Internet and Wireless Networks

Lecture-2

CSE Department, IUT

Internet – the bigger picture
Networks

Computer
Networks

internetworks

The Internet

Communication
Links
End systems /
hosts
Switches /
routers

2
Protocols and Standards

3
 The Transport Layer

• Multiplexing / de-multiplexing
• Reliability & in-order delivery
• Congestion control
• Flow Control

4
The Network Layer

• Routing
• Routing Metric
• Hop-count, BW
• ETX, ETT
• Routing Protocol
• RIP, OSPF
• BGP
• Packet Forwarding
• QoS

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Physical media

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 Physical media
• bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
twisted pair (TP)
• physical link: what lies
between transmitter & receiver • two insulated copper wires
– Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
• guided media: Gpbs Ethernet
– signals propagate in – Category 6: 10Gbps
solid media: copper,
fiber, coax
• unguided media:
– signals propagate
freely, e.g., radio
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 Physical media: coax, fiber

coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:

 glass fiber carrying light
• two concentric copper pulses, each pulse a bit
conductors  high-speed operation:
• bidirectional  high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
• broadband: Gpbs transmission rate)
– multiple channels on cable  low error rate:
– HFC  repeaters spaced far apart
 immune to electromagnetic
noise

8
 Physical media: radio
• signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
 e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
• no physical “wire”  LAN (e.g., WiFi)
• bidirectional  11Mbps, 54 Mbps
• propagation environment  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
effects:  3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
– reflection  satellite
 Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
– obstruction by multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
objects  geosynchronous versus low
– interference altitude

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A closer look at network structure

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 A closer look at network structure:
mobile network
• network edge:
– hosts: clients and global ISP

servers
– servers often in data home
network
regional ISP
centers
 access networks,
physical media: wired,
wireless communication
 links core:
network
 interconnected routers institutional
 network of networks network

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 Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge
router?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks
(school, company)
• mobile access networks

keep in mind:
• bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
• shared or dedicated?

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Access Networks

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 Access Networks
Nuts and Bolts
of Internet

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 Access Networks
End System interaction

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Access Networks

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 Access Networks
The network that physically connects an end system to the
first router (also known as the “edge router”) on a path from
the end system to any other distant end system

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Access Networks
• Access Networks
• Ethernet
• WiFi-Based Access Networks
• Wireless LAN
• 802.11a/b/g
• Ad-hoc Networks
• Mesh Networks
• DTN/ICN
• VANET
• 6LowPANs
• WSNs
• WiMAX-Based Access Net
• Cellular Networks
• 3G Cellular Networks
and beyond
• etc…

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 Access Networks
Internet

TCP IP

Access
Networks

Cellular
Ethernet Wi-Fi based Wimax based Low PAN
Network

3G Cellular
Wireless Lan Mesh Network WSN
Data Network

ICN/DTN

VANET

Figure: a taxonomy of access networks (approximate)

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 Access Networks

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

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Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

 data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
 voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
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 Access Networks

Cable Network

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Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
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Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Mbps upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
 homes share access network to cable headend
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
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 Access Networks

Wired Access Networks

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Access Networks

Home Network

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 Access net: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

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 Access Networks

Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

Traditional Wired Access

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Ethernet – Traditional Wired Access

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Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

• typically used in companies, universities, etc

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates

 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

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 Access Networks

Wireless Access Networks

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 Wireless access networks
• shared wireless access network connects end system to router
– via base station aka “access point”
wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access
 within building (100 ft)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

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 Wireless Access networks
• Access computing/communication services, on the move

• Wireless WANs
– Cellular Networks: GSM, GPRS, CDMA
– Satellite Networks: Iridium

• Wireless LANs
– WiFi Networks: 802.11
– Personal Area Networks: Bluetooth
– Adhoc Networks: useful when infrastructure not available

• Wireless MANs
– WiMaX Networks: 802.16
– Mesh Networks: Multi-hop WiFi

Introduction 2-33
Wireless Access Networks

2-34
Wireless Access Networks

2-35
Wireless Access Networks

2-36
Wireless Access Networks

2-37
Wireless Access Networks

2-38
 Access Networks

WiFi – IEEE 802.11 WLANs

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 WiFi – IEEE 802.11 WLANs
Standard Frequency Range Data Rate
802.11b 2.4–2.485 GHz up to 11 Mbps
802.11a 5.1–5.8 GHz up to 54 Mbps
802.11g 2.4–2.485 GHz up to 54 Mbps

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 Access Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks

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 Wireless Mesh Networks

What is Mesh Network: https://youtu.be/8UZlwhiWKmA

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 Wireless Mesh Networks

What is Mesh Network? https://youtu.be/tYLU755T6_I

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 Wireless Mesh Networks

What is Mesh Network? https://youtu.be/kz0PVaejFx4

What is Mesh WiFi? https://youtu.be/XaOcjHrdMFE

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Wireless Mesh Networks

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Wireless Mesh Networks

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 Access Networks

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

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Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

Figure:

Figure: Store-And-Forward Message Switching

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 Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

• DTN architecture expects nodes to store bundles for an

extended period.
• Whenever possible, each received data packet is forwarded
immediately.
• If forwarding is not currently possible but is expected to be
possible in the future, the packet is stored for future
transmission.

Figure: Store-And-Forward Message Switching

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Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

Figure:

Figure: Store-And-Forward Message Switching

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Understanding the TCP and UDP

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TCP, UDP and DTN

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 DTN characteristics
• Internet environment
– End-to-end RTT is not large.
– Some path exists between
endpoints.
– E2E reliability using ARQ
works well.
– Packet-switching is the right
abstraction.
Ref: [2], [3]
• DTN characteristics
– Very large delays.
– Intermittent and scheduled
links.
– Different network
architectures.
– Conversational protocols fail.
– No ARQ.
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 Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

Challenges of DTN
• Applications assume e2e ‘connections’
• Routing does not understand schedules
• Long-term disconnection causes failures
• End-to-end reliability is poor with high loss rates
• E2E performance is poor with high delays

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 Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

Interplanetary communication

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 Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)
Mobile-enabled delay tolerant networking in rural developing regions

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 Delay Tolerant Network (DTN)

ZebraNet (a real life application)

Tracking node
with CPU,
Data FLASH, radio
Store-and-forward Data and GPS
communications

Data Data

First deployment in 2004 in Kenya

Sensor Network Attributes ZebraNet Other Sensor Networks

Node mobility Highly mobile Static or moderate mobile
Communication range Miles Meters
Sensing frequency Constant sensing Sporadic sensing
Sensing device power Hundreds of mW Tens of mW
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 Access Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

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 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

VANET
 a form of Mobile ad-hoc network
 provide communication
- among nearby vehicles
- between vehicles
- nearby fixed equipment
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
How vehicular communications work:
road-side infrastructure units (RSUs),
named network nodes, are equipped
with on-board processing and wireless
communication modules
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
How vehicular communications work:
- vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure
(V2I) communication will be possible
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
What can VANET provide ? Warnings!!!
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
What can VANET provide ? Warnings!!!
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
What can VANET provide ? traffic and road conditions
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
What can VANET provide ? traffic and road conditions
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
What can VANET provide ?
 Safety
 Efficiency
 Traffic and road conditions
 Road signal alarm
 Local information
 Access Networks

WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

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 WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
• A wireless communications standard - designed to provide 30 to 40
megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to
1 Gbit/s for fixed stations.
• It refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family
of wireless-networks standards.

Figure: Working Procedure of WiMAX

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 WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
• Provide portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities
and countries

• Wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL)

for "last mile" broadband access

• Provide data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services

(triple play)

• A source of Internet connectivity as part of a business

continuity plan

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 Access Networks

Low power Wireless Sensor Network

(Low PAN)

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 Low power Wireless Sensor Network
(Low PAN)
• A 802.15.4 Based Network.
• Consists of a large number of sensor nodes densely
deployed within an area.

Figure: Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

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 Low power Wireless Sensor Network
(Low PAN)
Application Area:
1. Environmental applications
2. Health applications
3. Precision Agriculture
4. Military
5. Home and other commercial applications

Figure: An example of Low PAN Application

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 Low power Wireless Sensor Network
(Low PAN)
• MAC for Sensor networks is specially designed for
wireless sensor networks and is derived from IEEE
802.11.

Figure: S-MAC messaging scenario

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 Access Networks

3G Cellular Data Networks

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 3G Cellular Data Networks
• 3G cellular data network connects radio access networks to the
public Internet.

Figure: 3G cellular data network architecture

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 3G Cellular Data Networks

Shortcomings of 3G Networks
• Cellular infrastructure, upgrading base stations is expensive
• Needs different handsets.
• Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been
implemented
• Power consumption is high
• Spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs and handset
subsidies subscribers are tremendous.

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 References
• Chapter 1, Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, by James F.
Kurose and Keith W. Ross

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Thank You

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