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Jatropha Gần Hoàn Chỉnh
Jatropha Gần Hoàn Chỉnh
BI BO CO
MN: K THUT NHN GING V TNH CY TRNG
TI: CY JATROPHA
Nhm thc hin:
Hunh Thanh Hng 0815190
Lao Quc Long 0815363
on Th Hng Nam 0815430
Nguyn Th Hunh Nh o815500
1.1. S lc v cc c im ca cy Cc ro
1.1.1. Phn loi khoa hc
Gii: Plantae
Ngnh: Magnoliophyta Lp: Magnoliopsida
B: Malpighiales
H: Euphorbiaceae
Phn h: Crotonoideae Tng: Jatropheae
Chi: Jatropha
Loi: Jatropha curcas L.
Hnh 1: Cy Cc ro
1.1.2. Ngun gc v phn b
Chi Du m (danh php khoa hc: Jatropha) l mt chi ca khong 175 loi
cy thn mng, cy bi hay cy thn g (mt s c l sm rng, nh du m
(Jatropha curcas L.)). Cc loi trong chi Jatropha c ngun gc t Trung
M, v c du nhp vo nhiu khu vc nhit i v cn nhit i khc,
nh n , chu Phi, Bc M,... Xut pht t khu vc Caribe, chng c cc
thng nhn B o Nha a vo chu Phi v chu nh l cc loi thc vt
c gi tr lm hng ro. Cc cy trng thnh mang cc cm hoa c v ci
kh p mt ng thi chng li khng mc qu cao.
2
Cy Jatropha curcas L. (JCL), thuc chi Jatropha, h Thu du. Chi Jatropha
c ngun gc t ting Hy Lp, ghp t hai ch Iatrs (bc s) v troph (thc
n), m ch cng dng lm thuc ca cy ny. Curcas l tn gi thng thng
ca cy Physic nut Malabar, n . Tn thng dng cc nc hin nay l
Jatropha, Vit Nam gi l cy Cc giu, Cc ro, Cy li, Ba u nam, Du
m, (Nguyn Cng Tn, 2008).
Loi JCL di phn b nhiu vng thung lng nhit i kh nng v vng
rng ma nhit i m, thng vng i ni, t dc thung lng c cao
700-1600 m so vi mc nc bin.
JCL l mt loi cy c lch s 70 triu nm, ngun gc t Mexico (ni duy nht
c ha thch ca cy ny) v Trung M, c ngi B o Nha a
qua Cape Verde, ri lan truyn sang chu Phi, chu , sau c trng
nhiu nc, tr thnh cy bn a khp cc nc nhit i, cn nhit i trn
ton th gii (Nguyn Cng Tn, 2008).
1.1.3. c im hnh thi c tnh sinh hc
JCL l cy g nh, c th cao n 5 m. Cnh xe, c nha m, trn cnh c
nhng vt so. Thn, v, l c nha nht, khng mu. L mc so le, hnh tri
xoan, hi trn, chia 5-7 thy nng vi chiu di v rng khang 6-15cm. Phin
l dng giy la (Nguyn Cng Tn, 2008).
Hnh 2: Cy Cc ro
Cm hoa tn cng c mu vng. Hoa n tnh, cng gc, i khi c hoa lng
tnh. B nh 10, xp thnh hai vng ring bit, mi vng 5, to thnh ct n
gn nhau. B nhy c 3 vi nhy, dnh vi nhau khang 2/3 chiu di, phn
trn ri nhau v nm nhy r i (Dehgan v Webster, 1979).
Hnh 3: Hoa cy Cc ro
Qu non hnh trng, lc chn mu vng, sau nu xm, cha ht mu en.
Thng thng, c 5 r c to ra khi ht ny mm, mt r chnh v 4 r ph.
Nu trng bng phng php thng thng th cy khng c r ci (Nguyn
Cng Tn, 2008).
Hnh 4: Qu cy Cc ro
Hnh 5: Ht cy Cc ro
Cy JCL a nh sng, a kh hu m p, chu kh hn, c th sng trong mi
trng c lng ma trung bnh nm 520-2000 mm, nhit bnh qun nm
11-28oC. Cy chu c t xu, t si, t vi bc mu...Cy JCL ny
chi rt d, c th gim hom, nu trng bng ht, cy c r chnh v r
ngang, nu gim hom th khng c r chnh.
Ni chung, sau khi trng 3 nm, cy cao 3 m. Vi cy thc sinh, sau trng 3-4
nm th kt tri. Thi gian ra qu bnh thng l 6-20 nm, t thy hin tng ra
qu cch nm. Ra hoa t thng 3 n gia thng 4, thi gian ra hoa ko di 4-5
thng, chn vo thng 8-9, qu kh rng.
e - hoa c nh;
b - v cy;
f - mt ct ngang ca qu xanh;
c - gn l;
g - qu;
d - hoa c nhu;
h - mt ct dc ca qu.
ngha v mt kinh t, x hi
Pht hin quan trng nht t JCL l ly ht lm nguyn liu sn xut du diesel
sinh hc (biodiesel).
Cy JCL c chu k sng lu c th ln n 50 nm, cho qu, ht sm, hng nm
nng sut c th t n 10 12 tn/ha nu trng trn t tt v u t cao
(chm sc, bn phn, ti tiu,...), hm lng du trong ht cao trung bnh
32 35%. y l ngun nguyn liu du diesel sinh hc rt tim nng dn
thay th cc ti nguyn nhin liu ha thch ang ngy cng b cn kit.
T ht JCL p ra du th, t du th tinh luyn c diesel sinh hc v
glycerin. Mc d diesel sinh hc c sn xut t nhiu loi nguyn liu: ci
du, hng dng, du c, m ng vt, nhng sn xut t JCL c gi thnh
r nht v cht lng tt tng ng vi du diesel ha thch truyn thng.
Nu 1 ha JCL t nng sut 8 10 tn ht/ha/nm c th sn xut c 3 tn
diesel sinh hc. Loi du ny s thay th c mt phn du diesel truyn thng
ang cn kit, gim thiu c lng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh, l loi
du chy ht v c t lu hunh, l loi du sch, thn thin vi mi trng.
Th trng tiu th sn phm diesel sinh hc t JCL c coi l v hn. Nh
khoa hc c Klause Becker cn cho rng JCL l cy trng u tin m ngi
dn lm ra khng s khng c u ra. l u th ni tri hng u ca sn
xut JCL khi cy ny c v th l cy sn xut hng ha ln.
L cy lu nm nhng ngay trong nm trng u tin thu hoch c sn
phm l ht.
Ht JCL sau khi p du, hn 30% l sn phm du, gn 70% l kh du, c hm
lng protein khong 30%, dng lm phn hu c rt tt, nu kh ht c t
c th lm thc n gia sc cao m.
JCL cn to ra hiu ng x hi rt ln. Do trng cc vng min ni ngho,
cy JCL s to nhiu vic lm v thu nhp kh quan cho ng bo cc dn tc;
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(Narayanaswamy, 1994).
1.4. K thut trng Jatropha
Quy trnh k thut
L cy c ngun gc nhit i, chu rt tt v chu ngp ng km, a nhit
cao, chu hn, chu t xu. Phm vi trng vng nhit i, Nam nhit i c
cao trn 1000m so vi mc nc bin. Yu cu lng ma nm ln hn
600mm, nhit bnh qun nm 18,5oC, nhit thp tuyt i trn t O oC,
nhit cao tuyt i 40oC, t khng ng nc.
2. Sn xut ging:
a. Jatropha ch c 1-2 nm l thi k cy non, ht ny mm nhanh, cnh d ra
r, c th nhn ging bng ht, bng hom, nui cy m, nhng cy thc sinh c
sc khng cao hn, gi thnh ging r hn, v vy khi trng trn din tch
ln th nn trng bng ht.
b. Thu hi v bo qun ging:
Ht ging c th gieo thng ngay, cng c th m vo bu ri trng. Thi v
gieo ht vo gia thng 3 n gia thng 4. vng thung lng kh c th gieo
vo thng 5-6 vo ma ma. Nu m trong gin che c th m quanh nm.
c. Cch trng bng m ging:
vng kh hn, nng cao t l sng, nn m vo bu trng. Bu c
ng knh 6-8cm, cao 10-12cm, v bu lm bng cht do, trong cha t v
mn. Sau khi tra ht vo bu, mm c 3-5 l c th trng. Trc khi luyn cy
non 5-7
3. Phng php trng
a. Mt :
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cho nng sut cao, mt m bo 2000 cy/ha, khong cch hng 2,5m,
khong cch cy 2m. Trn t dc, trng theo ng ng mc, trng dy to
thnh hng ro ng mc tng kh nng chng si mn v cho nng sut
cao. C th s dng Jatropha lm vnh ai cn la cho rng, ai cn la c th
theo chiu ngang hoc chiu thng ng, ai rng 20-25m, khong cch cy
1,5-2m.
b. Phng php trng:
Trng thng bng ht o h sn. H o kch thc 50 x 50 x 50cm, di y
h c bn phn nung chy hoc NPK 200g/hc, s l ht trc khi tra ht
xung h, ht ging ngm nc m 40oC, ngm 12 ting, sau vt ra em
vo ti vi hoc bao ti da, (nh ging la) thm mt th nh rm r
trn, sau 24 gi kim tra ht no nt nanh th em tra ngay vo h chun
b, lp t dy 15 - 20cm, ri t ht, sau ph 3-5 cm t ln trn. Lu
ming h phi lp cao hn t t nhin, phng khi tri ma nc ng c th
gy ra tnh trng thi cy. (qua thi gian trng th nghim bng ht rt c
mt kinh nghip thc t sau).
1) trng thng bng ht t hiu qu cao hn, tt nht trng trc thng 3
m lch (trc tt thanh minh) trc tt thanh minh th cc loi su bnh ang
trong giai on trng, v sau thanh minh l ma sinh n ca su bnh, v vy
trng thng bng ht thi gian ny trong qu trnh cy mm b su bnh hi
kh nhiu c ni b trn 60%.
2) qun l c vn cy con thi im sau thanh minh lm nh sau, giao
ging cho cc h gia nh theo din tch ng k, hng dn m ti vn ca
tng gia nh trc khi em trng, thi gian m t ngy m n ngy em
trng t 30 40 ngy cy c bn ho g v m bo khi trng t l sng
khng di 95%, lu trc khi trng buc phi luyn cy non.
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tr v trng trt v trang tr. Nhng loi khc nh cy khoai m cng nm trong
nhm cc cy lng thc vi la v khoai ty, y l nhng cy lng
thc chnh trn khp th gii. Nhng cy ny cng ng vai tr quan trng
trong chin lc chng li xi mn, nhim v lm m ton cu (Dng Tn
Nht, 2006).
Trc y, vic nhn ging cy thn g ch yu da vo k thut ct cnh, cn
k thut nui cy in vitro vn lun gp nhiu kh khn. Kh khn trong kim
sot mi trng v cc nhn t dinh dng in vitro c xem l do tnh ngoan
c c iu khin bi kiu di truyn, cng vi tc tng trng chm
lm cho cc qu trnh nh chn lc cy chuyn gen lm nguyn liu tr nn
phc tp. Tuy nhin, k thut TCL ra i chng t y l mt h thng u
vit trong vic cm ng s hnh thnh c quan in vitro ca cc loi cy thn g
nh cy tre, cy khoai m, cy thng, cy hng, cy dng, hoa hng. K
thut TCL ph v nhng khi nim trc y v s hn ch vi nhn ging
hay tnh ngoan c. Bi v cc cy rng v cy thn g c mt chu trnh sng
di nn vic cm ng pht sinh phi sinh dng c ngha to ln trong vic p
dng thng mi cho lnh vc lm nghip, cung cp cc cy ng nht di
truyn, loi tr bin d dng sinh dng, gim c cc ri ro. iu ny c mt
tim nng to ln, c bit khi cng ngh di truyn hng n ci tin cht
lng nh b sung cht g, lm tng tc tng trng, tnh khng thuc tr
c, khng cn trng, tnh ng nht ca sn phm v s c lp carbon (Dng
Tn Nht, 2006).
1.5. Mt s nghin cu nhn ging in vitro cy Cc ro
Nhm p ng nhu cu to ln ca th trng, cc nh khoa hc tin hnh
nghin cu phng php nhn ging in vitro, tm hiu cc yu t nh hng
n qu trnh ti sinh chi ca chng.
ti sinh chi JCL, l, cc t thn v ht thng c s dng lm vt
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bt nh t cc mnh l ca cy JCL l mi trng MS c b sung BA (1,010,0 mg/l) v 1,0 mg/l IBA, v mi trng nui cy ph c b sung ch 0,5
mg/l BA hoc 1,0-2,0 mg/l BA kt hp vi 0,5 mg/l IBA. Cc chi c to
r trong mi trng MS1/2 b sung 5,4 M NAA. pH ca mi trng c
iu chnh v 5,6 0,1, hp 104 kPa v 120oC trong 20 pht. Cc mu cy
c t trong iu kin 26 2oC vi 16h/8h sng/ti, s dng nh sng hunh
quang trng, mt (30 mol/m2/s).
Kt qu nui cy cc mu t trn mi trng c b sung ba loi cytokinin
cc nng khc nhau dn n nhng p ng khc nhau. Sau 1 thng,
mi trng chnh, s cm chi nh ln ch l 1-3 cm. Cc t c nui cy
trn mi trng vi Kn cho thy khng c du hiu ng k no v s bit
ha mu ngoi tr s xut hin chi vi s nhn rt t v ko di chi c sn
thnh mt chi n. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mi trng c b sung
5,0 mg/l Kn, s chi/mu t 2-4, vi s chi trung bnh/mu t l 3,3. Chiu
di ca chi tng ln cng vi s gia tng nng Kn. Mi trng c b
sung BA kch thch s pht trin ca cc m so trng hi xanh lc ti phn
chn vi cc chi bit ha tt t chi bn. Chiu di chi gim khi tng
nng BA.
Nhng khc bit ng k c thy rt r cc nui cy ph cc mu t
c nui cy cc nng cytokinin khc nhau (BA 1,0-2,0 mg/l). Trn mi
trng c b sung 1,0 mg/l BA, s nhn chi ch hiu qu vi nhng mu
c chuyn t mi trng c TDZ v BA, trong khi vi mi trng c Kn li
khng hiu qu. S chi/mu t ti a (4,0) cc t c chuyn t 1,0 mg/l
BA.
Cc mu t cho thy p ng tch cc khi cy chuyn sang mi trng c 2,0
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1 atm trong thi gian 30 pht. Cc mnh l c nui trong iu kin chiu
sng 16 gi/ngy nhit 22 2C.
nh hng ca khong a lng ln s hnh thnh m so c kh nng
pht sinh phi
By loi mi trng khc nhau c cha thnh phn khong a lng ca
MS, MS (Murashige v Skoog, 1962), WPM (Lloyd v McCown, 1980), B5
(Gamborg v cs., 1968), White (White, 1963), SH (Schenk v Hildebrandt,
1972), Nitsch (Nitsch v Nitsch, 1969) c s dng. Mi mi trng u
c b sung thnh phn vi lng v vitamin ca MS, 100 mg/l myo-inositol,
3% sucrose, 1,5 mg/l Kinetin v 0,5 mg/l 2,4-D.
nh hng ca iu kin nui cy ln s pht trin ca m so c kh
nng pht sinh phi
M so c kh nng pht sinh phi c cy chuyn sang mi trng MS c
b sung 1,5 mg/l Kinetin v 0,5 mg/l 2,4-D vi 3 iu kin nui cy khc
nhau: bn rn (b sung 9 g/l agar), lng tnh (khng b sung agar), lng lc
(khng b sung agar, lc vi tc 120 vng/pht).
Bng 1. Thnh phn ion trong cc mi trng s dng (theo George v
Sherrington, 1984).
S trng thnh, bit ha v ny mm ca phi v tnh
M so vi cc khi tin phi c tch thnh nhng cm nh v cy
sang mi trng MS c b sung 1,0 mg/l Kinetin kt hp vi 2,4-D nhng
nng khc nhau (0 1,0 mg/l). Tch cc phi giai on l mm hoc
ny chi ra khi m m so v cy sang mi trng ti sinh cy (mi
trng MS khng b sung cht iu ha tng trng thc vt).
X l thng k
Cc th nghim c thit k theo th thc hon ton ngu nhin. Mi
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