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Q. What is an operating system?
. Operating system works as an interpreter between computer Hardware and application. Operation system works as a user
interface.
Q. !ypes o" #perating systems?
. There are two types of operating systems
1. SOS: Simple Operating System as for example- indows !"#!$# %&
'. (OS: (etwork Operating System as for example- indows (T# ')))# '))*.
Q. What is ser$er?
. Ser+er are computer that pro+ides the ser+ices. ,s for &xample:-
1. -(S Ser+er
'. .(S Ser+er
*. -H/0 Ser+er
1. 2,S Ser+er
". 30( Ser+er
Q. What is %S Ser$er?
. 2,S stands for 2emote ,ccess Ser+er. .t is basically use for mobile user in the network. This ser+er pro+ides the access
connecti+ity for mobile user. .n this way all of the mobile users are connected to ser+er through telephone line. This ser+er also
pro+ides the connecti+ity between two more offices in the network.
Q. What is &'N Ser$er?
. 30( Stands for 3irtual 0ri+ate (etwork. .t is basically use for mobile user in the network. This ser+er pro+ides the remote
access connecti+ity for mobile user. .n this way all of the mobile users are connected to ser+er through internet. This ser+er also
pro+ides the connecti+ity between two or more office in the network. 30( is cost effecti+e 4(o /ostly5.
Q. What is (S Ser$er?
. .,S stands for .nternet ,uthentication Ser+ices. .,S ser+er is also known as 2,-.6S Ser+er. .,S Ser+er pro+ides the
centrali7ed management of multiple 2,S 8 30( Ser+er in the (etwork. On this Ser+er 2emote ,ccess 0olicy and 2emote ,ccess
logging options are a+ailable.
Q. F!)N!FS?
. there is ma9or difference are a+ailable between :,T and (T:S file systems Such as:
F!*
:,T Stands for :ile ,llocation Table
There are three categories in :,T file system.
:,T
:,T-1;
:,T-*'
.n :,T (ot up to folder le+el security is a+ailable
/ompression option is not a+ailable
&ncryption Option is not a+ailable
-isk <uota Option is not a+ailable
:,T supported by all of the %icrosoft =ased Operating Systems.
N!FS*
(T:S stands for (ew Technology :ile Systems
There are three categories in (T:S file systems
(T:S 1.)- (T Operating Systems
(T:S ".)- '))) Operating Systems
(T:S ;.)- '))* Operating Systems
.n (T:S up to :ile le+el security is a+ailable
/ompression option is a+ailable
&ncryption option is a+ailable
-isk <uota Option is a+ailable
(T:S supported by only limited %icrosoft =ased Operating System
Q. What is the di""erence +et,een Windo,s N!)-...)-../?
. There is many differences are a+ailable between indows (T# '))) and '))* O>S# such as (T:
There is no acti+e directory
There is no tree>forest hierarchical structure is a+ailable
There is no site relationship
There is no parent domain and child domain concepts are a+ailable in the network>
(T support (T:S 1.) file system
(T support (T?% +ersion ' ?,( ,uthentication 0rotocol
.n (T by default no trust relationship are configured
.n (T we will use System 0olicy
.n (T specific /lient site Operation system is a+ailable i.e. (T orkstation 1.) &dition
.n (T we will use &xchange "." Ser+er
.n (T we can create only one way trust relationship inside the network
-...*
There is ,cti+e -irectory
Tree>:orest Hierarchical Structure are a+ailable
There is Site 2elationship is a+ailable

There is parent domain and child domain concept are a+ailable
'))) Support (T:S ".) file system
'))) Support @erberos +ersion ".) authentication protocol
.n '))) by default Two-way Trust 2elationship are configured
.n '))) we will use Aroup 0olicy
'))) support maximum *' 0rocessor and ;1 A= 2am
.n '))) Specific client site operating system is a+ailable i.e. '))) 0rofessional
.n '))) we will use &xchange '))) ser+er
.n '))) no stub 7one is a+ailable in -(S
.n '))) 2esultant Setup 0olicy is not a+ailable
.n '))) A0%/ is not a+ailable
.n '))) /onditional forwarding option is not a+ailable
.n '))) &ffecti+e 0ermission option is not a+ailable
.n '))) only some ,dministrati+e /ommand ?ine Tools are a+ailable
,cti+e -irectory sa+ed Buery option is not a+ailable
Shadow copy Option is not a+ailable in windows '))) Operating System
,S2 Option is not a+ailable in indows '))) operating System
.n indows '))) we can create %aximum 1 -:S 2oot on a single -:S Ser+er in the network.
.n '))) we can create two way trust relationship inside the network
-../*
There is ,cti+e -irectory
Tree>:orest Hierarchical Structure are a+ailable
There is site relationship is a+ailable
There is parent domain and child domain concept are a+ailable
'))* support (T:S ;.) :ile system
'))* support @erberos ".) ,uthentication 0rotocol
.n '))* we will use group policy
'))* support maximum ;1 0rocessor and ;1 A= 2,%
.n '))* no specific client site Operating System is a+ailable you can use either windows '))) 0rofessional either indows
C0 0rofessional in the network
.n '))* we will use &xchange '))* Ser+er
.n '))* Stub Done is a+ailable in -(S
.n '))* A0%/ is a+ailable
.n '))* 2esultant Setup 0olicy is a+ailable
.n '))* /onditional :orwarding option is a+ailable
.n '))* &ffecti+e 0ermission option is a+ailable
,cti+e -irectory Sa+ed <uery option is a+ailable
Shadow /opy option is a+ailable in indows '))* Operating System
,S2 Option is a+ailable in indows '))* Operating System
.n indows '))*# we can create more than 1 -:S 2oot on , single -:S Ser+er in the (etwork
.n '))* we can create two way Trust 2elationship inside the network
Q. What is cti$e Directory?
. ,cti+e -irectory is the main concept of indows ')))>'))* (etwork. it stores all of the information about the whole network
such as users# printers# computers etc.
Q. What is tree?
. , group of domain is called tree and sharing a contiguous (ame Space.
Q. What is "orest?
. , group of tree is called forest and does not sharing a contiguous name space but sharing a common configuration 4Schema5.
Q. Di""erence +et,een D.C. and .D.C.?
. -./. stands for -omain /ontroller and ,.-./. stands for ,dditional -omain /ontroller. ,.-./. is a backup of -./. Only one
different is a+ailable between -./. and ,.-./. i.e. E Operation master 2ole. On -./. all of fi+e Operation %aster 2oles are
a+ailable-
1. Schema %aster
'. -omain (aming %aster
*. 2.- %aster
1. 0-/ &mulator
". .nfrastructure %aster
=ut on ,.-./. only Three Operation %aster 2ole are ,+ailable:
1. 2.- %aster
'. 0-/ &mulator
*. .nfrastructure %aster
Q. What is the +ene"it o" Chi5d Domain?
. There are many benefits of /hild -omain Such ,s:
1. Security =oundary
'. ,dministrati+e O+erhead ?ow
*. (etwork Traffic ?ow
Q. What is :ro4p?
. Aroup is a collection of user account. .t pro+ides the simplified administration in the network.

Q. What is #;?
. O6 stands for Organi7ational 6nit. On O6 we define group 0olicy in the network. Aroup policy is basically assigned on acti+e
directory container i.e. Site# domain# O6. hen e+er we want some users then we put that user in the O6 and assign the
appropriate Aroup 0olicy on that O6.
Q. What is :ro4p 'o5icy?
. Aroup 0olicy pro+ides the stream line access to all of the users in the network. Aroup policy is basically assigned on acti+e
directory container i.e. Site# -omain and O.6. hen e+er we want some users in the network do not use shut down the system#
do not use run command# do not use /ontrol 0anel# then we put that user in the O6 and assign the appropriate Aroup 0olicy on
that O6.
Q. Di""erence +et,een permission, rights and po5icy?
. 0ermission: permission is basically assigned on network resources as for example E file# folder# share folder# printer.
2ight: 2ight is basically assign to users and groups.
0olicy: 0olicy is basically assigned on acti+e directory container i.e. E Site# -omain# O6.
Q What is (S Ser$er?
. .S, stands for .nternet Security ,cceleration. .S, ser+er pro+ides the internet connecti+ity for all of the users in network .S,
Ser+er also works as proxy Ser+er in the network. ith the help of .S, Ser+er ,dministrator can filtering a client reBuest for a
specific web site in the network.
Q. What is De"a45t :ate,ay?
. -efault Aateway is the .0 address of router in the network. hen e+er any clients want to go to another network that Buery will
forward to default gateway.
Q. What is site?
. , site is a geographical area where all of the domains are a+ailable. Site manages the replication traffic between two or more
different sites in the network.
Q. What is #peration 1aster %o5e?
. Operation %aster 2ole is a+ailable on -omain /ontroller in the (etwork. There are fi+e types of operation master roles:-
1. Schema master
'. -omain (aming %aster
*. 2.- %aster
1. 0-/ &mulator
". .nfrastructure %aster
Q. Di""erence +et,een 1i<ed 1ode and Nati$e 1ode?
. There are two types of domain mode:
1. 1i<ed 1ode* .n this mode (T# win '))) and win '))* -./. are a+ailable.
-. Nati$e 1ode* there are two types of nati+e mode.
i. Win -... Nati$e 1ode* .n this mode win '))) and win '))* -/ are a+ailable.
ii. Win -../ Nati$e mode* in this mode only win '))* -/ are a+ailable.
Q. What is SCS(?
. S/S. stands for Small /omputer System .nterface. .n S/S. the rate of data transmission is fast. S/S. Hard -isk Speed 2.0.%.
is fast in S/S. -ata Transmission speed is *') %=0S in the (etwork. .n S/S. /ontroller e can connect %aximum 1" 0hysical
-e+ices in the System.
Q. What are -Host %ecord and '!% %ecord?
. , record is also called host record. This record is basically created in forward lookup Done
0T2 record is also called a 0ointer record. This record is basically created in re+erse lookup Done
Q. What is reser$ation?
. 2eser+ation is basically used in -H/0 Ser+er. hen &+er we want this computer is always recei+ed this .0 address from -H/0
Ser+er in the network# in the network# in that case we create a reser+ation in -H/0 Ser+er of that particular computer in the
network.
Q. (' ddress %ange)C5asses?
. There are two types of .0 address:-
1. /lass :ull .0 ,ddress
'. /lass ?ess .0 ,ddress
C5ass F455 (' ddress = !here are "i$e c5asses*
1. /lass , - ) - 1';41'F is reser+ed for ?oop back5
'. /lass = - 1'$ E 1!1
*. /lass / - 1!' E ''*
1. /lass - - ''1 - '*!
". /lass & - '1) - '""
Q. Di""erence +et,een Hard,are %o4ter > So"t,are %o4ter?
. Hard,are %o4ter* Hardware 2outer is a dedicated 2outer. .tGs ha+ing a lot of feature such as Security# dedicated routing in
the networking. ,s for &xample /isco 2outer.
So"t,are %o4ter* Software 2outer is not a dedicated router. .t pro+ides the different ser+ices also such as -(S Ser+er# -H/0
Ser+er i.e. indows =ased 2outer.

Q. Di""erence +et,een Hard,are Fire,a55 and So"t,are Fire,a55?
. Hardware :irewall: .t is a dedicated firewall. , lots of security features are a+ailable on hardware based firewall. ,s for
&xample- /isco 0ix :irewall.
Software :irewall: .t is a dedicated firewall. .t pro+ides the normal security in the network- /heck 0oint.
Q. What is Domain Contro55er?
. -./. stands for -omain /ontroller. .t pro+ides the centrali7ed management of entire domain in the network. hen e+er we will
install acti+e directory database on a ser+er side operating system# then after that system becomes a -./. -omain controller
manages all security related interaction between users and computers in the network.
Q. What is 0 %o4ter?
. = 2outer stands for =ridge 2outer. e can say this is a layer three bridge that pro+ides the communication between two or
more different network .-.
Q. What is a 0ridge?
. =ridge is a layer ' network de+ice that pro+ides the communication within the same network .-. .n bridge maximum 1; ports
are a+ailable.
Q. Di""erence +et,een :ate,ay and %o4ter?
. 2outer works on same network architecture but Aateway works on different network architecture.
Q. What is '#' Ser$er)S1!' Ser$er?
. 0O0 Stands for 0ost Office 0rotocol. .t is basically use for mail recei+ing purpose in the network.
S%T0 Stands for Simple %ail Transfer 0rotocol. .t is basically use for sending a mail as well as recei+ing a mail in the network.
Q. What is cti$e Directory 'artitions?
. ,cti+e -irectory 0artition is a logical 0artition of ,cti+e -irectory. This 0artition is basically use for replication from -./. to ,.-.
/. 8 -./. to A./.S. 4Alobal /atalog Ser+er5 in the network. There are three Types of ,cti+e -irectory 0artition:
1. Schema 0artition
'. /onfiguration 0artition
*. -omain 0artition
Q. !ypes o" cti$e Directory 'artitions?
. There are Three types of ,cti+e -irectory 0artitions:
1. Schema 0artition
'. /onfiguration 0artition
*. -omain 0artition
Q. What is the "4nction o" 'ing Command?
. 0ing pro+ides to check the 0hysical .0 /onnecti+ity between two or more de+ices in the network. 0ing sends an ./%0 reBuest
from source /omputer to destination computer and destination computer sends an ./%0 reply.
Q. What are 0roadcasting, 145ticasting and 4nicasting?
. =roadcasting E one to all
%ulticasting - one to many not all
6nicasting - One to One.
Q. What is :ro4p Nesting?
. hen we add two or more Aroups within a Single Aroup. .t is called Aroup (esting.
Q. What is F(?10%?
. :.C%=2 2epair the %aster boot record of the 0artition =oot Sector.
Q. What is F(?0##!?
. :.C=OOT write a new partition boot sector on to the system partition.
Q. What is S(D?
. S.- stands for Security .dentifier. &+ery ob9ect has a uniBue .-# it is called S.-.
Q. What is %D(;S Ser$er?
. 2,-.6S Stands for 2emote ,uthentication -ial-in 6ser Ser+ice# 2,-.6S Ser+er 0ro+ides the /entrali7ed %anagement of
%ultiple 2,S 8 30( Ser+er in the network. On this Ser+er 2emote ,ccess 0olicy and 2emote ,ccess ?ogging Options are a+ailable.
Q. What is !r4sting Domain?
. .n Trusting -omain 2esources are a+ailable.
Q. What is !r4sted Domain?
. .n Trusted -omain 6ser ,ccountGs are a+ailable.
<. hat is %icrosoft &xchange Ser+erH
,. %icrosoft &xchange Ser+er is Software that pro+ides the ser+ices such as sending 8 recei+ing the %ail.
Q. What is 'rinter?
. 0rinter is a Software that Ao+erning the print -e+ice. There are two types of 0rinter:
1. ?ocal 0rinter
/hatting is a 2eal Time /on+ersation between two or more people in the network.

'. (etwork 0rinter
Q. What is Chatting?
.
Q. What is Directory Ser$ices restore mode?
. hen our ,cti+e -irectory -atabase is not working properly# then we restart the domain /ontroller and press f$ key. Then after
Selecting the -irectory ser+ices restore mode and then after restoring the acti+e directory database from the last backup.
Q. What is Norma5 0ac@4p?
. Iust like a normal backup by default =ackup.
Q. What is incrementa5 +ac@4p?
. .n incremental backup only incremental parts are backup not full backup.
Q. What is di""erentia5 +ac@4p?
. .n differential backup# we take full backup after the normal backup.
Q. What is pac@et?
. , packet is a logical grouping of information that includes a header which contains location information and user data.
Q. What is "or,arder?
. .t is basically use in -(S Ser+er. hen client Buery to the -(S Ser+er. .n that case if the -(S is ha+ing a best results then
-(S Ser+er gi+e the best result. To the client computer in the network otherwise -(S
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