JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5

Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

1



9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)

9.1.1: Thermionic Emission

1. What is Thermionic Emission?



2. (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:









(b) The figure shows emitted are accelerated .. the anode by the high
between the cathode and anode.
(c) A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ..

3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission
Factor Effect on the rate of thermionic emission
Temperature of the cathode When the temperature of the cathode increases, the rate
of thermionic emission increases.
Surface area of the cathode A larger surface area of the cathode increases the rate of
thermionic emission.
Potential difference
between the anode and
cathode.
The rate of thermionic emission is unchanged, when the
potential difference increases, but the emitted electrons
accelerate faster towards the anode.

9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays
1. List the four characteristics of the cathode rays.
(i) ..
(ii) .
(iii)
(iv)
CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS
Figure 9.1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

2
Energy Change in A Cathode Ray















1. In a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy of 1.32 10
-14
J is accelerated.
Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode.
[ e =1.6 x 10
-19
C]
Solution:

V 10 25 . 8
10 6 . 1 10 1.32
2
1
energy Kinetic
3
19 14 -
2
=
=
= =

V
V
eV mv


2. In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential
difference of 2.5kV. Calculate
(a) The initial electric potential energy of the cathode ray.
(b) The maximum velocity of the electron.
[ e =1.6 x 10
-19
C; m=9 x 10
-31
kg]
Solution:
(a) J 10 4 10 5 . 2 10 6 . 1 energy potential Electric
16 3 19
= = = eV
(b)
14 2
10 4
2
1

= = eV mv 2
10 9
10 4
31
14
2

v
-1 8 16
ms 10 98 . 2 10 89 . 8 = = v

3. If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV,
calculate the maximum speed of the electron which hit the screen of CRO.
[ e =1.6 x 10
-19
C; m=9 x 10
-31
kg]
Solution:
16 3 19 2
10 6 . 5 10 5 . 3 10 6 . 1
2
1

= = = eV mv
15
31
16
2
10 24 . 1 2
10 9
10 6 . 5
=

v
-1 6 15
ms 10 53 . 3 10 24 . 1 = = v

By using the principle of conservation of energy,
eV mv =
2
2
1
,
Maximum velocity of electron,
m
eV
v
2
=

v =velocity of electron
V =Potential difference between Anode and
Cathode
e =Charge on 1 electron =1.6 x 10
-19
C
m =mass of 1 electron =9 x 10
-31
kg
Figure 9.2



JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

3
9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.



2. Fill in the blank all components and its functions.
Main part Component Function








































Electron gun
Deflecting
system
Fluorescen
t screen
Figure 9.3
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Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

4
9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.

1. Fill in the blank the structure of CRO.
















9.1.5 Uses of the CRO.
1. The uses of cathode-ray oscilloscope are:
(a) ..
(b) .
(c) .









2. If the CRO in figure uses Y-gains of 1.5 Vcm
-1
, calculate the value of V
pp
.
Solution:
0 . 3 0 . 2 5 . 1 = = V V










To measure a D.C voltage:
The unknown voltage, V =(Y-gain) h
To measure a A.C voltage:
Peak-to-peak voltage, V
pp
=(Y-gains) h
Peak voltage, V
p
=(Y-gains)
2
1
(h)
Effective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, V
r.m.s
=
p
V
2
1

Short time intervals, t =no. of divisions between two pulses time-base value.
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

5
3. The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis.
(a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage)
indicated?
Solution:
Peak voltage, V
p
=(Y-gains)
2
1
(h)
divs V/div V
P
4
2
1
5 =
V V
P
10 =

4. Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source.
If the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm
-1
and the time-base is 2 ms
cm
-1
.
(a) Calculate the peak voltage,V
p
of the a.c source.
Solution:
cm Vcm V
1 -
P
4
2
1
5 . 1 =
V V
P
0 . 3 =

(b) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.
Solution:
2 4 = cm T ms cm
-1

T = 8 ms f = 125
1
=
T
Hz

(c) Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm
-1
and 1
ms cm
-1
.









5. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an
a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is
set at 2 V/div and the time base is off.
Calculate the value of :
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, V
pp
(b)Peak voltage, V
p
.
(c)Root-mean-square voltage, V
r.m.s


Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7
Figure 9.8



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Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

6
5 divs
Solution:
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, V
pp
=(Y-gains) h
=2V/div 6 divs
=12 V
(b) Peak voltage, V
p
=6 V
(c) V
r.m.s
=
p
V
2
1
= 24 . 4 6
2
1
= V

6. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is
connected to the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses
will be displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as
shown in figure below. Measure the time lapse between the
two claps.
Solution:






7. Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen of a
CRO with the time-base is set to 10 ms/div. What is the
frequency, f of the wave?
Solution:








8. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and
reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm
-1
.
The diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The
speed of sound in water is 1200 ms
-1
. What is the depth of the sea?
Solution:









Length between two pulses = 5 divs
Time taken, t = 5 divs 10 ms/div
= 50 ms
Time interval = 0.05 s
m 150
2
0.25 1200
d Hance,
t
2d
V waves, ultrasonic of Speed
s 0.25 ms 250 sm ms 50 cm 5
Q and P between time d 2
of distance a through travel to waves ultrasonic for taken Time
1 -
=

=
=
= = =
=

Distance for two complete wave =2 divs
Time taken = 2 divs 10ms/div
= 20 ms
frequency, f =
T
1
=
ms 20
1
= 50 Hz
Figure 9.9
Figure 9.10
Figure 9.11




JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

7
9.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors
1. Semiconductor is
..
.
2. Give the examples of pure semiconductor:
(a)
(b) ...
(c)
9. What is the doping process?

10. Base on the figure, complete the statement below.
(a) n-type semiconductors








Silicon like Silicon doped with atoms such as or
phosphorus . the number of free electron. The phosphorus atoms have
.. valence electrons, with being used in the formation of covalent bonds.
The fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has
... as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type
semiconductor.



a group of materials that can conduct better than insulators but not as
good as metal conductors.
Silicon
Germanium
Selenium
Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of other substances called dopants
such as Antimony and Boron to a semiconductor, to increase its conductivity.
pentavalent
antimony
increases
negative electrons
five four
Figure 9.12
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Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

8
(b) p-type semiconductors








Semiconductor like Silicon doped with .. atoms such as
or indium has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only .
valence electrons; hence . of the covalent bonds has a missing electron.
This missing electron is called a positive hole. The majority charge-carriers in
this semiconductor are the . and this semiconductor is thus known
as a p-type semiconductor.

9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode)
1. What is the function of semiconductor diode?

2. Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol of the diode.










trivalent Boron
positive holes
three
one
The function of semiconductor diode is to allow current to flow through it in one direction
only.
Figure 9.13
p-type
n-type
Positive hole Negative electron

Symbol
p-n junction
Figure 9.13
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

9
+ -
- +
3. (a) Forward-biased
(i) In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to . and the n-
type is connected to the of the battery.
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in forward-bias.













(iii) Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.

(b) Reverse-biased
(i) In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to . , and the n-
type is connected to the of the battery.
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.













4. Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.

5. What the meaning of rectification?



negative terminal
positive terminal
positive terminal
negative terminal
The bulb is light up
The bulb does not light up
The bulb is light up
The bulb does not light up

Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode.
Figure 9.14
Figure 9.15
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10
6. The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-
base is on.








(ii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.








7. The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Draw arrows to show the current flow in the first half cycle and
to show the current flow in second half cycle in the diagram.
(ii) Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the
time-base is on.































To CRO
a
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.18
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11
(iii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.








8. What is the function of the capacitor?
....

9.3 TRANSISTOR
9. 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor.
1. What is a transistor?

2. Draw and label symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.







3. State the function for each terminal in a transistor.
(a) The emitter, E :
.
(b) The base, B :

(c) The collector, C:
...

Acts as a current regulator or smoother.
To CRO







a
A transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter.
n-p-n transistor
Base, B
Collector, C
Emitter, E
p-n-p transistor
Base, B
Collector, C
Emitter, E
Acts as a source of charge carriers, providing electrons to the collector.
Controls the movement of charge carriers (electrons) from the emitter (E) to the collector (C).
Receives the charge carriers from the emitter (E)
Figure 9.19
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12
9.3.2 Transistor circuit
1. (a) Transistor circuit with 2 batteries.



(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery.




2. The working circuit of a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown
in figure. The voltage across R
x
and R
y
can be calculated as follows.
V
R R
R
Vx
y x
x

+
= V
R R
R
V
y x
y
Y

+
=





BE : .
CE : .
I
b
: .
I
c
: .
R
1
: ...
R
2
: ...
E
1
: ...
E
2
: ...
Rx : ...
Ry : ...
Base circuit
Collector circuit
Base current
Collector current
Limit the base current
Limit the collector current
Supply energy to the base circuit
Supply energy to circuit.
Potential divider
Potential divider
I
e

Remember:
I
e
= I
b
+I
c

I
e
> I
c
>I
b
I
c
>>>>I
b
No I
b,
No I
c

I
e

Figure 9.20
Figure 9.21
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
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13
(a) Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V
across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 k. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so
that the bulb is lighted up.








9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch.
1. Complete the statement below.







The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit
shown in figure, a resistor, R
X
and a . are being used to form a
potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is . and
the transistor switches . However, if the resistance of the variable resistor is
increased, the base voltage will. When the base voltage reached a certain
minimum value, the base current, I
B
switches on the transistor. A large collector current,
I
C
flows to light up the bulb.

2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit?



Bulb
Solution:
V
R R
R
V
p s
p
p

+
=
( )
V 6
10 10
10 10
V 2
3
3

+

=
s
R

30000 10 10
3
= +
S
R
= = k R
S
20 20000
I
C

I
E

I
B

R
X

R
Y
Base voltage
Battery voltage
increases
variable resistor
zero
off
Transistor n-p-n
Figure 9.22
Figure 9.23
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14

3. (a) Light Controlled Switch
(i) Complete the statement below.








Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch.
The .. (LDR) has a very high resistance in the . and a low
resistor in ... R is a fixed . The LDR and R form a potential
divider in the circuit.
In bright light, the LDR has a very . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
voltage of the transistor is too .. to switch on the transistor.
In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very and the voltage across the LDR is
enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be
used to automatically switch the bulb at night.

(ii) Complete the table below.
Condition R
LDR
V
LDR
R V
R
Transistor (ON or OFF)
Daylight
Darkness
Remember I
c
>>>>I
b
(iii) How can the circuit in figure be modified to switch on the light at daytime?
..



light-dependent resistor dark
bright light
resistor
low
low
large
high
on
low low
high high
high high
low
low ON
OFF
The circuit can be modified by interchanging the positions of the LDR and resistor R.
I
C

I
E

1k
R
LDR
10 k
6 V
Figure 9.24
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15
(b) A Heat-Controlled Switch
(i) Complete the statement below.








Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch.
A ..is a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very when it is
cold. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance rapidly. At room
temperature, the thermistor has a . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.
When the thermistor is heated, its . drops considerablely compared to R.
Therefore, the ., V
B
is high enough to switch . the transistor. When the
transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched . The
circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.

(ii) What is the function of a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit?
..
..
(iii) Complete the table below.
Temperature R
Thermistor
V
Thermistor
R V
R
Transistor (ON or OFF)
High
Low
Remember I
c
>>>>I
b



thermistor
high
drops
high
resistance
base voltage on
To protect the transistor from being damaged by the large induced e.m.f in the relay
coil when the collector current, I
C
drops to zero.
low low
high high
high high
low
low
ON
OFF
on
Relay
Alarm
R
B

R
Thermistor Diode
Figure 9.25
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16
9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier
1. Complete the statement below.







A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a
larger current. The magnitude of the ., I
C
is primarily determined by the
.., I
B
. A .. change in the base current, I
B
will cause a ..
change in the collector current, I
C
. The current amplification can be calculated as follows:



2. Name the type of the transistor used.

3. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, A when
the resistance of R is reduced?

4. A transistor is said to have two states, the ON state and OFF state.
(a) Explain the meaning of the ON state of a transistor.

(b) Explain the meaning of the OFF state of a transistor.

(c) What is the function of the rheostat, R?

(d) What is the function of the resistor, S?

I
C

I
E

R
1

R
2

R
I
B

mA
A
Current Amplification
B
C
I
I

=
collector current
base current small big
When a transistor is in the ON state, currents flow in the base and in the collector circuit.
When a transistor is in the ON state, there is no current in the base and in the collector
circuit.
To change the base current.
To control and limit the base current.
n-p-n transistor
The readings on miliammeter and microammeter increase.
Figure 9.26
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17
9.4 Logic Gates
9.4.1 Analysing Logic gates
1. What is a logic gate?

2. Complete the table below.
Gates Symbol Truth table
AND gate









Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR gate









Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT gate









Input Output
A Y
0 1
1 0
A switching circuit that is applied in computer in computer and other electronic devices.
Y
A
B
Y
A
Y
A
B
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18
NAND
gate








Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR gate








Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates
1. Find the output Y for each combination of logic gates.





The truth table:








Input Output
A B P Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
Y
A
B
Y
A
B
Y
A
B
P
0011
0101
0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
Figure 9.27
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19
2.






The truth table:








3.





The truth table:








Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
Input Output
A B
B
X Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
Y
A
B
P 0011
0101
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 Q
Y
A
B
B
0011
0101
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
X
Figure 9.28
Figure 9.29
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20
4.






The truth table:







5.

The truth table:











Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
Y
A
B
P
Q
0011
0101
1110
0111
0110




B
Y
P
A
B
Figure 9.30
Figure 9.31
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21
6. Figure shows a logic gate system which switches on an air-conditioner automatically.






Keys:
The light detector (Input J ): In the day, logic 1.
At night, logic 0.
The heat detector (Input K): Hot, logic 1.
Cool logic 0.

(a) Complete the truth table below:







(b) Based on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner conditions
in which the air-conditioner will operate and function normally.








Input Output
J K L
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
L
Light
detector
Heat
detector
Input J
Input K
Air-conditioner
- On a hot say or daytime On a hot night
Figure 9.32
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22
Reinforcement Chapter 9
Part A: Objective questions
1. Which of the following is not a property
of cathode rays?
A. It is positively charged.
B. It travels in a straight line.
C. It can be deflected by magnetic field.
D. It can be deflected by electric field.

2. Cathode rays consists of
A. Fluorescent particles
B. Light rays from a screen
C. Beams of fast moving particles
D. Light rays from hot filament

3. A beam of electrons is being deflected
due to a potential difference between
plates P and Q.





Which of the following statements is not
true?
A. The potential at plate P is positive.
B. The deflection would be greater if
the potential difference is greater.
C. The deflection would be greater if
the electrons are moving faster.
D. The electron beam will return to
straight line if a suitable magnetic
field is applied between the plates.

4. The figure 9.34 shows the trace
displayed on a CRO with the Y-gain
control is turned to 3.75 V/div.
What is the maximum value of the
potential difference being measured?

A. 2.5 V
B. 5.5 V
C. 7.5 V
D. 12.5 V
E. 15.0 V

5. In p-type semiconductor
A. The number of holes are equal to the
number of electrons.
B. The number of the holes are more
than the number of electrons.
C. The number of the holes are less than
the number of electrons.

6. Which of the following is not true about
diode?
A. It can be used to rectify alternating
current.
B. It can only conduct electricity when
it is connected in forward in forward
bias in a circuit.
C. It is formed by joining an n-type and
a p-type semiconductor.
D. The majority charge carriers in the
diode are electrons.

7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement
of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped
to form an extrinsic semiconductor.

Which of the following is not true?
A. The conductivity of the
semiconductor increases.
B. The semiconductor becomes an n-
type.
C. The majority charge carrier is
electron.
D. Atom P is a trivalent atom.


Figure 9.34
P
Q
Figure 9.33
Figure 9.35
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23
8. The figure 9.36 shows a rectifier circuit.
Which of the following statements is
true?


A. A rectifier changes d.c to a.c.
B. Device P allows current to flow in
any directions.
C. Device Q acts as a rectifier.
D. The rectifier circuit would still work
if device P is reversed.

9. The figure 9.37 shows a circuit
consisting of two diodes and a bulb.
When the switch is on, the bulb does not
light up.
What needs to be done to light up the
bulb?

A. Replace the diode with a new one.
B. Reverse the connection of the diode.
C. Increase the number of bulbs.
D. Connect a resistor in series with the
bulb.

10.


Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs,
P, Q, R and S, and four electronic
components connected in a circuit.
Which of the following bulbs will light
up continuously when the switch is on?
A. P and Q only
B. P, Q and R only
C. R and S only
D. P, Q and S only

11. Which of the following circuits shows
the connect directions of the base current
I
B
, emitter current, I
E
and collector
current, I
C
?



Figure 9.36
Figure 9.37
Figure 9.38
P
Q
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24
12. Which of the following statements about
a transistor is not true?
A. A transistor can act as an amplifier
B. A transistor can act as a relay switch.
C. The function of a transistor is the
same as that of two diodes.
D. A transistor is a combination of two
types of semiconductors.


13. What is the function of the transistor
circuit shown in figure 9.39?
A. As an amplifier
B. As a rectifier
C. As a switch device
D. As a modulator

14. The figure 9.40 shows a transistor being
used as a current amplifier.



Which of the following is correct?
A. I
B
>I
C

B. I
B
=I
C

C. I
B
<I
C


15. Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting of
a transistor which acts as an automatic
switch. When the potential difference
across the thermistor is 3 V and the
resistance of the thermistor is 1000 ,
the resistance value of resistor, R is ..



A. 3 k
B. 4 k
C. 5 k
D. 6 k
E. 7 k

16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor
circuit being used to amplify sound.


Which of the following is not correct
about the circuit?
A. T is an npn transistor
B. The capasitor prevents d.c current
but allows a.c current to pass through
it.
C. Speaker amplifies the sound.
D. R
1
and R
2
act as potential divider.

17. The figure 9.43 shows a logic gate
circuit with input signals, X and Y.

Which of the following is the output
signal?
Figure 9.41
I
B

I
C

Figure 9.40
M- Microphone
C- Capacitor
S- Speaker
Figure 9.42
Figure 9.43
Figure 9.39
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18. The figure 9.44 shows a logic gate
circuit.

Which of the following is the output
signal Z?
A. 0110
B. 1010
C. 1110
D. 0101

19. The figure 9.44 shows the combination
of three logic gates.

The truth table for the combination of
tree logic gates is as follows.
What is gate X?
A. AND
B. NOR
C. OR
D. NAND

20. The figure 9. 45 shows a combination of
three logic gates in a logic circuit. When
inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1.








Which of the following logic gates can
be used to represent J and K?

J K
AND NOR
NAND NOR
OR AND

A.
B.
C.
D.
NOR AND


Part B: Structured Questions.
1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is
connected to the Y-plates of an oscilloscope.

(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission.

(b) Determine the peak voltage of a.c voltage.

(c) Determine the time for one complete oscillation on the screen.

Figure 9.43
Figure 9.44
Y
J
K
Figure 9.45
Figure 9.46
Emission of electrons from the surface of a metal by heat.
2 x 3 = 6V
2 x 5 = 10 ms
Scale: 1 division =1 cm
The Y-gain is set at 3 V/cm
The time base is set at 5 ms/cm
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(d) What is the frequency of the a.c voltage?

(e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to
2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the
new trace would appear on the oscilloscope.








2. Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.



(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
..
(b) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.


(c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.













f =1/T=50 Hz
D1 and D3
D2 and D4
Figure 9.47
Time/ms
Voltage/V
Figure 9.48
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(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is
connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with
the resistor.







(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the
way that you have drawn.



3. A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operates using two buttons,
A and B for a two-storey building.
A: Up button
B: Down button
The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons. Figure 9.50
shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.















Keys:
Buttons A and B : When pressed, logic 1
Not pressed, logic 0
X Output : Motor is activated, logic 1



The charging of the capacitor by the power supply and the discharging of the capacitor
through the resistor will smooth the output.
Time/ms
Voltage/V
Figure 9.49
12 V
0 V
A
B
Logic gate
X
240 V
Relay switch Motor
Figure 9.50
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(a) The truth table below shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor control
system.


(i) Using the keys given, complete the truth table.
(ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in the figure 9.50.

(iii) In the space below, draw the logic gate symbol in 3(a)(ii).



(b) Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit?

(c) The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light
dependent resistor, LDR. If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is
activated and the lift door will close. Figure 9.51 shows an electronic circuit for the
control system of the lift door.








Input Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
R
Motor
240 V
Figure 9.51
AND Gate
Activates large current in the main secondary circuit supply// small current
at the output cannot activate the motor.
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(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received
by the light dependent resistor, LDR.

(ii) Complete the circuit in figure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light
dependent resistor using the symbols given below.




(iii) Explain how the circuit functions.

Resistor Light dependent resistor
The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance of the resistor.
High light intensity produces lower resistance and high base voltage
- A bigger base current flows and activates the transistor
- A big collector current flows through the relay switch and activates the
circuit of the door motor.
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Part C: Essay Questions
1.
(a) The diode, bulb and battery in circuit X and circuit Y of figures 9.52 and 9.53 are
identical.



(i) What is meant by a direct current and an alternating current? [2 marks]
(ii) Using Figures 9.52 and figure 9.53, compare the connection of the diodes and the
conditions of the bulbs. Relating the connection of the diodes and the conditions of
the bulbs, deduce the function of a diode. [5 marks]
(iii) State the use of a diode. [1 mark]

(b) A semiconductor diode is made by joining a p-type semiconductor with a n-type
semiconductor. Describe and explain the production and the characteristics of a p-type
semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor. [4 marks]

2. Figure 9.55 shows four circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transformer and the circuit
are used for the purpose of rectification.


















Figure 9.52 Figure 9.53
Circuit W
Circuit X
Circuit Y
Circuit Z
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0
1
2
3
4
5
(i) What is meant by rectification? [1mark]
(ii) Explain the working principle of a transformer. [3 marks]
(iii) You are asked to make a 12 V battery charger. Study the circuits W, X, Y and Z in
figures 9.55 and consider the following aspects:
Type of transformer
The number of turns in the primary coil and in the secondary coil.
Type of rectification
Characteristics of output current
Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable
circuit to make the battery charge. [6 marks]

3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector
current I
C
to the base current I
B
of a transistor.















Transistor T is connected to fixed resistor R
1
=1k and R
2
=56 k and a rheostat R
3
as
shown in figure 9.56. The battery supplies a voltage of 6 V to the transistor circuit.
Rheostat R
3
is adjusted until the current IB detected by microammeter A
1
is 10 A. The
collector current, I
C
recorded by miliammeter A
2
is shown in figure 9.57(a).








(a) I
B
=10A
mA
T
6V
R
1
=1k
A
2
I
C

A
1

I
B

R
2
=56k
R
3
=2k
Figure 9.56
31
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Rheostat R
3
is then adjusted to lower value so that microammeter A
1
gives I
B
=20 A, 30
A, 40 A, 50 A and 60 A. The corresponding readings of I
C
on miliammeter, A
2
are
shown in figure 9.57(b), 9.57(c), 9.57(d), 9.57(e) and 9.57(f).




























0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5 0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
(b) I
B
=20A
(b) I
B
=30A
(c) I
B
=40A
(d) I
B
=50A
(e) I
B
=60A
mA mA
mA mA
mA
32
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(a) For the experiment described identify
(i) the manipulated variable : ..
(ii) the responding variable : ..
(iii) the fixed variable : ..
(b) From the figure in 9.57, record the collector current, I
C
when I
B
=10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
60A. Tabulate your results for I
B
and I
C
in the space given below.
I
B
/A I
C
/mA
10 0.8
20 1.6
30 2.4
40 3.1
50 3.9
60 4.8

(c) On a graph paper, draw a graph of I
C
against I
B
.
(d) Based on your graph, determine the relationship between I
C
and I
B.



4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power amplifier. When the microphone
has detected a sound, an amplified sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound
becomes louder if the volume of the amplifier is turned on to increase the power.












The base current, I
B

The collector current, I
C

The supply voltage
I
c
is directly proportional to I
B

Figure 9.58
Loudspeaker
Power amplifier
Volume control
Microphone
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9: Electronics

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Using the information based on the observation of the brightness of the bulbs,
(a) Make one suitable inference.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable
apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment,
(ii) Variables in the experiment,
(iii) List of apparatus and materials,
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus,
(v) The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling
the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding
variable,
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data,
(vii) That way you would analyse the data.