IP dominant because:

Cheap
Different traffic types
simple interconnection and maintenance of IP networks (i.e., local area networks) as well as low-cost
switching systems (i.e., IP routers).

Issues with IP:
Best effort

IPv4 has ToS and DS in IPv6
Need QoS in order to transmit different traffics in IP network

Wireless Network Issues: Mobility + BER

BER
In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a
communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization
errors


GSM:
Malaysia: 900MHz 1.8GHz


0162089363