Course Title:

e-Government IS365
Lecture 5
Seven Principles of
e-Government
 Principle # 1

e-Government is about
Transformation
Proportion of PPT in a
computerization project

25%

60%
15%

Process People Technology

Proportion of PPT(L!) in an
e-government project

5%

20%
35%

40%

Process People Technology Luck

Ingredients of Transformation
Department Customer
Centric Centric
Approach Approach

Process Service
Orientation Orientation

Output-Based Outcome-based
Assessment Assessment

Departmental Integrated
View View
Issues in Transformation

• Degree of Transformation
• Change Management
• External motivation
– Following Best Practice
– Engaging Consultants
• Top Management Support
• Awareness & Communication
 Principle # 2

e-Government requires
A Holistic Approach
7 Areas of Management

Program
Management
Process
Reform Change
Management Management
Knowledge
Management

Resource Technology
Management Management

Procurement
Management
The Four Pillars of eGov

e-Government

Technology

Resources
Process
People
6C Model of Implementation

Connectivity
Capital
Capacity

6C Model

Citizen
Interface
Content

Cyberlaw
Front-end Vs. Backend

Internet
Backend
Systems Infrastructure
+ Service
Centre
BPR
(Business Process
Re-engineering) People

Front-end Systems
Right balance between Front-end & Backend

Foundation Results
Issues in adopting a holistic approach

• Lack of appreciation of the need for holistic

approach
• Complexity in Project Development
• Time-taking
• 5-8% additionality in overall project costs
• Lack of expertise in adopting holistic approach
• Lack of patience
 Principle # 3

e-Government requires us to overcome

A Number of Challenges
The Challenges

1 PROCESS 2 PEOPLE
• Lack of Process Models • Lack of Political Will
• Status Quo-ism • Official Apathy
• Poor Legal Frameworks • Shortage of Champions
• Complex Procurement • Lack of Skills in Govt

3 TECHNOLGY 4 RESOURCES
• Lack of Architectures
• Lack of Standards • Budget Constraints
• Poor Communication • Disinterest of Prvt Sector
Infrastructure • Lack Project Mgt Skills
• Hardware-approach
 Principle # 4

e-Government needs
A Systematic Approach
through EGRM
What is an eGov Roadmap ?

• A set of comprehensive documents that

• provide a vision
• indicate a direction
• set a pace
• create a set of methodologies
• lay down priorities
• enable resource mobilization
• facilitate adoption of holistic approach
Why should we develop EGRM?

1. To align e-Gov efforts along the development priorities .

2. To ensure systematic approach in implementation

3. To ensure optimal utilization of scarce resources

4. To move away from champion-led approach to an

institutionalized approach in e-Gov
• Projects don’t happen by ACCIDENT any longer, but by design

5. To achieve a high success rate

The e-Governance Roadmap…

By 2010, the State

will be . . .
Vision
ü Leverage
PPP Strategy
eProc
Workflow

A ccess t o Legal
I nformati on
Land
Inf ormation
System

eP anc hayat
Other Projects &
Initiatives

Mission Projec ts &

Initiatives

Dat a
Center

Core Projects &

Initiatives

Workflow

G PR
Network

Capacity
Building
eProc

eS eva
Kiosks
Blueprint
Financial
HRMS Inf ormat ion
System

eGov Blueprint

Program
Land
Municip
eproc
al
DC,
WAN
Pancha
eSeva
yat
Police

PPP
GPR
LR
Training
Ecosystem
Land

December 2004

eGov Roadmap Components

 Example of EGRM
Mining CT
Group
Applications
G2B Service Delivery Works
Env & Single Infrastructure
Management
Window Health
Forest Core
Core Policies Infrastructure
• Security
• Standards •SWAN
• Capacity Building • Data Centre
• PPP • Gateway
• Service Delivery • e-Payment Project
Welfare • Language • Call Centre Management
Core
Applications
Rural • HRMS Urban
CSCs • IFMS CSCs
• e-Procurement Land
AgriPortal • GIS
• Workflow Online
EduSat • Portal +RTI
• Citizen ID
EduPortal

Rural Urban
Devpt e-Learning Devpt
 Principle # 5

e-Government necessitates
Change Management
What is Change Management?

Change Management is about

managing people in a changing environment
so that business changes are successful
and the desired business results are realized.
Guiding principles of Chg Mgt

1. Senders & Receivers of communications must be in

Sync
2. Assess the levels of resistance & comfort
3. Authority for change must be sufficient & continuous
4. Value systems in the organization should support Chg
Mgt
5. Change should be of right quantum
6. Change is a process and not an event.
The ADKAR Model

1. Awareness of Change

2. Desire to Change

3. Knowledge of Skills

4. Ability to apply Knowledge

5. Reinforcement to Sustain Change

 Principle # 6

e-Government necessitates
Capacity Building
Hierarchy of Capacity Needs
• Policy Formulation
Leadership & Vision • Committing Resources
• Taking hard decisions

• Preparing Roadmaps
Program Development • Prioritization
• Frameworks, Guidelines

• Monitoring Progress
• Inter-agency Collaboration
Program Management • Funds Management
• Capacity Management

• Conceptualization
Project Development • Architecture
• Definition (RFP, SLA…)

• Bid Process Management

Project Management • Project Monitoring
• Quality Assurance
 Principle # 7

e-Government needs
Top Level Sponsorship
Role of Leadership
1. Becoming Champions of e-Government
• to achieve change of mindset
• to create an environment for innovation
• to provide adequate resources

2. Removing Barriers
• to overcome employee resistance
• to achieve cross-agency coordination
• to create confidence in private sector to partner government

3. Taking Hard Decisions

• to take the risks inherent in e-Government
• to achieve effective Government Process Re-engineering

4. Articulating the needs of citizens & businesses

Value of Zero !!

Leadership &

1
vision
Resources

Management HRD Infrastructure

0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 0
Technology GPR Partnership
PHP PHP Langauge
 .
.Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensio Multidimensional Arrays
• we have described arrays that are a single list of
nalpairs.
key/value Arrays nsional Arrays
onalyou
• However, sometimes Arrayst
want to store values with more
than one key.
• This can be stored in multidimensional arrays.
• A multidimensional array is an array containing one or
more arrays.
• For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to
select an element.
• For a three-dimensional array you need three indices to
select an element.
 .Two dimensional Arrays
•..A two-dimensional
Multidimensio Multidimensional Arrays
array is an array of arrays.
• A nal Arrays nsional Arrays
Sold Stock Name
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• d two-dimensional Arrayst
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18 22 Hyundai

13 15 BMW

12 20 Toyota

10 18 Mutsubishi
 .
. Program Example Multidimensio
Multidimensional
1. <html> Arrays nal Arrays nsional Arrays
2. <body>
3. <?php onal Arrayst
4. $cars = array
5.   (
6.   array("Volvo",22,18),
7.   array("BMW",15,13),
8.   array("Saab",5,2),
9.   array("Land Rover",17,15)
10.  );
 
11.echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0]
[2].".<br>";
12.echo $cars[1][0].": In stock: ".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1]
[2].".<br>";
13.echo $cars[2][0].": In stock: ".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2]
[2].".<br>";
14.echo $cars[3][0].": In stock: ".$cars[3][1].", sold: ".$cars[3]
[2].".<br>";
15.?>

16.</body>
17.</html>
 .
. Program Example (2)Multidimensio
Multidimensional Arrays nal Arrays nsional Arrays
1.<?php onal Arrayst
2.for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {
3.  echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";
4.  echo "<ul>";
5.  for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
6.    echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";
7.  }
8.  echo "</ul>";
9.}
10.?>
 Date and Time
• The PHP date() function is used to format a date and/or a
time.
• The PHP date() function formats a timestamp to a more
readable date and time.
• Syntax and format:
– date(format,timestamp) //return the current date/time of the server!
– d - Represents the day of the month (01 to 31)
– M - Represents a month (01 to 12)
– Y - Represents a year (in four digits)
– l (lowercase 'L') - Represents the day of the week
• Other characters, like"/", ".", or "-" can also be inserted
between the characters to add additional formatting.
 Example
Example
1.<?php
2.echo "Today is " . date("Y/m/d") . "<br>";
3.echo "Today is " . date("Y.m.d") . "<br>";
4.echo "Today is " . date("Y-m-d") . "<br>";
5.echo "Today is " . date("l");
6. // h - 12-hour format of an hour with leading zeros (01 to 12)
7. // i - Minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59)
8. // s - Seconds with leading zeros (00 to 59)
9. // Lowercase Ante meridiem and Post meridiem (am or pm)
10.echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa");
11.?>
 Automatic Copyright Year
Example
• Use the date() function to automatically update the copyright year
on your website:
• Example:

1. <html>
2. <body>
3. &copy; 2010-
4. <?php
5. echo date("Y");
6. ?>
7. </body>
8. </html>

Output:
© 2010-2017
 Example(2)
Example
1. <?php
2. // Get Your Time Zone
3. date_default_timezone_set("America/New_York");
4. echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa");
5. // Create a date with mktime()
6. // syntax: mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year)
7. $d=mktime(11, 14, 54, 8, 12, 2014);
8. echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);
9. // Create a date from a string With strtotime()
10.// sytax: strtotime(time,now)
11.$d=strtotime("10:30pm April 15 2014");
12.echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);
13.$d=strtotime("tomorrow");
14.echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d) . "<br>";
15.$d=strtotime("next Saturday");
16.echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d) . "<br>";
17.$d=strtotime("+3 Months");
18.echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d) . "<br>";
19.?>
 Include Files
• Including files is very useful when you want to include
the same PHP, HTML, or text on multiple pages of a
website.
• include and require statements:
– It is possible to insert the content of one PHP file into another
PHP file (before the server executes it), with the include or
require statement.
– require will produce a fatal error (E_COMPILE_ERROR) and
stop the script.
• Use require when the file is required by the application.
– include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING) and the
script will continue.
• Use include when the file is not required and application should
continue when file is not found.
– Syntax: include 'filename'; or require 'filename';
 Example 1
Example
Assume we have a standard footer file called "footer.php", that
•
looks like this:
1. <?php echo "<p>Copyright &copy; 1999-" . date("Y")
. " W3Schools.com</p>";
2. ?>
– To include the footer file in a page, use the include statement:
– Example:
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
4. <p>Some text.</p>
5. <p>Some more text.</p>
6. <?php include 'footer.php';?>
7. </body>
8. </html>
 Example 2
Example
• Assume we have a file called "vars.php", with some variables
defined:
• <?php
• $color='red';
• $car='BMW';
• ?>
– To include the "vars.php" file, the variables can be used in the
calling file:
– Example:
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
4. <?php include 'vars.php';
5. echo "I have a $color $car.";
6. ?>
7. </body>
8. </html>
 include vs. require
(Example)
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
4. <?php
5. // if file is not required by the appliation use
6. include 'noFileExists.php';
7. // if file is required by the application use
8. // require 'noFileExists.php';
9. echo "I have a $color $car.";
10.?>
11.</body>
12.</html>
Thank You