Basic Internetworking

Components

(WAN & Internet Components)

 HW Components of Network
1- Nodes: 2-Links:
Network Devices Connections between nodes
• Servers /Workstations •Wired network
– Twisted-pair cable
• Routers
– Coaxial cable
• Switches – Fiber-optic cable
• Bridges •Wireless network
• Hubs – RF signals
– Microwaves
• Repeaters
– Infrared light
• Probes
 Server/Workstations
• Servers / Workstations:
- Server is like workstation making use of all layers of the
protocol stack
- Typically make use of the services of all layers of a protocol
stack because they process the requests of application programs
for information on servers.

Workstations / PC Server
 Router
• Connects 2 or more networks
• uses network layer addresses (IP address) to make data forwarding decisions
• Reads the Network layer header in packet to find the destination network
address and then looks up the address in routing table.
• The routing table is a list of mappings of network addresses to ports that will
get the packet to the destination networks by the best means.

node in node in
Network Network A Network B
Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
Destination
Higher Higher
Router
Layers
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.100 10
Layers
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
Network Network Network Network
137.22.144.6 145.65.23.102
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10 Data Link Data Link
Data Link Data Link
192.168.0.100 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 10 Physical 1 Physical 2
Physical Physical
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10
 Switches
• Switches are Multiport Bridges.
 Switches provide a unique network segment on each port, to separate the
collision domains.
 Multiple paths : More than one station transmitting at a time
i.e. messages from different sources to different destinations occur in parallel
 Switches are typically configured to forward incoming frames to outgoing
ports based on destination MAC addresses==
 Switches also can be configured to drop frames based on MAC destination
or to redirect frames to other MAC address.
collisions will still occur:
for example if two messages have the same destination
 Repeater
• Repeater receives a signal, regenerates (Re-form) it,
• Propagates all electrical signals between 2 or more LAN segments
• It operates only at Physical Layer of OSI
• Repeaters are used on 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 LANs.
Network A Network B

Higher Higher
Layers Layers
Repeater
Physical Physical Physical
 HUB :Multi Port Repeaters
• Hubs as Repeaters. So, Hubs operate at a Physical layer only.
• Hub is a repeater with many input and output ports (multiport repeaters)
• Every transmission received by the hub on one port is amplified and
retransmitted out of all other ports.
• Hub do not examine information in any field of the frame.
- HUB changes the network topology from a bus, to a star.
- Star topology using Hubs still Logically suffers from one collision Domain
due to broadcast.
• With a 10Mbps LAN, total capacity is 10Mbps
 Bridges
1- Transparent bridge:
- Connects 2 similar LANs:
Identical protocols for physical and link layers (MAC protocol))
- Copies frames from one network to the other.
Read all frames transmitted on one LAN and accept those addressed to
any station on the other LAN or within the same LAN.

Node in Network A Node in Network B

Higher Higher
Layers Bridge Layers
Data Link Data Link
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical 1 Physical 2 Physical
 Bridges
2- Translating bridges:
• connects 2 LAN with different in the MAC layer specifications.
• Bridge performs frame filtering:
- It doesn't forward the frame if it knows that the destination
address is at the same side as the source of the frame
- Errors and collisions that take place on one segment are not
propagated to devices on the other segment.

Node in Network A Node in Network B

Higher Higher
Layers Bridge Layers
Data Link Data Link
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical 1 Physical 2 Physical
 Gateway
• Connects 2 or more networks that can be of different types
• Provides protocol conversion so that end devices with
dissimilar protocol architectures can interoperate

137.22.144.6
Netware
Gateway
TCP/IP 145.65.23.102
 Probes
Do you know what's really traveling through your network? Are you having
problems finding the sources of network slowdowns?
• Probes are tools for learning about the details of the communication
between devices.
• Probes can be placed on a network and gather information transferred to
the manage Station from analysis of the traffic.
• Network Probe is the ultimate network monitor and protocol analyzer to
monitor network traffic in real-time, and help to find the sources of any
network slow-downs in a matter of seconds.
 Network Links: Connections between nodes
• Wired network
• Twisted-pair cable
• Coaxial cable
• Fiber-optic cable

• Wireless network
• RF signals
• Microwaves
• Infrared light
wireless

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 Cables nature and transmission
• The bus length is limited by the following :
• Data rate.
• Cable thickness.
• Transmission’s impairments.
• These three factors are related due to the following :
• Data rate:
Lower data rate signals can be used to avoid impairments rather than
higher data rate signals.
• As the cable is thinner:
the transmission impairments affects increases of data rate.

• As the bus length increases:

the transmission impairments affects the signal strength and signal form.
 Twisted-Pair Cable (T-P CABLES)
• T-P cable is the most common of all of the media types in the
average local area network (LAN) environment.
• T-P comes in two forms:
- Unshielded (UTP)
- Shielded (Plenum/STP).
Limited distance – 100 meters
• Twisted-pair cable (CAT5 and up)
• consists of 4 separate pairs of wires, all wound separately as shown
in the figure.
 Twisted-Pair Categories
Maximum Usual
Category
Data Rate Application
CAT-1 < 1 Mbps POTS & ISDN
CAT-2 4 Mbps IBM Token Ring
CAT-3 16 Mbps Voice/Data -10baseT
16Mbps Token Ring
CAT-4 20 Mbps
Networks
100baseT, 155Mb
CAT-5 100 Mbps
ATM
CAT-7 1000baseT, Gigabit
1000 Mbps
(in progress) Ethernet
 Coaxial cables
• Coaxial cable (coax) is the same thing as cable TV signal.
• Data coax is held to a higher quality.
• The physical medium itself consists of an inner wire, surrounded by an
insulator, which is also surrounded by a shield.
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Thinnet (10base2) – 200 meters
• Thicknet (10base5) – 500 meters
• Baseband transmissions only
 Fiber Optic Cable
• Fiber comes in two different types:
• Multimode:
 a channelized fiber-optic circuits.
 Multiple carrier frequencies.
• Single-mode:
 A channel circuit of one carrier frequency.
 High-bandwidth voice transmission.
 “Backbone” for some of applications.
 Very fast data transfer between network devices
 Communication Architecture
• A communication architecture integrates many protocols and the software that
implements them.
• These parts can be developed independently as the developers follow to the
standard interfaces between them

OSI
Reference Model
 Network
Services & Applications& Functions
 Services & Applications& Functions
• Two or more hosts are connected using applications.
• Applications such as: logical channel
FTP , Video-on-demand
• Each application perform specific Service. network cloud
• Service as:
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• File transfer, watching video

• Each application is executing through a series of a complex functions

• Functions such as :
- a request/reply channel, and
- message stream channel
 Common Services
• Many applications may share common functionalities
• These functionalities need to be integrated on each application Or be
abstracted in common services
E.g. FTP vs. Video-on-Demand
Both follow the server-client model

FTP: utilizes request/reply channel

Video-on-demand: uses message stream channel
Both use a host-to-host communication protocol 21
 What Drives Network Design?
• Applications:
WWW, email, chat, videoconferencing, e-commerce, audio/video
streaming, VOIP, file sharing

• Who deploys the network:

- Enterprise.
- Government.
- end-user

• Where is the network deployed:

Home, building, campus, state, country, region, globe
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