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B.R. Jayalekshmi
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering , NITK , Surathkal, email:br.jaya@gmail.com
Deepthi Poojary V.G., Katta Venkataramana , R.Shivashankar
Abstract
It is clear from the past earthquakes that the seismic response of a structure is greatly
influenced by the soil structure interaction. In this paper, a time history analysis of multi
storied building with isolated foundation resting on medium soft, medium stiff and stiff soils
is presented. The two dimensional multistory building, its foundation and soil are considered
as the parts of single integral system. This system is subjected to modified acceleration time
histories recorded during three different real earthquakes. Seismic response of this soil
foundation structural system is compared to that of a fixed base structure to isolate the
effects of flexibility of soil on multistory frames during ground motions. A finite element
analysis of the integrated system is carried out considering a typical two-dimensional frame
with foundation and soil below it using finite element software .The soil is characterized by
its stiffness, mass density, and poisson’s ratio. The effect on the fundamental natural period
due to the incorporation of the effect of flexibility of soil is clarified. The variation in
structural response for various parameters like displacements, shear force and bending
moments for different types of soil with their time histories is presented and comparisons are
made with those obtained from the analysis of a fixed base structure.
Key Words: Earthquake response, Time history analysis, soil structure interaction, soil
flexibility.
INTRODUCTION
Structures are generally assumed to be fixed at their bases in the process of analysis and
design under dynamic loading. But the consideration of actual support flexibility reduces the
overall stiffness of the structure and increases the period of the system. Thus the change in
natural period may alter the seismic response of any structure considerably [8]. The extent of
the fixity offered by the soil at the base of the structure also depends upon the load that is
being transferred from the structure to the soil. Such an interdependent behavior between the
soil and the structure regulating the overall response is referred to as soil structure interaction
[8]. Numerous studies have been made on the effect of soil–structure interaction under
dynamic loading. A variety of methods for seismic design of structures have also emerged
from these studies, which vary widely in complexity [2]. The current approach has been to
develop a two-dimensional finite element simulation of a soil foundation structure system
under real earthquake time histories. This study has been carried out for one bay structure
models with one, two and three storey with isolated footing subjected to three different
modified acceleration time histories of ground motions. The earthquake response of the
building frames considering the flexibility of the soil is examined.
IDEALIZATION OF THE SYSTEM
Structural idealization
The building frame elements have been idealized as two dimensional elastic beams, BEAM3
elements with three degrees of freedom at each node, translations in the nodal x and y
directions and rotation about the nodal z-axis. The behavior of superstructure is assumed as
elastic and is modeled using two parameters, the modulus of elasticity E and poisson’s ratio
ν. All the structural members are considered to be reinforced concrete of grade M20.Value of
E is taken as 22.36 GPa, ν is taken as 0.15 and density of concrete as 25 kN/m3. The bay
length of the building is taken as 4.0 m and height as 3 m for all the cases. Sizes of beams and
columns as 230mm X 400 mm. Thickness of slab is taken as 150mm and wall as 230mm with
density of 20 kN/m3. The geometric sizes and loadings on the frames have been arrived on
the basis of general requirement confirming to design code [4,5,6].The live load is taken as 3
kN/m2. The foundation, which supports the superstructure, is discretised as 4 noded plane
element; PLANE42.The element is defined by four nodes having two degrees of freedom at
each node, translations in the nodal x and y directions. Square footing of size 2m x 2m with
500mm thickness is considered for all structures. The moment transfer capability is created
for a connection between a BEAM 3 elements and PLANE 42, i.e. between the column and
the footing. Using the constraint equation, the rotation of the beam element is transferred as
force couples to the plane element. The frames considered here are 1 bay structure with 1
storey, 2 storeys and 3 storeys designated as 1x1x1, 1x1x2, 1x1x3 with fixed base and resting
on different types of soil models.
Idealization of soil
The structures are assumed to be resting on different types of soil models, in the medium soft,
medium stiff to stiff range, based on soil parameters, E and ν [3].They are designated as
soil40, soil60 and soil80 with corresponding E of 40000 kN/m2,60000 kN/m2and 80000
kN/m2 respectively and a constant poisson’s ratio of 0.25 is considered. The bearing capacity
and density of the soil are taken as 220 kN/m2 and 18 kN/m3. The soil is assumed to be linear,
elastic and isotropic material. Width of soil mass beyond the outermost footing is considered
as 4 B and depth as 8B, where B is the width of isolated footing [3]. Soil is discretized using
4 nodded plane strain plane elements PLANE42. 5% of the critical damping is considered for
the whole system.
The effect of soil structure interaction on the building frames is studied under three different
types of ground motions. The analysis has been carried out for the modified acceleration time
histories that correspond to a peak ground acceleration of 0.5 g of the following earthquake
ground motions, Yerba buena island (Loma Prieta) Earthquake San Francisco, Station Yerba
(1989), Imperial Valley Earthquake, Station Elcentro (1940) and Treasure Island (Loma
Prieta) earthquake, Station Treas (1991). Response spectrum curves for the earthquake
ground motions are represented in the fig1.
METHODOLOGY
Finite element modeling of the whole structure –foundation –soil system is generated using
the software ANSYS as shown in fig.2. The seismic analysis of the building frames is carried
Fig1.Response spectrum curves for the earthquake ground motions
Fig2. Finite element Model of a 1bay 3 storey RC frame –foundation soil system.
out with transient dynamic analysis using mode superposition method. For the mode
superposition type of transient analysis, Alpha and Beta damping have to be calculated.
These values are not known directly but are calculated from modal damping ratios, ξ i. ξ i is
the ratio of actual damping to critical damping for a particular mode of vibration i. if ω i is
the natural circular frequency of mode i, α and β should satisfy the relation, ξ i = α / 2ω i +
β ω i /2 , based on Rayleigh Damping [1], such that the critical damping is taken as 5%.
The seismic structural response of one storey, two storey and three storey building for
Elcentro motion considering soil flexibility is presented in table 2. Variation of structural
response quantities for different earthquakes are plotted in fig.3 to fig.8 and fig.9 and fig10
represent the variation for different building models. Fig 11 to fig 15 represent the time
Fig 11. Time history of displacement at different floor levels of a 1x1x3 building for soil 40
Fig 12. Time history of Base shear of a 1x1x1 building for different soils
Fig 13. Time history of Beam shear of a 1x1x1 building for different soils
Fig 14. Time history of Beam moment of a 1x1x1 building for different soils
Fig 15. Time history of Column moment of a 1x1x1 building for different soils
history of structural response for Elcentro earthquake motion. It is seen that the percentage
increase in various quantities is more for medium soft soil compared to stiff in the case of
1x1x1 model and this decreases as the number of storey increases. Two to three times
increase in the structural response quantities are observed for a single story building resting
on medium soft soil. The fundamental natural period of a two storied buildings coincides
with the peak period of the earthquake motions, hence resonance will develop and the
response increases dramatically with the values being more than three storied building. The
Treas response spectrum intensity is more than Yerba and Elcentro, therefore the response
quantities for Treas is seen to be more. Since natural period of three storied building lies in
the falling part of response spectrum curve for all motions its seismic response is less
compared to two storied building and decreases with the flexibility of the soil.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the first storey building shows considerable increase in the member forces
for all earthquake motions considered based on the characteristics of the input motion. The
seismic response of all the buildings considering soil flexibility exhibits variation based on
the frequency content of the input motion and stiffness of soil.
REFERENCES