Basic Nanofluid Flow: Tim Myers, Michelle Macdevette

What are nanouids?
Fluid parameters Nanouid ow Channel ow Boundary layer theory Conclusions

Basic nanouid ow
Tim Myers, Michelle MacDevette
Centre de Recerca Matem` atica, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
Nanomath
CRM, 11-13 July 2012
What are nanouids? Fluid parameters Nanouid ow Channel ow Boundary layer theory Conclusions
Talk structure
Nano
1
What are nanouids? What are they used for?
How do nanouids differ from normal uids?
Nanouid properties.
Math
How to model nanouid ow.
Laminar channel ow.
Boundary layer ow
If time permits include a short section on ow in carbon
nanotubes (= nanouidics)
1
see Das et al , Nanouids Sci. & Technology, Wiley 2008; Buongiorno,
Convective transport in nanouids, Trans ASME 2006
Talk structure
Nano
1
Nanouid properties.
Math
Laminar channel ow.
Boundary layer ow
1
Talk structure
Nano
1
Nanouid properties.
Math
Laminar channel ow.
Boundary layer ow
1
What? Why? How?
Nanouids are suspensions involving a uid containing
nanoparticles (with average size below 100nm)
They have many possible applications (see Yu & Xie J.
Nanomaterials, 2011)
Mass transfer enhancement enhanced gas absorption in
nanouids
Energy storage sensible and latent heat (Al
2
O
3
high
thermal conductivity, allows greater supercooling); solar
energy absorption
Friction reduction, vehicle brake uids
Biomedical applications antibacterial activity (ZnO); drug
delivery (gold nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery,
magnetic particles for targetted delivery)
They can provide signicant (anomalously high)
improvements in a uids thermal characteristics (?)
What? Why? How?
nanouids
2
O
3
high
energy absorption
What? Why? How?
nanouids
2
O
3
high
energy absorption
What? Why? How?
Ultra-high performance cooling is a vital need of many
high-tech industries, such as microelectronics, defense,
nuclear systems, space craft ...
Current cooling techniques not adequate
Future processors for high performance computers may
require removal rates of 1000W/cm
2
: air cooling realistic
below 100W/cm
2
.
Cooling is one of the top technical challenges facing
high-tech industries
2
2
Das et al Nanouids Science and Technology 2007
What? Why? How?
Milimetre or micrometre sized particles settle rapidly and
require large volume fraction.
Nanoparticles settle very slowly and only need a very small
volume fraction ...
Laminar ow around a sphere (Stokes law of drag)
Viscous drag = buoyancy
6UR =
4
3
R
3
(
np
liq
)g
Water/aluminium particle
np
= 3000kg/m
3
,
liq
= 1000kg/m
3
, g = 9.8m/s
2
, = 10
3
Pa s
Microparticle R = 10
5
m = 10m U 4.4 10
1
cm/s,
i.e. in 10s travel 1cm
Nanoparticle R = 10
8
m = 10nm U 4.4 10
7
cm/s,
i.e. in 10s travel 10
6
cm
What? Why? How?
High surface area of nanoparticles enhances heat
conduction since heat transfer occurs across the surface ...
< 1% Vol frac. Cu nanoparticles in ethylene glycol k 40%
Eastman et al 2001
1% Vol frac. CNTs in oil k 150% Choi et al 2001
(anomalously high).
CNT - water uids HTC doubles 1.1% vol. frac. Faulkner et
al 2004.
Al
2
O
3
- water HTC in pool boiling increase by factor 3 for
10
3
% mass fraction You et al 2003.
But addition of particles increases viscosity (as may be
expected by an anomalously high amount) balance
between increased heat removal and pumping power
Simple models I
Say uid has thermal conductivity k
f
and particle has k
p
. For
particle volume fraction
Parallel mixture rule (works for density)
k
e
= (1 )k
f
+ k
p
Series mixture rule
k
e
=
1
(1 )k
1
f
+ k
1
p
Simple models II
Maxwell model (using electrostatic analogy)
k
e
=
_
1 + 3
k
p
k
f
2k
f
+ k
p
(k
p
k
f
)
_
k
f

_
1 + 3
k
p
k
f
2k
f
+ k
p
_
k
f
valid for low concentrations.
Hamilton-Crosser (= Maxwell + shape factor)
k
e
=
_
1 + 3
1
k
p
k
f
(3
1
1)k
f
+ k
p
(k
p
k
f
)
_
k
f
= 1 for a sphere
Note, k
p
k
f
hence these relations are approximately linear.
Comparison with experiment
Oxide nanouids - CuO-water and Al
2
O
3
-water. Note
approximately linear enhancement.

Oxide nanouids - Ti
2
O
2
-water. Note non-linear enhancement.

Oxide nanouids - Al
70
Cu
30
-ethylene glycol

Carbon nanotube nanouid. 1% volume fraction 2.5 times
increase in k (Argonne National Lab.)

Figure: W
hy
Composite particles I
Whats missing? Non-linear behaviour not captured, also
dependence on particle size
Particle coating, ordered liquid layer, adsorption ...
Composite particles II

Composite particles III
=
(4/3)r
3
V

1
=
(4/3)r
3
(4/3)(r + h)
3

2
=
(4/3)(r + h)
3
V
Yu and Choi (2003) - repeated Maxwell
Maxwell k
e
=
_
1 + 3
k
p
k
f
2k
f
+ k
p
(k
p
k
f
)
_
k
f
Hence, effective particle (particle + layer)
k
ep
=
_
1 + 3
1
k
p
k
l
2k
l
+ k
p
1
(k
p
k
l
)
_
k
l
where k
l
= k
layer
Composite particles IV
Then effective particle + uid gives
k
e
=
_
1 + 3
2
k
ep
k
f
2k
f
+ k
ep
2
(k
ep
k
f
)
_
k
f
but s involve h, k
l
, what are their values?
h a few molecule thickness
k
f
< k
l
< k
p
, is k
l
even constant?
Conductivity enhancement

Thermal conductivity enhancement ratio as a function of particle radius for copper-in-ethylene-glycol suspensions (
= 0.01) (Taken from Yu and Choi, J. Nanoparticle Res. 2003)
Note dependence on k
layer
very weak, dependence on h important (diamond results coincide with squares)
Approximate k
=
(4/3)r
3
V

1
=
(4/3)r
3
(4/3)(r + h)
3

2
=
(4/3)(r + h)
3
V
k
p
k
l
k
ep
=
_
1 + 3
1
k
p
k
l
2k
l
+ k
p
1
(k
p
k
l
)
_
k
l

_
1 +
3
1
1
1
_
k
l
then k
ep
k
f
so
k
e
=
_
1 + 3
2
k
ep
k
f
2k
f
+ k
ep
2
(k
ep
k
f
)
_
k
f

_
1 +
3
2
1
2
_
k
f
i.e. value of k
ep
, k
p
irrelevant
2
= (1 + h/r )
3
So k
e
only depends on , h/r and k
f
(only one unknown)
Viscosity variation

See Prasher et al APL 2006
Linear equation seems adequate
/
bf
= 1 + C
Just need to choose C
The Brinkman relation

=
l
(1 )
2.5
(1 + 2.5)
bf
2.5 is too low
Maiga et al (Superlatt. Microstruct, 2004) t experimental data of a water based nanouid by Wang et al (J. Thermo
Heat Trans. 1999)
= (1 + 7.3 + 123
2
)
bf
Density and specic heat
Parallel mixture matches density experiments =
np
+ (1 )
bf

c
nf
= c
np
+ (1 )c
bf
Model I
= (c)
nf
=
np
c
np
+ (1 )
bf
c
bf
c
nf
=
np
c
np
+ (1 )
bf
c
bf
np
+ (1 )
bf
Model II
Must treat c as a single quantity in parallel mixture
3
3
Zhou & Ni APL 2008
Describing nanouid ow ... I
Continuity equations of the form
F
t
+u F = j
Flux terms ...
1
Brownian Diffusion results from continuous collisions
between the nanoparticles and the molecules of the base
uid
j
B
=
p
D
B
The Brownian diffusion coefcient is given by:

D
B
=
k
B
T
3
bf
d
p
Water at room temperature with nanoparticles of 1 - 100
nm diameter, D
B
[4 10
12
, 4 10
10
] m
2
/ s.
Describing nanouid ow ... II
2
Thermophoresis Particles diffuse under the effect of a
temperature gradient. The thermophoretic velocity
V
T
=
bf
T
bf
T
where 0.26
k
l
2k
l
+k
p
(valid for 1m particles)
j
T
=
p
V
T
=
p
D
T
T
T
D
T
=
bf
/
bf
(note, this contains , D
B
contains T)
Describing nanouid ow ... III
3
Inertia negligible
4
Magnus effect negligible
5
Gravity v
g
/v
B
3 10
4
, i.e. viscous drag gravity
6
Shear migration (Saffman lift force)
4
F = 0.1075(u
f
u
p
)(d
2
p
/4)
u
z
j
s
= 0.1075d
2
p
(u
z
)
7
Viscosity migration
4
j
= 0.1625u
z
2
d
2
p
4
Liu Chem. Engng Sci. 54, 1999
Steady-state equations of motion ... I
Assume , have small variation (in comparison to the
variation of , k), and the ow in steady-state
nf
_
u
t
+u u
_
= p + g
_
T
t
+u T
_
= (k()T)
_
t
+u
_
=
_
C
B
T + C
T
T
T
_
u = 0
C
B
= D
B
/T, C
T
= D
T
/
Note j
, j
s
standard, we will focus on non-standard terms
Steady-state equations of motion ... II
Particle and uid conservation
Q
p
=
_
u dz Q
l
=
_
(1 )u dz .
Total ux conservation
Q = Q
p
+ Q
l
=
_
u dz .
Lubrication theory I
Consider the simple problem of uid owing through a narrow
straight sided channel of height H and length L. One wall is at
temperature T
0
, the other at T
1
. Scale
u = u/U

w = w/W

x = x/L

z = z/H

p =
p p
out
p
in
p
out
T =
T T
1
T
0
T
1
= /
b
= /
bf

k = k/k
bf

Q = Q/(UH)
= H/L 1
U
L
u
x
+
W
H
w
z
= 0 W = U
Lubrication theory II
First consider the heat equation, this becomes
U
L
(uT
x
+ wT
z
) =
k
bf
L
2
x
(kT
x
) +
k
bf
H
2
z
(kT
z
)
Rearranges to
2
UL
D
(uT
x
+ wT
z
) =
2

x
(kT
x
) +

z
(kT
z
)
where D = k
bf
/
Lubrication theory III
Concentration equation
2
UL
D
B
(u
x
+ w
z
) =
2

x
__
1 +
T
T
0
T
_
x
+
D
T
T
D
B
b
T
0
T
x
1 + (T/T
0
)T
_
+

z
__
1 +
T
T
0
T
_
z
+
D
T
T
D
B
b
T
0
T
z
1 + (T/T
0
)T
_
z component of Navier-Stokes leads to p
z
= 0 p = p(x)
x component
2
UL
(uu
x
+ wu
z
) = p
x
+
2

x
(u
x
) +

z
(u
z
) ,
where =
bf
/, the velocity scale, U = PH
2
/(
bf
L).
Lubrication theory IV
Hence
z
(u
z
) p
x
z
(kT
z
) 0

z
[
z
+ T
z
] 0
This is the standard lubrication approximation to nanouid ow
It is open to simple analysis ...
Consider the set of boundary conditions
On z = 0 u = 0, T = 1,
z
+ T
z
= 0
On z = 1 u = 0, T = 0,
z
+ T
z
= 0
Cant apply nal condition (already used) so conservation of
particle ux
1 =
_
1
0
u dz .
Lubrication theory V
Conservation of total ux also gives
1 =
_
1
0
u dz .
Simplest case = k = 1 (nanoparticle concentration so low it
has no effect on viscosity and k)
Leads to
u =
p
x
2
z(z 1) T = 1 z =
0
e
(T1)
=
0
e
z
0
determined from particle conservation equation, p
x
from
total ux
Particles move to the cold side of the channel.
Lubrication theory VI
Heat ux
Q
H
=
_
1
0
uTdz
= (
p
c
p
) + (1 )(
bf
c
bf
)
Aluminium-water nanouid
p
c
p
3.1 10
6
J/m
3
,
bf
c
bf
4.2 10
6
J/m
3
,
nf
<
bf
Hence, if u, T remain same nanouid carries less heat.
Lubrication and perturbation I
Now, use linear approximation
= 1 + k = 1 + c
where = 7.3
b
1
Look for solutions
u = u
0
+ u
1
T = T
0
+ T
1
Leading order as above (and determined as (T))
First order
z
_
T
1
z
+ c
0
T
0
z
_
= 0
z
_
u
1
z
+
0
u
0
z
_
= 0
Lubrication and perturbation II
The rst order temperature is then
T
1
=
cc
0
e
z
+ c
1
z + c
2
1
(z) = e
z
_
c
3
c
0
_
c
1
z +
cc
0
e
z
__
u
1
(z) =
c
0
p
x
2
2
[2 (1 2z)] e
z
+ c
4
z + c
5
Heat ux
Q
H
=
_
1
0
[u
0
T
0
+ (u
0
T
1
+ u
1
T
0
)]dz = Q
H1
+ Q
H2
Q
H2
< 0 ?? Indicates nanouid performance decreases with .
Lubrication and perturbation III
The left hand side of the governing equations have factors
2 UL
D
,
2 UL
D
B
,
2 UL
Water as the carrier uid the diffusion coefcients are

D 3 10
7
, D
B
4 10
10
4 10
12
, 10
6
hence
2
UL
D
B
2
UL
D

2
UL
For an initial distribution of velocity, temperature and particle

concentration, viscosity rapidly acts to diffuse the velocity
variation, on a slightly slower time (or length) scale the thermal
diffusion will smooth out temperature variations and over a
much slower time-scale the particles will diffuse due to
thermophoresis and Brownian motion
Lubrication and perturbation IV
Can choose a natural length-scale (as opposed to a device
length-scale),
2
UL/D
B
= H
2
U/(LD
B
) so choose L = UH
2
/D
B
(but velocity
scale depends on L) ...
L = H
2
_
P/(D
B
). This leads to the system
z
(kT
z
) = O(
2
, D
B
/D)
p
x
+

z
(u
z
) = O(
2
, D
B
/)
(u
x
+ w
z
) =

z
_
(1 +
2
T)
z
+
T
z
1 +
2
T
_
+O(
2
) .
where =
D
T
T
D
B
b
T
0
,
2
=
T
T
0
, k = k(), = ()
Lubrication and perturbation V
Numerical solution
Particle concentration at start, middle and end of channel (note
this example has cold top)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
z

initial
mid length
end length
End of channel matches lubrication solution
Lubrication and perturbation VI
Velocity prole at start, middle and end of channel (hot top)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
z
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

initial
mid length
end length
Calculate Q
H
numerically, still appears nanouid worse than
base uid
Boundary layer theory

Boundary layer theory
nf
u u = p + u
Classic BLT balance
nf
uu
x
u
zz
bf
U
2
L

bf
U
L
=
1
Re
Retain pressure by choosing P =
nf
U
2
x-component is then
uu
x
+ wu
z
= p
x
+
_
u
zz
+
1
Re
u
xx
_
So, for large Re ignore u
xx
.
BCs
z , u 1, w 0 p
x
= 0
z = 0, u = w = 0
x = 0, u = 1
Temperature and concentration
Similar reduction gives
Pr (uT
x
+ wT
z
) = (kT
z
)
z
Pr =
c
bf
bf
k
bf
(u
x
+ w
z
) = (
z
+ T
z
)
z
=
U
L
ReT
D
B
10
5
i.e.
(u
x
+ w
z
) 0
and particles are simply convected with ow
This does not affect heat transfer - can use existing methods to
solve for u, T
Concentration boundary layer
Final re-scaling ...
(u
x
+ w
z
) = (
z
+ T
z
)
z
Let z z/, leads to
1
(uu
x
+ wu
z
) = u
zz
u
zz
0
Pr
(uT
x
+ wT
z
) = (kT
z
)
z
(kT
z
)
z
0
u
x
+ w
z
= (
z
+ T
z
)
z
which we have already studied (subject to different BCs)
Again no improvement
Concentration boundary layer
Final re-scaling ...
(u
x
+ w
z
) = (
z
+ T
z
)
z
Let z z/, leads to
1
(uu
x
+ wu
z
) = u
zz
u
zz
0
Pr
(uT
x
+ wT
z
) = (kT
z
)
z
(kT
z
)
z
0
u
x
+ w
z
= (
z
+ T
z
)
z
which we have already studied (subject to different BCs)
Again no improvement
But ...
This result is backed up by the ndings of Calvin (Adv. Mech. Engng,
2010); Wen (Int J. Heat Fluid Flow, 2005) who have experimental
measurements demonstrating a deterioration of HTC with increase of
.
Buongiorno et al (about 40 et als from 35 institutes) no anomalous
enhancement of thermal conductivity was observed in the limited set
of nanouids tested in this exercise
Dept of Mech. Engng, Stanford University particle based nanouids
show little promise for heat exchanger design, there is some
indication that CNT-based nanouids may offer improvements in
thermal conductivity that outpace the impact of the viscosity increase.
What now?
1
More general thermal conductivity model
2
Are ow equations even correct? (e.g. include shear
migration, viscosity migration, problems with slip at
boundary)
3
Verify ow models against experiment
4
Key question - what is the best size and concentration of
particles and best uid for optimal heat transfer
5
Carbon nanotube uids - show greatest enhancement in
thermal conductivity (250% increase for < 1% vol. frac)
6
THIS FIELD IS WIDE OPEN

Basic Nanofluid Flow: Tim Myers, Michelle Macdevette

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Basic Nanofluid Flow: Tim Myers, Michelle Macdevette

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What are nanouids?

Fluid parameters Nanouid ow Channel ow Boundary layer theory Conclusions

Just need to choose C

The Brinkman relation

The Brownian diffusion coefcient is given by:

Water as the carrier uid the diffusion coefcients are

For an initial distribution of velocity, temperature and particle

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