W Wo or rd d F Fo or rm ma at ti io on n P Pr ro oc ce es ss se es s

A Af ff fi ix xa at ti io on n
l Process of forming words by adding affixes to morphemes
l Prefixation: re + apply re-apply
l Suffixation: consitution + al constitutional
constitutional + ly constitutionally
l Infixation: insertion of an affix within the root morpheme


I In nf fi ix xa at ti io on n e ex xa am mp pl le e f fr ro om m T Ta ag ga al lo og g, , a a l la an ng gu ua ag ge e o of f t th he e
P Ph hi il li ip pp pi in ne es s
Verb stem
sulat write
bili buy
kuha take, get
Infinitive
sumulat to write
bumili to buy
kumuha to take,
to get
I In nf fi ix xa at ti io on n e ex xa am mp pl le e f fr ro om m T Ta ag ga al lo og g, , a a l la an ng gu ua ag ge e o of f t th he e
P Ph hi il li ip pp pi in ne es s
Verb stem
sulat write
bili buy
kuha take, get
Infinitive
sumulat to write
bimuli to buy
kumuha to take,
to get
P Ps se eu ud do o- -i in nf fi ix xa at ti io on n i in n E En ng gl li is sh h
l English doesnt have true infixation.
l English does have something similar in a limited sphere.
l Expletives can be inserted inside a word for emphasis.
Un-fucking-believable
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Abso-bloody-lutely (from My Fair Lady)
Halle-fucking-lullah (Sopranos episode)
R Re ed du up pl li ic ca at ti io on n
l Process of forming new words by doubling all or part of a
morpheme.
E Ex xa am mp pl le e f fr ro om m I In nd do on ne es si ia an n
Singular
ruman house
ibu mother
lalat fly
Plural
rumahrumah houses
ibuibu mothers
lalatlalat flies
A Al lt te er rn na at ti io on n
l Process of forming a word using morpheme-internal
modifications
l Example from English: vowel changes in formation of some
plurals
man / men, woman / women, goose / geese

C Co om mp po ou un nd di in ng g
l process of joining two separate words to produce a single word
l E.g., fingerprint, bookcase,sunburn,wallpaper,
doorknob,textbook,wastebasket, waterbed
C Cl li ip pp pi in ng g
B Ba ac ck kf fo or rm ma at ti io on n
l Reduction of a word of one lexical category (usually a noun) to a
word of another lexical category (usually a verb).
l Examples: television televize, editor edit, donation
donate, option opt, emotion emote, enthusiasm enthuse.
B Bl le en nd di in ng g
l process of combining two separate forms to produce a single
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new term
l typically the beginning of one word is joined to the end of the
other word
l E.g., smog (smoke+fog); brunch (breakfast+lunch), motel
(motor+hotel), telecast (television+broadcast).
A Ac cr ro on ny ym ms s
l words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words
l Examples: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, laser (light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detecting and ranging) and
scuba (self contained underwater breathing apparatus)

C Co oi in na ag ge e
l the invention of totally new terms
l E.g., aspirin, nylon, kleenex, xerox
originally invented trade names
now everyday words

B Bo or rr ro ow wi in ng g
l process of taking over words from other languages
l Loan words
l English example: 'alcohol' (Arabic), 'boss' (Dutch), 'croissant' (French),
'lilac' (Persian), 'piano' (Italian), 'pretzel' (German), 'robot' (Czech),
'tycoon' (Japanese), 'yogurt' (Turkish) and 'zebra' (Bantu).
L Lo oa an n w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m E En ng gl li is sh h i in nt to o o ot th he er r l la an ng gu ua ag ge es s
l Japanese suupaamaaketto
l Hungarian sport and futbal
l French le parking, le weekend
C Ca al lq qu ue e
l loan translation
l direct translation of the elements of a words into the borrowing
language.
l E.g. French gratte-ciel (scrape-sky) from English skyscraper;
English loan word, from German Lehnwort
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