy c s c ca ISDN
4.3. Cu hnh DDR
602
4.3.1. Hot ng ca DDR
Trn cng c cu hnh DDR nu c mt dng d liu no cn gi ra cng ny v
ph hp vi nhng tiu chun c nh ngha trc th DDR s c kch
hot thc hin truyn d liu. Nhng loi d liu c th kch hot DDR c
gi l lu lng c bit. Sau khi router truyn xong nhng l lng c bit
ny n s ngt kt ni.
im quan trng nht DDR hot ng hiu qu l vic nh ngha lu lng c
bit. . Lu lng c bit c nh ngha bng lnh dialer-list . Cc lu lng ca
cc giao thc c nh ngha trong dialer list c th thc hin kt ni DDR. Tuy
nhin bn cn lu rng dialer list khng ngn chn lu lng i qua cng . Mt
khi lu lng c bit kch hot kt ni DDR v kt ni ny ang cn hot ng
th mi lu lng khc u c th i qua
Sau y l cc bc hot ng ca DDR trn Cisco router
1. Router nhn lung lu lng vo t mt cng, kim tra bng nh tuyn
xc nh cng ra cho lu lng .
2. Nu cng i ra c cu hnh DDR th router s xc nh xem lu lng ny c
phi l loi lu lng c bit hay khng
3. Router xc nh cc thng tin quay s cn thit thc hin cuc gi cho
router k tip
4. Nu cng ra ang c kt ni th lu lng c chuyn ran gay. nu cng ra
cha c kt ni th router s gi thng tin thit lp kt ni trn knh D BRI
5. Sau khi ktni c thit lp th mi lu lng c bit hay khng c
bit u c truyn i
6. ng h m thi gian ch bt u c khi ng. Sau mt khong thi
gian nh trc m khng c lu lng c bit no i qua na th kt ni s
b ngt
Thi gian ch l khong thi gian router duy tr ktni khi khng c lu lng c
bit no truyn i trn kt ni . Mt khi kt ni DDR c thit lp th mi
lu lng u c php i qua. Tuy nhin ch c lu lng c bit mi c th
khi ng li ng h m thi gian ch
603
Hnh 4.3.1
4.3.2 Cu hnh DDR
Cu hnh DDR c bn ch c mt tp hp cc thng tin quay s c p dng cho
mt cng. nu cn c nhiu cu hnh quay s khc nhau p dng cho mt cng th
khi chng ta nn s dng dialer profile
cu hnh DDR chng ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh
Xc nh lu lng c bit
Cu hnh cc thng tin quay s
4.3.3 Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
chuyn tip d liu router cn phi bit con ng no tng ng vi mi
lung lu lng nhn c . Nu chng ta s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng v
lu lng ca giao thc nh tuyn ny c nh ngha l lu lng c bit th
cng DDR s thc hin quay s mi khi n chu k cp nht thng tin nh tuyn.
Do trnh vn ny chng ta cn cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho IP chng ta dng lnh sau:
604
Hnh 4.3.3
Xt v d hnh 4.3.3 router Central c nh tuyn c nh n mng 10.40.0.0 ca
router Home. Router Home c hai nh tuyn c nh n hai mng LAN trn
router Central. Nu mng kt ni trn router Home l stub network th mi lu
lng i ra ngoi u gi cho router Central
Do trn router Home trong trng hp n ch cn mt nh tuyn mc nh l
Khi cu hnh nh tuyn c nh, cc bn nn nh
Mc nh nh tuyn c nh lun c u tin trc nh tuyn v n c ch s tin
cy nh hn. Nu khng c thm cu hnh g c bit th nh tuyn ng s b b
qua nu c nh tuyn c nh n cng mt mc ch
gim bt s lng nh tuyn c nh chng ta nn s dng nh tuyn mc
nh hoc tng hp a ch mng
4.3.4 nh ngha lu lng c bit cho DDR
Cuc gi DDR c kch hot lu lng c bit. Lu lng c bit c th c
nh ngha theo mt trong nhng tiu chun sau
Theo loi giao thc
605
Theo a ch ngun hoc ch ca gi d liu
Cc tiu chun khc c nh ngha do nh qun tr mng
Lnh dialer list c s dng xc nh lu lng c bit
Router (config)#dialer list dialer group- number protocol protocol name
(permit deny list aceess list number)
Dialer group number l ch s nm trong khong t 1 n 10 gip phn bit
gia cc dialer list. Lnh dialer list 1 protocol ip permit s cho php mi lu
lng IP kch hot cuc gi. Thay v cho php mi lu lng IP nh vy, dialer
list c th ch n mt danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL xc nh chnh xc hn
loi lu lng no c php thc hin kt ni . Nh v d trn hnh 4.3.4 dialer
list 2 ch kch hot kt ni DDR mi gi IP khc u c xem l lu lng c
bit v c php khi ng kt ni DDR
4.3.5 Cu hnh thng tin quay s cho DDR
cu hnh DDR chng ta phi thc hin qua nhiu bc. Trc tin l cu hnh
PPP cho cng quay s chng ta cng phi s dng cc lnh tng t nh khi cu
hnh PPP cho cng serial. HDLC l giao thc ng gi mc inh trn cng ISDN
ca Cisco router. Nhng hu ht cc mng u s dng PPP cho kt ni chuyn
mch . PPP phc tp hn d tng thch v c nhiu chc nng hn. V d nh c
qu trnh xc minh nn PPP l giao thc lin kt d liu c s dng trn knh B
trn hu ht mi router. cu hnh PPP trn cng DDR chng ta xem v d sau
606
Home (config)#username Central password Cisco
Home (config)#interface bri0/0
Home (config if)#encapsulation ppp
Home (config if)#ppp authentication chap
Home (config if) #ip addres 10.1.0.1
255.255.255.0
Dialer list xc nh lu lng c bit cho cng DDR. Do chng ta cn lin
kt cng DDR vi mt dialer list tng ng bng lnh ialer-group group
number;
Home (config if)#dialer group1.
Trong group number xc nh s th t ca dialer list tng ng. Do ch s
ny phi ging vi ch s ca dialer list group number. Mi mt cng ch c mt
dialer group nhng mt dialer- list c th tng ng cho nhiu cng khc nhau
607
Hnh 4.3.5a
Hnh 4.3.5b
Hnh 4.3.5c
Sau chng ta cu hnh thng tin quay s cho DDR bng lnh dialer map
Lnh dialer map nh x a ch ca trm k tip vi mt s in thoi
Nu bn ch cn gi n mt s duy nht th bn c th dng lnh dialer string. Vi
lnh dialer string router s lun lun gi n s in thoi khai bo trong lnh ny
bt k a ch ch ca d liu
608
Lnh dialer idle timeu seconds cho php cu hnh khong thi gian ch tnh theo
giy trc khi ngt kt ni, second l s giy ch tnh lc gi d liu c bit cui
cng c gi i. Thi gian ch mc nh l 120
c
Hnh .4.3.5.d
4.3.6 Dialer profiles
DDR c mt hn ch l ch c mt cu hnh quay s p dng trc tip cho mt
cng vt l. a ch IP c gn trc tip cho cng vt l do ch c hai cng c
hai a ch nm trong cng mt subnet mi c th thc hin kt ni DDR vi nhau.
iu ny c ngha l mt cng DDR u ny cha c th kt ni c vi mt
DR u bn kia
Hnh 4.3.6a
609
Dialer profile gii quyt c gii hn ny ca DDR. Dialer profile tch c mi
rang buc c nh gia cng vt l vcu hnh quay s , n cho php cng vt l c
th t ng chn la cu hnh tng ng vi mi cuc gi. Dialer profile c th
thc hin c nhng vic sau
nh ngha giao thc ng gi v danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL
nh ngha s lng cuc gi ti thiu v ti a
Bt hoc tt cc c tnh c nh trc
Dialer profile gip cho vic thit k v pht trin h thng mng c linh hot
hn, kh nng m rng ln hn. Dialer profile tch phn logic ca DDR, v d
nh: phn lp Mng ng gi v cc c tnh v quay s ra khi cng vt l
Khi s dng dialer profile chng ta thc hin c nhng vic sau
Cu hnh knh B ca cng ISDN vi nhiu IP subnet khc nhau
S dng nhiu kiu ng gi khc nhau trn knh B ca cng ISDN
Khai bo nhiu c tnh DDR khc nhau cho knh B ca cng ISDN
Tn dng knh B bng cch gn mt ISDN BRI vi nhi dialer pools khc
nhau
Mt dialer profile bao gm nhng thnh phn sau
Cng quay s (Dialer interface) - cng logic tng ng vi mt mng ch ca
dialer profile
Dialer pool - mi mt cng quay s tng ng vi mt dialer pool iu ny
c ngha l mt hay nhiu cng vt l tngng vi mt dialer profile
Cng vt l - cu hnh cc c tnh v ng goi qu trnh xc minh PPP. Multilink
PPP v xc nh cng ny tng ng vi dialer profile
610
Hnh 4.3.6.b
Hnh 4.3.6.c
DDR hay dialer profile u kch hot ng truyn khi cn truyn lu lng c
bit ra cng DDR. Trc tin lu lng c bit c nh tuyn n trm DDR
k tip. Sau router tm cng quay s c a ch IP nm trong cng subnet vi a
ch IP ca trm DDR k tip. Nu c router tip tc tm trong dialer pool mt cng
vt DDR cn trng. Sau cu hnh ca dialer profile c p dng cho cng
611
c chn v to kt ni DDR. Sauk hi kt ni DDR kt thc cng vt l c tr
v cho dialer pools s dng cho ln sau..
4.3.7 Cu hnh dialer profiles
Chng ta c th cu hnhf nhiu cng quay s trn mt router.Mi cng quay s l
mt cu hnh hon chnh cho mt im ch. Lnh interface dialer c s dng
to cng quay s v vo ch cu hnh ca cng ny
Sau y l nhng cng vic cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng quay s:
1. Cu hnh mt hay nhiu cng quay s vi nhng lnh tng t nh cu hnh
DDR c bn:
a ch IP
Kiu ng gi v giao thc xc minh
Thi giam ch
Dialer group
2. Khai bo tn v s in thoi ca router u bn kia bng lnh dialer string
v dialer remote name. Khai bo nhm cc cng vt l tng ng vi cng
logic ny bng lnh dialer pool
3. Cu hnh cng vt l v gn cng ny vo dialer pool bng lnh dialer pool
member
Hnh 4.3.7.a
612
Hnh 4.3.7.b
Mt cng c th gn vo nhiu dialer pool khc nhau bng cch dng nhiu ln
lnh dialer pool member. Nu c nhiu cng vt l trong mt dialer pool
thchng ta c th s dng thng s u tin priority trong lnh dialer poole-
member nh mc u tin cho cc cng trong dialer pool
Mt hoc nhiu cng sau y c th s dng c vi dialer pool
Cng serial ng b
Cng serial bt ng b
BRI
PRI
4.3.8 Kim tra cu hnh DDR
Lnh show dialer interface (BRI) hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi vo v ra ca
DDR
Thng lnh Dialer state is data link layer up. Interface bound to profile Dialer1
cho bit cuc gi thc hin tt v cng BRI o/0:1 c gn vi dialer profile 1i
613
Hnh 4.3.8a
Lnh show ISDN active hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi ISDN ang thc hin.
Trong v d hnh 4.3.8.b chng ta thy ang c cuc gi ra n router Seatle
Hnh 4.3.8.b
Lnh show ISDN status hin th cc thng tin 3 lp ca cng BRI. Trong v d
hnh 4.3.8. c chng ta thy ISDN Lp 1 hot ng ISDN Lp 2 c thit lp
vi s SP1D1 v SP1D2 v ang c mt kt ni Lp 3
614
Hnh 4.3.8.c
4.3.9 Xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR
C hai loi s c chng trong DDR. Mt l router khng thc hin quay s khi cn
thit hai l router lin tc gi i khi khng cn thit. Cc lnh debug s rt hu
dng khi chng ta xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR
615
Hnh 4.3.9.a
Trong v d hnh 4.3.9.a hai ch s Hex ng v tr th 7 v th 8 cho bit loi
thng ip:\
0*05:Thng ip thit lp cuc ph
0*02:Thng ip trin khai cuc gi
0*07 Thng ip kt ni
0*0F: Thng ip xc nhn kt ni
Lnh debug ISDN q931 cho chng ta xem cc thng tin trao i Lp 2 ca ISDN
khi cuc gi ra hoc vo c thit lp. Cc ch s i= l ch s Hex ca cc
thng ip Q931
616
Hnh 4.3.9b
Hnh 4.3.9c
Lnh debug dialer (event packer) c s dng xc nh s c kt ni DDR.
Lnh debug dialer events hin th cc thng ip cho bit kt ni DDR c
thc hin cha lu lng no kch hot kt ni. Nu router b cu hnh DDR
khng ng th lnh ny s ch ra c ngun gc ca s c. Nu khng c thng
ip no c hin th th ra c ngha l router cha nhn c lu lng c bit
no. Nh vy nguyn nhn c th l do cu hnh dialer list hoc ACL khng
ng
617
Hnh 4.3.9d
Khng phi li cu hnh DDR no cng dn n vic quay s khng ng. Giao
thc nh tuyn ng cng c th lm cho router quay s lin tc mc d khng c
d liu ca ngi dng cn truyn i. Lnh debug dialer packets s hin th thng
ip mi khi c mt gi d liu c truyn ra cng DDR. Do chng ta c th
dng lnh ny xc nh chnh xc loi lu lng no kch hot lin tc cng
DDR
Nu router khng thc hin kt ni c khi cn thit th c th l do li ca ISDN
hoc DDR. C th router u bn kia c cu hnh khng ng hoc l mng
ISDN ca nh cung cp dch v c s c. Chng ta dng lnh ISDN call interface
p router quay s n router u bn kia. Nu hai router khng th giao tip
c vi nhau th s c thuc v ISDN ch khng phi s c DDR. Nhng nu hai
router c th giao tip c vi nhau th c ngha l cu hnh ISDN c hai u
u khng c vn . Trong trng hp nay th kh nng ln l li ca cu hnh
DDR trn hai router
Trong mt s trng hp vic khi ng li kt ni gia router v ISDN switch
cng rt hiu qu. Lnh clear interface bri s xo ht kt ni hin ti.trn cng BRI
v khi ng li kt ni hin ti trn cng BRI v khi ng li ket ni mi vi
ISDN switch. V i khi chng ta cng nn kim tra li ch s SP1D1 v SP1D2
618
Hnh 4.3.9.e
TNG KT
ISDN c xem l mt tp hp cc giao thc c thc hin cc cng ty in
thoi cho php mng in thoi c th tch hp dch v truyn thoi, video v
d liu. ISDN cho php thng tin lin lc tc cao cht lng tt
DDR c s dng tit kim chi ph khi mt cng ty hay t chc khng c nhu
cu cn mt ng kt ni WAN c nh. ng truyn ny cng c s dng
lm ng d phng cho kt ni chnh.
Sau y l cc im quan trng m bn cn nm trong chng ny:
ISDN truyn d liu thoi v video
ISDN c s dng cc chun v a ch tn hiu
ISDN hot ng lp Vt l v lp lin kt d liu
Cc im lin kt trong ISDN
Cu hnh ISDN trn router
Cu hnh nhng lu lng no c php kch hot DDR
Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho DDR
Cu hnh ACL cho DDR
Cu hnh cng quay s
Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi
mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s
c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng
khng hot ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
619
qun tr mng phi nhanh chng xc nh s c v x lchng. S c mng thng
do nhng nguyn nhn sau
G sai cu lnh
Cu hnh danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL khng ng hoc t ACL khng
ng ch
Cu hnh thiu cho router switch v cc thit b mng khc
Kt ni vt l khng tt
Ngi qun tr mng cn tip cn vi s c mt cch c phng php, s dng s
x l s c tng qut. Trc tin l kim tra s c lp Vt l trc ri mi i
dn ln cc lp trn. Mc d chng ny ch tp trung vo x l s c cc hot
ng ca giao thc nh tuyn lp 3 nhng cng rt quan trng cho cc bn khi
cn loi tr cc lp di
Sauk hi hon tt chng ny cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau
M t s khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP
M t cc khi nim k thut v cu trc d liu EIGRP
Hiu c qu trnh hi t ca EIGRP v cc bc hot ng c bn ca
thut ton DUAL
Thc hin cu hnh EIGRP c bn
Cu hinh c tng hp cho EIGRP
M t qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn
Kim tra hot ng ca EIGRP
M t tm bc x l s c tng qut
p dng tin hnh logic x l s c nh tuyn
X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn RIP bng cch s dng lnh show v
debug
X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn IGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v
debug
X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn EIGRP bng cch s dng lnh show
v debug
X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn OSPF bng cch s dng lnh show
v debug
3.1 C c kh i ni m c a EIGRP
3.1.1 So snh EIGRP v IGRP
620
Cisco a ra giao thc EIGRP vo nm 1994 nh l mt phin bn mi m rng
v nng cao hn ca giao thc IGRP. K thut vect khong cch trong IGRP vn
c s dng cho EIGRP
EIGRP ci tin cc c tnh ca qu trnh hi t, hot ng hiu qu hn IGRP.
iu ny cho php chng ta m rng ci tin cu trc trong khi vn gi nguyn
nhng g xy dng trong IGRP
Chng ta s tp trung so snh EIGRP v IGRP trong lnh vc sau
Tnh tng thch
Cch tnh thng s nh tuyn
S lng hp
Hot ng phn phi thng tin t ng
nh du ng i
IGRP v EIGRP hon ton tng thch vi nhau EIGRP router khng c ranh gii
khi hot ng chung vi IGRP router. c im ny rtquan trng khi ngi s
dng mun tn dng u im ca c hai giao thc EIGRP c th h tr nhiu loi
giao thc khc nhau cn IGRP th khng
EIGRP v IGRP c cch tnh thng s nh tuyn khc nhau. EIGRP tng thng s
nh tuyn ca IGRP ln 256 ln v EIGRP s dng thng s 32 bit cn IGRP s
dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256 ln , EIGRP c th d
dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
IGRP c s lng hp ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hp ti a l 224 Con s
ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit lp hp l ln nht
cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh GSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia
s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu nh nng cao hn. Trong khi
IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s
thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi
cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li
EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hoc c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn
ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t cc
EIGRP router, IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi
621
V d nh hnh 3.1.1 trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route ng EIGRP
c nh du bng ch D ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA
phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP v mng c phn phi t IGRP. Trong
bng nh tuyn ca RTC giao thc IGRP khng c s phn bit ny. RTC ch
nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d hai mng 10.1.1.0 v
172.16.0.0 l phn phi t EIGRP
Hnh 3.1.1
3.1.2 Cc khi nim v thut ng ca EIGRP
622
EIGRP router lu gi cc thng tin v ng i v cu trc mng trn RAM nh
chng p ng nhanh chng theo s thay i. Ging nh OSPF EIGRP cng
lu nhng thng tin ny thnh tng bng v tng c s d liu khc nhau
EIGRP lu cc con ng m n hc c theo mt cch c bit. Mi con ng
c trng thi ring v c nh du cung cp thm nhiu thng tin hu dng
khc.
EIGRP c ba loi bng sau
Bng lng ging
Bng cu trc mng
Bng nh tuyn
Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi router EIGRP lu gi
mt bng lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router than mt vi n. Bng ny
tng t nh c s d liu v cc lng ging ca OSPF. i vi mi giao thc m
EIGRP h tr, EIGRP c mt bng lng ging tng ng
Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi router s ghi li a ch v cng kt ni ca lng
ging vo bng lng ging. Khi lng ging gi gi hello. Trong c thng s
v khong thi gian lu gi. nu router khng nhn c gi hello khi n nh k
th khong thi gian lu gi l khong thi gian m router ch v vn xem l
router lng ging cn ktni c nhn c hello t router lng ging th xem
nh router lng ging khng cn kt ni c hoc khng cn hot ng thut
ton DUAL s thng bo s thay i ny v thc hin tnh ton li theo mng mi
Bng cu trc mng l bng cung cp d liu xy dng nn bng nh tuyn ca
EIGRP. DUAL ly thng tin t bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh
ton chn ng c chi ph thp nht n tng mng ch
Mi EIGRP router lu mt bng cu trc mng ring tng ng vi tng loi giao
thc mng khc nhau. Bng cu trc mng cha thng tin v tt c cc con ng
m router hc c. Nh nhng thng tin ny m router c th xc nh ng i
khc thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit. Thut ton DUAL chn ra ng tt
nht n mng ch gi l ng chnh
Sau y l nhng thng tin cha trongbng cu trc mng:
623
Feasible distance (FD): l thng s nh tuyn nh nht m EIGRP tnh
c cho tng mng ch
Route source l ngun khi pht thng tin v mt con ng no . Phn
thng tin ny ch c i vi nhng ng c hc t ngoi mng EIGRP
Reported distance (RD) l thng s nh tuyn n mt mng ch do router
lng ging thn mt thng bo qua
Thng tin v cng giao tip m route s dng i n mng ch
Trng thi ng i: trng thi khng tc ng l trng thi n nh, sn
sang s dng c trng thi tc ng l trng thi ang trong tin trnh tnh
ton li ca DUAL
Bng nh tuyn EIGRP lu gi danh sch cc ng tt nht n cc mng ch.
Nhng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn c rt ra t bng cu trc mng. Router
EIGRP c bng nh tuyn ring cho ng giao thc mng khc nhau
Con ng c chn lm ng chnh n mng ch gi l ng successor. T
thng tin trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng, DUAL chn ra mt ng
chnh v a ln bng nh tuyn. n mt mng ch c th c n 4 successor.
Nhng ng ny c chi ph bng nhau hoc khng bng nhau. Thng tin v
successor cng c t trong bng cu trc mng
ng Feasible sucessor (FS) l ng d phng cho ng successor. ng
ny cng c hcn ra cng vi ng successor nhng chng ch c lu lng
trong b ng cu trc mng. n mt mng ch c th c nhiu feasible successor
c lu trong bng cu trc mng nhng iu ny khng bt buc
Router xem hp k tip ca ng feasible successor l hop di n, gn mng
ch hn n. Do chi ph ca feasible successor c tnh bng chi ph ca chnh
n cng vi chi ph m router lng ging thng bo qua. Trong trng hp
successor b s c th router s tm feasible successor thay th. Mt ng
feasible successor bt buc phi c chi ph m route lng ging thng bo qua thp
hn chi ph ca ng successor hin ti. Nu trong bng cu trc mng khng c
sn ng feasible successor th con ng n mng ch tng ng c a
vo trng thi Active v route bt u gi cc gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging
tnh ton li cu trc mng . Sau vi cc thng tin mi nhn c router c
th s chn ra c successor mi hoc feasible successor mi. ng mi c
chn xong s c trng thi l Passive
624
Hnh 3.1.2.a
625
Hnh 3.1.2.b
Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn
loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn
trong h t qun EIGRP, EIGRP c dn nhn vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit
ng thuc loi no
ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi AS ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi
vi l nng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v
IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi
626
Hnh 3.1.2.c
Hnh 3.1.2.d
627
Hnh 3.1.2.e
Hnh 3.1.2.f
3.1.3 Cc c im ca EIGRP
EIGRP hot ng khc vi IGRP, v bn cht EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch nng cao nhng khi cp nht v bo tr thng tin lng
ging v thng tin nh tuyn th n lm vic ging nh mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo trng thi ng lin kt . Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng thng
628
Tc hi t nhanh
S dng bng thng hiu qu
C h tr VLSM v CIDR. Khng ging nh IGRP EIGRP c trao i
thng tin v subnet mask nn n h tr c cho h thng IP khng theo lp
H tr cho nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau
Khng ph thuc vo giao thc c nh tuyn. Nh cu trc tng phn
ring bit tng ng vi tng giao th m EIGRP khng cn phi chnh sa
lu. V d nh khi pht trin h tr mt giao thc mi nh IP chng hn.
EIGRP cn phi c thm phn mi tng ng cho IP nhng hon ton
khng cn phi vit li EIGRP
EIGRP router hi t nhanh v chng s dng DUAL, DUAL bo m hot ng
khng b lp vng khi tnh ton ng i cho php mi router trong h thng mng
thc hin ng b cng lc khi c s thay i xy ra
EIGRP s dng bng thng hiu qu v n ch gi thng tin cp nht mt phn v
gii hn ch khng gi ton b bng nh tuyn. Nh vy n ch tn mt lng
bng thng ti thiu khi h thng mng n nh. iu ny tng t nh hot
ng cp nht OSPF nhng khng ging nh router OSPF router EIGRP ch gi
thng tin cp nht mt router khc trong vng nh OSPF Chnh v vy m hot
ng cp nht ca EIGRP gi l cp nht gii hn. Thay v hot ng cp nht theo
chu k cc router EIGRP gi lin lc vi nhau bng cc gi hello rt nh. Vic trao
i cc gi hello theo nh k khng chim nhiu bng thng ng truyn
EIGRP c th h tr cho IP, IPX v Apple talk nh c cu trc tng phn theo giao
thc, EIGRP c th phn phi thng tin ca IPX RIP v SAP ci tin hot ng
ton din. Trn thc t EIGRP c th iu khin hai giao thc ny Router EIGRP
nhn thng tin nh tuyn dch v, ch cp nht cho cc router khc nhau khi thng
tin trong bng nh tuyn hay bng SAP thay i
EIGRP cn c th iu khin giao thc Alpha talk routing table maintenance
Protocol (RTMP) RTMP s dng s lng chn ng nn kh nng chn
ng khngc tt lm. Do , EIGRP s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp
cu hnh c chn ng tt nht cho mng Apple talk. L mt giao thc nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch RTMP thc hin trao i ton b thng tin nh
tuyn theo chu k. gim bt s qu ti ny EIGRP thch in phn phi thng
tin nh tuyn Apple talk khi c s kin thay i m thi. Tuy nhin apple talk
client cng mun nhn thng tin RTMP t cc router ni b do EIGRP dng
629
cho Apple talk ch nn chy trong mng khng c client v d nhcc lin kt
WAN chng hn
3.1.4 Cc k thutca EIGRP
EIGRP c rt nhiu k thut mi ci tin hiu qu hot ng tc hi t v
cc chc nng so vi IGRP v cc giao thc nh tuyn khc. Cc k thut ny
c tp trung thnh 4 loi nh sau:
S pht hin v ti pht hin cc router lng ging
Giao thc truyn ti tin cy
thut ton DUAL finite sate machine
Cu trc tng phn theo giao thc
Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp mi quan
h vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP route ch n gin l pht qung b hay
multicast cc thng tin cp nht ca n ra mi cng c cu hnh. Ngc li,
EIGRP router ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca chng tng
t nh cch lm ca OSPF router
Hnh 3.1.4
Qu trnh EIGRP router thit lp mi quan h than mt c m t trong hnh
3.1.4. EIGRP route s dng cc gi hello rt nh thc hin vic thit lp mi
630
quan h than mt vi cc router lng ging. Mc nh hello c gi i theo chu k
l 5 giy. Nu router vn nhn c hello t lng ging th n s xem nh lng
ging ny v cc ng i ca n vn cn hot ng . Bng cch thit lp mi
quan h ny, EIGRP router c th thc hin c nhng vic sau
- T ng hc c ng mi khi chng kt ni vo h thng mng
- Xc nh mt router khng cn kt ni hoc khng cn hot ng na
- Pht hin s hot ng tr li ca cc router
Giao thc vn chuyn tin cy RTP l giao thc lp vn chuyn thc hin chuyn
gi EIGRP mt cch tin cy v c th t n tt c cc lng ging. Trong mng IP
host s dng TCP vn chuyn cc gi mt cch tun t v tin cy. Tuy nhin
EIGRP l mt giao thc c lp vi giao thc mng do n khng da vo
TCP/IP thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn ging nh RIP, IGRP v OSPF
lm . khng b ph thuc vo IP, IGP s dng RTP lm giao thc vn
chuyn ring c quyn ca n m bo vic truyn thng tin nh tuyn
EIGRP c th yu cu RTP cung cp dch v truyn tin cy hoc khng tin cy tu
theo yu cu ca tng trng hp. V d cc gi hello c truyn theo nh k v
cn phi cng nh cng tt nn chng khng cn phi dng ch truyn tin cy.
Ngc li vic truyn tin cy cc thng tin nh tuyn s c th lm tng tc hi
t v EIGRP router khng cn ht thi hn mi truyn li
Vi RTP, EIGRP c th gi multicast v trc tip cho cc i tc khc nhau cng
mt lc gip ti u hiu qu hot ng
Thnh phn trung tm ca EIGRP l thut ton DUAL l b my tnh ton ng
i cu EIGRP. Tn y ca k thut ny l DUAL finite - state machine . FMS
l mt b my thut ton nhng khng phi l mt thit b c kh c cc thnh
phn di chuyn c. FSM nh ngha mt tp hp cc trng thi c th tri qua,
s kin no gy ra trng thi no v s c kt qu l g. Ngi thit k s dng
FSM lp trnh cch m mt tht b mt chng trnh my tnh hay mt thut
ton nh tuyn s x l nh th no vi mt tp hp cc d kin u vo. DUAL
FSM cha tt c cc logic c s dng tnh ton v so snh ng i trong
mch EIGRP
DUAL lu tt c cc ng m lng ging thng bo qua. Da trn thng s nh
tuyn tng hp ca mi ng, DUAL so snh v chn ra ng c chi ph thp
631
nht n ch. DUAL m bo mi mt ng ny l khng c lp vng. ng
chnh c chn ra gi l ng successor. ng successor c lu trn bng
nh tuyn v ng thi cng c lu trong bng cu trc mng
EIGRP gi cc thng tin quan trng v ng i v cu trc mng trong bng lng
ging v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp cho DUAL cc thng tin v
ng i khi cn thit. Nu c mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL s tm ng thay
th hoc mt feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng
Mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca EIGRP l n c thit k thnh tng phn
ring bit theo giao thc. Nh cu trc ny, n c kh nng m rng v tng
thch tt nht. Cc giao thc c nh tuyn nh IP, IPX v Apple Talk c a
vo EIGRP thng qua cc PDM EIGRP c th d dng tng thch vi giao thc
c nh tuyn mi hoc cc phin bn mi ca chng nh IPv6 chng hn bng
cch thm PDM vo.
Mi PDM chu trch nhim thc hin mi chc nng lin qan n mt giao thc
c nh tuyn. V d phn IP EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau:
Gi v nhn cc gi EIGRP cha d liu IP
Thng bo cho DUAL khi nhn c thng tin nh tuyn IP mi
Duy tr kt qu chn ng ca DUAL trong bng nh tuyn IP
Phn phi thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t cc giao thc nh tuyn
IP khc
3.1.5 Cu trc d liu ca EIGRP
Ging nh OSPF EIGRP da vo nhiu loi gi d liu khc nhau duy tr cc
loi bng ca n v thit lp mi quan h phc tp vi router lng ging
C 5 loi gi EIGRP
Hello
Bo nhn
Cp nht
Yu cu
p ng
EIGRP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng
ging. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router
632
lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny
li ti lp li thng tin lin lc
Chu k gi hello ca EIGRP router c th cu hnh c. Khong thi gian hello
mc nh ph thuc vo bng thng trn tng cng ca router. Trong mng IP,
EIGRP router gi hello theo a ch multicast 224.0.0.10
EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng
ging ny c lu s th t v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui nhn c t
mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn cak hong thi gian lu
gi. Router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi c trng
thi Pasive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh
Nu roter khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi
gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh
on li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k hello.
Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph hp
hn vi h thng ca mnh
Hnh 3.1.5
OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello
v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c.
EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router
lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong thit
lp mi quan h n nh m khng cn cc khong thi gian ny phi ging nhau
gia chng.
Gi hello thng c gi theo ch khng bo m tin cy. iu ny c ngha
l khng c bo nhn cho cc gi hello
633
EIGRP router s dng gi bo nhn xc nhn l nhn c gi EIGRP trong
qu trnh trao i tin cy. Giao thc vn chuyn tin c cung cp dch v lin lc
tin cy gia hai host EIGRP. Gi bo nhn chnh l gi hello m khng c d liu.
Khng ging nh hello c gi multicast cc gi bo nhn ch gi trc tip cho
mt my nhn. Bo nhn c th c kt hp vo loi gi EIGRP khc nh gi tr
li chng hn
Gi cp nht c s dng khi router pht hin mt lng ging mi. Router EIGRP
s gi gi cp nht cho router lng ging mi ny n c th xy dng bng cu
trc mng. C th s cn nhiu gi cp nht mi c th truyn ti ht cc thng tin
cu trc to
Gi cp nht cn c s dng khi router pht hin s thay i trong cu trc
mng. Trong trng hp ny EIGRP router s gi multicast gi cp nht cho mi
router lng ging ca n thng bo v s thay i . Mi gi cp nht u c
gi bo m
EIGRP router s dng gi yu cu khi n cn mt thng tin c bit no t mt
hay nhiu lng ging ca n. Gi p ng c s dng tr li cho cc gi yu
cu
Nu mt EIGRP router mt successor v n khng tm c feasible successor
thay th th DUAL s t con ng n mng ch vo trng thi Active. Sau
route gi multicast gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging c gng tm
successor mi cho mng ch ny. Router lng ging phi tr li bng gi p ng
cung cp thng tin hoc cho bit l khng c thng tin no khc c th kh thi.
Gi yu cu c th c gi multicast hoc ch gi cho mt my, cn gi p ng
th ch gi cho my no gi yu cu m thi. C hai loi gi ny u c gi bo
m
3.1.6 Thut ton EIGRP
Thut ton DUAL phc tp gip co EIGRP hi t nhanh. hiu r hn v qu
trnh hi t vi DUAL ta tt v d hnh 3.1.6.a. Mi router xy dng mt bng
cu trc mng cha cc thng tin v ng i n mng A
Mi bng cu trc mng trong v d cc hnh 3.1.6.a f c cc thng tin sau
Giao thc nh tuyn l giao thc EIGRP
634
Chi ph thp nht ca ng n mt mng ch gi l Feasible Distance
Chi ph ca ng n mt mng ch do router lng ging thng bo qua
gi l Reported Distance
Nguyn tc chn ng feasible successor
1. ng feasible successor l ng d phng thay th cho ng successor
khi ng ny b s c
2. Reported Distance ca mt ng n mt ch no l chi ph c thng
bo t router lng ging. Chi ph ny phi nh hn Feasible Distance ca
ng successor hin ti
3. Nu tho iu kin trn th c ngha l khng c vng lp ng s c
chn lm feasible successor
4. ng feasible successor c th thay th cho ng successor khi cn thit
5. Nu RD ca m ng ln hn hoc bng FD ca successor hin ti ng
khng c chn lm feasible successor
6. Router phi tnh ton cu trc mng bng cch thu thp thng tin t tt c
cc lng ging
7. Router gi gi cc yu cu n tt c cc lng ging tm thng tin v
ng i v chi ph ca ng n mng ch m router ang cn
8. Tt c cc lng ging phi gi gi p ng tr li cho gi yu cu
9. Router ghi nhn d liu mi nhn c vo bng cu trc mngca mnh
10. By gi DUAL c th xc nh ng successor mi v feasible
successor mi nu c da vo thng tin mi
Hnh 3.1.6.a
635
Ct Topology trong hnh cho bit ng no l ng chnh hay cn gi l
successor, ng no l ng d phng hay cn gi l feasible successor. Tuy
nhin bn cn lu l khng nht thit lc no cng phi tm c feasible
successor
Mng EIGRP s hot ng theo cc bc m t bn di tin hnh hi t gia
cc router. Hin ti cc router c cc thng tin v ng n Mng A nh sau
Router C c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B
Router C c mt ng f easible succ esor l ng qua Router B
Router D c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B
Router D khng c ng feasible successor
Router E c mt ng successor l ng qua router D
Router E khng c ng feasible successor
Sau y s m t mi router thc hin nguyn tc chn feasible successor nh th
no khi ng lin kt gia router D v router B b t
Hnh 3.1.6.b
Trong router D (hnh 3.1.6.B)
636
ng i qua router B b xo khi bng cu trc mng
ng ny l ng successor. Router khng xc nh c feasible
successor trc
Router D phi tnh ton li ng mi
Trong Router C:
ng n mng A qua router D b t
ng ny b xo khi bng
ng ny l successor ca router C
Hnh 3.1.6.c
Trong router D
Router D khng c feasible successor. Do n khng th chuyn qua
ng d phng c
Router D phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Con ng n Mng A c t
vo trng thi Active
Router D gi gi yu cu cho tt c cc lng ging kt ni vi n l router C
v router R yu cu gi thng tin v mng
Trc router C c ng qua router D
Trc router D khng c ng qua router E
Trong router E:
ng n Mng A thng qua router D b t
ng ny l ng successor ca router E
Router E khng c feasible successor
637
Lu rng RD ca ng thng qua Router C l 3 bng vi chi ph ca
ng successor qua router D
Hnh 3.1..6.d
Trong router C
Router E gi gi yu cud cho Router C
Router C xo ng qua Router khi bng
Router C tr li cho Router vi thng tin v ng mi n Mng A
Trong Router D
Trng thi ca ng n Mng A vn l Active v cng vic tnh ton li
cha hon tt
Router C tr li cho Router D xc nhn l ng n mng A ang hot
ng vi chi ph l 5
Router D vn angch p ng t router E
Trong router E
Router E khng c feasible successor n Mng A
Do , router E nh du trng thi con ng n mng A l Active
Router E phi tnh ton li cu trc mng
Router E xo ng i qua Router D ra khi bng
Router E gi gi yu cu cho router C yu cu thng tin v mng
Trc , router E c thng tin v ng i qua router C. ng ny c
chi ph l 3 , bng vi chi ph ca ng successor
638
Hnh 3.1.6.e
Trong router E (hnh 3.1.6.e)
Router C tr li li thng tin v ng n Mng A c RD l 3
By gi router E c th chn ng qua router C lm successor mi vi FD
l 4 v RD l 3
Trng thi ca ng n Mng A c i t Active sang Pasive. Lu
trng thi Passive l trng thi mc nh khi router vn nhn c gi hello
t ng . Do trong v d ny ch cn nh du trng thi Active thi
Hnh 3.1.6.f
Trong router E (hnh 3.1.6f)
Router E gi p ng cho Router D cung cp thng tin v mng ca
router E
639
Trong router D
Router D nhn c gi hi p t router E vi nhng thng tin v mng
ca router E
Router D ghi nhn con ng n Mng A thng qua router E
Con ng ny tr thnh mt ng successor na v n c chi ph bng vi
ng thng qua router C v n c RD nh hn FD ca ng thng qua
router
Qu trnh hi t xy ra gia mi router EIGRP s dng thut ton DUAL
3.2 Cu hnh EIGRP
3.2.1 Cu hnh EIGRP
Tr thut ton DUAL l phc tp cn cu hnh EIGRP th kh n gin tu theo
giao thc c nh tuyn l IP, IPX hay Apple Talk m cu lnh cu hnh EIGRP
s khc nhau. Phn sau y ch cp ncu hnh EIGRP cho giao thc IP
Hnh 3.2.1
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh EIGRP cho ip
1. S dng lnh sau khi ng EIGRP v xc nh con s ca h t qun
Thng s autonomous system number xc nh cc router trong mt h t qun.
Nhng router no trong cng mt h thng mng th phi c con s ny ging nhau
640
2. Khai bo nhng mng no ca router m bn ang cu hnh thuc v h t
qun
Thng s network number l a ch mng ca cc cng giao tip trn router thuc
v h thng mng EIGRP. Router s thc hin
5.1 Cc khi nim v Frame Relay:
5.1.1 Gii thiu Frame Relay:
Frame Relay l chun ca ITU-T(International Telecmunication Union
Telcommunication Stanardization Sector) v WASI (American Natonal Standards
Institute). Frame Relay l dch v WAN chuyn mch gi theo hng kt ni.
Frame Relay hot ng lp Lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI. Frame Relay s
dng mt phn giao thc HDLC lm giao thc LAPF (Link Access Procedure for
Frame Relay). Frame Relay thc hin truyn frame gia thit b ca ngi dng
DTE v thit b DCE ti danh gii ca mng WAN.
Ban u Frane Relay c thit k cho php thit b ISDN c th truy cp
vo dch v chuyn mch gi trn knh B. Nhng by gi Frame Relay l mt
cng ngh hon ton c lp.
Mng Frame Relay c th thuc s hu ring ca ngi dng nhng thng
thng l c cung cp bi cc cng ty dch v vin thng.
Frame Realay thng c s dng kt ni cc mng LAN. Mi Router
bin gii ca mt mng LAN l mt DTE. Mt kt ni ni tip, v d nh E1/T1, s
kt ni vo Frame Relay switch gn nht ca nh cung cp dch v. Frame Relay
switch chnh l thit b DCE.
641
642
Thit b my tnh khng nm trong mt mng LAN cng c th gi d liu
qua mng Frame Relay. Thit b my tnh ny s dng thit b truy cp Frame
Relay (FRAD) lm DTE.
5.1.2 Cc thut ng ca Frame Relay:
Kt ni gia hai DTE qua mng Frame Relay c gi l kt ni o (VC
Virtual Circuit). Cc kt ni o chuyn mch (SVC Switched virtual
Circuit) c th c thit lp t ng bng cch gi i cc thng ip bo hiu. Tuy
nhin SVC khng c s dng ph bin lm.Kt ni o c nh PVC (Permanent
virtual circuit) c s dng nhiu hn vi cu hnh dnh trc ca nh cung cp.
Trn mi Frame Relay switch c lu gi s nh x gia port vo v port ra
tng ng vi mi VC. Do mi kt ni VC c thit lp t mt im cui
thng qua cc switch eens im cui c xc nh duy nht.
643
644
Frame Relay c thit k hot ng trn ng truyn s cht lng
cao, Frame Realy khng c c ch khc phc li. Nu thit b no trn ng
truyn pht hin frame b li th hy b frame m khng cn thng bo.
Mi router hay FRAD kt ni o vo mng Frame Relay u c th c nhiu
kt ni o n nhiu im cui khc nhau. Mi kt ni u cui ch cn c mt
cng vt l v mt kt ni vt l, trn thit lp c nhiu kt ni o n nhiu
im ch khc nhau. Do mng Frame Relay gim c nhiu chi ph lp t v
khng cn to mng hnh li vi nhiu ng truyn vt l. Hn na chng ta cn
645
tit kim c tin thu bao v dung lng ca ng truyn vt l ph htuc vo
bng thng trung bnh ca cc VC thay v ph thuc vo chu cu tng bng thng
ti a.
Cc kt ni o VC trn cng mt ng truyn vt l vn c phn bit vi
nhau v mi VC c mt ch s DLCI ring. Ch s DLCI (Dt Link Connection
Identifier) c ghi trong mi frame d liu truyn i. Ch sDLCI ch co ngha
ni b, c ngha l no ch c duy nht i vi knh vt l m n thuc v m thi.
Do thit b u bn kia c th s dng mt ch s khc quy c cho cng
mt kt ni o VC.
5.1.3 ng gi Frame Relay:
ng gi Frame Relay thc hin theo phn lp nh sau:
Nhn gi d liu t lp Mng, v d gi IP hay IPX.
ng gi thng frame ca Frame Relay.
Chuyn frame xung lp Vt l truyn xung ng truyn.
Lp vt l thngl EIA/TIA-232, 449 hay 530, V.35, X.21. Frame ca
Frame Relay s dng mt phn nh dng ca frame HDLC. Do cng c phn c
01111110. Phn FCS (Frame Check Sequence) c s dng kim tra li ca
frame.Gi tr FCSc tnh ra trc khi truyn frame iv c ghi vo phn FCS
ca frame. Thit b nhn frame cng tnh li gi tr FCS v so snh vi gi tr FCS
ghi trong frame nhn c. Nu hai gi tr ging nhau thi frame c tip tc x
646
l. Nu hai gi tr khc nhau c ngh la frmae b li, lp tc frame b hy b v
khng h thng bo cho thit b ngun. Vin kim sot li c giao cho cc lp
trn ca m hnh OSI m trch.
5.1.4 Bng thng v iu khin lung trong Frame Relay:
Tc ng truyn ni tip trong mng Frame Relay chnh l tc truy
cp hay tc port. Tc port thng nm trong khong t 64 kb/giy n 4
Mb/giy. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cung cp tc ln n 45 Mb/giy.
Tren mt ng truyn vt l hot ng ng thi nhiu kt ni o PVC, mi
VC co mt lng bng thng ring nht nh. Bng thng ny chnh l bng thng
cam kt ca nh cung cp dch v, gi la CIR (Commited Information Rate). Nh
cung cp dch v ng chp nhn lng bt ny trn mt VC.
Mi CIR c gi tr nh hn tc port. Nhng tng cc CIR trn mt port
li ln hn tc port, thng l ln hn khong 2 hay 3 ln,v cc knh o hot
647
ng vi dung lng khc nhau ti mi thi im v khng ng thi s dng ti
a bng thng ca mnh.
Khi truyn frame ,mi bt c pht i vi tc port. Do nu lng bt
trung bnh trn VC bng vi CIR th s phi c khong thi gian ngh gia hai
frame.
Frame Relay switch cng chp nhn frame c gi t DTE vi tc cao
hn CIR. Nh vy mi VC c th s dng bng thng theo nhu culn n mc ti
a l tc port. Mt s nh cung cp c th quy c mc ti a ny thp hn
tc port. Mc chnh lch gia CIR v mc ti a gi l ERI (Ecs Information
Rate).
Khong thi gian (chu k) tnh tc c gi la Tc (Committed Time).
S lng bit trong mt chu k c gi la Bc (Committed Burst). S lng bit
chnh lch gia Bc v mc ti a (l tc vt l ca ng truyn) c gi la Be
(Ecs Burst).
Mc d switch vn chp nhn cc frame c truyn vi tc vt qu
CIR,nhng mi frame vt tiu chun ny c switch nh du bng cch t bit
DE ca frame (Discard Eligible) ln 1.
Switch co mt ng h m bit tng ng vi mi VC. Khi switch nhn
frame vao, nu frame ny vt qu s lng Bc th frame s nh du bit DE.
Frame nhn vo s b hy b khi s lng bit vt qu Bc + Be. Cui mi chu k
Tc switch s khi ng li ng h m bit.
Frame sau khi c nhn vo switch s c xp hng i chuyn ra. Tuy
nhin nu s lng fame qu nhiu s lm trn hng i, thi gian tr s tng ln.
Mt s giao thc lp trn c yu cu truyn li khi khng nhn c d liu sau
mt thi gian nht nh. Nhng do thi gian tr qu ln, yu cu truyn li khng
th thc hin c. Trng hp ny s lm tp gim thng lng mng nghim
trng
trnh s c ny, Frame Relay switch c chnh sch hy bt frame trong
hng i gi hng i khng qu di. Nhng frame no c bit DE s c t
ln hy b trc tin.
Khi switch nhn hng i ca n ang tng ln th n s c gng tm cch
lm gim dng truyn frame t DTE n n. Switch thc hin t bit bo nghn
648
ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) vo phn a chca frame m switch s
truyn li cho DTE.
Bit FECN (Forward ECN) ci t vo mi frame m siwtch s gi ra
ng truyn ang b nghn thng bo nghn cho cc thit b k tip. Bit BECN
(Back ECN) c ci t trong mi frame m switch s gi ngc li cho thit b
trc n. DTE s nhn c cc frame c bit ECN c ci t trong v sau o
s gim dng truyn frame lai cho n khi khng cn nghn mch na.
Nu nghn mch xy ra trn ng kt ni gia cc switch th DTE bn di
cng c th nhn c thng bo nghn mch mc d n khng phi l thit b gy
ra nghn mch.
Cc bit DEM, FECN, BECN l nhng bit nm trong phn a ch ca frame
LAPP.
649
5.1.5 nh x a ch v m hnh mng Frame Realy:
Khi chng ta cn lin kt nhiu mng vi nhau th chng ta cn quan tm
n m hnh kt ni gia cc mng.
Nu chng ta ch cn kt ni hai mng vi nhau bng kt ni im-ni-im
th li th chi ph thp ca Frame Relay khng ng k. Frame Relay s rt c li
v mt chi ph nu chng ta lin kt nhiu mng vi nhau.
WAN thng c lin kt theo cu trc hnh sao. Dch v chnh c t
mt mng trung tm v mi mng xa cn truy cp dch v th kt ni vo mng
trung tam. Vi cch kt ni hnh sao nh vy cho ng thue ring, chi ph s c
gim ti a.
Nu chng ta kt ni mng hnh sao cho Frame Relay, mi mng xa s c
mt kt ni vo m my Frame Relay vi mt kt ni VC. Mng trung tm cng
650
c mt kt ni vo m my Frame Relay nhng trn c nhiu VC kt ni n
cc mng xa. Tin cc ca mng Frame Relay khng tnh theo khong cch ko
cp nn v tr a l ca mng trung tm khng nht thit phi nm gia.
Chng ta nn chn m hnh mng hnh li nu cc im truy cp dch v b
phn tn v mt a l v ng truy cp c yu cu cao v tin cy. Vi mng
li, mi mng li phi c ng kt ni n tt c cc mng cn li. Tuy nhin,
khng ging nh ng truyn thu ring, chng ta c th trin khai mng hnh
li trong Frame Relay m khng cn phi tng thm nhiu VC trn mt ng
truyn vt l l c th nng cp mng hnh sao thnh mng hnh li. Khi ghp
nhiu knh VC vo mt ng truyn, chng ta cungc tn dng bng thng ng
truyn tt hn so vi vic ch cu hnh mt VC.
i vi h thng mng quy m ln rt t khi chng ta s dng mng hnh li v s
lng kt ni cn cho mng hnh li qu ln, tng theo t l bnh phng ca s
v tr cn kt ni. Cc thit b c gii hn di 1000VC trn mt kt ni. Nhng
trn thc t th gii hn ny cn thp
hn na. Do i vi h thng mng ln chng ta nn s dng mng hnh li bn
phn. Vi mng hnh li bn phn chng ta vn cn nhiu kt ni hn so vi mng
hnh sao cng khng nhiu bng bng mng hnh li ton phn. Vic kt ni
mng hnh li bn phn nh th no ty thuc vo nhu cu ca dng chy d liu.
Trong bt k cu trc Frame Relay no, khi chung ta s dng mt cng
kt ni nhiu mng khc nhau th c th gp phi s c khng n c mng ch.
S c ny do c tnh a truy cp khng qung b(NBMA- nonbroadcast
651
multiaccess) ca Frame Relay gy ra. Nh chng ta hc c gio trinh trc,
cc giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng k thut Split horizon trnh gy ra vng
lp. Split horizon khng cho php truyn ra mt cng nhng thng tin nh tuyn
va nhn vo t cng . Khi co nhiu PVC trn cng mt cng vt l thi Split
horizon li gy ra mt rc ri v mt cp nht nh tuyn. Chng ta s bn v vn
ny k hn trong phn sau ca trng. Frame Relay lp Lin kt d liu vi
a ch lp Mng, v d a ch IP. Router lun cn bit tng ng vi a ch mng
ch l cng no. i vi ng kt ni trc tip th u kia ch kt ni n mt
router duy nht. Nhng franme i t DTE n Frame Relay swich v sau c
nh x vi mt a ch mng ca router u xa. Nhng thng tin ny c th ssc
cu hnh bng cu hnh bng lnh Map hoc cu hnh t ng bng cch dng
Inverse ARP.
5.1.6. Frame Relay LMI:
Frame Relay c thit k truyn d liu chuyn mch gi vi thi gian
tr ti thiu. Bt k yu t no gp phn vo thi gian tr u c b qua. Nhng
khi cc hng mun trn khai Frame Relay nh l mt cng ngh c lp ch khng
cn l mt thnh phn ca ISDN na th h quyt nh rng DTE cn c cung
cp thng tin ng v trng thi hot ng ca mng. C ch ny khng c trong
thit k ban u ca Frame Relay v LMI
(Local Mngemaent Interface) c thm vo sau ny truyn thng tin v
trng thi hot ng mng.
Phn DLCI 10 bit cho php xc nh VC t 0 n 1023.Trong c dnh
ring li mt s ch s lm gii hn ca VC gim xung.Cc thng ip LMI c
trao i gia DTE v DCE v s dng nhng ch s DLCI dnh ring ny
Ch s VC Loi VC
0 LMI (NI, ITU)
1..15 dnh cho vic s dng tng lai
992..1007 CLLM
652
1008..1022 dnh cho vic s dng tng lai (NI, ITU)
1019..1020 Multicasting (Cisco)
1023 LMI (Cisco)
LMI baogm nhng thng tin sau:
C ch keepalive kim tra mt vng VC cn hot ng.
C ch multicast.
iu khin lung.
C DLCI no c gn thnh gi tr ton cc hay khng.
Trng thi VC.
C nhiu loi LMI khc nhau v cc loi ny khng tng thch vi nhau.
Do chng ta cn cu hnh loi LMI tn router ph hp vi loi LMI m nh
cung cp dch v ang s dng. Sau ay l 3 loi lMI m Cisco router c h tr:
Cisco - LMI gc.
Ansi theo chun ANSI T1.617 Ph chng D.
Q933a theo chun ITU Q933 ph chng A.
Thng ip LMI c lng trong frame LAPF.Tong c thm 4 phn mn
trong phn Header ca frame c th tng thch vi frame LAPD s dng trong
ISDN, trong phn th 4 cho bit loi trng ip LMI.
Theo sau phn Header l mt hoc nhiu thng tin khc nhau, bao gm:
1 byte cha ch s danh nh ca thng tin.
Phn cho bit chiu di ca phn thng tin tng ng.
Mt hoc nhiu byte ch thng tin thc s v trng thi ca mt
DLCI.
Thng ip trng thi gip kim tra kt ni logic v vt l. Nhng thng tin
ny rt quan trng trong mi trng nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn quyt
nh da trn nhng thng tin v trng thi ng kt ni.
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5.1.7 Hot ng ca Inerse ARP v LMI:
Thng ip trng thi LMI kt hp vi thng ip Inverse ARP cho php
router lin kt c a ch lp mng v a ch lp Lin kt d liu.
654
Khi router trong mng Frame Relay bt u khi ng, n s gi cc thng
ip LMI hi v trng thi ca h thng mng. H thng mng s tr li li bng
thng ip LMI,trong c cc thng tin chi tit v mi VC c cu hnh trn
mt ng kt ni.
Theo chu k router lp li vic hi thng tin trng thi ca mng nhng
nhng ln sau ny n ch nhn c tr li v nhng thay i trng thi mi xy ra.
Sau mt s ln nht nh nh vy mng li gi mt ln y cc thng tin v
trng tha mng.
N router cn nh x gia VC v a ch lp mng th n s gi thng tin
ip Inverse ARP ra mi VC. Thng ip Inverse ARP tr li s cho php router co
th nh x gia a ch mng va DLCI tng ng. Nu trong mng c chy nhiu
giao thc lp Mng khc nhau th thng ip Inverse ARP c gi i nhiu ln
tng ng vi mi giao thc lp Mng khc nhau.
655
5.2 Cu hnh Frame Relay:
5.2.1. Cu hnh Frame Relay c bn
Phn ny s gii thich cu hnh c bn ca mt Frame Relay PVC, Frame
Relay oc cu hnh trn cng serial. Giao thc ng gi mc nh trn cng ny l
HDLC. chun sang kiu ng gi Frame Relay chung ta dng lnh
encapsulation Frame - Relay {cisco/ietf}.
Cisco: s dng kiu ng gi c quyn ca cisco cho Frame Relay. Chng ta s
dng kiu ng gi ny nu thit b u bn kia cng la mt cisco router. C nhiu
thit b khng phi ca cisco cng c h tr kiu ng gi ny. cisco l trn la
mc nh ca cu lnh ny, do o bn ch cn nhp lnh ny encapsulation Frame
- Relay {cisco/ietf}.l .
Ietf: kiu ng gi ph hp vi chun RFC 1490 ca IETF. Chng ta nn chon kiu
ng gi ny nu thit b u bn kia kt ni khng phi la Cisco router.
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Kiu ng gi c quyn ca Cisco cho Frame - Relay s dng 2 byte phn
header, trong 2byte xc nh ch s DLCI v 2byte xc nh loi gi d kiu.
Nh hc gio trnh trc: chng ta dng lnh ip address khai bo a
ch IP cho cng Serial. Lnh Bandwidth ci t bng thng cho cng Serial,
bng thng ny tnh theo n v (kb/giy). chng ta s dng lnh ny ci t
bng thng c nh cho cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn nh
IGRP, EIGRP v OFPS s s dng gi tr bng thng trong cu lnh ny tinh
toan ng i.
Kt ni LMI c thit lp v cu hnh bi lnh Frame Relay Lmi-
type{ansi/cisco/q933a}. chng ta ch s dng lnh ny nu phin bn Cisco IOS
phin bn 11.2 tr v sau, loi LMI mc nh l Cisco v c ci dt trn cng
Serial. Chng ta c th xem thng tin v loi LMI bng lnh show interfaces.
Cc bc cu hnh trn khng ph thuc vo giao thc lp mng no ang chy
trn mng.
5.2.2. Cu hnh s nh x c inh cho Frame Relay:
Mi ch s ca DLCI ni b phi c nh x c nh n mt a ch lp
mng ca router u xa khi router u xa khng c h tr Invrse ARP. Tng t,
khi lu lng qung b v multicast trn PVC b kin sat th chng ta cng phi
cu hnh s nh x c nh cho Frame Relay bng lnh: Frame Relay map
protocol address dlci {broadcast}.
657
Broadcast: cho php lu lng qung b vo multicast trn VC , cho php s
dng giao thc nh tuyn ng trn VC. Tham s ny khng bt buc phi c khi
khai bo lnh.
5.2.3. S c khng n c mng ch do qu trnh cp nht thng tin nh
tuyn gy ra trong mng a truy cp khng qung b NBMA (Non -broadcast
multi - access).
Mc nh, mng Frame Relay l mi trng a truy cp khng qung b
NBMA. Mi trng NBMA cng c xem tng t nh cc mi trng a truy
cp khc , v d nh Ethernet. Tt c cc router kt ni vo mt Ethernet u nm
trong cng mng. Nhng gim chi ph phn cng , mng NBMA li c xy
dng thieo cu trc hnh sao, do o kh nng a truy cp khng bng Enthernet.
Cu trc Frame Relay NBMA c th gy ra 2 vn sau:
S c khng n c mng ch do qu trnh cp nht thng tin nh tuyn
gy ra.
Phi lp li cc mng qung b trn mi PVC khi trn mt cng vt l c
nhiu PVC.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng k thut Split-horizon ngn chn vng
lp xy ra. Khi nhng thng tin nh tuyn va c nhn vo t mt cng ca
router s khng c phep pht ngc ra cng . By gi chng ta st mt v d
nh hnh 5.2.3a. Nu router D gi mt thng tin qun b n cho router A, trong
c cha thng tin cp nht nh tuyn. Router A la ruoter trung tm nn c nhiu
kt ni PVC trn mt cng vt l. Nhng router A khng th pht ngc tr ra
658
nhng thng tin cp nht m n va nhn c t router D. kt qu l router B v C
khng nhn c nhng thng tin . nh vy router B,C khng th gi gi d liu
n cc mng router D. do router Bv C khng c chc nng Split-horizon th
cc thng tin cp nht nh tuyn mi c th pht nhc tr li trn cng m chng
va nhn vo. Split-horizon s khong gy ra rc ri nu chng ta ch c mt PVC
trn mt cng vt l, chnh l kt ni Frame Relay
im- ni - im.
Mt router c th c nhiu kt ni PVC trn mt cng vt l v mi PVC kt
ni n mt router ring. khi router pha lp cc gi d liu qung b trn mi
PVC , v d nh cc gi cp nht thng tin nh tuyn m bo mi router u
bn kia u nhn c y thng tin.
Nhng vic lp li cc thng tin qung b ny li chim nhiu bng thng ng
truyn v lm cho cc lu lng khc ca ngi dng b chm li.
659
Nh vy chng ta thy rng, gii quyt s c Split-horizon gy ra th tt
hn l nn tt Split-horizon i. nhng khng phi giao thc lp mng no cng cho
php chung ta tt chc nng Split-horizon v vic tt chc nng Split-horizon cng
ng ngha vi kh nng xy ra lp vng trong mng x cao hn.
Cn mt cch khc gii quyt vn Split-horizon l s dng cu trc li ni
. Nhng cu trch ny li lm tng chi ph v cn nhiu kt ni hn.
Cui cng, gii php m chung ti ngh l gii php s dng Subinterface c
trnh by trong phn k tip.
5.2.4. Subinterface trong Frame Relay:
Theo phn trn th khi mt cng vt l c nhiu PVC kt ni n cc router
u xa s xy ra s c Split-horizon.Trong mi trng nh truyn Split-horizon,
cc thng tin cp nhp nh tuyn c nhn vo t cng no th khng c pht
ngc ra cng . By gi chng ta chia mt cng vt l thnh nhiu subinterface
poin-to-point. Mi mt subinterface poin-topint thit lp mt PVC n mt cng
vt l hay mt subinterface khc trn router u bn kia. Nh vy, mi cp router
im-ni-im ny nm trong cng mt subnet v mi cng subinterface poin-to-
point c mt DLCI ring. Mi mt subinterface poin-topint hot ng nh mt
cng ring bit, do Split-horizon khngcn l vn rc ri na. Dng
subinterface poin-topint c ng dng cho cu trc Frame Relay hnh sao.
Cng subinterface Frame Relay cn c th cu hnh lm cng a im
(Multipoint). Mt subinterface multipoint thit lp nhiu kt ni PVC n nhiu
router khc nhau. Tt c cc router kt ni du nm trong cng mt subnet. Do
chng ta tit kim c nhiu a ch mng v iu ny ht sc c ngha nu
trong trng hp chng ta khng s dng VLSM (Variable Length Subnet
Masking). Tuy nhin, subinterface multipoint li khng gii quyt c vn
Split-horizon. Chng ta ng dng subinterface multipoint cho mng Frame Relay
hnh li ni hoc ni bn phn.
Lnh encapsulation frame-relay c s dng cu hnh cho cng vt l.
Cn tt c cc thng tin cu hnh khc ca cng, v d nh a ch lp Mng, DLCI,
chng ta s cu hnh cho mi subinterface. Phn k tip s trnh by c th cu
hnh subinterface cho Frame Relay.
5.2.5 Cu hnh subinterface cho Frame Relay:
660
Nh cung cp c trch nhim cp s DLCI. Ch s DLCI thng nm trong
khong t 16 n 992 v c gi tr cc b.S lng ti a ca ch s DLCI cn ph
thuc vo loi LMI ang s c dng. Ch s DLCI cng c th c gi tr ton
cu nhng chng ta khng bn n vn ny trong phm vi ca gio trnh ny.
Chng ta xt v d nh hnh 5.2.5. Router A c hai subinterface poin-to-
point: cng s0/0.120 kt ni n router C. Mi subinterface nm trong mt subnet
ring. Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh subinterface trn mt cng vt l:
Cu hnh ng gi Frame Relay cho cng vt l bng lnh
encapsulation frame-relay.
nh ngha PVC bng cch to subinterface.
to subinterface chng ta s dng lnh sau:
Router (config-if) #interface
Serialnumber.subinterface-number [multipoint | piont-to-point]
661
Thng thng chng ta ly ch s DLCI gn cho ch s ca subinteface
(subinteface-number) d nhn bit khi kim tra cu hnh. Kng c ch mc
nh cho subinteface,do chng ta bt buc phi khai bo tham s multipoint
hay piont-to-point.
Nu subinteface c cu hnh poin-to-point,sau chng ta phi cu hnh
DLCI cho cng phn bit vi cng vt l. i vi subinteface c cu hnh
multipiont v c h tr Inverse ARP th khng cn khai bo DLCI v cu hnh s
nh x a ch DLCI c nh.
5.2.6 Kin tra cu hnh Frame Relay:
Lnh show interfaces s cung cp cc thng tin v cu hnh ng gi, trng
thi Lp 1 v Lp 2. Ngoi ra , lnh ny cn hin th cc thng tin sau:
Loi LMI.
LMI DLCI.
Loi Frame Relay DTE hay DCE.
Thng thng th router c xem l thit b DTE. Tuy nhin, chng ta c
th s dng mt Cisco router cu hnh lm Frame Relay switch. Khi router
ny tr thng thit b DCE.
Chng ta s dng lnh show frame-relay lmi xem trng thi ca cc hot
ng LMI. V d: lnh ny s cho bit s lng cc gi LMI c trao i gia
router v Frame Relay switch.
662
Lnh show frame-relay pvc [interface interface] [dlci] hin th trng thi
ca mi PVC tng ng c cu hnh v thng tin v cc lu lng trn PVC
. Mt PVC c th trng thi hot ng (active), khng hot ng (inactive) hay
b xa (deleted). Bng lnh ny chng ta cn c th xem c s lng cc gi
BECN v FECN c nhn vo bi router.
Lnh show frame-relay pvc c s dng xem trng thi ca tt c cc
PVC c cu hnh trn router. Nu chgn ta khai bo thm ch s ca mt
663
PVC th lnh s hin th thng tin ca mt PVC . Trong v d 5.2.6.c l kt qu
hin th trng thi ca PVC 100.
Chng ta s dng lnh show frame-relay map xem s nh x hin ti
v thng itn v cc kt ni. V d nh hnh 5.2.6.d l kt qu hin th ca lnh
show frame-relay map:
10.140.1.1 l a ch IP ca router u xa. a ch ny hc t ng
thng qua qu trnh Inverse ARP.
100 l gi tr ca DLCI tnh theo s thp phn.
0x64 l gi tr h ca DLCI, 0x64 = 100.
0x1840 l gi tr ca DLCI c th hin trn ng truyn do cc bit
c t trong a ch ca frame (Frame Relay).
664
Broadcast/multicast c cho php trn PVC.
Trng thi PVC l ang hot ng.
xa s nh x Frame Relay c to ra t ng do qu trnh
ARP,chng ta s dng lnh clear frame-relay-inarp. Ngay sau chung s ta dng
li lnh show frame-relay th s khng thy g na. Sau mt khong thi gian nht
nh, qu trnh ARP s cp nhp li bng ny mt cch t ng.
5.2.7 Xc nh s c trong cu hnh Frame Relay:
Chng ta s dng lnh debug frame-relay lmi xc nh router no va
Frame Relay switch no gi nhn cc gi tin mt cch bnh thng. Out l nhng
thng ip LMI c gi i bi router, in l nhng thng ip LMI nhn c t
Frame Relay switch. Thng ip trng thi LMI y c type 0, type 1 l
mt phin giao dch trao i LMI. Sau y l ngha ca cc thng s trng thi:
0x0: nhn bit nhng khng hot ng. iu ny c ngha l switch
c cu hnh DLCI nhng v l do no khng s dng c
DLCI ny. Nguyn nhn c th l do u bn kia ca PVC cha hot
ng .
0x2: nhn bit l ang hot ng. iu ny c ngha l Frame
Relay switch c DLCI v mi ci hot ng tt.
0x4: xa. iu ny c ngha l hin ti Frame Relay switch khng
cn DLCI ny na nhng trc DLCI ny c cu hnh cho
665
switch. Nguyn nhn c th do s DLCI c lu trn router hoc nh
cung cp xa PVC tng ng trong mng Frame Relay.
TNG KT
Sau y l nhng im chnh trong chng trnh m cc bn cn nm c:
Phm vi hot ng v mc ch ca Frame Relay.
Cng ngh Frame Relay.
Cu trc im-ni-im v im-ni-a im.
Cu trc mng Frame Relay.
Cch cu hnh Frame Relay PVC.
Cc cu hnh s nh x a ch cho Frame Relay.
Nhng vn v nh truyn trong mng a truy cp khng qung b.
Ti sao phi cn subinterface v cu hnh chng nh th no.
Kim tra v xc nh s c kt ni Frame Relay.
666
CHNG 6: GiI THIU V QUN TR MNG
GiI THIU:
PC c thit k l mt my tnh bn c lp. Phn h iu hnh lc
ch cho phpti mt thi im mt use truy cp s dng ti nguyn h thng. Khi
mng my tnh tr nn ph bin th cc cng ty phn mm bt u pht trin h
iu hnh mng, gi tt l NOS (Network Operating System). NOS c thit k
cung cp kh nngbo mt tp tin, phn quyn use v chia s ti nguyn h thng
cho nhiu use. S pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet i hi cc nh thit k
phi pht trin NOS ngy nay theo cc cng ngh ca Internet, v d nh World
Wide Web (WWW).
Kt ni mng tr thnh nhu cu thit yu vi my tnh bn. Ranh gii
gia h iu hnh Desktop v NOS tr nn rt m nht. Ngy nay, hu ht cc
h iu hnh thng dng nh Microsoft Windows 2000 v Linux u c th tm
thy trn server trn mng cu hnh mnh v trn c desktop ca user.
Hiu bit v cc h iu hnh khc nhau s gip chng ta chon la ng h
iu hnh cung cp y cc dch v cn thit. Trong chng ny s gii thiu
v UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X v cc h iu hnh Windows.
Vic qun tr mng LAN v WAN hiu qu l mt iu kin then cht trong
vic duy tr mt mi trng hot ng tt trong th gii mng. Cng nhiu dch v
p ng cho cng nhiu ngi dng, hiu sut mng cng cao. Ngi qun tr mng
thng qua vic theo di thng trc, phi pht hin v s l ngay cc s c trc
khi nhng s c c tc ng n ngi s dng.
C rt nhiu cng c v giao thc khc nhau thc hin vic theo di hot
ng mng. Thnh tho v cc cng c ny l rt quan trng c th qun tr
mng mt cch hiu qu.
Sau khi hon tt chng chnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau:
Xc nh nhng nhim v c thc hin bi my trm.
Xc nh nhng chc nnh ca server.
M t vai tr client/server.
M t s khc nhau gia NOS v h iu hnh desktop.
667
Lit k cc h iu hnh Windows v cc c im ca chng.
Lit k cc h iu hnh khc v cc c im ca chng.
Xc nh cc cng c qun tr mng.
M t OSI v m hnh qun tr mng.
M t SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) v CMIP
(Common Management Information Protocol).
M t cch thu nhp thng tin v lu li s c cc phn mm qun tr
mng.
6.1. My trm v Server:
6.1.1. My trm:
My trm client c s dng chy cc trnh ng dng v kt ni n
server. Server l my tnh chy h iu hnh mng NOS, l ni lu d liu chia s
gia cc my tnh. My trm s dng phn mm c bit thc hin nhng nhim
v sau:
Tip nhn d liu ca user v lnh ca chng trnh ng dng.
Xc nh xem lnh nhn c l cho h iu hnh ni b hay l cho
NOS.
Chuyn lnh n h iu hnh ni b hoc ra card mng (NIC)
truyn vo mng.
Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia mng v phn mm ng dng ang
chy trn my trm
Mt s h iu hnh Windows c th ci t c c trn my trm v
server. Windows NT/2000/XP c cung cp kh nng Server mng. Wind 9x v
ME ch c th s dng cho my trm.
668
UNIX v Linux cng thng c s dng trn cc my desktop cu hnh
mnh. Nhng my trm ny thng c s dng cho cc ng dng v khoa hc k
thut i hi cu hnh my tnh mnh. Sau y l nhng phn mm c bit thng
c chy trn cc my trm UNIX:
Computer-aie desing (CAD).
Phn mm thit k mch in t.
Phn mm phn tch d liu thi tit.
Phn mm thit k hnh nh ng.
Phn mm qun l thit b vin thng.
Hu ht cc h iu hnh desktop hin nay u c kh nng mng v h tr
nhiu user truy cp. Chnh v vy,vic phn loi my tnh v h iu hnh khng
ch da trn cc loi trnh ng dng chy trn my m cn da tren vai tr ca my
tnh trong mng, l my trm hay server. Cc trnh ng dng thng chy trn my
trm thng thng gm c:trnh s l vn bn, bng tnh, qun l chi tiu, Nhng
trnh ng dng chy trn my trm cng ngh cao bao gm: thit k ha, qun
l thit b v nhng phn mm c lit k trn.
My trm khng a l mt loi my c bit thit k chy trong mng.
My tnh ny khng c a nhng vn c mn hnh, bn phm, RAM, ROM v
NIC. Phn mm thit lp kt ni mng c ti t chip ROM trn NIC. Loi my
trm ny khng c a nn phi chp mi d liu t my trm ln server v ngc
li, ti mi d liu t trn server xung. Do , my trm khng a khng th
pht virut vo mng v ng thi cng khng th lu d liu t mng vo a.
Chnh v vy, my trm khng an ton hn so vi my trm thng thng. Do
loi my trm khng a thng c s dng trong nhng mng c yu cu bo
v cao
Laptop cng l mt my trm trong mng LAN v c kt ni mng thng
qua PCMCIA card.
6.1.2. Server:
Trong mi trng mng, nhiu client cng truy cp v chia s ti nguyn trn
mt hay nhiu server. My client c trang b b nh, a v cc thit b ngoi
vi nh bn phm, mn hnh. Cn server pha c trang b c th h tr cho
nhiu user, nhiu tc v ca nhiu client cng lc trn server.
669
Nhiu cng c qun l mng c thit k trong NOS h tr cho nhiu
user cng lc truy cp vo h thng. NOS cn c ci t trn server v cc client
cng chia s nhng server ny. Server thngdc trang b a tc cao v dung
lng ln, b nh RAM ln, NIC tc cao v trong nhiu trng hp cn c
trng b nhiu CPU. Cc server c cu hnh b giao thc TCP/IP v cung cp mt
hc nhiu dch v TCP/IP.
Server cn c dung lng b nh ln hn nhiu so vi my trm v server
phi thc hin nhiu tc v cng mt lc. Server cng cn dung lng a ln
lu cc file chi s v s dng a lm b nh ngoi h tr cho RAM. Trn
mainboard ca server cng cn nhiu slot hn c th gn nhiu card mng v kt
ni nhiu thit b chia s nh my in
Mt c im na ca h thng server l nng lc s l. Nguyn thy ban
u server ch c mt CPU thc hin cc tc v v tin trnh trn my tnh.
hot ng hiu qu hn v p ng nhanh hn cc yu cuca client, server i hi
phi c CPU mnh hn thc hin nhiu tc v cng lc. Trong mt s trng
hp mt CPU tc cao cng cha p ng th h thng cn trng b thm CPU.
H thng nhiu CPU c kh nng chia cc tc v cho nhiu CPU khc nhau. Nh
lng cng vic m server c th x l trong cng mt khong thi gian tng
ln rt nhiu.
Serverlaf trung tm ti nguyn v cng l trung tm hot ng ca client nn
server phi hot ng hiu qu v bn vng. Hiu qa ln y c ngha l server
phi hot ng hiu qu vi p lc cng vic ln v c kh nng khi phc li
mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca server m khng cn phi tt ton b h thng.
p ng nhu cu ny, server phi c cc phn cng d phng hot ng thay th
khi mt thnh phn no b h. Vic s dng h thng d phng giup server vn
hot ng lin tc khi s c xy ra v trong khong thi gian ch sa cha thnh
phn b h hng.
Mt s dch v thng c chy trn server l dch v web HTTP, FTP,
DNS, cc dch v v email nh SMTP, POP3, IMAP, dch v chia s thng file nh
NFS ca Sun Microsystem, SMB ca Microsoft, dch v chia s my in, dch v
DHCP cugn cpa ch IP ng cho my trm.
Ngoi ra, server cn c ci t lm fierwall cho h thng mng bng cch
s dng proxy hoc NAT che giu a ch mng ring bn trong.
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Mi server ch c th phc v cho mt lng client nht nh. Do chng
ta c th trin khai nhiu server tng hiu qu hot ng. Thng thng ngi ta
phn chia cc dch v cho mi server, v d mt server chu trch nhim v email,
mt server chu trch nhim v chia s file v mt server khc chu trch nhim v
FPT.
Vic tp chugn ngun ti nguyn v cc dch v trn server gipcho truy cp,
qun l v d phng d liu tt hn. Mi client c cung cp mt t6i khon vi
user name/pasword v s xc minh trc khi truy oc php truy cp vo server.
6.1.3. Mi quan h client server:
M hnh client server phn chia mt tin trnh s l ln nhiu ma tnh khc
nhau. Vic phn chia mt tin trnh s l cho php truy cp h thng t xa chia
s thng tin v ti nguyn mng. Trong mi trng client server client v server
cng chia s, hay ni cch khc l phn chia nhau mt tin trnh s l.
Mt phin kt ni FTP l mt v d v mi quan h client server. FTP l mt
phng php truyn file t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. client c th ti
file t server hoc cho php chp file ln server, trn server phi c chy dch v
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FTP. Khi , client yu cu truyn file, server cung cp dch v tng ng
truyn hoc nhn file.
Internet cng l mt v d in hnh v quan h chia s mt tin trnh s l
gia client server. Client hay im cui giao tip vi user l ni trnh dut internet
explorer hay netscape trnh by d liu vi user tnh duyt web gi yu cu n
web server. Server ch li v trinh duyt web nhn c d liu HTTP t server v
trnh by trang web cho user.
Mt v d na cho mt quan h slient server l server cung ng dch v v c
s d liu v client trong LAN. Trn client, chy mt ng dng c vit bng C
hay Java. Trn server, chy ORACLA hay mt phn mm qun l d liu. Trong
trng hp ny, client thc hin vic nh dng v trnh by cc tc v i vi d
liu cho user, cn server cung cp ni lu d liu v dch v tm d liu.
Mt my tnh i khi pha truy vn mt d liu cn thit no trong mt c
s d liu rt ln. Vi m hnh client server, client ch cn gi yu cu tm d liu
cho server. Sau server c th x l vi hn 100000 h s d liu mi tm ra d
liu tha mn yu cu ca client.
Nh vy, vic lu tr mt lng ln d liu v vic s l tm kim trn lng
d liu u c thc hin ti server. Clinet ch cn pht i mt yu cu nh v
ch nhn kt qu mong mun. Do lng thng tin chao i c truyn i qua
mng s nh i t tn bng thng hn.
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Vic phn chia s l mt tin trnh gia client v server nh trn em li
nhiu u im, nhng cng c nhc im v mt chi ph. Vic tp chung ti
nguyn trn server gip cho vic truy cp ng gin, kim sot tp chung v kh
nng bo v tt hn nhng server li tr thnh im nhy cm duy nht. Nu server
b s c, khng hot ng c th k nh ton b h thng cng khng hot ng
c na. Ngoi ra, bo tr v qun tr server cn i hi phi c nhng phn
cng d phng, nhng phn mm c bit v nhng chuyn gia trnh cao trong
lnh vc ny. Tt c nhng yu t lm tng thm chi ph vn hnh mng.
6.1.4. Gii thiu v h iu hnh mng, gi tt l NOS (Netword Operating
System):
H iu hnh l mt phn mm lm nn cho tt c cc ng dng v dch v
chy trn mt my tnh. Tng t, NOS cho php nhiu thit b thng tin lin lc
vi nhau chia s ti nguyn qua mng. NOS thng c chy trn cc server
Unix, Microsoft Windows NT, Windows 2000.
Cc chc nng thng thng ca mt h iu hnh trn my trm gm iu
khin phn cng, chy chng trnh v cung cpgiao din tip vi user. Nhiu user
c th chia s cng mt my tnh nhng khng th s dng mt my tnh cng lc.
Trong khi , NOS phn chia chc nng trn nhiu my tnh khc nhau, cho php
chia s d liu bi nhiu user cng lc.
Mt client trong mi trng NOS c th cho php ngi s ng truy cp n
ngun ti nguyn trn my khc nh chnh ngun ti nguyn ni b nm trn my
vy.
Mt NOS server nhiu ngi dng c kh nnh h tr nhiu user cng lc.
Nh qun tr mng to ti khon cho mi user, cho php server kim tra v xc
minh user mi khi truy cp, ng thi ty theo mi ti khon m user c th truy
cp nhng ti nguyn no c php.
NOS server l mt h thng a nhim, c kh nng thc hin nhiu nhim v
cng lc. Phn mm NOS phn phi thi gian x l, b nh v cc thnh phn khc
cu h thng cho cc tc v khc nhau, cho php nhiu tc v cng chia s ti
nguyn h thng. Mi user trong h thng nhiu ngi dng c h tr bi mt
tin trnh ring trong server. Mi tin trnh ny c to ra t ng bn trong server
mi khi user kt ni vo h thng v c xa i khi user ngt kt ni.
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Khi chn la NOS chng ta cn quan tm n cc c im sau: kh nng
hot ng, cng c qun l v theo di, kh nng bo mt, kh nng m rng,
bn vng v kh nng khc phc li.
Kh nng hot ng: NOS phi thc hin c v ghi cc file dc truyn
qua mng gia client v server. Server phi c kh nng hot ng tt vi p lc
cao khi c nhiu client cng gi yu cu cng mt lc. Yu cu hot ng tt di
p lc cao l mt tiu chun hng u cho mt NOS.
Kh nng qun l v theo di: Giao din qun l ca NOS cung cp cng
c theo di, qun l client v a. Giao din qun l ca NOS cn cung cp
cng c ci t v cu hnh dch v mi. Ngoi ra, server cn i hi phi c
thng xuyn theo di v iu chnh.
Kh nng bo mt: NOS phi bo v ngun ti nguyn chia s. Vic bo
mt bao gm xc minh user, m ha bo v thng tin khi truyn i gia client v
server.
Kh nng m rng: L kh nng pht trin mng m khng lm gim hiu
qu hot ng ca NOS . NOS phi c kh nng chp nhn thm user v server
mi.
bn vng v kh nng khc phc li: bn c xc nh thng qua
kh nng cung cp dch v khi co s c xy ra. Chng ta nn s dng a d
phng v chia ti cho nhiu server tng bn vng cho NOS.
6.1.5. Microsoft NT, 2000 v .NET:
K t khi phin bn Windows 1.0 c pht hnh thng 11nm 1985 n
nay, Microsoft pht hnh nhiu phin bn h iu hnh Windows khc nhau vi
nhiu ci cch v thay i h tr cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
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Windows NT 4.0 c thit k cung cp mt mi trng hot ng n
nh hn v c Windows NT 4.0 cho desktop (NT 4.0 Workstation) v cho server
(NT 4.0 Server). u imca Windows NT 4.0 l DOS v cc chng trnh
Windows c c chy trong mi trng gi lp. Li chng trnh c c lp v
khng cn phi khi ng mi my.
Windows NT cung cp cu trc min kim sot user v client truy cp vo
ti nguyn server. Mi min NT phi c mt primary domain controller lu c s
d liu qun l ti khon (SAM Security Accounts Management Database) v c
mt hoc nhiu backup domain controller, trn lu bn copy read-only ca
SAM. Khi user mun truy cp vo h thng, thng tin ti khon c gi n
SAM. Nu thng tin ti khon ny c lu trong SAM th user s c xc minh vo
min NT v truy cp c vo ti nguyn h thng.
K tha Windows NT, Windows 2000 c pht trin cho c Desktop v
server, Windows 2000 c k thut Plug-and play, ngha l cc thit b mi c
ci t vo h thng m khng cn khi ng li. Windows2000 cn c h thng
m ha File bo mt d liu trn a cng.
Windows2000 t cc i tng nh User, ti nguyn vo mt n v nh l
Organizational units (Ous). Vic xc minh qun tr trn mi OU c y thc cho
mt User hoc mt nhm User c im ny cho php qun l chi tit hn so vi
Windows NT 4.0.
Windows2000 Prossional khng c thit k lm mt NOS hon chnh. N
khng cung cp domain controller, DNS Server, DHCP Server hay bt k dich v
no khc nh windows2000 Server.
Mc ch chnh ca windows2000 Prossional l tham gia vo domain vi t cch l
mt h iu hnh pha client. Cc loi phn cng c th ci trn h thng cng b
gii hn windows2000 Prossional cng c th cung cp mt vi kh nng Server
cho mng nh hoc mng ngang hng, v d nh File server, FPT server, web
server, print server nhng ch ti a 10 kt ni cng lc. windows2000 Server b
sung thm nhiu chc nng server cho windows2000 Prossional. windows2000
Server c th hot ng nh mt File server, nhm user v ti nguyn mng.
windows2000 Server c th s dng cho mng c kichs thc va v nh. N cung
cp kt ni tng thch vi h thng Novell Netware, UNIX v Apple. N c th
c cu hnh lm communication server cung cp dch v quay s cho cc
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server xa. windows2000 Advance Server h tr thm nhiu phn cng v phn
mm khc cho cc mng ln v cc ln.
Microsoft cng pht trin windows.NET Server cung cp kh nng bo mt cng
nh tin cy cao chy cc Wed v cc FPT sites cc ln, cnh tranh vi linux,
UNIX v novelss One NET. Windows.NET Server cung cp dch v XML Wed
cho cc cng ty, t chc c mc lu lng web va v cao.
6.1.6. UNIX, Sun, HP v LINUX:
6.1.6.1. Ngun gc ca UNIX:
UNIX l tn ca mt nhm cc h iu hnh c ngun gc t nm 1969
Bell Labs. Ngay t ban u UNIX c thit k h tr a ngi dng v a
tc dng. UNIX l h iu hnh u tin c h tr cc giao thc mng Internet. lch
s pht trin c hn 35 nm ca UNIX l mt qu trnh phc tp, trong c rt
nhiu cng ty v t chc ng gp vo s pht trin ca n.
u tin, UNIX c vit bng hp ng (assembly language) v UNIX ch
chy c trn mt loi my tnh c bit. Vo nm 1971, Dennis Ritchie cho ra
i ngn ng lp trnh C. Nm 1973, Ritchie cng vi mt thnh vin ca Bell Lasb
l nh lp trnh Fen Thompson vit li chng trnh UNIX vi ngn ng C. C l
mt ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, do UNIX co th chuyn sang chy trn cc
loi my tnh khc. Quyt nh pht trin h iu hnh mi ny l cha kha thnh
cng ca UNIX. Trong sut thp nin 70, UNIX c pht trin bi cc nh lp
trnh Bell Labs v mt s trng i hc nh University of California Berkeley.
Khi UNIX ln u tin tr thnh mt thng hiu trn th trng trong thp
nin 80, UNIX ch c s dng trn cc server mng loi mnh ch khng s
dng trn my tnh bn. Ngy nay, UNIX c nhiu phin bn khc nhau nh:
Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX).
Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD UNIX), c cc sn phm nh
FreeBSD.
Snt Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX.
Sun Solaris.
IBM UNIX (AIX).
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UNIX tip tc khng nh v tr ca n l mt h iu hnh ng tin cy, an
ton cho cc ng dng quan trng, then cht ca mt doanh nghip hay t chc.
UNIX cng thch hp vi TCP/IP v chng cn cho LAN v WAN.
Mi trng h iu hnh Sun Microsystem Solaris l ct li ca n, h iu
hnh SunOS l mt phin bn 64 bit, linh hot v hiu sut hot ng cao ca
UNIX. Solaris c th chy trn nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau, t my tnh c nhn
Intel cho n cc my tnh cc mnh. Hin nay Solaris l phin bn c s dng
rng ri nht ca UNIX trong cc h thng mng ln v cc Internet website. Sun
cn l nh pht trin cng ngh Java Write Once, Run Anywhere.
Nu nh Microsoft Windows c s dng ph bin trong LAN thi UNIX
c chy rt nhiu trn Internet. UNIX thng gn kin vi nhng phn cng t
tin, khng thn thin vi ngi s dng. Tuy nhin trong nhng pht trin gn
y, k c Linux, ngi ta ang c gng thay i hnh nh ny.
6.1.6.2. Ngun gc ca Linux:
Vo nm 1991, mt sinh vin ngi Phn Lan tn l Linus Torvalds bt tay
nghin cu h iu hnh cho my tnh Intel 80386. Torvalds khng bng lng
vi trng thi hot ng ca cc h iu hnh desktop, v d nh DOS v s tn
km bi chi ph bn quyn ca UNIX. Torvalds pht trin h iu hnh hot
ng ging UNIX nhng s dng m phn mm m hon ton min ph cho mi
ngi s dng.
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Vic lm ca Torvalds dn n mt hiu ng cng tc ton cu, cng
pht trin Linux lm mt h iu hnh m ngun m, c hnh thc v cch s dng
tng t nh UNIX. Vo cui thp nin 90, Linux tr thanh k c th thay th
cho UNIX trn server v cho Windows trn desktop.
Cc phin bn ca Linux hin nay c th chy trn hu ht cc b x l 32 bit, bao
gm Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Alpha v PowerPC.
Cng nh UNIX Linux cng c nhiu phin bn khc nhau. Mt s phin
bn c th ti min ph t web v mt s c bn. Sau y l mt s phin bn
thng dng nht ca Linux:
Red Hat Linux phn phi bi Red Hat Software.
OpenLinux - phn phi bi Caldera.
Corel Linux.
Slackware.
Debian GNU/Linux.
SE Linux.
Linux l mt trong nhng h iu hnh mnh nht v ng tin cy nht trn
th gii hin nay. Chnh v vy Linux cng ch dnh cho nhng ngi dng chuyn
nghip c s dng nhiu cho cc server mnh v t c trin khai lm h iu
hnh desktop. Mc d Linux cng c giao din ha thn thin vi ngi dng
nhng ngi dng khng chuyn nghip vn cm thy s dng Linux kh hn so
vi Mac OS hay Windows. Hin nay mt s cng ty nh Red Hat, SuSE, Corel v
Caldera cng ang c gng lm cho Linux cng ph bin nh mt h iu hnh cho
desktop.
Khi trin khai Linux trn my tnh bn, chng ta cn quan tm n kh
nng h tr cc trnh ng dng ca Linux. C mt s chng trnh ng dng ch
tng ng vi Windows. Tuy nhin mt s hng nh WABI v WINE chuyn cung
cp phn mm m phng Windows gip cho nhiu ng dng Windows c th
chy trn Linux. Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty nh Corel cng ang lm phin bn
Linux ph hp vi h thng ca h cng vi cc phn mm thng dng khc.
6.1.6.3.ni mng vi linux:
Hin nay trong Linux c cc thnh phn v mng, cho php kt ni LAN
v thit lp kt ni quay s ra Internet TCP/IP c tch hp vo nhn ca Linux
ch khng trin khai thnh mt h thng con ring bit.
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Sau y l mt s u im ca Linux khi c s dng trn desktop:
N thc s l h iu hnh 32 bit
N h tr a tc v v b nh o
M ngun m nn bt k ai cng c th vn dng v pht trin
6.1.7 Apple:
My tnh apple macintosh c thit k cho mng ngang hng hay mt
nhm my tnh nh. Cng ni mng cng c bao gm lun trong phn cng ca
my tnh, cc thnh phn mng c xy dng trong h iu hnh macintosh. My
tnh macintosh cng c th s dng b chuyn i ethrnet hay token ring.
My tnh macintosh hay gi tt l Mac, c s dng ph bin trong cc hc
vin v cc b phn ha. Mac c th kt ni vi mt my tnh khc trong nhm
v c th truy cp vo file server appleshare. Mac cng c th kt ni vi cc PC
trong LAN v cc server Microsft, NetWare, UNIX.
Mas OSX(10)
H iu hnh Macintosh, Mac OSX, i khi cn c gi l Apple system
10.
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Giao din ho Aqua ca Mac OS X tp hp nhng c im ca Microsoft
Windows XP v Linux X-Windosw. Mac OS X oc thit k cung cp cc chc
nng cho mt my tnh gia nh, v d nh chnh duyt Internet, bin tp hnh v
Video, Game, ng thi cng cung cp nhng cng c mnh, cu hnh chuyn
nghip m mt chuyn gia IT cn c trong h niu hnh.
Mac OS X tng thch hon ton vi cc phin bn c ca Mac. Mac OS X cn
cung cp nhiu chc nng mi cho php kt ni vi Apple talk v Windows. H
iu hnh xng sng ca Mac OS X c gi l Darwin. Darwwin l mt h
thng mnh, da trn c s ca Unix, hot ng n nh v hiu sut cao. Mac OS
X cng h tr b nh o, qun l b nh bc cao, thc hin da tc v v s l ng
b. Tt c nhng u im ny lm cho Mac OS X cng l mt i th cnh tranh
vi cc h iu hnh khc.
6.1.8. Khi nim v cc dch v trn Server:
NOS c thit k cung cp cc hot ng mnh cho client. Cc dch v
mng bao gm WWW, chia s tp tin, Mail, qun l t xa, in t xa .qun l t
xa l mt dch v mnh , cho php ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh h thng
mng t xa. Mi hot ng mng trn cc h iu hnh khc nhau c chc nng
ging nhau nhng cch hot ng s khc nhau.
Ty theo tng NOS m mt s cc hot ng ch yu s c kch hot mc
nh trong qu trnh ci t NOS. hu ht cc hot dng mng thng dng u da
trn b giao thc TCP/IP. Nhng TCP/IP l b giao thc m v ni ting ln cc
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dch v da trn TCP/IP cng ng trca cc nguy c b tn cng. tn cng DOS
(Denian of service), virut, Worm buc ngi thit k NOS quan tm nhiu
hn n vic khi ng t ng mt dch v mng.
Nhng phin bn thng dng ngn y ca NOS, v d nh Windows v Red
Hat Linux, gii hn s dch v mng c kch hot mc nh do , khi s
dng NOS, chng ta phi khi ng cc dch v mng bng tay .
Khi mt urer mun in trong mng c dch v in chia s, yu cu in c gi
n hng i ca my in v my in phc v cc yu cu ny theo th t n trc,
in trc. Do thi gian ch in c th s lu, ty theo s lng cn in ang nn
ttrong hng i. Vi dch v in qua mng, ngi qun tr h thng c th qun l s
lng ln cng vic cng vic ln in n qua mng, bao gm ci t u tin, thi
gian ch v xa nhng yu cu in ang trong hng ch.
Chia s tp in
Chia s tp in l mt dch v mng quan trng. Hin nay c rt nhiu giao
thc v ng dng cho chia s tp tin. Trong phm vi mng nh huc mng gia nh,
tp tin c chia s bng Windows file sharing hay giao thc NFS khi ngi s
dng thm ch cng khng nhn thy s khc bit ca tp tin ang nm trn i
cng hay trn server. Windows file sharing v NFS cho php ngi s dng d
dng di chuyn, to mi hay xa tp tin trong th mc hay trn my xa.
FTP
Rt nhiu li s dng FTP to tp tin c th truy cp t xa, iu chnh v
pht hnh ra cng ng. dch v FTP kt hp vi dch v WEB c s dng rt
dng di. v d: mt User c thng tin v mt phn mm mi trn trang Web v
ti phn mm v bng FTP. Cc cng ty nh c th dng mt Server cung cp c
hai dch v FTP v HTTP, cn cn cng ty ln c th dnh ring mt Server cho
FTP.
FTP client phi truy nhp vo FTP Server v chng ta c th cu hnh FTP
Server cho php truy nhp v danh. Khi User truy nhp vo Server di dng v
danh, User khng bt buc phi c ti sn trong h thng. Giao thc FTP cn cho
php User chp tp tin nn Server thay i tn v xo tp tin. Do ngi qun tr
h thng cn cn thn khi cu hnh quyn truy cp.
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FTP l mt giao thc hot ng theo phin truy cp. Client phi m phin giao tip
lp ng dng vi Server, thc hin xc minh v sau ti huc chp tp tin nn
Server. Nu phin kt ni khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh
th Server s ngt kt ni . Thi gian ch cho mi phin kt ni ty thuc tng
phn mm khc nhau.
Dch v Web
Wornd wide web l dch v mng ph bin nht hin nay. tong vng khng
y mt thp nin Wornd wide web ch thnh mng ton cu cho thng tin,
bun bn, gio dc v gii tr. Hng t cc cng ty t chc v c nhn t trang
Web ca mnh trn Internet Web site l mt tp hp cc trang Web vi nhau.
Wornd wide web da trn cc m hnh client/ server. Client thit lp phin
bn kt ni TCB vi Web server. Khi kt ni c thit lp song, client c th
yu cu nhn d liu t server HTTP. Thc hin cc giao thc truyn dc liu gia
client v server. Phn mm Web/client l cc trnh duyt Web v d Netscape,
Internet explorer.
Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm
Web server thng dng nht l ernet explorer.
Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm
Web server thng dng nht l Microsoft Internet information Services (IIS) v
Apache Web Server. Microsoft (IIS) chy trn Windows Apache Web Server chy
trn UNIX v Linnux.
DNS
Giao thc DNS dich trn phn mm Internet, v d nh HTUwww.cisco.comUTH,
thnh i ch IP. Giao thc DNS cho php client gi yu cu n DNS server
thc hin dch tn min sang i ch IP. Sau chng trnh ng dng c th s
dng a ch IP ny gi d liu. Nu khng c dch v ny c l Internet
khng th pht trin nh ngy nay.
DHCP
Mc ch ca DHCP l cho php mi my tnh trong mng IP c cu hnh
TCP/IP t mt hay nhiu DHCP server. DHCP cung cp i ch IP cho mt my
tnh trong mt khon thi gian nht nh, sau ly li i ch IP v c th cp
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mt i ch IP mi. Tt c cc cng vic ny c thc hin bi mt DHCP server.
Nh cng vic qun l mng IP ln c gim bt rt nhiu.
6.2. Qun tr mng:
6.2.1. Gii thiu v qun tr mng:
Khi mt h thng mng ngy cng pht trin th trong cng c nhiu ti
nguyn quan trng hn. khi cng c nhiu ti nguyn phc v cho User th mng
li cng tr nn phc tp, cng vic qun tr mng cng tr nn kh khn hn. vic
thiu ht ti nguyn v hiu sut hot ng km l hu qu ca vic pht trin
khng hoch nh v cc User khng th chp nhn iu ny. do ngi qun tr
mng phi t ng qun l h thng ca mnh, xc nh s c v ngn nga s c
xy ra, to hiu sut hot ng tt nht cho User. Mt khc khi h thng mng ch
nn qu ln, ngi qun tr c th khng qun l ni nu khng c s tr gip ca
cc cng c qun l mng t ng.
Cng vic qun tr mng bao gm:
Theo di hot ng mng.
Tng cng kh nng t ng.
Theo di thi gian p ng trong mng.
Bo mt.
nh tuyn lu lng mng.
Cung cp kh nng lu tr d liu.
ng k user.
Cng vic qun tr mng chu nhng trch nhim sau:
Kim sot ti sn chung: Nu ti nguyn mng khng c kim
sot hiu qu th hot ng ca h thng mn s khng t nh mong
mun.
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Kim sot phc tp: S pht trin bng n s lng thit b mng,
user, giao thc v cc nh cung cp dch v, thit b l nhng iu
gy kh khn cho cng vic qun tr mng
Pht trin dch v: Ngi s dng lun mong ch nhng dch v mi
hn, tt hn khi h thng mng pht trin hn.
Cn bng cc nhu cu khc nhau: Ngi s dng lun i hi cc
phn mm ng dng khc nhau vi nhng mc h tr khc nhau v
yu cu khc nhau v mc hot ng, kh nng bo mt
Gim ti a thi gian ngng hot ng do s c: S dng cc bin
php d phng m bo kh nng cung cp dch v v ti nguyn
mng.
Kim sot chi ph: Theo di v kim sot mc s dng ti nguyn
ph hp vi mc chi ph chp nhn c.
6.2.2. OSI v m hnh qun tr mng:
ISO (International Standards Organization) a ra m hnh qun tr mng vi
4 phn:
T chc.
Thng tin.
Lin lc.
Chc nng.
Phn t chc m t cc thn phn qun tr mng, bao gm cc thnh phn
qun l, cc chi nhnh v mi quan h gia chng. Vic b tr cc thnh phn ny
s dn n cc loi cu trc m chng ta s bn n trong phn sau ca chng.
Phn thng tin lin quan n cu trc v lu tr thng tin qun tr mng. Nhng
thng tin ny c lu tr trong mt c s d liu gi l MIB (Management
Information Base). ISO nh ngha cu trc ca thng tin qun tr SMI (Structure of
Management Information) nh ngha c php v thng tin qun tr lu trong
MIB. MIB v SIM s c cp trong phn su hn trong phn sau ca chng.
Phn lin lc lin quan n thng tin qun tr c lin lc nh th no gia
trm qun l v cc chi nhnh. Phn ny lin quan n cc giao thc vn chuyn,
gioa thc ng dng, yu cu v p ng gia 2 bn giao dch.
Phn chc nng phn chia vic qun tr mng theo 5 lnh vc chc nng nh
sau:
Khc phc li.
684
Cu hnh.
Tnh ton chi ph.
Hiu sut hot ng.
Bo mt.
6.2.3. SNMP v CMPI:
vic qun tr mng c th thc hin lin thng trn nhiu h thng mng
khc nhau, chng ta cn phi c cc chun v qun tr mng. Sau y l 2 chun
chnh ni bt:
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): chun ca IT.
CIMP (Common Management Information Protocol): chun ca
Teltcommunications.
SNMP l tp hp cc chun v qun tr mng, bao gm giao thc v cu trc
c s d liu. SNMP c cng nhn l mt chun cho TCP/IP vo nm 1989 v
sau tr nn rt ph bin. Phin bn nng cp SNMPv2c c cng b nm
1993. SNMPv2c tp chung v phn phi vic qun tr mng, pht trin SMI, hot
ng giao thc, cu trc qun l v bo mt. SNMP c thit k chy trong
mng I cng nh mng TCP/IP. K t SNMPv3c, vic truy cp MIB c bo v
bng vic xc minh v m ha gi d liu khi truyn qua mng.
CMIP l mt giao thc qun tr mng OSI, do SIO to ra v chun ha. CMIP
thc hin theo di v kim sot h thng mng.
6.2.4. Hot ng ca SNMP:
685
SNMP l mt giao thc lp ng dngc thit k thc hin cc thng tin
qun tr mng gia cc thit b mng. Vi SNMP chng ta s c c cc d liu v
thng tin qun tr, v d: s lng gi c gi i qua cng trong mi giy, s
lng kt ni TCP ang m, qua nh qun tr mng c th d dng qun l hot
ng ca h thng mng,tm v x l n.
Hin nay SNMP l giao thc v qun tr mng c s dng ph bin nht trong
mng cc doanh nghip, trng a hc
SNMP l mt giao thc n gin nhng n c kh nng x l hiu qu nhiu
s c kh khn trong nhng h thng mng phc tp.
M hnh t chc ca mng qun l bng SNMP bao gm 4 thnh phn:
Trm qun l NMS (Network Management Station).
Chi nhnh qun l (Management Agent).
C s d liu thng tin qun tr MIB (Management Information Base).
Giao thc qun tr mng.
NMS thng l mt my trm c lp nhng n thc hin nhim v cho ton
b h thng. Trn ci t mt s phn mm qun tr mng NMA (Network
Management Application). Trn NMA c giao din giao tip vi user, cho php
ngi qun tr c th thng qua qun l mng. Cc phn mm ny c th tr
li cc yu cu ca user qua mng. Chi nhnh qun l l cc phn mm qun tr
mng c ci t trn cc thit b mng then cht nh router, bridge, hub, host.
Cc phn mm ny cung cp thng tin quan trng cho NMS. Tt c cc thng tin
qun tr mng c lu tr trong c s d liut ta bn thn mi thit b. Mi
thit b chi nhnh qun l lu cc thng tin sau:
S lng v trng thi cc kt ni o ca thit b .
S lng cc thng ip bo li m thit b nhn c.
S lng bytev gi d liu c thit b nhn vo v chuyn ra.
Chiu di ti a ca hng i ch xut ra.
Cc thng ip qung b nhn c v gi i.
S ln cc cng b tt v hot ng tr li.
NMS thc hin chc nng theo di bng cch nhn cc thng tin t MIB.
Vic thng tin lin lc gia trm qun l cc chi nhnh c thc hin bi giao
thc qun tr mng lp ng dng. SNMP s dng UDP v post 161, 162. Chng
trao i ba loi thng ip sau:
686
Get: Trm qun l ly thng tin ca MIB trn chi nhnh.
Set: Trm qun l ci t gi tr thng tin ca MIB trn chi nhnh.
Trap: Chi nhnh thng bo cho trm qun l khi c mt s kin xy
ra.
M hnh thng tin lin lc nh trn c xem l m hnh hai tng, xem hnh
6.2.4.a. Mi thnh phn trong mng u c qun l bi SNMP. Trong mt vi
trng hp, mt s thit b c quyn u tin qun tr cao hn, chng ta cn c m
hnh ba tng. Trm qun l mng thu thp thng tin v kim sot nhng thit b c
quyn u tin ny thng qua mt chi nhnh proxy. Chi nhnh proxy dch cc yu
cu SNMP t trm qun l sang dng ph hp vi h thng bn di n v s dng
mt giao thc qun tr mng ring, ph hp vi h thng bn di. Proxy nhn
c tr li t h thng bn di, sau dch cc tr li ny sang thng ip SNMP
v gi li cho trm qun l.
Phn mm qun tr mng thng chuyn mt s chc nng qun tr mng
cho my d RMON(remote monitor) . my d RMON thu nhp thng tin qun tr
mng ni b , sau gi thng tin tng hp theo nh k cho trm qun l.
687
NMS l mt my trm bnh thng chy mt h iu hnh c trng NMS c
dung lng RAM ln c th chy mi trnh ng dng qun tr mng cng mt
lc. Mt s chng trnh qun tr mng Ciscoworks2000, HP Openview.
Nh vy ni trn, trm qun l c th l mt my trm c lp chuyn gi
cc yu cu n mi chi nhnh m khng cn bit chng nm u (hnh 6.2.4.d).
trong mt s h thng mng c phn chia thnh nhiu site, th mi site nn c
mt NMS ni b. Tt c cc NMS lin lc vi nhau theo m hnh client-server. Mt
NMS ng vai tr l server, cc NMS cn li l client. Cc client gi d liu ca n
688
cho server tp chung lu tr ti (hnh 6.2.4.e). mt m hnh khc l tt c
NMS u c chch nhim ngang nhau, mi NMS qun l c s d liu ring ca
n, nh vy thng tin qun tr c phn phi trn nhiu NMS(hnh 6.2.4.f)
689
6.2.5 cu trc ca thng tin qun tr v MIB:
MIB c s dng lu thng tin v cc thnh phn mng v nhng chi tit
ca chng. Cc thng tin ny c lu theo mt cu trc nht nh trong MIB. Cu
trc ny c nh ngha theo chun SMI trong nh ngha loi d liu cho mi
i tng, cch t tn cho i tng v m ho i tng nh th no khi chuyn
qua mng.
MIB l ni lu tr thng tin cu trc cao cp. C rt nhiu chun MIB nhng
cng c nhiu MIB c quyn cho thit b cho mt hng no . Ban u SMI MIB
c phn loi thnh 8 nhm khc nhau vi tn cng 114 i tng c nh
ngha v qun l. Trong MIB II thay th cho MIB-I, c thm nhiu nhm mi
c nh ngha (185 i tng c nh ngha).
Tt c cc i tng qun l trong mi trng SNMP c sp xp theo cu
trc hnh cy phn cp. Nhng i tng nm pha di s l nhng i tng
c qun l thc s. Mi i tng ny c qun l thng qua cc thng tin v
ti nguyn, hot ng cc thng tin c lin quan khc . mi i tng c qun l
c mt ch s danh nh ring SNMP ch dng ch s ny xc nh cc gi tr
690
cn tm hay cn sa i trong MIB. Chng ta c th tham kho thm v cc i
tng ny trong HTUwww.ietf.orgUTH.
6.2.6. giao thc SNMP:
Cc chi nhnh qun tr mng l cc thit b mng nh router, switch, hub,
my in, server, trn ci mt phn mm c chc nng qun tr mng. phn mm
ny chu trch nhim x l cc yu cu SNMP nhn c t trm qun l, ng
thi bo tr cc thng tin v cc i tng c qun l lu trong MIB.
S thng tin lin lc gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh c thc hin bi
SNMP. Trong phin bn u tin SNMP V1 c 3 loi thng ip c trm qun l
NMS gi i: Getrequest, GetnextRequest v Setquest. C ba thng ip ny u
c cc chi nhnh hi p bng thng ip GetReponse. Khi c s thay i xy ra
lm thay i thng tin trong MIB th cc chi nhnh s gi thng ip trap bo cho
NMS.
Phin bn SNMP v2 khc phc mt s nhc im ca SNMP V1. trong ,
bc ci tin quan trng nht l c thm loi thng ip GetBulkRequest v b
691
m 64 bit cho MIB. Vic thu nhp thng tin bng GetBulkRequest v
GetnextRequest khng c hiu qu v ch ly c mt gi tr cho mt cho mi
ln gi. Vi GetnextRequest trm qun l c th nhn c nhiu thng tin. B
m 64 khc phc c nhc im b trn qu nhanh ca b m trc y,nhat
l vi ng truyn tc cao hin nay nh Gigabit Ethernet.
Trm qun l x l thng tin thu nhp c t cc trm chi nhnh vi nhiu
cch khc nhau. Cc thng tin ny c th c truy cp, hin th v so snh vi cc
gi tr c cu hnh trc kim tra iu kin hot ng c c tho mn
hay khng. Nh qun tr mng vn c kh nng cu hnh, thay i cc gi tr trong
trm qun l.
Vic trao i thng tin gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh lm tng thm lu
lng mng. y l im cn lu mi khi t trm qun l vo mng. vic theo
di h thng qu chi tit i khi li c tc dng ngc i vi hiu sut hot ng
ca mng v cc thit b c theo di phi x l thm cc thng tin trao i theo
nh k cng t cng tt. Chng ta cn xc nh nhng thit b v nhng ng kt
ni no l quan trng v chng ta cn nhng thng tin no nht.
SNMP s dng UDP lm giao thc khng theo hng kt ni v khng tin cy, do
SNMP c th b mt thng ip. Bn thn SNMP cng khng c c ch bo m
vic truyn d liu do cc ng dng s dng SNMP phi c trch nhim kim
sot vic mt mt cc thng ip.
692
Mi thng ip SNMP c cha mt chui k t khng m c gi l community
string. Community string c s dng nh l password truy cp vo trm qun
l, trong hnh 6.2.6.b l cu trc ca thng ip SNMPv2c. chi tit hn v cc
thnh phn ny cc bn c th xem thm trong RFC1905.
SNMPv2c dng SNMPv2 PDUs
Nhng gi chng trong SNMPv1 format
693
Community string l l hng bo mt tn ti cho n khi nhm pht trin
SNMPv2 thng qua mt c ch bo v vi kt qu l SNMPv3 ra i. Tt c cc
ng dng qun tr da trn SNMP u cn phi cu hnh gi tr ph hp cho
Community string. C nhiu cng ty t chc thay i thng xuyn gi tr ca
Community string gim bt nguy c tn ti hot ng ph hoi thng qua vic
s dng dch v SNMP bt hp php.
Thit b Cisco h tr SNMPv3 nhng a s cc phn mmqun tr vn cn
cha h tr SNMPv3. SNMPv3 h tr nhiu m hnh bo mt khc nhau ang c
s dng hin nay.
6.2.7 cu hnh SNMP:
NMS c th giao tip vi cc thit b mng th SNMP phi c cu hnh
trn cc thit b vi SNMP Community string.
6.2.8. RMON:
RMON l mt bc tin quan trng trong vic qun tr h thng mng n
nh ngha mt MIB theo di t xa chnh l MIB-II v cung cp cho nh qun tr
mt lng thng tin ln v h thng mng. u im chnh ca RMON l n m
rng chc nng cuae SNMP m khng h thay i nn tng bn di ca giao thc
SNMP. RMON dn gin ch l mt dng dc bit ca MIB.
694
Chun RMON u tin c thit k theo IETF RFC 1271 hin nay l RFC 1757.
RMON c thit k cung cp kh nng theo di v phn tch linh ng. Cc
thit b oc theo di chnh l cc chi nhnh nm trong cc mng con c th bo
ng cho ngi s dng v thu thp thng tin v cc trng thi hot ng bng cch
phn tch mi frame trong mng .
Chun RMON chia cc chc nng theo di thnh 9 nhm h tr cho m hnh
Ethernet v nhm th 10 trong RFC 1513 h tr thm cho cc c tnh ring ca
Token ring. Sau ay l cc nhm RMON c nh ngha
Statistics group: bo tr cc thng tin v hot ng v cc li xy ra trong
mt mng ang c theo di . v d cc thng tin v lng bng thng ang s
dng lng broadcast, multicast li CRC mnh frame gy
History group: theo nh k ly cc thng tin t Statistics group ra lm mu
v lu li sau c th tm li c: v d s lng li, s lng gi d liu
Alarm group: cho php nh qun tr mng ci t chu k ly mu v mc
ngng cho cc gi tr c lu bi cc chi nhnh , v d gi tr tuyt i v gi tr
tng i mc ngng trn v mc ngng di .
Host group: nh ngha n v o cho cc lai lu lng n v i t cc
host trong mng v d: s gi gi v nhn s byte gi v nhn, s byte li s gi
broadcast v multicast.
Host topN group: cung cp bo co v trng thi ca nhm Top N host
trong Statistic group.
Traffic matrix group: lu cc trng thi hot ng v li gia cc cp hai
node giao tip vi nahu trong mng v d s lng li, s lng gi byte gia hai
node.
Filter group: lc cc gi dc liu t frame tho mn vi mu ca user d
nh trc.
Packet capture group: nh ngha cc packet no ph hp vi tiu chun no nh
trc lu li.
Event group: cho php hin th cc s kin xy ra cng thi gian xy ra s
kin .
695
6.2.9. syslog
Tnh nng syslog ca cisco da trn tnh nng syslog ca UNIX cc s kin
ca h thng c hin th ra mn hnh console ca h thng tr khi tnh nng ny
b tt i. Tnh nng syslog l c ch cho php cc ng dng, cc tin trnh v hot
ng h thng ca thit b Cisco thng bo cc hot ng v li.
Cc thng ip syslog c 8 mc khc nhau, t 0 n 7, trong mc 0 l
mc nguy cp nht:
0 Emergencies
1 Alerts
2 Critical
3 Erros
4 Warnings
5 Notifications
6 Informational
7 Debugging
NMS c th nhn v nghi li cc thng ip h thng t cc thit b th
trn cc thit b phi c cu hnh syslog. Sau y l cc lnh cu hnh cho cc
thit b ny.
m ch logging:
Router (config) #logging on
gi thng ip log cho mt syslog server:
Router (config) #logging hostname | ip address
Ci t mc cho cc thng ip, v d mc 6 (mc 6 la mc mc
nh ca Cisco IOS):
Router (config) #logging trap informational
thng ip syslog c km theo thi gian ca s kin:
696
Router (config) #service timestamps log datetime
Tng kt
Sau y l nhng im quan trng m cc bn cn nm vng trong chng
ny:
Chc nng ca my trm v server.
Vai tr ca c thit b khc nhau trong mi trng client/server.
S pht trin ca h iu hnh mng N.
Ci nhn tng qut v h iu hnh Windows v cc h iu hnh
khc.
Nguyn nhn ti sao cn phi qun tr h thng mng.
M hnh OSI v m hnh qun tr mng.
Cc loi cng c qun tr mng v cc loi ng dng ca n.
Vai tr ca SNMP v CMIP trong vic theo di h thng mng.
Cc phn mm qun tr mng thu thp thng tin v ghi li cc s c
nh th no.
Vic thu thp cc thng tin v hot ng mng c thc hin nh th
no.