Basics of

ICT Infrastructure

Eng. Tilak De Silva

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 Content
• Introduction
• Voice Communication
• Data communication
• Data
• IP Services
• Copper Wire (DSL Services)
• Fibre services

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Introduction

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 Voice Communication

Data Communication

Voice

Data

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Voice Communication

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 Wired - Copper cable pair
 Wireless - Radio signal

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 Fixed
 Mobile

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 Fixed

 Wired
 Wireless (WLL)

Local loop Exchange

(Wired or wireless)

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Fixed - Wired

Exchange
Copper pair loop

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Fixed – Wireless (LTE)

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 Mobile Network

1G – 1st Generation . 2G – 2nd Generation

3G – 3rd Generation 4G – 4th Generation
5G – 5th Generation

Same as PSTN
Mobile Voice
Mobility Management
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Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN)

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 PSTN

Core Network

Access Network

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 Access Network

Customer Premises
Equipment Service Provider (operator)
Premises Equipment
(Telephone)
Access Network (Exchange)

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Core Network

Exchanges

Transmission
link

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 Voice Signal

Mic
Sound Electric
Energy Energy
Speaker

Telephone Channel

0 – 4 kHz
Analog Signal
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Data Communication

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Data Communication

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 Data

Digital Signals

1010111011

Electrical Signal

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

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 Bits
1,0 - Bits

11011 - 5 Bits
110 - 3 Bits

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 Data Traveling

Bit Rate -
Measurement of Bit Speed

Bits Per Second –

How many Bits Travel in one second
1 b/s, 10 b/s

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 Bit Rate

 k – kilo - 1000
 M – Mega - 1000000
 G – Giga - 1000000000
 T – Tera - 1000000000000

 1 kb/s - 1000 b/s

 1 Mb/s - 1000 Kb/s
 1 Gb/s - 1000 Mb/s
 1 Tb/s - 1000 Gb/s

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 Data Packet

Group of Bits

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Packet Switching Exchange (PSE)

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 Core
Network

Access Network

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Packet Switching

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Data

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 IP data

 IP – Internet Protocol
 Standards defined by internet society

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 2G - GSM Packet Switch Data

GPRS - General Packet Radio System

EDGE - Enhanced Data Rate for Global
Evaluation

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 3 G Packet Switched Data

 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

Downlink Speed – upto 14 Mb/s

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 4G - LTE
• 40 Mb/s

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IP Services

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 IP Services
• Data travels as IP packets

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 Advantages of IP Services

 Transmit as IP packets
All IP packets are similar pattern. Therefore, treats
them equally in the network.
 Can differentiate the services at computer/terminal

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 Other IP Services

 Since IP is very flexible, non data (e.g. Voice)

also convert to IP packets
E.g. VoIP, IPTV, Video streaming, Audio
streaming ,Games

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 Bandwidth and Bit Rate
• Bandwidth
Frequency band
Eg :0 – 4 kHz,

• Bit Rate
bits per second
Eg: 1kb/s 1Mb/s , 20Mb/s, 100Mb/s

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 Relationship between
Bandwidth and Bit Rate
• Bit Rate↑ - Bandwidth↑
There is a relationship between Bit Rate
and Bandwidth

• More bit rate – More Bandwidth

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 Broadband

More services together

More Information
More bandwidth required
(Broadband required)
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 Copper Wire
(DSL Technologies)

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 Bandwidth of Copper Wire

Total bandwidth
about 8000 kHz

POTS

POTS (normal telephone) uses only 4kHz.

Hence, bandwidth wastage

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 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL)

Download D

Upload U

Unused
POTS 4 kHz

Download has more bandwidth

upload=128 kb/s, 512kb/s download=512 kb/s, 4Mb/s 16Mb/s

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 Disadvantages of ADSL

 Maximum distance – about 5 km

 Distance increase – Download speed decrease

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Access network – Fibre

Upto 1Gb/s
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 Access Technologies

FTTH (Fibre To The Home)

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WiFi

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