I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

---------------------


Phng Th Thy Hng



O XUNG LASER CC NGN BNG PHNG PHP T TNG QUAN:
NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN THIT B O




LUN VN THC S KHOA HC




H Ni Nm 2011


I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
---------------------


Phng Th Thy Hng


O XUNG LASER CC NGN BNG PHNG PHP T TNG QUAN:
NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN THIT B O

Chuyn ngnh: Vt l v tuyn v in t
M s: 604403

LUN VN THC S KHOA HC

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:
GS. TS. Nguyn i Hng


H Ni Nm 2011


MC LC

M U.1
CHNG 1: CC NG DNG CA XUNG LASER NGN4
1.1. ng dng xung laser ngn trong vt l, sinh hc v ha hc4
1.2. ng dng laser xung ngn trong thng tin quang.5
1.2.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian quang hc (Optical time
division multiplexing OTDM)...6
1.2.2. Vic tch xung ng h quang hc.8
1.2.3. Phn x k trong min thi gian quang hc (Optical time domain
reflectometry - OTDR)...9
1.2.4. Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (Wavelength Division
Multiplexing -WDM)10
CHNG 2: CC PHNG PHP O XUNG LASER NGN..13
2.1. Phng php in t o xung laser ngn.13
2.1.1. Photodiode..13
2.1.2. Streak Camera14
2.2. Phng php quang hc o xung laser cc ngn.17
2.2.1. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php Hm t tng quan. .18
2.2.2. K thut o rng xung laser cc ngn22
2.2.2.1. K thut o da vo s hunh quang hai photon.22
2.2.2.2. K thut o da vo s pht ha ba bc hai (SHG).24
2.2.2.3. K thut b tr thc nghim h o t tng quan26
CHNG 3: NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN H O XUNG LASER
CC NGN BNG PHNG PHP T TNG QUAN...........35
3.1. H laser Nd:YVO4 mode-locking ..35
3.2. Sound Card (Bo mch m thanh) ..37
3.3. Xy dng h o rng xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t tng
quan..39
3.3.1. Xy dng s nguyn l ca h o....39
3.3.2. Xy dng cu hnh h o...40
3.3.3. Lp trnh cho hot ng ca h o...42
3.4. Kt qu thc nghim ca h o...45
3.5. Tho lun...47
KT LUN.......................................................................................................52
TI LIU THAM KHO...53
PH LC..55
5
M U

T khi c pht minh cho ti nay, laser khng ngng c nghin cu
v pht trin. Nh c laser, quang ph laser c c nhng thnh tu v i trong
ngnh vt l nguyn t, vt l phn t, vt l plasma, vt l cht rn, phn tch ha
hc v cho ti c nhng ngnh t lin quan nh nghin cu mi trng, y hc hay
cng ngh sinh hc Cng vi nhng ng dng khng ngng m rng ca laser l
nhng tin b trong vic to ra cc ngun laser cc ngn.
Tuy nhin, c th khai thc c ht nhng u im ca xung quang hc
cc ngn m chng ta nu trn th vic o c chnh xc rng ca xung l
iu ht sc quan trng. Nhng cc thit b v h thng o in t ch c kh nng
o c cc hin tng cc nhanh hay cc xung quang hc laser cc nhanh vi
di c mt vi pico-giy, vi nhng xung quang hc cc ngn (c femto giy), cc
thit b in t thng thng s khng th o c. Do , vic nghin cu v pht
trin cc phng php, h thng o xung quang hc c phn gii thi gian cao
hn na c ngha v cng quan trng. V vy, ti chn ti o xung laser
cc ngn bng phng php t tng quan: Nghin cu v pht trin thit b o
thc hin trong lun vn ny.
Ni dung lun vn c chia thnh 3 chng:
+ Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca xung laser ngn.
+ Chng 2. Cc phng php o xung laser ngn.
+ Chng 3. Nghin cu v pht trin h o xung laser cc ngn bng
phng php t tng quan.
Lun vn c thc hin ti Phng Quang t, Trung tm in t hc lng
t, Vin Vt l, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam.
6
CHNG 1
CC NG DNG CA XUNG LASER NGN
Ngy nay laser tr thnh mt cng c khng th thiu trong nhiu lnh vc
nghin cu khoa hc cng nh ng dng k thut. Cc laser xung cc ngn hin
ang c dng ph bin v ht sc a dng trong lnh vc nghin cu c bn.
1.1. ng dng xung laser ngn trong vt l, sinh hc v ha hc
Do laser pht ra xung c rng cc ngn nn n cho php phn gii thi
gian rt nhanh. Nh , mt lnh vc ng dng khoa hc quan trng ca cc laser
xung cc ngn ra i, l quang ph phn gii thi gian [20]. Cc nh khoa hc
da vo quang ph phn gii thi gian nghin cu cc qu trnh xy ra nhanh theo
thi gian trong vt l, ha hc hay sinh hc.
Mt lnh vc ng dng ln khc bao gm tt c nhng ngnh cn ti nh
sng c cng rt cao, chng hn nh cc th nghim tng hp ht nhn, trong
vic gia cng vt liu hay phu thut mt. Cc xung cc ngn nng lng cao
c s dng nghin cu rt nhiu hiu ng quang phi tuyn.
1.2. ng dng laser xung ngn trong thng tin quang
Kh nng ng dng phn gii thi gian cao cn din ra c cc lnh vc
thng tin v x l tn hiu quang tc bt siu cao, c th ni y l lnh vc ng
dng laser rng ri nht. Vi n sc v kt hp cao, cc tia laser c s
dng rng ri v nhanh nht trong ngnh thng tin lin lc [2]. S dng tia laser
truyn tin tc c u im: So vi sng v tuyn, di sng truyn tin ca laser ln
gp nhiu ln (v di tn s m laser c th thc hin c ln hn sng v tuyn).
Do nng lng ln nn tia laser c th i xa hn sng v tuyn.
Ngoi ra, cc laser vi tn s xung lp li c GHz l thnh phn quan trng
trong nhiu ng dng ca thng tin. Chng c th c s dng trong cc h thng
7
vin thng dung lng cao, trong cc thit b chuyn mch quang (photonic
switching devices), s kt ni quang hc v s phn phi xung clock (clock
distribution).
Cc ngun laser 10-100 GHz c cng sut trung bnh cao bc sng ngn
hn l cc ngun y trin vng cho xung ng h trong cc mch tch hp (IC)
[22].
1.2.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian quang hc (Optical time division
multiplexing OTDM)
Phng php phn chia knh theo thi gian quang hc (OTDM) l kt hp
vi tn hiu vi tn s lp li thp to ra mt tn hiu kt hp c tn s lp li cao
hn. ni nhn, tn hiu c phn tch thnh cc tn hiu tc bit thp hp
thnh, m sau n c th c thc hin bi thit b thit k cho tn hiu tn s
thp ny [22, 8]. Ti b thu, cc b iu ch c s dng nh cc cng tch d
liu 40 GHz thnh cc tn hiu ghp 10 GHz, sau c truyn ti cc b thu tch
tn hiu 10 GHz. Kt qu l mt tn hiu 40 GHz c truyn v nhn nhng ch
s dng cng ngh 10 GHz. Tuy nhin ti b thu s thu c cc tn hiu OTDM kt
hp vi tn hiu clock. Vic gii tn hiu OTDM i hi phi c s tch tn hiu
xung clock ra khi d liu
1.2.2. Vic tch xung ng h quang hc
Cc laser xung c th c s dng ng b tn hiu xung clock trong
lung d liu v li ra ca chng c th s dng nh tn hiu nh thi. Cc phng
php to xung ngn khc cng c th c s dng thc hin khi phc tn hiu
clock qua si quang trong c laser bn dn mode-locking. Hin nay laser bn dn
mode-locking c s dng tch tn hiu xung clock t tn hiu OTDM 40
Gb/s to thnh cc tn hiu c tc 10GHz.
8
1.2.3. Phn x k trong min thi gian quang hc (Optical time domain
reflectometry - OTDR)
K thut phn x k trong min thi gian quang hc OTDR c s dng
o si quang thng qua vic th hin kt qu o bng hnh nh cc c tnh suy hao
ca si quang dc theo chiu di si. OTDR l phng php duy nht hin c xc
nh chnh xc v tr li gy ca si quang trong mt tuyn cp quang lp t m
mt thng khng nhn thy c. Phng php OTDR c thc hin bng cch
gi mt xung quang qua si quang v theo di nh sng phn x tr li. Bng vic
xc nh cng sut phn x theo thi gian c th hnh thnh ng bao mt mt ca
si quang. Cc nh nhn gy ra trong qu trnh phn x v l do vt gy trong si
quang. Khong cch t ngun n v tr li c th tnh ton t thi gian truyn v sau
c th kim tra li v tr chnh xc cha.
1.2.4. Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (Wavelength Division Multiplexing -
WDM)
K thut ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng l mt cch gi khc cho k
thut phn chia knh theo tn s quang hc (OFDM Optical Frequency Division
Multiplexing) [6]. K thut ny cho php ta tng dung lng knh m khng cn
tng tc bt truyn dn v khng cn s dng nhiu si dn quang. K thut ny
thc hin vic truyn nh sng c bc sng khc nhau trn cng mt si. L do
thc hin iu ny l cc h thng thng tin quang thng ch s dng mt phn rt
nh bng tn truyn dn ca si sn c v cc ngun pht xung nh sng c rng
kh hp.




9
Kt lun chng 1
Trong chng ny, mt s ng dng ca xung laser ngn trong vt l, ha
hc, sinh hc v trong vic truyn thng tc cao c gii thiu. Xung laser
ngn ngy cng c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong thc tin cuc sng cng nh
trong nghin cu khoa hc. c th s dng c ht nhng u im ca cc xung
laser ngn, vic xc nh chnh xc rng ca xung l iu quan trng. Chnh v
vy, trong chng tip theo, lun vn s nghin cu cc phng php o xung laser
ngn.

















10
CHNG 2
CC PHNG PHP O XUNG LASER NGN

Nh trnh by chng 1, xung laser ngn l cng c hiu qu v duy
nht nghin cu cc qu trnh xy ra cc nhanh v lin quan ti s tng tc ca
nh sng vi vt cht. Vt l v k thut pht xung laser ngn v ang c
nghin cu, pht trin mnh m. Ngi ta c th pht c cc xung laser c vi
femto-giy. Do vy, nhng phng php v thit b o cc thng s ca cc xung
quang hc c phn gii thi gian cao l rt cn thit cho cc nghin cu v ng
dng quang hc quang ph v laser. Mt trong cc thng s quan trng cn c xc
nh l rng thi gian ca xung ngn. Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu
mt s thit b in t v mt s k thut quang hc o rng ca xung laser
ngn.
2. 1. Phng php in t o xung laser ngn
2.1.1. Photodiode
K thut ny ang c s dng o lng cc xung tng i di (> 100
ps). Vi cc photodiode nhanh nht, phng php o lng xung laser ngn bng h
photodiode-oscillocope ch cho php phn gii ti a khong thi gian vi chc
pico-giy.
2.1.2. Streak Camera
Mt thit b quang in phc tp hn c s dng o lng xung laser
cc ngn l Streak Camera. Streak Camera l thit b dng o lng cc hin
tng quang hc cc nhanh, n ghi nhn v hin th s ph thuc ca cng theo
thi gian v v tr (hay bc sng). Hin nay, Streak Camera l thit b duy nht cho
php o lng trc tip cc hin tng quang hc cc nhanh vi phn gii cao
[15].
11
Hin nay, cc Streak Camera c phn gii cao nht ca hng Hamamatsu
cho php o xung laser cc ngn n 400 fs [10].
2.2. Phng php quang hc o xung laser cc ngn.
2.2.1. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php Hm t tng quan
Cc phng php ny c xy dng trn hai c s:
+ Hm tng quan (correlation functions)
+ S bin i thi gian khng gian.
Gi s c hai tn hiu xung c m t bi hai hm ph thuc thi gian F(t)
v F(t). Nu ta bit mt trong hai hm , chng hn hm F(t), th qua vic xc
nh hm tng quan (correlation function) G() [12, 15]:

ta s xc nh c hm cn li F(t). Tuy nhin, vi cc xung laser ngn, ta khng
th to ra hm F(t) trong mt thang thi gian ngn c, khi ta dng cc xung
laser o lng chnh n.
thc hin php o, bng cch no ta tch xung laser thnh hai xung
ging nhau, sau cho chng truyn theo hai ng khc nhau ri ti hp li trong
mt cu hnh giao thoa.
Tn hiu ti hp ca hai xung ghi li nh mt hm ca thi gian tr gia hai
xung. Hm ghi c biu din mi tng quan gia hai xung hai thi im khc
nhau v c gi l hm t tng quan (autocorrelation).
Trong thc t o, ngi ta ch yu s dng hm t tng quan bc 2 [12, 13].
V mt thc nghim, cc hm t tng quan c th o c nh cc qu trnh a
photon.
2.2.2. K thut o rng xung laser cc ngn
12
nh sng truyn i trong chn khng vi vn tc 300 000 km/s, tc l trong 1
ps, nh sng i c 300 m. Chng ta gp nhiu kh khn trong vic o chnh xc
mt khong thi gian ngn 1 ps, nhng li o kh d dng khong cch 300 m vi
chnh xc cao. Do vy, ta tm cch thay v o thi gian, ta o khong cch m nh
sng truyn, chnh l c s th hai (s bin i thi gian khng gian) ca
phng php o lng xung laser cc ngn.
2.2.2.1. K thut o da vo s hunh quang hai photon
S b tr thc nghim ca k thut o rng xung ngn bng s hunh
quang hai photon c th hin trn hnh 2.5.







Hnh 2.5: S o lng hunh quang hai photon [15]
2.2.2.2. K thut o da vo s pht ha ba bc hai (SHG)
Tm tch chm
Dung dch
cht mu
Camera nhy cao
hoc CCD camera
13
S nguyn l ca h o t tng quan bc 2 c th hin nh trong hnh
2.6.

Hnh 2.6. S nguyn tc ca h o vt t tng quan bc 2 [9]
2.2.2.3. K thut b tr thc nghim h o t tng quan
C nhiu cu hnh thc nghim ang c s dng, chng khc nhau ch yu
h thng thu v ghi tn hiu, cch thc hin vic lm tr xung. Tuy nhin, cch
b tr thc nghim ph bin nht hin nay da trn c s cu hnh giao thoa k
Michelson (hnh 2.7).


Hnh 2.7: B tr thc nghim o vt t tng quan bc 2 [3]
a, H o t tng quan cng (Intensity autocorrelation)
b, H o t tng quan giao thoa (Interferometric autocorrelation)
14
Kt lun chng 2
Trong chng 2, lun vn trnh by v cc phng php o xung laser ngn:
Phng php in t v phng php quang hc.
- Phng php in t: Thit b c s dng ph bin o rng ca cc
xung quang hc ngn hin nay l photodiode v streakcamera.
+ Photodiode: Photodiode hot ng da trn hin tng quang in, n cho
php bin i tn hiu quang hc thnh tn hiu in. Tn hiu ti u ra ca
photodiode c hin th trn dao ng k, khi , hnh nh trn dao ng k s cho
chng ta bit hnh nh v dng xung laser. Phng php ny c s dng ph bin
o cc xung tng i di, c hn 100 ps.
+ Streakcamera: Nguyn tc hot ng ca streakcamera l bin i s phn
b cng sng theo thi gian thnh s phn b v chi ca nh theo khng
gian trn mn hunh quang. Hin nay, cc streakcamera c phn gii cao nht
cho php o c cc xung laser cc ngn n khong 400 fs.
- Phng php quang hc: Khi cho cc xung tng quan vi nhau, rng
ca xung tng quan s ln hn rng ca cc xung thnh phn, do vic xc
nh rng ca xung tng quan s c thc hin d dng hn vic xc nh trc
tip rng ca xung. Khi xc nh c rng tng quan v bit c rng
ca mt xung u vo c rng nh hn, ta s xc nh c rng ca xung cn
li. Tuy nhin, vi cc xung quang hc cc ngn, vic to ra v bit c chnh xc
rng ca mt xung nh hn l iu cc k kh khn. Do , trong thc t, ngi
ta s dng phng php t tng quan. Trong phn ny, lun vn trnh by hai k
thut o l k thut hunh quang hai photon v k thut pht ha ba bc hai.





15
CHNG 3
NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN H O XUNG LASER CC NGN
BNG PHNG PHP T TNG QUAN

Hin nay, ti trung tm in t hc lng t - Vin Vt l pht trin thnh
cng h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode-locking. rng xung laser pht ra t laser Nd:YVO
4
mode-locking thng rt ngn (vng pi-c-giy). V vy, trong chng ny, lun vn
s nghin cu v pht trin h o rng xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t
tng quan o rng xung ca h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode-locking.
3.1. H laser Nd:YVO4 mode-locking
H laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking cn o rng xung c ch to ti
phng th nghim Quang t, trung tm in t hc lng t pht xung c tn s lp
li 8,8 MHz, cng sut trung bnh cc i 450 mW, bc sng 1064 nm.
S nguyn l ca h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking nh hnh 3.1

Nd:YVO
4

SESAM
R = 0.3 m
R = 0.5 m
Laser diode
OC (6%)
R = 2 m
R = 2 m
Multiple Pass Cavity
Hnh 3.1: S nguyn l h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking th ng bng
SESAM vi bung cng hng siu di

16
3.2. Sound Card (Bo mch m thanh)
Sound card trong my tnh l mt bo mch m rng hot ng mt cch c
lp vi cc chc nng v m thanh trn my tnh. Vai tr chnh ca sound card l s
ha m thanh n v chuyn cc dng d liu s tr li thnh m thanh. S khi
ca sound card c biu din trn hnh 3.2
Hnh 3.2: S khi ca sound card
Khi o rng xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t tng quan, tn
hiu thu c trn photodiode l tn hiu tng t, my tnh c th x l c th
cn mt b chuyn i tng t s chuyn tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s.
Trong h o ny, chng ti s dng sound card c tch hp sn trong my tnh ca
phng th nghim Quang t, Trung tm in t hc lng t, vin Vt l lm b
chuyn i tng t s v nhng l do sau:
+ Hu ht cc my tnh hin nay u tch hp sn sound card trn bo mch
ch v trn sound card c sn b chuyn i tng t s (DAC). B chuyn i
tng t s trn cc sound card hin nay thng l 16 bit nn c phn gii kh
cao so vi phn gii ca mt s th thu thp d liu (the data-acquisition card),
chng hn nh card PCL 711S c b chuyn i tng t s 12 bit.
17
+ Trong h o, chng ta c th s dng th thu nhn d liu (the data-
acquisition card) tip nhn tn hiu t photodiode v chuyn i tn hiu t dng
tng t sang dng s trong h o. Tuy nhin gi thnh ca th thu nhn d liu (the
data-acquisition card) cao hn rt nhiu so vi sound card.
+ m bo chnh xc ca php o rng xung theo phng php t
tng quan th khong thi gian gia hai ln ly mu ca b chuyn i tng t s
phi ln hn khong thi gian gia hai ln pht xung lin tip ca h laser cn o.
Vi h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking, tn s lp li xung rt cao 8,8 MHz nn
chng ti thy rng b chuyn i tng t s trong sound card my tnh ca phng
th nghim Quang t, Trung tm in t hc lng t, vin Vt l c tn s ly mu
44,1 kHz p ng c yu cu trn. Chnh v vy, sound card s c s dng lm
phng tin thu nhn, s ha d liu t photodiode trong h o ca chng ti.
3.3. Xy dng h o rng xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t tng
quan
3.3.1. Xy dng s nguyn l ca h o
H o c thit k theo cch b tr thc nghim ph bin nht hin nay
- cu hnh giao thoa k Michelson.
3.3.2. Xy dng cu hnh h o
S cu hnh ca h o m chng ti xy dng nh hnh (3.4).
(1): Gng chia chm, phn x 50% vi bc x bc sng 1064 .
(2): Gng phn x 100% vi bc x c bc sng 1064 nm, t trn b dch
chuyn phn x chm tia trn knh lm tr. B dch chuyn s dng motor Monoch
M25 ca Php. Tc dch chuyn ca motor c th thay i trong khong 0,1
mm/pht ti 10 mm/pht thng qua iu khin hp s, vi khong cch 1 mm/vng,
khong cch dch chuyn ti a l 10cm.
(3): Gng phn x 100% (45 ) vi bc x c bc sng 1064 nm.
18
(4): Gng phn x 100% bc x c bc sng 1064 nm.
(5): Thu knh hi t hi t c hai chm tia vo tinh th phi tuyn.
(6):Tinh th phi tuyn KTP pht ha ba bc hai (kch thc: 3x3x5 mm)
do hng CASIX Trung Quc cung cp, cng thc ha hc: KTiOPO
4
(Potassium
Titanyl Phosphate), khong ph truyn qua: 0,35 4,5 m.
(7): Phim lc hng ngoi dng loi b chm tia 1064 nm.

Hnh 3.4. S cu hnh h t tng quan s dng b dch chuyn tnh tin

(8): Gng phn x 100% (45 ) bc x c bc sng 532 nm dng phn
x chm tia sau khi i qua tinh th phi tuyn.
(9): Thu knh hi t dng hi t chm laser vo photodiode.
(10): Photodiode dng thu tn hiu pht ra t tinh th phi tuyn.
(11): My vi tnh iu khin motor, x l, phn tch d liu thu c v
hin th vt t tng quan.

(4)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(8) (9)
(10)
(11)
(7)

(3) (4)
19
3.3.3. Lp trnh cho hot ng ca h o
Bng ngn ng lp trnh matlab, chng ti vit chng trnh iu khin
hot ng ca b dch chuyn tnh tin v chng trnh x l d liu thu c t
soud card. Chng trnh lp trnh ca chng ti c trnh by trong ph lc cui
lun vn.
3.4. Kt qu thc nghim ca h o
S dng h o rng xung t tng quan va c xy dng o rng
xung ca h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking c ch to ti phng th nghim
Quang t, trung tm in t hc lng t. Cho b dch chuyn tnh tin dch
chuyn mt khong 1,5 cm th hiu quang trnh thay i 3 cm tng ng vi khong
thi gian tr ca hai xung laser l 100 ps. Chng ti thu c nhng d liu thc
nghim v hnh nh ca vt t tng quan nh sau:
* o ln 1
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Data: Data1_B
Model: Gauss

Chi^2 = 1.3721E-8
R^2 = 0.9922

y0 0.00026 4.0681E-6
xc 5.73951 0.02084
w 13.82606 0.04553
A 0.07514 0.00025
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
V
)
time (ps)
Experiment data 1
20
rng xung t tong quan thu c l 13,8 ps. T , gi thit dng xung
cn o l dng sech
2
chng ta tnh c rng xung laser cn o l 13,8/1.54=9
(ps)
* o ln 2
rng xung t tong quan thu c l 14,4 ps. T , gi thit dng xung
cn o l dng sech
2
s tnh c rng xung laser cn o l 14,4/1.54=9,3 (ps).

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Data: Data1_B
Model: Gauss

Chi^2 = 9.8759E-9
R^2 = 0.99382

y0 0.0004 3.0055E-6
xc 5.25543 0.01605
w 13.70431 0.03503
A 0.07131 0.00018
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
V
)
time (ps)
Experiment data 3
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Data: Data1_B
Model: Gauss

Chi^2 = 9.7592E-9
R^2 = 0.99511

y0 0.00025 3.533E-6
xc 2.50367 0.01769
w 14.382 0.03911
A 0.08473 0.00022
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
V
)
time (ps)
Experiment data 2
21
* o ln 3
rng xung t tong quan thu c l 13,7 ps. T , gi thit dng xung
cn o l dng sech
2
s tnh c rng xung laser cn o l 13,7/1.54=8,9 (ps).
Nh vy, rng trung bnh ca xung laser cn o l:
(9+9,3+8,9)/3=9,1 (ps) vi sai s l 3%
3.5. Tho lun
* Vi khong dch chuyn ti a v vi chuyn ca b dch chuyn tnh tin
th h o c th o c cc xung c rng khong vi chc fs n vi trm ps.
H o ph hp o nhng xung c tn s lp li ln (ln hn 44,1 kHz
m bo lun c tn hiu t tng quan ti sound card bt k khi no sound card ly
mu tn hiu).
Cc gng dng trong h o l gng vng hng ngoi v tinh th phi
tuyn c di truyn qua thuc vng nh sng nhn thy v vng hng ngoi nn h
o ph hp o rng xung laser c bc sng vng hng ngoi.
* Khi s dng h o rng xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t tng
quan va c xy dng o rng xung quang hc, kt qu thu c c th c
sai s do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
- nh hng ca s tn sc tc nhm xy ra vi cc xung laser. Sai
s ny c th b qua do h ca chng ta o cc xung c rng vo c pico-giy.
- Quang sai ca thu knh s gy ra s m rng bn thn cc xung
laser, do vy m rng vt t tng quan o c. Sai s ny khc phc bng vic s
dng cc thnh phn quang hc c dy nh nht c th.
- S hiu chnh quang hc v sai s c kh khi dch chuyn b dch
chuyn tnh tin. Sai s ny c th hn ch bng vic hiu chnh tt cu hnh hnh
hc ca h o.
- Sai s gy ra do cc thao tc th nghim.
22
Ni chung, nhng sai s trn trong php o xung pico-giy v femto giy l
nh, c th chp nhn c v chng ch nh hng ln khi cn mt phn gii rt
cao. Khi ngun laser cn o rng xung c ch hot ng cng n nh, khi tn
s lp li xung cng ln th kt qu ca php o rng xung c chnh xc cng
cao.
* H o rng xung laser cc ngn m chng ti xy dng c mt s u
im sau :
- H o c xy dng theo cu hnh giao thoa k truyn thng cho php thu
c kt qu o c kh chnh xc.
- Photodiode c dng trong h o ca chng ti l photodiode chm nhng
h o vn c th o cc xung ngn ti vi chc femto giy.
- Cch thc s dng h o rt n gin. Kt qu o c hin th r rng trn
mn hnh my tnh (dng xung t tng quan v rng xung t tng quan).
- H o s dng sound card c tch hp sn trn my tnh nn chi ph
xy dng h o gim i rt nhiu so vi khi s dng card thu thp d liu (the data-
acquisition card) lm b chuyn i tng t s cho h o.
Tuy nhin, h o cng c mt s nhng im hn ch nh sau:
- H o kh ng dng o rng xung ca cc h laser c tn s lp li
thp hoc n xung.
- Do nhng hn ch vt l ca mt nn vic thu vt t tng quan cn mt
mt khong thi gian. iu ny c th gy tr ngi cho vic kho st tc thi xung
laser cc ngn.
- Kt qu o ch cho chng ta thng tin v rng ca xung m khng cho ta
dng ca xung. Mun thu c nhiu thng tin hn na v xung laser, chng ta cn
thit k v nghin cu cc h o c bc tng quan cao hn. y cng chnh l
hng nghin cu m rng tip theo ca ti ny.

23
Kt lun chng 3

Vi mc ch xy dng mt h o rng xung laser cc ngn o rng
xung pht ra t h laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking c ch to ti phng th nghim
Quang t, trung tm in t hc lng t. Trong chng ny, lun vn thc hin
nhng ni dung sau:
- Tm hiu cc thng s ca h laser laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking cn o.
- Nghin cu v cu trc, hot ng v cc thng s c bn ca sound card t
nghin cu, s dng sound card trong h o rng xung laser cc ngn bng
phng php t tng quan s dng b dch chuyn tnh tin.
- Xy dng cu hnh h o v lp trnh cho hot ng ca h o. T xy
dng thnh cng h o xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t tng quan s
dng b dch chuyn tnh tin. H o s dng card sound c tch hp sn trn bo
mch ch ca my tnh thc hin chuyn i tn hiu t dng tng t sang dng
s. iu ny cho php n gin ha cu trc ca h o v tit kim chi ph trong qu
trnh xy dng h o. H o khng cn s dng cc thit b c phn gii thi gian
cao nhng vn c th o c cc xung laser ngn n vi chc femto giy.
Bng h o xung laser cc ngn va c xy dng, chng ti o c
rng xung laser pht ra t h laser laser Nd:YVO
4
mode locking c ch to ti
phng th nghim Quang t, trung tm in t hc lng t. Vi kt qu ny, chng
ti hi vng gp phn cung cp thm thng s v h laser laser Nd:YVO
4
mode
locking c th khai thc v s dng hiu qu h laser ny.


24
KT LUN

Xung laser cc ngn l c s v l cng c khng th thiu trong nghin cu
khoa hc v cng ngh. C th ni, laser ni chung v xung laser cc ngn c vai tr
ht sc to ln trong cuc sng hin i, cng nh trong nghin cu khoa hc. c
th s dng c ht nhng u im ca cc xung laser cc ngn, vic xc nh
chnh xc rng ca xung l iu quan trng. Tuy nhin, o trc tip xung laser
cc ngn l rt kh v cc thit b in t thng thng khng th o c nhng c
th o gin tip bng phng php t tng quan. V vy, lun vn nghin cu v
pht trin thit b o xung laser cc ngn bng phng php t tng quan. Lun
vn t c mt s kt qu nghin cu chnh nh sau:
+ Nghin cu mt s ng dng ca xung laser cc ngn trong in t vin
thng, trong vt l hc, ha hc, sinh hc...
+ Tm hiu mt s phng php o xung quang hc v nghin cu phng
php o xung quang hc cc ngn bng phng php quang hc.
+ Nghin cu v cu trc, hot ng v cc thng s c bn ca sound card t
nghin cu, s dng thnh cng sound card trong h o rng xung laser cc
ngn bng phng php t tng quan s dng b dch chuyn tnh tin. H o c
cu trc n gin v khng cn s dng cc thit b o c thi gian p ng rt
nhanh nh streak camera m ch cn s dng photodiode chm nhng h o c th
o c cc xung laser cc ngn (c vi chc femto giy).
+ o c rng xung laser pht ra t h laser laser Nd:YVO
4
mode
locking c ch to ti phng th nghim Quang t, trung tm in t hc lng t
bng h o xung laser cc ngn va xy dng.
Vi kt qu ny, chng ti hi vng c th cung cp mt thit b o rng xung
quang hc cc ngn ( tn s lp li xung cao). Thit b ny hon ton c kh nng xy
dng trong iu kin cc phng th nghim Quang t Vit Nam.